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  • Pakistan’s Political Landscape and India Relations by Rohan Khanna India

    Pakistan’s Political Landscape and India Relations by Rohan Khanna India

    This conversation features a discussion between two individuals, one of whom is a prominent intellectual, Dr. Ittaq Ahmed. The main topics covered are the current political climates in both India and Pakistan, including upcoming elections and their potential implications. Specific events discussed include the visit of an Indian minister to Saudi Arabia, the construction of the Ram Temple in India, and internal political tensions within Pakistan. The speakers also analyze the roles of the media and the deep state in shaping public opinion and political outcomes in Pakistan, offering critical commentary on leadership, national identity, and inter-religious relations. Finally, they explore the possibility of improved relations between India and Pakistan.

    Political Discourse and Geopolitics: A Study Guide

    Quiz

    Instructions: Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.

    1. What are the two specific religious sites mentioned in the context of an Indian minister’s visit and what is the speaker’s position on the issue?
    2. What historical event involving Abdullah bin Zubair is mentioned, and why is it relevant in this discussion?
    3. What does the speaker suggest is the “Hetrick philosophy” that is holding back certain groups, and what does it cause them to desire?
    4. According to the speaker, what is the state of the Pakistani military in terms of resources and what does he say they are doing in spite of it?
    5. What examples does the speaker use to support his claim that Islam welcomes mixing and inclusion?
    6. What are the speaker’s views regarding the construction of the Ram temple in Ayodhya and the potential political motivations behind it?
    7. What historical examples are used to justify the notion that conquerors often destroy places of worship of their adversaries?
    8. What is the speaker’s opinion of the current political situation in Pakistan and which parties are competing with each other?
    9. What does the speaker claim is the attitude of the Pakistani establishment towards India and the need for relations between them?
    10. According to the speaker, what is a “deep state” and how does it function in Pakistan?

    Quiz Answer Key

    1. The religious sites mentioned are Masjid Nabawi and Masjid Kaaba in Saudi Arabia. The speaker does not understand why the visit was being portrayed negatively, as it is natural for her to visit such historically important sites and be invited as a guest.
    2. The historical event mentioned is the brutal killing of Abdullah bin Zubair by the Banumaiya’s army at Mecca, along with the burning of Kaaba. It is relevant because it highlights historical acts of violence in a city seen as a place of peace and contrasts with his understanding of inclusion.
    3. The “Hetrick philosophy” is the two-nation theory, which the speaker considers a philosophy with bad intentions. He states that it is holding people back and causing them to desire a “Ghazwa Hind”.
    4. The Pakistani military is described as lacking sufficient oil to run their machines, while still pursuing grandiose and unproductive actions such as taking people to Saudi Arabia and showing off their status.
    5. The speaker cites the example of the Prophet Mohammed advising his people to take refuge under a Christian ruler and offering funeral prayers for that ruler, although he was not Muslim. This highlights an act of inclusion and mixing of cultures.
    6. The speaker believes that while the BJP might be using the Ram temple construction for political advantage, it does not make it inherently wrong. He states that if there is compromise and brotherhood it should be welcomed and it should not be an issue for anyone.
    7. The speaker cites examples like Mughal emperors demolishing temples and the English parking horses in Catholic churches in Ireland, which shows that such actions were a part of war-time customs to establish power and dominance.
    8. The speaker believes that PTI has been sidelined, and the fight is now between PPP and PMLN. Bilawal is trying to become the face of the establishment and holding big rallies.
    9. The speaker believes that the Pakistani establishment is not putting national interest first and is unable to consider India a partner in progress. Despite some politicians wanting better relations, there are others who see it in a negative light.
    10. The speaker describes the “deep state” as the real power behind the scenes in Pakistan, including the Chief of Army Staff, Corps Commander, and members of the bureaucracy and media, making decisions for the country.

    Essay Questions

    Instructions: Choose one question and compose an essay that demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the source material.

    1. Analyze the speaker’s critique of Pakistani politics and society. How does he use historical events, contemporary issues, and the actions of specific political figures to support his arguments?
    2. Discuss the speaker’s views on religious tolerance, inclusion, and the role of religion in politics. How does he use historical and contemporary examples to support his stance?
    3. Examine the speaker’s perspective on the relationship between Pakistan and India, with a focus on his proposed solutions and his views on the impediments to progress.
    4. How does the speaker view the Pakistani establishment and its role in the current state of the nation? Provide specific examples to illustrate his argument.
    5. Analyze the speaker’s view of the role of media, political messaging and the effect of national narratives on the state of the country.

    Glossary of Key Terms

    • Masjid Nabawi: The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia, one of the holiest sites in Islam.
    • Masjid Kaaba: The Great Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, housing the Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam.
    • Haj: The Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam.
    • Abdullah bin Zubair: A prominent figure in early Islamic history who rebelled against the Umayyad Caliphate. He was killed in Mecca.
    • Banumaiya’s army: The army of the Umayyad Caliphate, which was responsible for the attacks in Mecca.
    • Hetrick philosophy/Two-Nation Theory: The ideology that Hindus and Muslims of British India were separate nations, which led to the creation of Pakistan.
    • Ghazwa Hind: A concept in Islamic eschatology referring to a holy war against India.
    • Chandrayaan-3: India’s third lunar exploration mission.
    • Tehreek-e-Labbaik: A far-right Islamist political party in Pakistan that has been known for its protests and acts of violence.
    • Muntakhab: Urdu word meaning ‘elected’ or ‘chosen.’
    • Deep State/Establishment: A network of powerful and often unelected individuals, including military, intelligence, and bureaucratic figures, that is believed to exert significant influence on state affairs.
    • La ilaha illallah: The first part of the Islamic declaration of faith, “There is no god but God.”
    • Imam Hind: a term used to refer to someone as a great leader of the Indian subcontinent.
    • Chirag Dayat: A term from Islamic texts that means a “lamp of guidance.”
    • Najashi: The title of the King of Axum, a Christian ruler who was known to be a just leader and protector of Muslims.
    • Ummah: An Arabic term that refers to the whole community of Muslims bound together by religion.
    • Gadar Singhi: A colloquial term used to reference a person who is very aware and willing to speak the truth.

    Pakistan’s Political Landscape: A Critical Analysis

    Okay, here is a detailed briefing document reviewing the main themes and important ideas from the provided text.

    Briefing Document: Analysis of “Pasted Text” Excerpts

    Document Overview:

    This document provides an analysis of a lengthy transcribed conversation, likely from a video or audio recording, featuring a discussion between an interviewer (Afzal Rehan) and an intellectual figure, Dr. Ittaq Ahmed, based in Sweden. The discussion touches on a wide array of interconnected topics, primarily concerning the political landscape of Pakistan and India, religious issues, and historical perspectives, with a critical lens toward Pakistani politics and its relationship with India and the wider world.

    Key Themes and Ideas:

    1. Pakistani Political Turmoil & Upcoming Elections:
    • Elections & Instability: The discussion centers heavily on the upcoming Pakistani elections on February 8th. There is a palpable sense of uncertainty and instability surrounding these elections, with the possibility of unrest.
    • PTI Sidelining: The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party appears to be marginalized, and the focus has shifted to the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League (PMLN). There is a suggestion that the PPP, especially Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, is trying to gain favor with the “establishment.”
    • “Deep State” Influence: A recurring theme is the powerful influence of the “deep state” or “establishment” within Pakistan, which is believed to be dictating many political outcomes. The speakers highlight the lack of real power of many politicians in the country and who is actually making the decisions.
    • Broken Promises: The interview criticizes political leaders for making unrealistic promises. This was exemplified by past actions of Bhutto promising land, and Nawaz Sharif promising free electricity.
    • Lack of Leadership & Training: There is a strong sentiment that Pakistani politicians and leaders lack training and responsibility which causes issues for the country.
    • “Cult Figures”: The discussion emphasizes the presence of “cult figures” within Pakistani politics who lack responsibility and are often not aware of the consequences of their actions.
    • Fear of “Agitation”: The speakers note that politicians try to incite civil agitation after elections when their party does not perform well in order to undermine the new government.
    • Quotes:
    • “The current state of the country is a changing situation, you know elections are coming on 8th February, not even a month is left, very little is left, we have to talk about this…”
    • “I think they have sidelined PTI and the fight is going on between PPP and PMLN. And I think Bilawal is trying to become the face of the establishment…”
    • “This state is directionless, its bankers are in trouble, its economy is bust, so what should be done…”
    1. Indo-Pak Relations and Regional Dynamics:
    • Strained Relations: The conversation reveals the deeply ingrained animosity and distrust between Pakistan and India. The prevailing narrative portrays Pakistan as being stuck in a cycle of anti-India rhetoric, hindering its progress.
    • Hate-Based Politics: The discussion notes the common use of hatred towards political rivals and towards India as a political tool and how this does not lead to good outcomes for the nation.
    • Hope for Reconciliation?: While critical of Pakistan’s approach, there is a glimmer of hope that improved relations could be beneficial for the region, particularly through leaders like Nawaz Sharif. The discussion notes the first period of Nawaz Sharif’s term was plagued by issues with the establishment, however they suggest that he has matured and could create better relations with India, especially in comparison to past Pakistani leaders.
    • Importance of Trade and Cooperation: The document notes that countries make progress through trade. The example was given how that time the Prime Minister of India wanted to increase trade relations with Pakistan and the person who was the selected one rejected this proposition.
    • Terrorism as an Obstacle: The Indian stance of not engaging in dialogue until Pakistan ends terrorism is also highlighted as a key challenge.
    • Quotes:
    • “The condition of Pakistan is worse due to hunger and blood…
    • “When Pakistan’s interest demands it, should we India end the enmity? I don’t know whether they consider Pakistan’s interest as their interest or not…”
    • “…they have said not at all, first end terrorism then talk to us…”
    • “India is making progress and no one can stop it, we can join it on its bandwagon, if we also join it then it will be beneficial for us.”
    1. Religious Issues & Tolerance:
    • Saudi Arabia and Interfaith Interactions: The discussion touches upon the acceptance of an Indian Hindu minister during her visit for the Haj in Saudi Arabia. This is contrasted with negative reactions within Pakistan to her visit as well as negative views of other Muslim nations.
    • “Mixing”: The speakers note that mixing is good and it is important to be accepting of others as this can lead to success.
    • Historical Violence and Religious Sites: The talk moves into a historical perspective about religious violence and holy sites. There was talk about attacks on religious sites in Mecca in the past as well as discussions about the building of Ram Mandir in India.
    • The Ram Temple Issue: The upcoming inauguration of the Ram temple in India is viewed with a degree of pragmatism. While it’s acknowledged that the BJP may be using it for political gain, the speakers express support for the temple construction and argue that Hindus also deserve to rebuild sacred sites and should be seen as a good thing.
    • Mughal Atrocities: The speakers note that the violence of the Mughal emperors should be acknowledged and that the people should feel ashamed of such acts.
    • Quotes:“I don’t understand why everything is made negative in our country, she went there to Saudi Arabia. He is a guest in our stomach, why are we raising our voice…”
    • “I have also said that this Ram temple and the temples of Kansi and Mathura should be restored again so that the pain that the Hindus have been feeling there for centuries can be rectified.”
    • “You Indian Muslims have the right to say it, you too will say Jai Shri Ram Ji, I don’t know whether to say it or not, but let the temple be built by the Hindus, after all they are in majority…”
    • “…our attitude should be that we should feel ashamed of the atrocities or excesses that the Mughal emperors, Babar, whom we call our own, have committed…”
    1. Historical and Philosophical Perspectives:
    • Critique of “Two-Nation Theory”: The conversation dismisses the “two-nation theory” as a flawed and ultimately unproductive philosophy that has led Pakistan astray.
    • Lessons from History: The speakers draw parallels from historical events, both religious and political, to illustrate how past patterns of violence and intolerance continue to repeat themselves.
    • Importance of Dialogue & Respect: The speakers also talk about how people should treat each other with respect and dignity.
    • Quotes
    • “This has been the situation and in reality these are worthless people, they have no independent thinking, this is the same hetrick philosophy of two nation theory…”
    • “They are continuously the same, however there is one thing among them, if seen from the perspective of intelligence and education, then Bhutto sahib was much superior to them…”
    • “The cruelty they did by removing me would have been better if an atom bomb was dropped on Pakistan.”
    1. Media Criticism & Social Media Engagement:
    • Mainstream Media Bias: The speakers express dissatisfaction with mainstream media in Pakistan, accusing it of spreading lies and not inviting diverse voices or fact-based arguments.
    • Social Media as an Alternative: The discussion highlights the use of social media as a space for more open dialogue and alternative views.
    • Quotes:
    • “But I don’t follow our media because all that nonsense is being said there so people like us do something on social media, till date they have never invited me to any The whole world includes me in discussions, but the main media of Pakistan does not…”

    Overall Assessment:

    The conversation is deeply critical of the current state of Pakistani politics and society. It exposes deep-seated issues related to the “deep state” influence, a lack of leadership, historical grievances, religious intolerance, and the perpetuation of anti-India sentiment. However, there are also glimmers of hope for a more tolerant and peaceful future, contingent on a shift in attitudes and a willingness to cooperate regionally. It also notes the power of the deep state and how they are able to manipulate the media, as well as control the politics within Pakistan.

    Conclusion:

    This transcript provides a valuable insight into the complex dynamics at play in the region. It reveals the deep challenges facing Pakistan, the pervasive distrust with India, and the urgent need for responsible leadership and critical reflection.

    This document has been created to help you understand the key themes and ideas present in the source text. Let me know if you have any other questions or need further clarification.

    Pakistan’s Political and Social Landscape

    FAQ: Analysis of Political and Social Issues in Pakistan and the Region

    • Q1: What are some of the key issues discussed in relation to Pakistan’s current political climate?
    • A: The discussions highlight a volatile political landscape in Pakistan, marked by upcoming elections, sidelining of the PTI party, potential manipulation of the electoral process, and a power struggle between established parties. There’s also concern about the deep state’s influence and lack of genuine leadership. The economic crisis, dependence on foreign aid, and internal security challenges, specifically related to terrorism, further complicate the situation.
    • Q2: How is the relationship between Pakistan and India portrayed in the discussions?
    • A: The relationship is depicted as complex and strained, with deep-rooted historical animosity and mistrust. There’s a recognition that good relations are crucial for the progress of the region, yet there are internal factions within Pakistan that vehemently oppose any reconciliation, often branding those in favor of improved relations as traitors. The discussion notes potential for improved ties under a new Pakistani leadership, particularly with Mian Nawaz Sharif, but acknowledges hurdles and the need for cautious diplomacy. The Indian side is depicted as firm on the need for an end to terrorism as a prerequisite for any positive change.
    • Q3: What is the perspective on the role and actions of Pakistan’s “deep state” or establishment?
    • A: The “deep state” is presented as a major problem for Pakistan, seen as being the true power behind the scenes, manipulating politics and undermining civilian governance. The establishment is described as being comprised of the army leadership, bureaucracy, and media figures. They are blamed for making poor decisions that have led to the current state of affairs. This is the power that needs to shift direction to allow any real progress in the country.
    • Q4: How are religious and sectarian issues addressed in the context of regional politics?
    • A: Religious and sectarian issues are presented as points of contention and manipulation. The discussions touch on the criticism that religion and sectarianism are being used to justify violence and political maneuvering. The issue of the Ram Temple in India is brought up, with one perspective saying that Hindus have a right to their holy sites, even while acknowledging that its political exploitation is wrong. The need for interfaith harmony is emphasized as a path toward peace and progress. The discussion also notes that in Islam, it is important to interact and mingle with other people for the betterment of human kind and that no religion should be used as an excuse for hatred.
    • Q5: What are some of the issues discussed regarding the role of media in Pakistan and the region?
    • A: The media is characterized as biased, lacking freedom of expression, and repeating narratives to promote specific agendas and established narratives. There is a severe criticism that most mainstream media is not interested in research, arguments, and in general is not interested in truth telling. Rather the media is seen as following established talking points and simply repeating it with no analysis. This makes it difficult for people to have rational discussions and debate of issues that the country faces.
    • Q6: How are specific political figures, like Imran Khan, Nawaz Sharif and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, analyzed in these discussions?
    • A: Imran Khan is criticized for his narcissism, lack of political acumen, and for his anti-Pakistan comments, while Nawaz Sharif is portrayed as possibly more mature and someone who could improve relations with India but is also seen as beholden to the establishment for his return to Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is regarded as more educated and intelligent than the other two, but also as someone who employed and spread hatred for his own political gain. All three leaders are seen as having prioritized their personal power and leadership at the expense of the nation.
    • Q7: What is the overall outlook for Pakistan’s future, according to these discussions?
    • A: The future of Pakistan is viewed with significant pessimism due to a combination of political instability, economic struggles, and deep-seated systemic issues. The discussions highlight the need for a change of direction, genuine leadership, an end to political manipulation and a move towards policies that promote stability and prosperity, especially for the people of Pakistan. A more responsible state is seen as an absolute necessity. Without the right decisions being made, Pakistan’s future seems bleak.
    • Q8: What does the discussion reveal about the possibility of peace and regional cooperation?
    • A: There is an acknowledgement that regional cooperation, especially between India and Pakistan, is essential for stability and prosperity. The discussion highlights that working together can help all parties move forward, and that the lack of cooperation has been the reason why the region has not progressed. The discussion also acknowledges that deep seeded mistrust and hatred will need to be overcome to achieve progress. There is also an acknowledgement that Pakistan’s approach to terrorism will need to fundamentally change to begin a process of normalization with its neighbor to the east.

    Pakistan’s Precarious Politics

    Pakistan’s political landscape is complex and fraught with various issues, according to the sources. Here’s a breakdown:

    • Electoral Dynamics: Elections are a major topic of discussion, with the upcoming February 8th elections being a focal point [1]. There’s a sense that the political playing field is not level, with some parties being sidelined [2]. The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party, in particular, seems to be facing difficulties, with claims that their candidates are being targeted [2]. There is a sense that the real contest is between the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PMLN) [2].
    • Political Maneuvering: There are accusations of political maneuvering, with parties potentially using religious sentiments or events for political gain [3]. Some believe that Bilawal Bhutto is attempting to become the face of the establishment [2]. Additionally, the sources suggest that political leaders make promises that they cannot keep to win votes [4].
    • Relationship with the Establishment: The sources point to the existence of a “deep state” establishment that exerts significant influence on Pakistan’s political direction [5, 6]. This deep state is said to consist of figures in the army, bureaucracy, and media [5]. The establishment has, at times, been accused of manipulating politics and even bringing certain individuals to power [6, 7].
    • Internal Conflicts and Hatred: There is a prevailing sense of hatred and division within the country [3, 8]. The political discourse is marked by low and disrespectful language [8]. The sources also mention the use of slogans and tactics that promote hatred [7].
    • Economic Issues: Pakistan’s economy is described as being in a dire state, with the country facing issues like a lack of oil and a struggling banking sector [8, 9].
    • Foreign Relations: There is discussion about Pakistan’s relationship with India, with some advocating for better relations for national interest [6, 10]. However, there is also resistance to this idea, with some branding those who support it as traitors [7, 10]. It is noted that Pakistan has previously engaged in hostile behavior towards its neighbors [9].
    • The Role of Religion: Religion plays a significant role in politics, with some parties using religious slogans and sentiments for political gain [6, 7]. There is also a discussion about how religious minorities are treated and the place of religious sites [3].
    • Leadership and Accountability: There is a focus on the lack of training and responsibility among some political leaders [4, 8]. Some leaders are described as being narcissistic [11]. The sources highlight a pattern of leaders shifting their stances when it suits them [4, 7, 12].
    • The Media: The media is portrayed as biased and not willing to host diverse perspectives [6]. There is a sense that the media is not playing a constructive role in the political landscape, instead perpetuating lies and division [6]. Social media is also identified as a space where people express their opinions when mainstream media is not available [6].

    Overall, the sources paint a picture of a nation struggling with deep political divisions, economic hardship, and a lack of accountability among its leaders. The upcoming elections are seen as a critical juncture, with the potential to either bring stability or exacerbate existing problems [5].

    India-Pakistan Relations: A Complex History

    The sources discuss the complex and often fraught relationship between India and Pakistan, highlighting several key aspects:

    • Desire for Improved Relations: There’s a recognition that better relations between India and Pakistan could be beneficial for both countries [1, 2]. Some individuals within Pakistan are noted as advocating for improved relations, believing it is in their national interest [1]. Specifically, it is mentioned that Mian Nawaz Sharif may be a leader through whom better relations may begin, and that such relations would be good for Pakistan [3].
    • Obstacles to Amity: Despite the potential benefits, there are significant obstacles to achieving improved relations. Some in Pakistan view those who support better ties with India as traitors [3]. This is due to a deeply entrenched atmosphere of hatred and animosity [4]. The sources also suggest that some political actors use anti-India sentiments for their own political gain [5].
    • Historical Baggage: The sources mention that the relationship is burdened by historical issues, such as the Kashmir dispute [3]. Additionally, the actions of past leaders and historical events are brought up as points of contention [6].
    • Terrorism as a Sticking Point: India’s stance is that terrorism emanating from Pakistan must end before any meaningful dialogue or friendship can take place [2]. This indicates that India views Pakistan-sponsored terrorism as a significant barrier to improved relations, and also that the Indian government is not willing to engage in trade or friendship with Pakistan until this terrorism ceases.
    • Political Rhetoric: The sources indicate that the political rhetoric on both sides can be inflammatory, with leaders using divisive language and slogans [3]. This exacerbates tensions between the two countries [4]. Specifically, some people in Pakistan view anyone who is friendly with Modi as a traitor [3].
    • Economic Cooperation: It is suggested that economic cooperation could be a way forward, with Pakistan potentially benefiting from joining India’s economic progress [2]. However, the lack of trust and the history of conflict make such cooperation challenging. It is suggested that businesses may be a better avenue for progress than governments [1].
    • The Role of the Media: The media in Pakistan is portrayed as biased, with its primary function seemingly to spread falsehoods, which further complicates the possibility of improving relations [2]. The media does not appear to be working to improve the relationship between India and Pakistan.

    In conclusion, while there is some recognition within Pakistan of the potential benefits of better relations with India, several significant obstacles, including historical tensions, political rhetoric, and the issue of terrorism, stand in the way. The sources suggest that a change in attitude and approach is needed from both sides for any real progress to be made [7].

    The Ram Temple: Politics, Religion, and Social Harmony in India

    The sources discuss the Ram temple issue in the context of Indian politics and its potential impact on Hindu-Muslim relations [1]. Here’s a breakdown of the key points:

    • Political Exploitation: The sources suggest that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is using the construction of the Ram temple for political gain, especially with elections approaching [1, 2]. It is mentioned that this may be a common practice among political parties, but the consequences of these actions should be borne by the Indian people [1].
    • Historical Grievances: The discussion includes the idea of restoring the Ram temple, as well as the temples of Kansi and Mathura, to address the historical pain felt by Hindus [1]. The idea is presented that such restoration would be a step toward rectifying the wrongs done in the past, and also that it would be a way of recognizing the importance of Lord Ram in the Hindu religion [1].
    • Hindu Sentiments: The sources acknowledge the significance of Lord Ram in the Hindu religion, noting that he holds a very basic and important status [1]. The idea is put forward that if Lord Ram has such importance, then the government should defend and promote his importance [1].
    • Muslim Concerns: There’s a mention that some Indian Muslims may feel negatively about the construction of the Ram temple. However, the counterargument is presented that there are numerous mosques in India and building a few temples for Hindus should not be an issue [1]. The sentiment that the building of more temples is not an issue, as long as there is brotherhood and compromise, is also presented [1].
    • Call for Unity: The sources emphasize the need for brotherhood, love, and affection, and suggest that the Ram temple should not be a point of contention if these values are upheld [2]. The idea is presented that the focus should be on ending the politics of hatred, and instead focus on unity [1].
    • Historical Context: The destruction of temples by Mughal emperors is mentioned as a historical practice of conquering rulers, to establish their dominance [2]. This practice is then contrasted to the present time where such actions should not happen because such actions are now against the law, as defined by the UN Charter [2].
    • Inclusivity: Some individuals, such as Farooq Abdullah, are cited as saying that Lord Ram is not just for Hindus but for Muslims as well [2]. Additionally, Allama Iqbal referred to Lord Ram as “Imam Hind” and “Chirag Dayat” [2]. This point of view is presented to promote inclusivity and to try to bridge the divide on this issue [2].
    • Acceptance: There is a statement that Indian Muslims should also be able to say “Jai Shri Ram Ji” [3]. This is tied to the idea that Hindus are a majority in India and that if a couple of temples are built for them, it is not a big deal [3].
    • Personal Beliefs: One of the speakers says he has no interest in these things, that he wants brotherhood, love, and affection, and that if the temple is a symbol of Hindus then it is not a big deal [2].

    Overall, the sources suggest that the Ram temple issue is not just a religious matter but also a political one, with potential consequences for social harmony. The discussion highlights the need for understanding, compromise, and an end to the politics of hatred.

    Pakistan’s Upcoming Elections: A Pre-Election Analysis

    The sources provide a detailed picture of the upcoming Pakistani elections, highlighting various aspects of the political climate and the challenges facing the country [1, 2]. Here’s a breakdown of the key points:

    • Timing and Atmosphere: The elections are scheduled for February 8th, with very little time left for campaigning [1]. There’s a sense of political tension and uncertainty surrounding the electoral process [3].
    • Sidelining of PTI: The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party appears to be facing significant obstacles [2]. There are claims that their candidates are being targeted and that they have been sidelined in the election [2]. The sources suggest that the real fight is between the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PMLN) [2].
    • PPP’s Strategy: There is speculation that Bilawal Bhutto of the PPP is attempting to become the face of the establishment, and that his party is holding rallies in Lahore, a place where they are not traditionally strong [2].
    • Political Promises: The sources mention that politicians are making unrealistic promises to gain votes, like giving away free electricity, with no ability to fulfill these promises [4].
    • The Role of the Establishment: The “deep state” establishment is a major factor in the elections [3]. This establishment, consisting of figures from the army, bureaucracy, and media, is seen as wielding significant influence over the political process [3, 5]. The establishment has been accused of manipulating politics and even bringing certain individuals to power [3].
    • Lack of Training and Responsibility: There is a concern about the lack of training and responsibility among political leaders [4, 6]. The sources suggest that some leaders prioritize their own interests over the needs of the country [7].
    • Past Actions and Accountability: The sources indicate that some political leaders are not ashamed to go back on their word, and that they are not held accountable for their actions [4].
    • Low-Level Political Discourse: The sources point out that the political discourse is marked by low and disrespectful language [6, 8]. Slogans and tactics that promote hatred are used in political campaigns [8].
    • Potential for Instability: There are concerns about the potential for unrest and instability after the elections, especially if the results are not accepted by all parties [3]. The sources suggest that sabotage and violence are possible if the elections are not perceived as fair [3].
    • Views on the Outcome: There is a prediction that the PTI will not do well in the election, due to lack of support in the rural areas [9]. It is also noted that even if the PPP does rallies, it may not be successful because they have no support base [4].
    • Shifting Political Alliances: The sources point out that political alliances change as needed and that people will join with anyone who is against their enemies [4].
    • The Media’s Role: The media is seen as biased, not willing to host diverse perspectives, and not playing a constructive role in the political landscape [5].

    In summary, the Pakistani elections are taking place in a highly charged atmosphere, with accusations of manipulation and a general sense of distrust in the political process. The influence of the deep state, the potential for unrest, and the lack of accountability among political leaders are major concerns. It remains to be seen whether these elections will bring stability or further exacerbate the existing problems.

    Media’s Role in India and Pakistan

    The sources discuss the media’s role in both India and Pakistan, portraying it as a significant yet problematic force that often exacerbates existing issues rather than resolving them. Here’s a breakdown of the key points:

    • Bias and Lack of Objectivity: The media in Pakistan is described as being biased and not willing to host diverse perspectives [1]. It is suggested that media outlets prioritize their own agendas and the repetition of falsehoods over truth [1]. They do not invite people who have research-backed arguments, because they do not want to hear each other’s positions [1]. This lack of objectivity undermines the potential for informed public discourse.
    • Spreading Falsehoods: The media is criticized for spreading falsehoods and not engaging in constructive dialogue [1]. It seems that the Pakistani media has “opened their shops” on the basis of lies and continues to operate on that basis [1].
    • Influence on Public Opinion: The media’s behavior is seen as having a negative impact on the political landscape by promoting hatred, rather than working to improve the situation [1, 2]. This also perpetuates a cycle of misinformation and distrust [1]. The sources suggest that the media plays a role in promoting or weakening the atmosphere of friendship and injustice [1].
    • Lack of Freedom of Expression: The sources suggest that even today there is a lack of freedom of expression, and the media in Pakistan continues to follow the same approach [1].
    • Contrast with Social Media: The sources suggest that social media has become an alternate forum for discussions, as some people are not invited to participate in mainstream media discussions [1].
    • Role in Political Manipulation: The media is seen as a tool for the “deep state” establishment in Pakistan, which uses it to manipulate politics and promote certain narratives [3]. This means the media is not acting as an independent watchdog, but rather is a participant in the political machinations of the country [3].
    • India Media: Although the sources do not directly analyze the Indian media, it is suggested that the same problems that plague the Pakistani media may also be present in the Indian media [4]. The need to avoid using media for political hatred is also highlighted in the sources [4].

    In summary, the sources present a critical view of the media’s role, particularly in Pakistan, where it is seen as biased, untrustworthy, and more of a problem than a solution [1]. The media’s failure to provide accurate information and promote dialogue contributes to the existing political and social challenges faced by both India and Pakistan [1]. The sources suggest the media is actively making the situation worse by promoting hatred and division, rather than fostering unity and understanding [1].

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 8, 2025: Managing Hajj Pilgrimages, Regional and Global Economic and Political Events, Diverse Domestic Affairs

    Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 8, 2025: Managing Hajj Pilgrimages, Regional and Global Economic and Political Events, Diverse Domestic Affairs

    These excerpts primarily discuss Saudi Arabia’s significant efforts in managing and enhancing the Hajj pilgrimage, highlighting logistical, technological, and healthcare advancements to ensure a safe and seamless experience for millions of pilgrims, reflecting the nation’s deep commitment to serving the Two Holy Mosques. The texts also touch upon regional and global economic and political events, including the conflict in Gaza, the oil market’s fluctuations amidst geopolitical tensions, and Saudi Arabia’s strategic initiatives like Vision 2030 and its environmental goals, such as developing nuclear energy and combating plastic pollution. Finally, they include articles on diverse domestic topics ranging from sports news and cultural traditions like Hajj-related songs to health issues like ADHD and local government projects aimed at improving public spaces and services.

    Managing Hajj with Technology and Tradition

    Hajj management is a complex and comprehensive undertaking aimed at hosting millions of Muslims within a limited timeframe in a specific location. It is described as the largest human and technological operational system in the world, requiring immense energy to provide high-efficiency services at a precise and defined time. The management of Hajj is rooted in an inherited national approach, starting from the era of the Kingdom’s founder, King Abdulaziz. Serving the guests of Rahman is considered a great honor that drives the country to dedicate all its visual and material capabilities.

    The primary goal of the Hajj management system is to facilitate the performance of rituals with ease and comfort. This involves utilizing all capabilities to serve the guests of Rahman and make the pilgrimage easier for them. The system aims to ensure security, tranquility, and peace so that pilgrims can focus on worship and drawing closer to God. Efforts are made to provide a suitable environment and a pure spiritual atmosphere to make the journey a beautiful, lasting memory.

    The success of Hajj management is the result of continuous efforts over decades. This includes developing services in the holy sites, notably the significant expansions in the Two Holy Mosques, and activating multi-service regulations and instructions for organizing Hajj seasons and preventing unauthorized individuals. The system relies on integrated operational systems executed through coordination between various security and service entities. Modern technical tools and studied operational models are utilized to control crowd flows and movements smoothly and safely, while also considering the human density and the cultural and geographic diversity of pilgrims.

    Technology and innovation play a crucial role in Hajj management, serving as a direct test of the Kingdom’s technical capabilities. Digital solutions, AI systems, smart platforms, and smart aircraft operate in precise harmony, undergoing continuous real-time monitoring and evaluation. Each Hajj season represents a new experimental and knowledge-building cycle within the technical development system, with smart monitoring and control systems managing crowd movement in real-time.

    Specific technological implementations mentioned in the sources include:

    • Nusuk Platform: This digital platform facilitates the pilgrim’s journey from visa application to return. It simplifies booking, issuing permits, standardizing procedures, and offers over 130 digital services. Nusuk’s electronic reading operations reached over 5.5 million by the time of reporting, aiming to raise the efficiency of grouping and enhance organizational regulation.
    • Nusuk Care Centers: These centers provide guidance, psychological support, and health support. They offer services in over 11 languages, including sign language, and operate 24/7 with a focus on human cases. They respond to reports and help pilgrims access services and vital locations. These centers are managed with integrated technology, linked to the Nusuk digital platform for data exchange and operational decision-making based on field analysis. Over 765,000 services were provided by these centers by the time of reporting. The initiative started in 2019 and has provided over 8 million services since then, in cooperation with the health awareness association, including guidance, report response, vital sign measurement, and health/language support.
    • AI and Smart Systems: AI systems are used for crowd monitoring and flow analysis, utilizing thermal cameras linked to 24/7 control centers to ensure smooth movement and safety. This contributes to achieving the highest levels of discipline and organization.
    • Smart Infrastructure: The expansion of the Grand Mosque includes smart infrastructure like expanded capacity for the Tawaf area, advanced cooling systems, multi-level bridges, escalators, and smart paths for the elderly and people with disabilities.
    • Smart Robots: Robots are used for sterilizing floors and distributing Zamzam water.
    • Smart Watch Technology: This technology is part of a virtual follow-up system used for remote health monitoring, demonstrated in a case where it helped save a pilgrim with a heart condition.
    • Drones: Drones were used experimentally for the first time to transport medicine between health centers and hospitals in the holy sites, aiming to enhance the speed and efficiency of delivering medical supplies.
    • Thermal Cameras: Used for field screening of pilgrims with diabetes to detect potential complications early.
    • Smart Transportation: The Al-Mashaaer Al-Muqaddassah Metro line operates with a capacity of over 72,000 passengers per hour, transporting large numbers of pilgrims between sites like Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina. This system uses 17 trains, contributing to reducing congestion and carbon emissions. It is operated by “SAR” and supports the objectives of Vision 2030 by providing efficient, reliable, and sustainable transportation.
    • Crowd Management: A smart system for managing crowds uses a computerized schedule to divide pilgrims into time batches, tracks the movement of each group using electronic bracelets linked to guidance and emergency systems, and relies on central control rooms monitoring over 4,000 cameras. This system helped reduce accidents and ensure balanced distribution of pilgrims.
    • “No Hajj Without Permit” Campaign: This security campaign aims to reinforce discipline, protect legal pilgrims, and facilitate crowd management in a safe environment. Security efforts continue until pilgrims complete their rituals and return home safely. Pilgrims are urged to follow specific paths and instructions during their movements, particularly during the Days of Tashreeq.

    The Hajj management system aligns with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030, aiming to enhance the human aspect and improve the quality of life. It reflects the caring attention given to pilgrims and emphasizes continuous improvement and development. Large budgets are generously spent without focusing on financial return. This service is considered an inherited tradition reflecting Islamic values of generosity and altruism, and being servants of the guests of Rahman is viewed as an honor.

    Serving Hajj pilgrims is not merely a functional task but an institutional duty rooted in the state’s identity. Article 24 of the Basic Law of Governance mandates that the state give special care to the endowments of the Two Holy Mosques, provide security and services to their visitors, and facilitate the performance of Hajj, Umrah, and visitation rituals to the fullest. This commitment is a core component of the Kingdom’s political and administrative identity. Vision 2030 has notably reshaped the relationship between technology and public service in Hajj. The overall goal is to transform the Hajj experience into a facilitated, safe, and sustainable model while maintaining the sanctity of the place and the rituals. This Saudi-made “Smart Hajj” model moves steadily towards the world while remaining rooted in its service to the guests of Rahman.

    Saudi Vision 2030 Environmental Initiatives

    Based on the sources provided, Saudi Arabia is actively engaged in environmental initiatives, which are highlighted as an integral part of Saudi Vision 2030.

    The Kingdom adopts an ambitious and proactive vision to confront global environmental challenges. This vision is embodied in its Green Initiatives, aiming for Saudi Arabia to be a major player in global efforts to combat climate change and preserve ecosystems for future generations.

    Key initiatives mentioned include the Saudi Green Initiative and the Middle East Green Initiative, launched by the Crown Prince. The Saudi Green Initiative has three primary goals:

    • Reducing carbon emissions by 278 million tons annually by 2030.
    • Planting 10 billion trees in the coming decades, which is equivalent to rehabilitating 40 million hectares of degraded land.
    • Protecting over 644,000 square kilometers of land and sea by 2030.

    Progress is already being made, with hundreds of millions of trees and shrubs planted since 2021 and extensive areas of degraded land rehabilitated.

    Efforts also specifically target combating desertification through massive afforestation projects, utilizing modern irrigation and water management technologies, and rehabilitating degraded pastures. These initiatives are aimed at increasing green areas, improving air quality, reducing dust storms, enhancing biodiversity, and creating new economic opportunities.

    Beyond these large-scale initiatives, Saudi Arabia is also working on developing renewable energy projects, such as solar and green hydrogen, to lessen reliance on fossil fuels and move towards a circular carbon economy.

    These initiatives have led to the establishment of regional programs and centers, including:

    • The Regional Center for Dust and Sandstorms.
    • The Regional Climate Change Center.
    • The Regional Cloud Seeding Program.

    The success of Hajj management also includes the “Green Hajj” initiative, which integrates sustainability principles into Hajj services. Specific initiatives within this framework include:

    • Using renewable energy for Hajj facilities.
    • Implementing advanced waste management systems, including recycling and sorting.
    • Initiatives to reduce food waste and distribute surplus food.
    • Utilizing technologies to rationalize water consumption and air conditioning. These efforts align with Vision 2030’s environmental goals and serve as a global model for managing large human gatherings while minimizing environmental impact.

    Furthermore, the source highlights achievements in protecting natural heritage through the recognition of Geoparks. The National Center for Vegetation Cover Development and Combating Desertification and the National Committee to Combat Desertification nominated Riyadh North Geopark and Salma Geopark for the UNESCO Global Geoparks list. UNESCO announced their inclusion in April 2025. These Geoparks, such as Riyadh North Geopark (covering 3000 sq km with diverse natural and historical features) and Salma Geopark (known for unique geological formations near Ha’il), are utilized to promote scientific tourism and sustainable local development. This international recognition is seen as a significant boost to the Kingdom’s efforts to diversify its economy through environmental and geological tourism, aligning with Vision 2030’s economic transformation plans and creating new job opportunities.

    The National Center for Vegetation Cover Development and Combating Desertification emphasizes that these achievements underscore the Kingdom’s commitment to protecting its natural heritage and its strategic direction to transform environmental areas into drivers of sustainable development. The National Center for Meteorology also contributes by launching educational and awareness programs about climate and environmental challenges.

    Overall, the environmental initiatives discussed reflect the Kingdom’s commitment to sustainable development and environmental protection, guided by the objectives of Vision 2030.

    Global and Regional Market Trends

    Based on the provided sources and our conversation, there are several economic and market trends discussed across different sectors:

    • Global Financial Markets (Gold, Silver, Stocks, Bonds, Currencies):
    • Prices of gold and silver fell by more than 1% on a specific Friday, influenced by the US jobs report. Gold’s spot price reached $3,316.13 per ounce. Gold futures contracts also declined by 0.8% to $3,346.60. Silver’s spot price fell by 0.5% to $35.96 per ounce, although it had reached its highest level in over 13 years earlier.
    • Platinum rose by 2.5% to $1,158.20 per ounce, reaching its highest level since March 2022, while palladium increased by 3.9% to $1,045.45 per ounce. Both metals were heading for weekly gains.
    • The US Labor Department report showed non-agricultural jobs increased by 139,000 in May, slightly above the 130,000 forecast. The unemployment rate remained stable at 4.2%. Average wage growth also exceeded expectations.
    • These economic data were seen as negative for gold prices, suggesting the Federal Reserve might keep interest rates unchanged for a while. Market participants were already pricing in only one interest rate cut by December.
    • US stock markets closed higher on the same Friday, with indices (Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500, Nasdaq Composite) reaching weekly gains. Positive US employment data helped sentiment. European stocks also rose, achieving their second consecutive weekly gain, supported by the positive US data and reduced trade conflict fears.
    • The Dollar index, which measures the US currency against a basket of currencies, rose by 0.51% to 99.18 following the better-than-expected jobs data. The Euro fell by 0.42% to $1.1396 against the Dollar, and the Yen fell by 0.87% to 144.77 per Dollar.
    • Cryptocurrencies also saw gains, with Bitcoin rising 3.80% to $104,334.11 and Ethereum rising 3.7% to $2,487.77.
    • US Treasury bond yields rose, with the 30-year bond yield reaching 4.9655% and the 10-year yield reaching 4.041%. These movements align with expectations of the Federal Reserve’s interest rate policy.
    • Geopolitical uncertainty is noted as a factor influencing safe-haven assets like gold and the Yen. Trade negotiations, particularly between the US and China, create volatility, impacting markets like gold. New tariffs could pressure production costs and potentially lead to imported inflation.
    • Energy Market (Oil):
    • Oil prices increased on Friday, marking a first weekly gain in three weeks for Brent crude. Brent crude futures settled at $66.47 per barrel, up $1.13 or 1.73%. US West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude settled at $64.58 per barrel, up $1.21 or 1.91%.
    • Brent crude rose 2.75% over the past week, and WTI rose about 5%, supported by expectations of lower global supplies in the coming months.
    • The positive US jobs report helped boost hopes for economic growth and demand, including for oil.
    • OPEC+ agreed to increase production by 411,000 barrels per day in July, part of a larger plan to add 2.2 million bpd back to the market. This increase, alongside supply from non-OPEC countries like Kazakhstan, is expected to lead to a surplus in the market in the final quarter of the year, potentially putting downward pressure on prices.
    • US crude production and export data showed a decline in May. US crude faces increasing competition from OPEC and its allies.
    • The long-term forecast for oil is influenced by the transition towards more sustainable fuels. Global oil consumption is expected to grow by 970,000 bpd in 2025 and 900,000 bpd in 2026. Global crude production is expected to grow by 840,000 bpd in 2025 and 680,000 bpd in 2026.
    • Nuclear Energy Sector:
    • Nuclear power plants are considered a key source of reliable, efficient, and clean electricity, supporting energy security.
    • As of 2024, there are approximately 411 operating nuclear power plants globally, with around 65 under construction in 15 countries. Nuclear power accounts for about 9% of the global electricity mix.
    • France generates 65% of its electricity from its 57 nuclear reactors. The UAE generates 20%, South Korea 30%, and Canada 15% from nuclear power.
    • Challenges include managing the nuclear fuel cycle, storing radioactive waste, the high material cost of building plants, and geopolitical issues affecting uranium supply.
    • Saudi Arabia supports the peaceful use of nuclear power and is investing in training its citizens in nuclear engineering. King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy was established, and a Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Commission was created. A low-power research reactor project (LPRR-100 kWt) is in its final stages.
    • Impact of AI on the Labor Market:
    • AI is replacing jobs in various sectors, from call centers to content writing and simple programming tasks. This is happening rapidly and with less need for physical infrastructure or extensive training compared to previous technological shifts.
    • Current public policy responses are seen as lagging and focusing on superficial solutions like basic programming training, which are insufficient given AI’s advanced capabilities.
    • The real issue is not just job replacement but a deeper systemic problem that requires understanding the diverse perspectives of stakeholders (company, employee, economist) and finding integrated solutions.
    • There is a need for a “soft systems methodology” to address complex problems like AI-driven unemployment by considering multiple viewpoints and areas of influence.
    • An example is given of a company automating customer support with AI, leading to cost savings and shareholder value, but displacing workers, potentially lowering wages and local consumption, while retraining programs are insufficient.
    • The sources argue that relying on the market to automatically self-correct (“automatic solution illusion”) is not a viable strategy; proactive, integrated policies are necessary. Saudi Arabia is investing in AI as part of Vision 2030 and aims to be a model, requiring integrated labor policies, education reform, and social protection.
    • Environmental Tourism:
    • Saudi Arabia’s environmental initiatives, including the Saudi Green Initiative and Middle East Green Initiative, contribute to sustainable development.
    • Recognizing Geoparks (Riyadh North Geopark, Salma Geopark) by UNESCO promotes scientific tourism and sustainable local development. This diversification of the economy through environmental and geological tourism creates new economic opportunities and jobs, aligning with Vision 2030.
    • Sports Economics/Labor Market:
    • The Saudi League is highlighted as attracting high-profile coaches with significant salaries.
    • Financial investment and decision-making by major sports clubs (Al Hilal, Al Nassr, Al Qadisiyah, Al Ahli) are discussed in the context of managing various sports teams. Some clubs are making decisions to cut funding for certain sports despite past successes.
    • Success in sports leagues (like handball) is linked to increased financial investment, organization, and attracting talent (players, referees), which can lead to higher attendance and revenue (ticket sales) and the potential to host international tournaments.
    • The location of Al Qadisiyah in Al Khobar is mentioned as potentially making it easier to attract talent due to the city being a hub for residents.
    • Pharmaceutical Market (Specific):
    • In the context of discussing ADHD, certain medications like Ritalin, Dextroamphetamine, and Captagon are mentioned as effective treatments under medical supervision. It is noted that Captagon/Amphetamines are prohibited in most Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, and treated as narcotics, despite their potential medical use. This implies a market influenced by regulatory restrictions.

    Pilgrim Healthcare: Saudi Arabia’s Integrated System

    Based on the provided sources and our conversation, healthcare for pilgrims during the Hajj season is a major focus for Saudi Arabia, characterized by a comprehensive and integrated system utilizing advanced technology and dedicated human resources.

    Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects discussed:

    1. Overarching Commitment and Scope: Serving pilgrims is a core responsibility for the Kingdom, deeply rooted in its identity and history, and placed at the forefront of its concerns. This commitment is part of a deeply rooted national tradition and reflects the values of hospitality and altruism. The government allocates significant budgets without seeking financial return to develop services and improve the Hajj experience.
    2. Integrated System and Infrastructure: The healthcare system for pilgrims is described as integrated and operating within a comprehensive operational system. This system includes a network of facilities strategically located throughout the holy sites. The infrastructure development is ongoing and includes significant expansions of the Grand Mosque and other facilities.
    3. Facilities and Capacity:
    • There has been a significant increase in clinical bed capacity by over 60%.
    • An emergency hospital has been opened.
    • 71 rapid intervention points have been equipped in the holy sites for quick medical access.
    • Ambulance capabilities have been substantially increased to over 3,000 compared to the previous year.
    • Mobile hospitals and health centers are part of the system.
    1. Range of Health Services: A wide array of services are provided, from basic care to advanced medical interventions.
    • Over 125,573 health services were provided.
    • Advanced operations were performed, including 216 cardiac catheterizations and 18 open-heart surgeries. These are carried out by qualified Saudi medical staff.
    • Kidney dialysis and other operations are also available.
    • Preventative care is a key focus. This includes field surveys and screening.
    • Specific screening for pilgrims with diabetes using thermal cameras and infrared technology is conducted to detect complications like diabetic foot early. Guidance and preventative gifts are also provided to high-risk individuals.
    • The “Nusuk Care” centers provide guidance and health support around the clock. They have provided over 8 million services since 2019.
    1. Technology in Healthcare: Technology plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and quality of health services.
    • The “Nusuk” application is a key digital platform, serving as a gateway for pilgrims and providing over 130 digital services. It stores personal and health data to facilitate service delivery. Over 5.5 million electronic readings of the “Nusuk” card were used.
    • The “Nusuk Digital” platform organizes contracts, issues visas, and unifies procedures.
    • Smart watches and virtual monitoring systems are used for remote patient monitoring, enabling rapid response to health changes. This technology helped save a pilgrim experiencing heart complications.
    • Drones are used experimentally for transporting medicines and medical supplies between health centers and hospitals in the holy sites to speed up delivery.
    • AI and advanced technologies are used for crowd monitoring, analysis, and ensuring smooth movement.
    • Infrared technology (thermal cameras) is used for medical screening, specifically for detecting diabetic foot complications.
    • The “Nusuk Care” centers are managed technologically and linked to the “Nusuk” digital platform for real-time data exchange and operational decisions.
    1. Human Element and Support:
    • The system relies on highly efficient and experienced staff.
    • “Nusuk Care” centers are staffed by qualified personnel who provide human, linguistic, and psychological support.
    • Staff at these centers speak over 11 languages, including sign language, reflecting the diversity of pilgrims.
    • Security personnel are also involved in providing assistance to pilgrims, helping the elderly, offering water, or assisting lost children.
    • Volunteers and staff from various sectors contribute to serving pilgrims. Serving pilgrims is a deep-rooted tradition passed down through generations.
    1. Safety and Ease: The primary goals of the healthcare and overall Hajj management system are to ensure the safety, tranquility, and ease of pilgrims in performing their rituals. Preventative health measures and rapid response systems are crucial for achieving this.
    2. Pilgrim Experience: The sources highlight that pilgrims have directly experienced the significant facilitations and integrated services provided. A personal account described a free comprehensive health check-up provided through the official Hajj registration process, noting the integrated facility, humane staff, and efficient use of technology for rapid results.

    In summary, the healthcare system for pilgrims is presented as a robust, technologically advanced, and human-centered system, continuously improving under the directives of the leadership to ensure the well-being and safety of millions performing Hajj and Umrah, reflecting the goals of Vision 2030.

    Global Geopolitical Snapshot: Conflicts, Diplomacy, and Trade

    Based on the sources and our conversation, several geopolitical developments are discussed:

    1. The Conflict in Gaza and Related Diplomacy:
    • The sources report continued violence in Gaza, with more than 30 Palestinians killed on the second day of Eid al-Adha, mostly near aid centers in western Rafah and Khan Yunis.
    • Shelling targeted tents of displaced people.
    • A medical source at Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Yunis reported 13 Palestinians killed and over 40 injured when occupation forces shelled displaced people’s tents.
    • Another medical source reported 5 Palestinians killed and others injured near an aid center west of Rafah.
    • Local Palestinian sources stated occupation forces fired towards people waiting for aid.
    • The total number killed by occupation forces while trying to obtain food aid reached 110, with 583 injured and 9 missing.
    • An Israeli shell targeted a house near Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza City.
    • Intensive artillery shelling also targeted Beit Lahia in northern Gaza.
    • The Israeli army destroyed residential buildings in eastern Jabalia and southern Gaza.
    • The Israeli army admitted killing 4 soldiers in Khan Yunis and injuring 12 in Jabalia. According to their data, 862 Israeli soldiers have been killed and 5921 injured since October 7, 2023.
    • UNICEF launched an urgent appeal from Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital, calling for the war to stop and to end the suffering of children. A UNICEF spokesperson highlighted the case of a girl paralyzed by an airstrike and stated the message is directed at those with influence to stop the “brutal war against childhood”. UNICEF estimates over 50,000 children have been killed or injured since the start of the war.
    • The head of the Palestinian National Council described the massacre in Rafah and Jabalia as a crime of genocide and ethnic cleansing, aimed at erasing Palestinian families from civil records. He stated that the United States bears direct responsibility for the continuation of these massacres due to its political and diplomatic protection and repeated blocking of UN Security Council decisions. He also asserted that the international community’s silence amounts to complicity.
    • The Israeli Defense Minister announced the recovery of the body of a Thai hostage in Rafah, stating he was killed during his captivity. Hamas had taken the largest group of foreigners hostage.
    • Israeli settler violence included cutting down nearly 100 olive tree saplings near Ramallah and chasing Palestinian herders from their land near Hebron.
    • The sources report that the Israeli authorities’ refusal to allow international journalists into Gaza since the beginning of the aggression is a “ban on conveying the truth,” unprecedented in modern history conflicts. It is described as intended to inflame media deception.
    • France’s Minister of Armies stated their position is “clear” against selling weapons to Israel, clarifying that only components for defensive systems like the Iron Dome are sold, which may be re-exported. He noted that using military equipment from the company Europelinks in Gaza would be a violation of the law.
    • Saudi Arabia is actively engaged in diplomatic efforts to gain international support for recognition of a Palestinian state and the implementation of the two-state solution.
    • Israel refused to allow a ministerial committee from the Arab-Islamic summit to visit Ramallah. The Saudi Foreign Minister viewed this as confirming Israel’s extremism and rejection of peace and diplomacy, reinforcing Saudi resolve for diplomatic efforts.
    • Saudi Arabia’s stance is that peace and normalization with Israel require the restoration of Palestinian rights, including an independent state on the 1967 borders.
    • Reports mention Trump’s administration making moves such as removing officials perceived as cooperating with Israeli intelligence and warning Netanyahu against disrupting Iran talks or attacking nuclear facilities.
    • Trump’s meeting with Syrian President Assad and lifting sanctions on Syria (reportedly at the Saudi Crown Prince’s request) is stated to have angered the Israeli government.
    • An international conference for the two-state solution is expected to be held in New York under Saudi and French presidency. Several countries, including Canada, the UK, Belgium, Australia, Spain, and Scandinavian countries, are expected to join this initiative. Some sources indicate 10 new European countries, including France, will recognize the Palestinian state.
    • Saudi Arabia is conveying a message to Israel and the world that it will bring change to the Middle East that preserves rights.
    1. Russia-Ukraine Conflict:
    • The Russian Ministry of Defense reported conducting strikes with long-range precision weapons against military targets in Ukraine and destroying four Ukrainian boats in the Black Sea.
    • Ukraine accused Russia of delaying a prisoner exchange and body recovery, which Russia confirmed was postponed indefinitely.
    1. US-China Trade Relations:
    • Trade negotiations between the US and its partners, like the EU and India, remain volatile.
    • The US and China agreed to hold further talks following a phone call between Presidents Trump and Xi. This call was described by Trump as “very positive” and creating a “very good situation” regarding trade.
    • China granted temporary rare earth export licenses due to its own restrictions. The US suspended licenses for nuclear equipment sales to Chinese power plants.
    1. US Internal Political Dynamics (Trump-Musk Spat):
    • The sources report a significant falling out between former US President Trump and billionaire Elon Musk, leading to Trump refusing to speak to Musk and potentially giving up his Tesla car.
    • This spat, triggered by Musk’s criticism of a spending bill, could have considerable implications, including potential loss of government contracts for Musk.
    • Musk reportedly attempted to de-escalate the situation. European officials stated Musk is “welcome” to bring his business to Europe.
    1. Canada-India Relations:
    • Despite diplomatic tensions, Canada invited India to attend the G7 summit.
    • The tension arose from Canada’s accusation of the Indian government’s involvement in the assassination of a Sikh activist in Canada in 2023, which India denied.
    1. Saudi Arabia’s Broader International Role:
    • Beyond Hajj, the Kingdom’s service of the Two Holy Mosques is highlighted as a core religious, historical, and security function. This is reflected in the leader’s title “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques”.
    • Saudi Arabia is undertaking significant environmental initiatives like the “Saudi Green Initiative” and “Middle East Green Initiative,” involving extensive tree planting and combating desertification.
    • The Kingdom was elected head of the World Meteorological Organization’s “Asia” region, recognized for its leadership and technology in meteorological services.
    • Saudi Arabia is pursuing the development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, emphasizing its commitment to this technology and related training and regulation.

    These developments illustrate a complex global landscape involving ongoing conflicts, shifting diplomatic alignments, and the intersection of national priorities with international cooperation and tensions.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Ed Sheeran – Shape of You: How This Song Got Great Popularity

    Ed Sheeran – Shape of You: How This Song Got Great Popularity

    Few songs in modern music history have transcended borders, genres, and cultures quite like Ed Sheeran’s Shape of You. From the moment it hit streaming platforms, the track captivated audiences across the globe, becoming more than just a chart-topping single—it became a cultural phenomenon. But what truly lies behind the meteoric rise of this now-iconic tune?

    At first glance, it may seem like the song’s success was inevitable—Sheeran’s name alone carries considerable weight in the industry. However, a deeper look reveals a symphony of strategic decisions, cultural dynamics, and technical brilliance that crafted its popularity. From production nuances to viral marketing tactics, Shape of You is a masterclass in how to build a global hit in the 21st century.

    This blog delves into the multidimensional factors that propelled the song to its towering success. Drawing from musicology, media studies, and insights from industry experts, we will unpack how a seemingly simple pop track became one of the most streamed songs in digital history—inviting readers to explore the intersection of music, business, and global culture.

    1- Musical Composition and Innovation

    Ed Sheeran’s Shape of You breaks the mold by weaving tropical house rhythms with a minimalist pop structure, a fusion that plays on both familiarity and novelty. The marimba-like synth hook is both catchy and rhythmically infectious, making it instantly memorable. As musicologist Simon Frith asserts, “A successful pop song often lives in the tension between the expected and the new.” Sheeran and producer Steve Mac cleverly used this principle to their advantage.

    The song’s structure also deviates from conventional pop by starting with the chorus—a move that hooks listeners immediately. The beat-driven production, coupled with Sheeran’s smooth vocal delivery, allows it to perform exceptionally well on streaming platforms where skipping tracks is easy. Books such as The Song Machine by John Seabrook explore how pop hits are now engineered for immediacy, and Shape of You exemplifies this shift perfectly.

    2- Lyrical Simplicity and Relatability

    The lyrics of Shape of You focus on themes of physical attraction and romantic spontaneity, expressed in accessible language. The simplicity of phrases like “I’m in love with the shape of you” contributes to its sing-along quality, appealing to a wide demographic. Linguist David Crystal notes that pop lyrics often favor phrasal simplicity to enhance memorability and emotional resonance.

    Relatable settings—such as meeting at a bar and bonding over food—make the story grounded and real. These motifs reflect everyday experiences, creating an emotional connection with listeners. This relatability is not superficial; it echoes what psychologist Carl Rogers described as “universal human experiences,” which is a hallmark of impactful storytelling in pop music.

    3- Strategic Release and Timing

    Released in January 2017, Shape of You benefited from a strategically planned launch during a period of relatively low competition. This timing enabled it to gain traction on charts without being overshadowed by seasonal releases or award season hype. As Don Passman outlines in All You Need to Know About the Music Business, timing can make or break a release.

    Additionally, it was one of two singles released simultaneously, allowing for a diversified marketing approach. The surprise release tactic, previously popularized by Beyoncé, kept fans intrigued and ensured that the conversation around Sheeran dominated headlines. This well-orchestrated timing underscores how calendar placement can influence a song’s trajectory.

    4- Cross-Genre Appeal

    By integrating elements from pop, dancehall, and R&B, Shape of You reached audiences far beyond the typical Ed Sheeran fan base. Genre hybridity makes the song more accessible on global charts, and it resonated in dance clubs, radio stations, and acoustic playlists alike. Cultural theorist Simon Reynolds describes such genre fluidity as “genre-melding”—a key trend in modern pop.

    This fusion mirrors the musical diversity of global audiences in the streaming era. A study from the Berklee College of Music highlights that genre-blending has become a dominant strategy for global music success. The song’s rhythm fits workout playlists and radio formats equally well, making it ubiquitously playable across various contexts.

    5- Digital Streaming and Algorithm Boost

    Streaming platforms like Spotify and Apple Music played a pivotal role in the song’s rapid popularity. With its upbeat tempo and short runtime, Shape of You was algorithm-friendly—frequently featured in curated playlists, boosting its visibility. As described in The Platform Economy by Nick Srnicek, algorithmic promotion is now an essential component of digital success.

    Spotify’s “Today’s Top Hits” playlist alone has over 30 million followers. Once the song was featured, exponential growth followed. Listeners were nudged toward the track, which in turn signaled the algorithm to push it further. The self-reinforcing loop between user behavior and algorithmic suggestion gave the song enduring digital shelf life.

    6- Lyric Video and Visual Content

    Before the official music video was released, a lyric video was uploaded, which quickly amassed millions of views. The visual simplicity of the video kept the focus on the words, helping fans memorize the lyrics and sing along. According to YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture by Jean Burgess and Joshua Green, lyric videos serve as powerful engagement tools in modern digital marketing.

    The final music video, with its unexpected boxing storyline, added depth and narrative twist, sparking further discussion and shares. The contrast between the song’s sensuality and the gritty athletic visuals broadened its interpretive possibilities. This dual-layered approach to visuals kept audiences engaged across multiple formats.

    7- Social Media Virality

    Shape of You became a viral sensation, partly due to its adaptability across platforms like TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook. Fans and influencers alike created dance challenges and lip-sync videos, leveraging the song’s rhythmic predictability and catchy chorus. In Viral Loop by Adam L. Penenberg, it’s argued that virality thrives on repeatable, easy-to-mimic content—which this song provided in spades.

    The organic spread of user-generated content created a network effect. Every new share introduced the song to more ears, many of whom engaged further. This peer-to-peer recommendation system is more persuasive than traditional marketing, illustrating the new dynamics of digital music promotion.

    8- Global Appeal and Localization

    Ed Sheeran’s international reputation, coupled with the song’s universal theme of attraction, made it appealing across cultures. The track topped charts in over 30 countries and was translated, covered, and adapted into multiple languages. Cultural critic Arjun Appadurai’s concept of “global cultural flows” can help explain the transnational success of such a song.

    Sheeran also performed the song in different countries with local artists, enhancing its authenticity and local connection. These gestures weren’t just promotional stunts; they indicated a genuine interest in cross-cultural dialogue, reinforcing Sheeran’s global brand and the song’s international staying power.

    9- Celebrity Endorsements and Covers

    High-profile artists and influencers praised or covered Shape of You, further amplifying its reach. From James Corden’s Carpool Karaoke to acoustic renditions by global musicians, the song found resonance in diverse reinterpretations. According to media theorist Marshall McLuhan, “The medium is the message”—in this case, diverse covers across platforms amplified the song’s cultural footprint.

    These endorsements weren’t just additive—they created a sense of communal ownership. Audiences felt encouraged to put their own spin on the song, creating a participatory ecosystem around it. This aligns with Henry Jenkins’ theory of “convergence culture,” where consumers are also creators.

    10- Ed Sheeran’s Personal Brand

    Ed Sheeran’s humble and relatable persona contributed greatly to the song’s appeal. His image as a grounded, guitar-playing songwriter contrasts sharply with the more extravagant personas of some pop contemporaries. This “everyman” charm, discussed in Richard Dyer’s Stars, makes Sheeran a highly relatable and trustworthy figure.

    Fans feel an emotional connection with Sheeran that goes beyond the music. His backstory—busking on the streets, rising through grit and talent—adds authenticity to his brand. That authenticity lends credibility to Shape of You, even when the lyrics stray into more sensual territory.

    11- Repetition and Catchiness

    Repetition in both the lyrics and rhythm is a core feature of the song’s addictiveness. The chorus is repeated often enough to lodge itself in the listener’s memory, a tactic that aligns with findings in cognitive psychology about how music affects neural circuits. As Oliver Sacks wrote in Musicophilia, repeated melodic hooks can cause “earworms,” which Shape of You masterfully exploits.

    Additionally, the song’s loop-based structure mirrors trends in EDM and hip-hop, making it familiar to younger audiences raised on those genres. This structural repetition enhances replay value, crucial for success in the streaming economy where repeat listens drive algorithmic visibility.

    12- Cultural Timing and Sensibility

    The song’s release coincided with a cultural moment favoring upbeat, escapist pop music. After a period of political unrest and social tension globally, audiences sought songs that provided a sense of joy and emotional release. Cultural theorist Raymond Williams called this the “structure of feeling”—a shared mood that certain art pieces articulate and amplify.

    Shape of You capitalized on this cultural sensibility with its lighthearted themes and rhythmic vibrancy. It became a go-to track for people needing a break from seriousness, embodying the zeitgeist of its era in an emotionally resonant way.

    13- Influence of Streaming Algorithms

    Beyond initial placement, Shape of You benefited from ongoing boosts from AI-driven streaming algorithms. Songs with high skip rates get deprioritized, but Sheeran’s track consistently showed high engagement. The book Algorithms of Oppression by Safiya Umoja Noble suggests that digital visibility is never neutral—those favored by data patterns dominate.

    In this light, Shape of You wasn’t just a great song; it was a data-optimized product. Its design fit algorithmic preferences in terms of structure, tempo, and engagement patterns, making it a digital native song in every sense.

    14- Fan Engagement and Live Performances

    Sheeran’s live performances of Shape of You often feature acoustic renditions, loop pedals, and audience participation, adding layers of intimacy. His ability to replicate a full-band experience solo on stage showcases his musicianship and creates memorable concert moments. According to This Is Your Brain on Music by Daniel Levitin, live performance enhances emotional bonding with a song.

    Fan engagement through Q&A sessions, behind-the-scenes content, and social media responses also made fans feel valued. This bi-directional relationship deepened loyalty and increased willingness to promote and re-stream the song, feeding into its continued success.

    15- Integration in Pop Culture

    The song was featured in films, TV shows, commercials, and viral videos, embedding it into the cultural fabric. This multimedia saturation helped it move from being just a “track” to being a pop culture artifact. Cultural historian Theodore Adorno emphasized the importance of “integration into daily life” for a song to be truly popular.

    These references created intertextual associations that reinforced its emotional power. People came to link Shape of You with memorable personal and media moments, making it more than just a sonic experience—it became a soundtrack to everyday life.

    16- Critical Reception

    While some critics pointed to its lyrical simplicity as a drawback, the song was generally praised for its production and Sheeran’s vocal delivery. Reviews from Rolling Stone and The Guardian highlighted its infectious rhythm and commercial savvy. This blend of critique and praise ensured that the song remained in discourse, even among intellectual circles.

    As Harold Bloom notes in The Western Canon, “a work enters the canon not just by excellence but by the debate it provokes.” Shape of You may not be canonical in the classical sense, but it certainly sparked a cultural conversation on modern pop aesthetics.

    17- Market Adaptability

    The song’s beat and tempo made it suitable for remixes and dance adaptations, further extending its reach. Major DJs created club versions, while acoustic versions were adopted in lounges and cafes. The adaptability allowed it to live across markets without losing identity. The book Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy by Lawrence Lessig explores this flexibility as a hallmark of modern creative success.

    This adaptability ensured it was not bound to one context or audience. From Zumba classes to wedding receptions, the song’s malleability made it omnipresent and enduring.

    18- Emotional Hook

    Beyond the beat, the song’s message of spontaneous love hits a universal emotional chord. Love, desire, and human connection are timeless themes, and Shape of You capitalizes on them in an emotionally digestible way. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s idea of “flow” in music—when lyrics, rhythm, and sentiment align perfectly—is exemplified here.

    Listeners often reported feeling uplifted or energized, showing how music can act as a form of emotional regulation. The emotional hook here isn’t deep or melancholic, but uplifting and immediate—a formula that has proven consistently effective in pop.

    19- Music Industry Dynamics

    Major label backing from Atlantic Records meant the song had access to global distribution channels, marketing budgets, and PR campaigns. This institutional support is often invisible to audiences but critical to success. As detailed in Hit Makers by Derek Thompson, distribution often outweighs quality in determining popularity.

    Behind-the-scenes strategists made sure Shape of You was heard everywhere—from supermarkets to soundtracks. This saturation strategy, while commercial, was executed with enough subtlety to keep the song’s integrity intact.

    20- Longevity and Cultural Endurance

    Years after its release, Shape of You still commands attention on streaming platforms, proving it wasn’t a fleeting trend. Its themes, structure, and strategic deployment have given it a long cultural half-life. Music critic Ann Powers once remarked, “Great pop doesn’t just rise; it lingers.”

    It continues to be a reference point in discussions of modern pop and streaming culture, taught in university courses on media and music. That kind of staying power indicates that Shape of You wasn’t just a hit—it became a benchmark.

    Conclusion

    Shape of You by Ed Sheeran exemplifies the convergence of musical craftsmanship, strategic marketing, digital fluency, and emotional resonance. Each element—from its genre fusion to its algorithm-friendly design—was orchestrated with precision and intent. What appears simple on the surface is, in truth, a complex amalgam of cultural, technological, and psychological components.

    Its enduring success is not merely a product of luck or celebrity—it’s a case study in the science and art of making a global hit. Whether viewed through the lens of media theory, musicology, or business strategy, Shape of You stands as a blueprint for future pop anthems in the streaming age.

    Bibliography

    1. Frith, Simon. Performing Rites: On the Value of Popular Music. Harvard University Press, 1998.
    2. Seabrook, John. The Song Machine: Inside the Hit Factory. W. W. Norton & Company, 2015.
    3. Crystal, David. Language and the Internet. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
    4. Passman, Donald S. All You Need to Know About the Music Business. 10th ed., Simon & Schuster, 2019.
    5. Reynolds, Simon. Retromania: Pop Culture’s Addiction to Its Own Past. Faber & Faber, 2011.
    6. Srnicek, Nick. Platform Capitalism. Polity Press, 2017.
    7. Burgess, Jean, and Joshua Green. YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. Polity Press, 2009.
    8. Penenberg, Adam L. Viral Loop: From Facebook to Twitter, How Today’s Smartest Businesses Grow Themselves. Hyperion, 2009.
    9. Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
    10. McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. MIT Press, 1994.
    11. Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. NYU Press, 2006.
    12. Dyer, Richard. Stars. British Film Institute, 1998.
    13. Sacks, Oliver. Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain. Vintage, 2008.
    14. Williams, Raymond. Marxism and Literature. Oxford University Press, 1977.
    15. Noble, Safiya Umoja. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. NYU Press, 2018.
    16. Levitin, Daniel J. This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession. Dutton, 2006.
    17. Adorno, Theodor W. Essays on Music. University of California Press, 2002.
    18. Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. Riverhead Books, 1994.
    19. Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy. Penguin Press, 2008.
    20. Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row, 1990.
    21. Thompson, Derek. Hit Makers: The Science of Popularity in an Age of Distraction. Penguin Press, 2017.
    22. Powers, Ann. Good Booty: Love and Sex, Black and White, Body and Soul in American Music. Dey Street Books, 2017.
    Ed Sheeran – Shape of You (Official Music Video)

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

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  • Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 7, 2025: Hajj Pilgrimages, Eid Al Adha, Economy, Tourism and Hospitality, Market Trends

    Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 7, 2025: Hajj Pilgrimages, Eid Al Adha, Economy, Tourism and Hospitality, Market Trends

    These excerpts from an Arabic newspaper, dated June 7, 2025, cover various topics with a focus on Saudi Arabia. Several articles highlight the successful organization and management of the Hajj pilgrimage, emphasizing the Kingdom’s dedication to providing a safe and comfortable experience for visitors, alongside reporting on the celebration of Eid al-Adha by Saudi leadership and citizens across different regions. Beyond religious events, the text also touches upon economic matters, discussing the growth in the Saudi tourism and hospitality sector, and includes articles on global economic forecasts and market trends, specifically mentioning the rise in gold prices and a decline in global stock markets.

    Saudi Arabia’s Hajj Management: A Comprehensive Approach

    Based on the sources provided, Hajj management in Saudi Arabia is described as a comprehensive, organized, and safe undertaking aimed at ensuring the comfort and well-being of pilgrims. It is viewed as a national vision and a noble message from the Kingdom to the world, emphasizing that safe and peaceful Hajj is a right for every pilgrim, achievable only through an organized system respected by all.

    Key aspects of Hajj management highlighted in the sources include:

    • Overarching Goal: To ensure pilgrims perform their rituals easily and smoothly in spiritual atmospheres filled with submission and tranquility. The continuous success in serving the Guests of God (pilgrims) is presented as a result of the state’s efforts. Serving pilgrims is considered an honor, not a burden.
    • Organization and Planning: Hajj management involves meticulous organization and effective operational plans. Plans are built on precise pillars and supported by an advanced operations center that utilizes technology. Success is attributed to the guidance of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and the support and continuous follow-up of the Crown Prince. Cooperation between various relevant authorities is highlighted.
    • Security and Safety: A primary focus is on ensuring a safe Hajj season, providing pilgrims with integrated services at a high level of security, comfort, and tranquility, far from chaos. The annual national awareness and regulatory campaign, “No Hajj Without Permit,” is a tangible demonstration of the leadership’s commitment to ensuring a safe season. This campaign aims to limit negative phenomena that affect Hajj organization quality, such as overcrowding, unauthorized street vending, infiltration, and the transport of irregular pilgrims. It also works to combat fraudulent Hajj campaigns that pose significant risks to pilgrims. Strict regulations are applied to violators. Security plans are implemented by participating sectors. Modern technology and advanced monitoring systems are utilized in managing security.
    • Crowd Management and Flow (Tafweej): Meticulous organization is crucial for crowd management. Pilgrims’ adherence to instructions and following guidelines reflects the maturity of the organizational experience in managing crowds. Adherence to timed schedules contributes to the smooth flow of movement and the absence of usual overcrowding. The Jamarat facility is highlighted as a key modern project embodying a qualitative leap in crowd management, designed according to international engineering and organizational standards. It allows for flexible and safe grouping (Tafweej), with a capacity of over 300,000 pilgrims per hour during peak times. The facility includes multiple levels, electric escalators, bridges, entrances/exits, emergency routes, and smart cooling and monitoring systems.
    • Healthcare Services: A comprehensive healthcare system is in place to serve pilgrims. Preventing heat stress is a health priority, with authorities emphasizing preventative measures and providing equipped healthcare units. Healthcare plans are supported by air medical evacuation aircraft provided by the Ministry of Defense and the Saudi Red Crescent Authority. Virtual health consultations are offered 24/7 through various platforms (Unified Number 937, Sehatty application, and X platform) in 7 languages, allowing pilgrims to receive advice, send reports, and even get electronic prescriptions. A swift medical intervention, such as an urgent catheterization, saved a pilgrim’s life from a pulmonary embolism, demonstrating the high readiness and prompt response of medical teams.
    • Technology and Digital Transformation: Hajj management leverages modern technology and digital platforms to enhance services. The “Nusuk” card and the use of modern technology in supervision contribute to regulating performance and preventing violations. The “Nusuk” application is described as a cornerstone for providing all types of services pilgrims need. The “Tariq Makkah” (Makkah Route) initiative facilitates the entry of pilgrims from their home countries using modern technology and procedures, benefiting over 1,000,000 pilgrims since its launch in 2017. The “Adahi” project, which facilitates the sacrificial ritual, utilizes smart technologies for counting, tracking, and distributing meat. Virtual health consultations are a key part of digital health efforts.
    • Pilgrim Support Services: Pilgrims are accompanied by a comprehensive system of services provided by relevant authorities. Designated places within the holy sites are prepared for each pilgrim, ensuring they can perform rituals in an organized environment that respects their health needs and provides services like accommodation, healthcare, supplies, modern transportation, and educational support. The Mutawif profession, with a history spanning over 30 years, plays a crucial role in receiving, accommodating, organizing, and guiding pilgrims, ensuring ease and comfort. Scout leaders also view serving pilgrims as a national responsibility and honor, working alongside government agencies to provide assistance and guidance.
    • Collaboration and Integration: The success of Hajj management is a result of the integration of efforts by relevant authorities. There is collaboration between governmental, private, and non-profit sectors in preparing and executing Hajj plans. The “Adahi” project involves collaboration with over 500 charitable associations. Healthcare services are integrated between the Ministry of Health and military healthcare services. Scout leaders work closely with various government entities.
    • Scale and Capability: Saudi Arabia is described as uniquely capable of organizing and receiving millions of pilgrims from around the world for the rituals. The “Adahi” project has a large operational capacity.

    In summary, Hajj management, as depicted in the sources, is a complex, large-scale operation relying on meticulous planning, stringent security measures, technological advancements, comprehensive healthcare, efficient crowd management, dedicated support services, and strong collaboration across numerous entities, all guided by the vision of providing a safe, comfortable, and spiritual experience for the Guests of God.

    Saudi Royal Family’s Eid al-Adha Greetings

    Based on the sources, Eid al-Adha greetings are prominently featured, particularly from the Saudi leadership, highlighting the significance of the occasion.

    King Salman congratulated the Islamic nation on the blessed Eid al-Adha. He expressed gratitude to Allah for the blessing and honor of serving the Two Holy Mosques. Via his official account on platform “X”, he said, “We thank Allah Almighty for having blessed us and honored us with the service of the Two Holy Mosques, and we ask Allah Almighty to accept the Hajj and rituals and acts of worship from the pilgrims of His House, and that the blessed Eid al-Adha carries goodness, peace and love for our nation and the whole world. And every year, you are well”. This message from the Kingdom to the world is described as a national vision and a noble message, a message of love and peace.

    Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, acting on behalf of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, received well-wishers on the occasion of the blessed Eid al-Adha at his palace in Miná. Those who congratulated him included the Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, royal princes, the Grand Mufti of the Kingdom, scholars, senior invitees from GCC countries, ministers, leaders of military sectors participating in this year’s Hajj, and leaders of the scouting family in the Kingdom participating in Hajj.

    In a speech given on this occasion, the Crown Prince congratulated the leaders and personnel of the military and security sectors, the esteemed attendees, and the citizens, residents, and pilgrims of the House of Allah on the blessed Eid al-Adha. He prayed to Allah Almighty to bring the occasion back to the country and Muslims around the world with goodness and peace.

    The Crown Prince also exchanged Eid greetings via telephone calls with foreign leaders. He received a call from the President of the Republic of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who congratulated him on the blessed Eid al-Adha. The Crown Prince reciprocated the congratulations. The Turkish President praised the good organization and the success of the procedures taken by the Kingdom to maintain the security and safety of pilgrims this Hajj season. The Crown Prince also received a call from the President of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who congratulated him on the blessed Eid al-Adha. The Crown Prince exchanged greetings with him on this occasion, asking Allah Almighty to bring it back to the two countries, the two brotherly peoples, and the Islamic nation with Yemen and blessings.

    In Riyadh, the Deputy Emir of Riyadh, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz, performed the Eid al-Adha prayer and received well-wishers who came to congratulate him on the Eid. He exchanged greetings with them, praying to Allah Almighty to bring the happy occasion back to them and the Islamic nation with goodness, Yemen, and blessings.

    Beyond the official greetings, Eid al-Adha is mentioned as the occasion for singer Diana Haddad and Al-Douzi to release their song “Ehdy Habba,” described by Haddad as her gift to her audience and fans of her art for the blessed Eid al-Adha and summer.

    Saudi Tourism Growth and Vision 2030

    Based on the sources, Saudi Arabia is experiencing significant growth and transformation in its tourism sector, driven by the goals of Vision 2030, which aims to boost tourism and diversify the national economy.

    Here are the key aspects of Saudi Tourism Growth discussed in the sources:

    • Current Sector Performance: The lodging sector, including hotels, serviced apartments, and resorts, is noted for a noticeable boom, particularly in Riyadh, with high occupancy rates in hotels and chalets, especially during periods like the Eid al-Adha holiday. This sector is evolving from merely infrastructure to a strategic pillar for attracting both domestic and international tourists.
    • Drivers of Growth: This transformation is attributed to expanded investments, major events like “Riyadh Season” and “Jeddah Season,” and various cultural, artistic, and sports events.
    • Quantitative Targets and Achievements:The number of licensed hotel rooms in Saudi Arabia reached approximately 475,000 by the end of 2024, representing a growth rate of 69%.
    • The target is to reach 675,000 hotel rooms by 2030, involving the addition of 200,000 new rooms.
    • The Kingdom aims to attract over 150 million visitors (domestic and international) annually by 2030.
    • As of the time of the source, the number of domestic and international visitors had already reached 109 million.
    • Investment and Development Efforts:The sector is witnessing the entry of global commercial brands and attracting large investments, including significant private sector contributions.
    • Innovative concepts like eco-hotels and heritage lodges in historical locations are being developed.
    • The Tourism Development Fund (TDF) plays a vital role in providing financing for distinct tourism projects. The TDF has contributed over 7.4 billion riyals in financing for more than 100 tourism projects across different regions of the Kingdom. These projects are expected to provide over 7500 hotel rooms and suites. Large projects financed by TDF include those in the Aseer region (valued over 10 billion riyals) and projects involving global hotel brands.
    • Economic Impact: The lodging sector’s role extends to supporting the national economy by stimulating related sectors such as transportation, services, restaurants, and recreational activities. It also contributes to improving the quality of life for residents by offering diverse accommodation options. Tourism’s contribution to the GDP is targeted to increase to 10% by 2030 through the National Tourism Strategy.
    • Quality Standards and Human Capital:Saudi Arabia is focusing on developing high-quality standards in the lodging sector through licensing, supervision, and professional training programs.
    • A substantial budget has been allocated for training Saudi individuals in tourism, both domestically and internationally, collaborating with leading education and training institutions.
    • The goal since 2019 has been to train 500,000 young Saudi men and women. By 2023, over 100,000 had been trained through various programs, including the “Tourism Pioneers 2” program which sent 1500 young individuals for training abroad in 2023.
    • The number of jobs in the tourism sector exceeded 925,000 in 2023.
    • Saudization rates in the tourism sector reached 26% in 2023, with hospitality specifically at 38% and travel agencies at 36%.
    • The number of Saudi individuals joining the tourism sector in 2023 reached over 380,000.
    • The average salaries for workers in the tourism sector exceeded 6.4 thousand riyals per month in 2023.
    • The National Tourism Strategy aims to increase employment in the sector from approximately 650,000 jobs in 2019 to 1.6 million jobs by 2030.
    • Development of New Destinations: Focus areas like AlUla, the Red Sea, NEOM, and The Line are expected to drive accelerated growth and a qualitative shift, enhancing the Kingdom’s standing as a global tourism destination.
    • Investment Environment: Saudi Arabia is considered one of the easiest and fastest countries for tourism investment.

    In summary, the sources portray Saudi tourism growth as a dynamic sector undergoing rapid expansion and qualitative improvement, strongly supported by government initiatives, strategic investments, and a focus on human capital development, all aligned with the ambitious targets of Vision 2030.

    Global Economic Outlook and Trade Tensions

    Based on the sources, the global economic outlook is characterized by lowered growth forecasts and significant uncertainty, largely attributed to ongoing trade tensions.

    Key points regarding the global economic outlook from the sources include:

    • Lowered Growth Forecasts: The OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) lowered its global economic growth forecasts. The previous forecast in March expected growth of 3.1% in 2025 and 3.0% in 2026, but the outlook is now described as becoming “more difficult”.
    • Impact of Trade Wars and Tariffs: The trade war and increases in customs tariffs by the US President Donald Trump are identified as a primary reason for the lowered expectations. Increased trade barriers and tighter financial conditions “will adversely affect growth” by impacting consumer and business confidence. Trade fragmentation is also considered avoidable and necessary to avoid.
    • Specific Country Forecasts:The OECD lowered its 2025 growth forecast for the United States from 2.2% to 1.6%. An additional slowdown is expected in 2026 to 1.5%.
    • The forecast for China this year was slightly lowered from 4.8% to 4.7%.
    • The forecast for Japan was lowered from 1.1% to 0.7%.
    • The forecast for the Eurozone remains at 1%.
    • Financial Markets:Global stocks declined.
    • Gold prices rose amid economic uncertainty and ahead of US jobs data, indicating demand for safe haven assets.
    • The US dollar weakened, trading near a two-year low, which generally benefited metals prices.
    • The effective US tariff rate on imported goods rose significantly, becoming the highest since 1938, and this is expected to affect household consumption and investment growth.
    • US Economic Data: Weak economic data points, particularly concerning the labor market, have been observed. Investors are keenly awaiting official US non-farm payroll data. Weak jobs data could potentially give greater impetus for lowering interest rates.
    • Oil Market Volatility: The oil market remains volatile, influenced by the trade war and its impact on the global economy. While oil prices saw some weekly gains due to renewed US-China trade talks, concerns about slowing demand persist, especially given weak indicators in major economies like the US and China. Expectations of lower global supply exist, but weak demand and increased production from some sources put downward pressure on prices in the coming quarters.
    • Refining Sector Challenges: Refineries globally are facing challenges, including a decline in demand due to the economic slowdown and increased adoption of electric vehicles. Global refining margins remain significantly below previous peaks, although slightly higher than recent lows. Refinery closures in the US and Europe have slowed the growth of global refining capacity. While strong seasonal demand might provide a short-term boost to margins, the impact of trade wars and increased fuel production could erode this. The global oil demand growth forecast for the rest of 2025 is relatively low, linked to trade uncertainty’s effect on the global economy.

    Current Oil Market Dynamics and Trends

    Based on the sources, the oil market is currently volatile, influenced significantly by global economic conditions and trade tensions.

    Here are some key trends and points about the oil market:

    • Price Movements and Influences:
    • Brent crude and WTI prices were on track for weekly gains, despite dipping on the day of the report. Brent rose by approximately 2.1% and WTI by 4%.
    • This gain was partly supported by renewed trade talks between the US and China, which brightened hopes for economic growth and demand in the world’s two largest economies. US President Trump described a telephone call with China’s President Xi as having a “very positive” outcome.
    • However, the market continues to be pressured by concerns about slowing demand due to weak economic indicators in major economies like the US and China.
    • Expectations of lower global supply in the coming months also support prices. This forecast is particularly driven by bets on additional US sanctions against Iran and Russia. Reports indicate the US is considering more sanctions on Russia, and tension in nuclear talks between the US and Iran also contribute to this expectation.
    • On the other hand, increased production from some sources and an anticipated increase in supply from OPEC+ in July put downward pressure on prices in the coming quarters. OPEC+ agreed to increase production by 411,000 barrels per day in July, although Saudi Arabia had previously been pushing for larger increases as part of a strategy to regain market share.
    • Canadian production cuts due to ongoing wildfires also provided some support.
    • Inventories:
    • US crude oil inventories saw a significant decline (4 million barrels last week) that was much larger than analysts expected (900,000 barrels).
    • However, US inventories of refined products rose, with gasoline inventories increasing by 2.5 million barrels and distillate inventories (including heating oil and diesel) also rising by 2.5 million barrels. Large increases in US refined product inventories add to demand uncertainty.
    • Refining Sector Challenges:
    • Refineries globally are facing challenges due to the economic slowdown and increased adoption of electric vehicles.
    • Global refining margins are significantly below previous peaks from 2022-2023, although they slightly increased in early 2025.
    • Refinery closures in the US and Europe have contributed to slowing the growth of global refining capacity.
    • Forecasts for 2025 predict a decrease in global diesel supply by 100,000 barrels per day and gasoline supply by 180,000 barrels per day annually. Gasoline demand is expected to rise slightly by 28,000 barrels per day.
    • Inventory declines in major refining centers suggest a tightness in product markets.
    • While strong seasonal demand in the Northern Hemisphere summer is expected to provide a short-term boost to margins, increasing fuel production and the impact of trade wars could erode this.
    • The global oil demand growth forecast for the remainder of 2025 is relatively low (an average of 650,000 bpd), linked to the impact of trade uncertainty on the global economy. This is lower than the growth seen in the first quarter.
    • Exploration and Development (Petrobras Example):
    • Brazilian state oil company Petrobras plans to expand exploration and production outside Brazil, focusing on Africa (Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Angola, Namibia, South Africa) and India.
    • This strategy is partly driven by delays in obtaining environmental permits for drilling off the coast of the Amazon rainforest.
    • The company’s plans are also influenced by balancing growth, profitability for investors, and government economic goals.
    • Recent lower Brent prices are prompting Petrobras to cut costs and simplify strategic projects.

    In summary, the oil market is navigating a complex environment with competing factors: hopes for demand recovery driven by trade talks versus persistent concerns over economic slowdown and trade uncertainty, and fluctuating supply expectations based on geopolitical factors and OPEC+ decisions. The refining sector faces structural challenges while also seeing some short-term tightness in product markets. Companies like Petrobras are adapting by seeking new reserves globally while managing operational and political hurdles.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy

    English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy

    English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy Playlist

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Pride & Prejudice by Jane Austen Chapter Two

    Pride & Prejudice by Jane Austen Chapter Two

    Pride & Prejudice by Jane Austen Chapter Two

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Power BI Enhancements and New Features

    Power BI Enhancements and New Features

    This document is a tutorial on using Power BI, covering various aspects of data modeling and visualization. It extensively explains the creation and use of calculated columns and measures (DAX), demonstrates the implementation of different visualizations (tables, matrices, bar charts), and explores advanced features like calculation groups, visual level formatting, and field parameters. The tutorial also details data manipulation techniques within Power Query, including data transformations and aggregations. Finally, it guides users through publishing reports to the Power BI service for sharing.

    Power BI Visuals and DAX Study Guide

    Quiz

    Instructions: Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.

    1. What is the difference between “drill down” and “expand” in the context of a Matrix visual?
    2. What is a “stepped layout” in a Matrix visual and how can you disable it?
    3. How can you switch the placement of measures between rows and columns in a Matrix visual?
    4. When using a Matrix visual with multiple row fields, how do you control subtotal visibility at different levels?
    5. What is the primary difference between a pie chart and a tree map visual in Power BI?
    6. How can you add additional information to a tooltip in a pie chart or treemap visual?
    7. What is a key difference between the display options when using “Category” versus “Details” in a treemap?
    8. What is the significance of the “Switch values on row group” option?
    9. In a scatter plot visual, what is the purpose of the “Size” field?
    10. How does the Azure Map visual differ from standard Power BI map visuals, and what are some of its advanced features?

    Answer Key

    1. “Drill down” navigates to the next level of the hierarchy, while “expand” displays all levels simultaneously. Drill down goes one level at a time, while expand shows all levels at once. Drill down changes the current view while expand adds to it.
    2. A “stepped layout” creates an indented hierarchical view in the Matrix visual’s row headers. It can be disabled in the “Row headers” section of the visual’s format pane by toggling the “Stepped layout” option off.
    3. In the values section, scroll down to “switch values on row group”. You can switch the placement of measures between rows and columns by enabling or disabling the “Switch values on row group” option. When enabled, measures are displayed on rows; when disabled, they’re on columns.
    4. Subtotal visibility is controlled under the “Row subtotals” section of the formatting pane where you can choose to display subtotals for individual row levels, or disable them entirely; the “per row level” setting is what controls which subtotals are visible in the matrix. You can also choose to change where the subtotal name appears.
    5. Pie charts show proportions of a whole using slices and a legend, whereas tree maps use nested rectangles to show hierarchical data, and do not explicitly show a percentage. Pie charts show percentages while treemaps show the magnitude of a total. Tree maps do not use legends.
    6. You can add additional information to a tooltip by dragging measures or other fields into the “Tooltips” section of the visual’s field pane. The tooltips section allows for multiple values. Tooltips can also be switched on and off.
    7. When you add a field to the “Category”, it acts as a primary grouping that is displayed and colored. When you add a field to the “Details” it is displayed within the existing category and the conditional formatting disappears.
    8. “Switch values on row group” is an option in a Matrix visual that toggles whether measures appear in the row headers or in the column headers allowing for a KPI style or pivo style display. By default, values appear in the columns, but when switched on, they appear in the rows.
    9. In a scatter plot visual, the “Size” field is used to represent a third dimension, where larger values are represented by bigger bubbles. The field’s magnitude is visually represented by the size of the bubbles.
    10. The Azure Map visual offers more advanced map styles (e.g., road, hybrid, satellite), auto-zoom controls, and other features. It allows for heatmaps, conditional formatting on bubbles, and cluster bubbles for detailed geographic analysis, unlike standard Power BI maps.

    Essay Questions

    Instructions: Respond to the following questions in essay format.

    1. Compare and contrast the use of Matrix, Pie, and Treemap visuals, discussing their best use cases and how each represents data differently.
    2. Discuss the various formatting options available for labels and values across different visuals. How can these formatting options be used effectively to improve data visualization and analysis?
    3. Describe how the different components of the Power BI Matrix visual (e.g., row headers, column headers, sub totals, drill down, drill up) can be used to explore data hierarchies and gain insights.
    4. Explain how the “Values” section and “Format” pane interact to create a specific visual output, focusing on the use of different measure types (e.g., aggregation vs. calculated measures).
    5. Analyze the differences and best use cases for area and stacked area charts, focusing on how they represent changes over time or categories, and how they can be styled to communicate data effectively.

    Glossary

    • Matrix Visual: A table-like visual that displays data in a grid format, often used for displaying hierarchical data.
    • Drill Down/Up: Actions that allow users to navigate through hierarchical data, moving down to more granular levels or up to higher levels.
    • Expand/Collapse: Actions to show or hide sub-levels within a hierarchical structure.
    • Stepped Layout: An indented layout for row headers in a Matrix visual, visually representing hierarchy.
    • Measures on Rows/Columns: Option in the Matrix visual to toggle the placement of measures between row or column headers.
    • Switch Values on Row Group: An option that changes where measures are displayed (on row or column headers).
    • Subtotals: Sum or average aggregations calculated at different levels of hierarchy within a Matrix visual.
    • Pie Chart: A circular chart divided into slices to show proportions of a whole.
    • Treemap Visual: A visual that uses nested rectangles to display hierarchical data, where the size of the rectangles corresponds to the value of each category or subcategory.
    • Category (Treemap): The main grouping used in a treemap, often with distinct colors.
    • Details (Treemap): A finer level of categorization that subdivides the main categories into smaller units.
    • Tooltip: Additional information that appears when a user hovers over an element in a visual.
    • Legend: A visual key that explains the color coding used in a chart.
    • Conditional Formatting: Automatically changing the appearance of visual elements based on predefined conditions or rules.
    • Scatter Plot: A chart that displays data points on a two-dimensional graph, where each point represents the values of two variables.
    • Size Field (Scatter Plot): A field that controls the size of the data points on a scatter plot, representing a third variable.
    • Azure Map Visual: An enhanced map visual that offers more advanced styles, heatmaps, and other geographic analysis tools.
    • Card Visual: A visual that displays a single value, often a key performance indicator (KPI).
    • DAX (Data Analysis Expressions): A formula language used in Power BI for calculations and data manipulation.
    • Visual Calculation: A calculation that is performed within the scope of a visual, rather than being defined as a measure.
    • Element Level Formatting: Formatting applied to individual parts of a visual (e.g., individual bars in a bar chart).
    • Global Format: A default or general formatting style that applies across multiple elements or objects.
    • Model Level Formatting: Formatting rules applied at the data model level that can be used as a default for all visuals.
    • Summarize Columns: A DAX function that groups data and creates a new table with the aggregated results.
    • Row Function: A DAX function that creates a table with a single row and specified columns.
    • IF Statement (DAX): A conditional statement that allows different calculations based on whether a logical test is true or false.
    • Switch Statement (DAX): A conditional statement similar to “case” that can handle multiple conditions or multiple values.
    • Mod Function: A DAX mathematical function that provides a remainder of a division.
    • AverageX: A DAX function that calculates the average value across a table or a column.
    • Values: A DAX function that returns the distinct values from a specified column.
    • Calculate: A DAX function that modifies the filter context of a calculation.
    • Include Level of Detail: A technique for incorporating more granular data into calculations without affecting other visual elements.
    • Remove Level of Detail: A technique that excludes a specified level of data from a calculation for aggregated analysis.
    • Filter Context: The set of filters that are applied to a calculation based on the current visual context.
    • Distinct Count: A function that counts the number of unique values in a column.
    • Percentage of Total: A way to display values as a proportion of a total, useful for understanding the relative contribution of various items.
    • All Function: A DAX function that removes filter context from specified tables or columns.
    • Allselected Function: A DAX function that removes filters based on what is not selected on a slicer, but retains filters based on what is selected on a slicer.
    • RankX Function: A DAX function to calculate ranks based on an expression.
    • Rank Function: A DAX function that assigns a rank to each row based on a specified column or major.
    • Top N Function: A DAX function to select the top n rows based on a given value.
    • Keep Filters: A function that allows the visual filters to be retained or included during DAX calculations.
    • Selected Value: A DAX function used to return the value currently selected in a slicer.
    • Date Add: A DAX function that shifts the date forward or backward by a specified number of intervals (days, months, quarters, years).
    • EndOfMonth (EOMonth): A DAX function that returns the last day of the month for a specified date.
    • PreviousMonth: A DAX function that returns the date for the previous month.
    • DateMTD: A DAX function that returns the total value for the current month till date.
    • TotalMTD: A DAX function that returns a total for month till date, and can be used without a calculate.
    • DatesYTD: A DAX function to calculate a year to date value, and can be used in combination with a fiscal year ending parameter.
    • IsInScope: A DAX function to determine the level of hierarchy for calculations.
    • Offset Function: A DAX function to access values in another row based on a relative position.
    • Window Function: A family of DAX functions similar to window functions of SQL but with different objectives, that can be used to calculate totals that are based on previous or next rows or columns in a visual.
    • Index Function: A DAX function to find the data at a specified index from a table or a visual.
    • Row Number Function: A DAX function that provides a continuous sequence of numbers.

    Power BI Visuals and DAX Deep Dive

    Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the main themes and ideas from the provided “01.pdf” excerpts.

    Briefing Document: Power BI Visual Deep Dive

    Document Overview:

    This document summarizes key concepts and features related to various Power BI visuals, as described in the provided transcript. The focus is on the functionality and customization options available for Matrix, Pie/Donut, TreeMap, Area, Scatter, Map, and Card visuals, along with a detailed exploration of DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) including its use in calculated columns and measures and some of the time intelligence functions.

    Main Themes and Key Ideas:

    1. Matrix Visual Flexibility:
    • Hierarchical Data Exploration: The Matrix visual allows for drilling down and expanding hierarchical data. The “Next Level” feature takes you to the next available level, while “Expand” allows viewing of all levels simultaneously.
    • “…the next level take us to the next level means it’s take us to the next available level…”
    • Stabbed vs. Non-Stabbed Layout: Offers two layouts for rows: “stabbed” (hierarchical indentation) and “non-stabbed” (flat).
    • “this display is known as stabbed layout…if you switch it off the stepped layout if you switch it off then it will give you this kind of look and feel so this is non sted layout…”
    • Values on Rows or Columns: Measures can be switched to display on rows instead of columns, offering KPI-like views.
    • “I have this option switch values on row group rather than columns if you this is right now off if you switch it on you start seeing your measures on the row…”
    • Complex Structures: Allows for the creation of complex multi-level structures using rows and columns, with drill-down options for both.
    • “I can create really complex structure using the Matrix visual…”
    • Total Control: Subtotals can be customized for each level of the hierarchy, with options to disable, rename, and position them.
    • “In this manner you can control not only you can control let’s say you want to have the sub totals you can give the sub total some name…”
    1. Pie/Donut Visual Customization:
    • Detailed Labels and Slices: The visual provides options for detailed labels and custom colors for each slice.
    • “for each slices you have the color again the P visual use Legend…”
    • Rotation: The starting point of the pie chart can be rotated.
    • “now rotation is basically if you see right now it’s starting from this position…the position starting position is changing…”
    • Donut Option: The pie chart can be converted to a donut chart, offering similar properties.
    • “and finally you can also have a donut instead of this one…”
    • Tooltip Customization: Additional fields and values can be added to the tooltip.
    • “if you want to add something additional on the tool tip let’s say margin percentage you can add it…”
    • Workaround for Conditional Formatting: While direct conditional formatting isn’t supported, workarounds exist.
    1. TreeMap Visual Characteristics:
    • Horizontal Pie Alternative: The TreeMap is presented as a horizontal pie chart, showing area proportion.
    • Category, Details, and Values: Uses categories, details, and values, unlike the pie chart’s legend concept.
    • Conditional Formatting Limitation: Conditional formatting is not directly available when using details; colors can be applied to category levels or using conditional formatting rules.
    • “once I add the category on the details now you can see the FX option is no more available for you to do the conditional formatting…”
    • Tooltips and Legends: Allows the addition of tooltips and enables the display of legends.
    • “again if you want to have additional information on tool tip you can add it on the tool tip then we have size title Legends as usual…”
    1. Area and Stacked Area Visuals:
    • Trend Visualization: These visuals are useful for visualizing trends over time.
    • Continuous vs. Categorical Axis: The x-axis can be set to continuous or categorical options.
    • “because I’m using the date Fe field I am getting the access as continuous option I can also choose for a categorical option where I get the categorical values…”
    • Legend and Transparency: Legends can be customized, and fill transparency can be adjusted.
    • “if there is a shade transparency you want to control you can do that we can little bit control it like this or little bit lighter you can increase the transparency or you can decrease the transparency…”
    • Conditional Formatting: While conditional formatting on series is limited at visual level, it is mentioned to be available with the work around.
    1. Scatter Visual Features:
    • Measure-Based Axes: Best created with measures on both X and Y axes.
    • “the best way to create a scatter visual is having both x-axis and y axis as a measure…”
    • Dot Chart Alternative: Can serve as a dot chart when one axis is a category and another is a measure.
    • “This kind of become a DOT chart…”
    • Bubble Sizes: Can use another measure to control the size of the bubbles.
    • Conditional Formatting for Markers: Offers options for conditional formatting of bubble colors using measures.
    • “you can also have the conditional formatting done on these Bubbles and for that you have the option available under markers only if you go to the marker color you can see the f sign here it means I can use a measure out here…”
    • Series and Legends: Can use a category field for series and supports legends.
    1. Map Visual Capabilities:
    • Location Data: The map visual takes location data, enabling geographical visualization.
    • “let me try to add it again it give me a disclaimer Also let’s try to add some location to it…”
    • Multiple Styles: Supports various map styles including road, hybrid, satellite, and grayscale.
    • Auto Zoom and Controls: Includes auto-zoom and zoom controls.
    • “you have view auto zoom o on and you can have different options if you want to disable the auto zoom like you know you can observe the difference…”
    • Layer Settings: Offers settings for bubble layers, heatmaps, and legends.
    • “then you have the layer settings which is minimum and maximum unselected disappear you can have Legends in case we are not using Legends as of now here…”
    • Conditional Formatting and Cluster Bubbles: Supports conditional formatting based on gradients, rules, or fields and has options for cluster bubbles.
    • “color you have the conditional formatting option we have conditional formatting options and we can do conditional formatting based on gradient color rule based or field value base…”
    • Enhanced Functionality: The Azure Map visual is presented as a strong option with ongoing enhancements.
    • “map visual is coming as an stronger option compared to all other visuals and you’re getting a lot of enhancement on that…”
    1. Card Visual Basics:
    • Single Measure Display: The Card visual is used to display a single numerical measure.
    • “you can have one major only at a time…”
    • Customizable Formatting: Offers customization for size, position, padding, background, borders, shadow, and label formatting.
    1. DAX and Formatting:
    • DAX Definition: DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) is a formula language used in Power BI for advanced calculations and queries.
    • “Dex is data analysis expression is a Formula expression language used in analysis services powerbi and power power in Excel…”
    • Formatting Levels: Formatting can be applied at the model, visual, and element level, allowing for detailed control over presentation.
    • “you will see at the model level we don’t have any decimal places and if you go to the tool tip of the second bar visual you don’t see any tool tip on the table visual you see the visual level format with one decimal place on the first bar visual you see on the data label the two decimal places means the element level formatting and in the tool tip you see the visual level formatting…”
    • Visual Calculations: Visual level calculations in Power BI provide context based calculated fields.
    • Measure Definitions: Measures can be defined using the DAX syntax, specifying table, measure names, and expressions. * “we first we say Define mejor the table and the mejor name the new major name or the major name which you want and the definition the expression basically…”
    • Summarize Columns: SUMMARIZECOLUMNS function allows grouping of data, filtering and defining aggregated expressions.
    • “if you remember when we came initially here we have been given a function which was summarize columns…”
    • Row Function: Row function helps in creating one row with multiple columns and measures.
    • “row function can actually take a name expression name expression name expression and it only gives me one row summarize column is even more powerful it can have a group buse also we have not added the group by there…”
    • Common Aggregation Functions: Functions like SUM, MIN, MAX, COUNT, and DISTINCTCOUNT are used for data aggregation.
    • “we have something known as sum you already know this same way as sum we have min max count count majors are there…”
    1. Conditional Logic (IF & SWITCH):
    • IF Statements: Used for conditional logic, testing for a condition and returning different values for true/false outcomes.
    • “if what is my condition if category because I’m creating a column I can simply use the column name belongs to the table without using the table name but ideal situation is use table name column in…”
    • SWITCH Statements: An alternative to complex nested IF statements, handling multiple conditions, particularly for categorical or variable values.
    • “here what is going to happen is I’m will use switch now the switch I can have expression expression can be true then I have value result value result combination but it can also be a column or a measure…”
    • SWITCH TRUE Variant: Used when multiple conditions need to be tested where the conditions are not the distinct values of a column.
    1. Level of Detail (LOD) Expressions:
    • AVERAGEX and SUMMARIZE: Functions such as AVERAGEX and SUMMARIZE are used to compute aggregates at a specified level of detail.
    • “average X I can use values or summarize let me use values as of now to begin with values then let’s use geography City till this level you have to do whatever aggregation I’m going to do in the expression net…”
    • Calculations inside Expression: When doing aggregations inside AVERAGEX, CALCULATE is required to ensure correct results.
    • “if you are giving a table expression table expression and you are using aggregation on the column then you have to use calculate in the expression you cannot do it without that…”
    • Values vs. Summarize: VALUES returns distinct column values, while SUMMARIZE enables grouping and calculation of aggregates for multiple columns and measures in addition to group bys.
    • “summarize can also include a calculation inside the table so we have the Group by columns and after that the expression says that you can have name and expression here…”
    1. Handling Filter Context:
    • Context Issues with Grand Totals: Direct use of measures in aggregated visuals can cause incorrect grand totals due to filter context.
    • “and this is what we call the calculations error because of filter context context have you used…”
    • Correcting Grand Totals: CALCULATE with functions like ALL or ALLSELECTED can correct grand total issues.
    • “the moment we added the calculate the results have started coming out so as you aware that when you use calculate is going to appear…”
    • Include vs Exclude: You can either include a specific dimension and exclude other or you can simply remove a particular dimension context for your calculation.
    1. Distinct Counts and Percentages:
    • DISTINCTCOUNT Function: For counting unique values in a column.
    • “we use the function distinct count sales item id let me bring it here this is 55…”
    • Alternative for Distinct: COUNTROWS(VALUES()) can provide equivalent distinct counts for a single column and the combination of columns and measure can be taken from summarize.
    • “count rows values now single column I can use values we have learned that in the past get the distinct values you can use values…”
    • Percentage of Total: DIVIDE function can be used to calculate percentages, handling zero division cases.
    • “calculate percent of DT net grand total of net I want to use the divide function because I want to divide the current calculation by the total grand total…”
    • Percentage of Subtotal: You can calculate the percentage of a subtotal by removing the context for level of detail.
    • “I can use remove filters of city now there are only two levels so I can say remove filter of City geography City…”
    1. Ranking and Top N:
    • RANKX Function: Used to assign ranks to rows based on the major and in DAX but has limitations.
    • “let me use this week start date column and create a rank so I’ll use I’ll give the name as Peak rank make it a little bit bigger so that you can see it Rank and you can see rank. EQ rank X and rank three functions are there I’m going to use rank X…”
    • RANK Function: Alternative to RANKX, allows ranking by a column, handles ties, and can be used in measures.
    • “ties first thing it ask for ties second thing it ask for relation which is something which I all or all selected item brand order by what order by you want to give blanks in case you have blanks Partition by in case you want to partition the rank within something match buy and reset…”
    • TOPN Function: Returns a table with the top N values based on a measure.
    • “the function is top n Now what is my n value n value is 10 so I need n value I need table expression and here table expression will be all or all selected order by expression order ascending or descending and this kind of information is…”
    • Dynamic Top N: Achieved with modeling parameters.
    • “we have new parameters one of them is a numeric range and another one is field parameter now field parameter is we’re going to discuss after some time numeric parameter was previously also known as what if parameter…”
    1. Time Intelligence:
    • Date Table Importance: A well-defined date table is crucial for time intelligence calculations.
    • “so the first thing we want to make sure there is a date table…without a date table or a continuous set of dates this kind of calculation will not work…”
    • Date Range Creation: DAX functions enable the creation of continuous date ranges for various periods, such as month, quarter, and year start/end dates.
    • “and now we use year function month function and year month function so what will happen if I pass a date to that it will return me the month of that date and I need number so what I need is month function is going to give me the number isn’t it…”
    • Total MTD Function: Calculates Month-to-Date value.
    • “I’m going to use total MTD total MTD requires an expression date and filter it can have a filter and if you need more than one filter then you can again use calculate on top of total MTD otherwise total MTD doesn’t require calcul…”
    • Dates MTD Function: Also calculates MTD, and requires CALCULATE.
    • “this time I’ve clicked on a major so Major Tool is open as of now I’ll click on new measure calculate net dates MTD dates MTD required date…”
    • YTD: Calculates Year-to-Date values using DATESYTD (with and without fiscal year end).
    • “let me calculate total YTD and that’s going to give me YTD let me bring in the YTD using dates YTD so net YTD net 1 equal to calculate net dates YTD and dates YTD required dates and year and date…”
    • Previous Month Calculations: DATEADD to move dates backward and PREVIOUSMONTH for last month data.
    • “but inside the dates MDD I want the entire dates to move a month back I’m going to use a function date add and please remember the understanding of date head that date head also require continuous for dates…”
    • Offset: Is a better option to get the Previous value or any offset required.
    • “calculate net offset I need function offset what it is asking it is asking for relation what is my relation all selected date and I need offset how many offset minus one how do we go to minus one date…”
    • Is In Scope: A very powerful DAX function, which can be used in place of multiple IF statements and allows the handling of Grand totals in a measure.
    • “if I’m in the month is there month is in scope I need this formula what happens if I’m in the year is ear is in the scope or if I’m in a grand total you can also have this is in scope grand total but here is in scope is really important…”
    1. Window Functions
    • Window: A DAX function which is very similar to SQL Window function and helps in calculating running total, rolling total and other cumulative calculations.
    • “the first is very simple if mod mod is a function which gives me remainder so it takes a number Division and gives the remainder so we are learning a mathematical function mod here…”
    • Index: A function which allows to find top and bottom performer based on certain calculation in the visual.
    • “I’m going to use the function which is known as index index which position first thing is position then relation order by blanks Partition by if you need the within let’s say within brand what is the top category or within the year which is the top month match by I need the topper one…”
    • Rank: A DAX function very similar to rank X but has additional flexibility in terms of columns and measures.
    • “what I need ties then something is repeat use dance relation is really important here and I’m going to create this relation using summarize all selected sales because the things are coming from two different table customer which is a dimension to the sales and the sales date which is coming from the sales that is why I need and I need definitely the all selected or the all data and that’s that is why I’m using all selected on the sales inside the sumarize from customer what I need I need name…”
    • Row Number: A very useful function which helps in creating sequential number or in a partitioned manner.
    • “I will bring item name from the item table and I would like to bring from the sales table the sales State Sal State and now I would like to bring one major NE now here I want to create a row number what would be row number based on row number can be based on any of my condition…”
    1. Visual Calculations:
    • Context-Based Calculations: Visual calculations perform calculation based on the visual contexts using the DAX.
    • “I’m going to use the function offset what it is asking it is asking for relation what is my relation all selected date and I need offset how many offset minus one how do we go to minus one date…”
    • Reset Option: The reset option in offset can be used to get the calculation work as needed.
    • “and as you can see inside the brand 10 it is not getting the value for for the first category and to make it easier to understand let me first remove the subtotals so let me hide the subtotals…”
    • RANK with Reset: Enables ranking within partitions.
    • “and as you can see the categories are ranked properly inside each brand so there is a reset happening for each brand and categories are ranked inside that…”
    • Implicit Measure: You can also use the visual implicit measures in the visual calculation.
    • “in this row number function I’m going to use the relation which is row next thing is order by and in this order by I’m going to use the something which is we have in this visual sum of quantity see I’m not created a measure here I’m going to use sum of quantity in this visual calculation…”

    Conclusion:

    The provided material covers a wide array of features and capabilities within Power BI. The document highlights the importance of understanding both the visual options and the underlying DAX language for effective data analysis and presentation. The exploration of time intelligence functions and new DAX functions further empowers users to create sophisticated and actionable reports. This is a good start to get the deep knowledge of Power BI visuals.

    Power BI Visuals and DAX: A Comprehensive Guide

    Frequently Asked Questions on Power BI Visuals and DAX

    • What is the difference between “drill down,” “drill up,” and “expand” options in a Matrix visual?
    • Drill down moves to the next level of a hierarchy, while drill up returns to a higher level. Expand adds the next level without changing your current view and can be used multiple times for multiple levels, while “next level” only takes you to the next available level and does not require multiple clicks.
    • What is the difference between a “stepped layout” and a non-stepped layout in Matrix visuals? A stepped layout displays hierarchical data with indentation, showing how values relate to each other within a hierarchy. Non-stepped layout will display all levels without indentation and in a more tabular fashion.
    • How can I control subtotal and grand total displays in a Matrix visual?
    • In the format pane under “Row sub totals,” you can enable/disable sub totals for all levels, individual row levels, and grand totals. You can also choose which level of sub totals to display, add custom labels, and position them at the top or bottom of their respective sections. Subtotals at each level are controlled by the highest level in the row hierarchy at that point.
    • What customization options are available for Pie and Donut visuals?
    • For both Pie and Donut visuals, you can adjust the colors of slices, add detail labels with percentage values, rotate the visual, control label sizes and placement, use a background, and add tooltips. Donut visuals can also be used with a transparent center to display a value in a card visual in the middle. Additionally, with a Pie chart, you have the additional option to have a legend with a title and placement options, which the Donut chart does not have.
    • How does the Treemap visual differ from the Pie and Donut visuals, and what customization options does it offer? The Treemap visual uses rectangles to represent hierarchical data; it does not show percentages directly, and unlike Pie, there is no legend. Instead, you have category, details, and values. You can add data labels, and additional details as tool tips, can adjust font, label position and can add background and control its transparency. Conditional formatting is only available on single category levels.
    • What are the key differences between Area and Stacked Area visuals, and how are they formatted? Area charts visualize trends using a continuous area, while Stacked Area charts show the trends of multiple series which are stacked on top of one another. Both visuals share similar formatting options, including x-axis and y-axis customization, title and legend adjustments, reference lines, shade transparency, and the ability to switch between continuous and categorical axis types based on your dataset. These features are similar across a wide range of visualizations. You can use multiple measures on the y-axis or a legend on the x-axis to create an area visual and you can use both measure and legend in case of stacked area visual.
    • What are the key components and customization options for the Scatter visual?

    The Scatter visual plots data points based on X and Y axis values, usually measures. You can add a size variable to create bubbles and use different marker shapes or conditional formatting to color the markers. You can also add a play axis, tool tips, and legend for more interactive visualizations. You cannot add dimension to the y-axis. You can add dimension on the color or the size, but not on the y-axis.

    • How do you use DAX to create calculated columns and measures, and what are the differences between them?
    • DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) is a language used in Power BI for calculations and queries in tabular data models. Calculated columns add new columns to a table based on DAX expressions. Measures are dynamic calculations based on aggregations and calculations, responding to filters and slicers. Measures do not add column to the table. Both use the same formula language, but columns are fixed for each row and measures are evaluated when used. DAX calculations can be created in measure definition as well as in the query view where you are able to see your results in tabular format and using those, you can create measures in the model view.

    Mastering Power BI: A Comprehensive Guide

    Power BI is a business intelligence and analytics service that provides insights through data analysis [1]. It is a collection of software services, apps, and connectors that work together to transform unrelated data sources into coherent, visually immersive, and interactive insights [1].

    Key aspects of Power BI include:

    • Data Visualization: Power BI enables sharing of insights through data visualizations, which can be incorporated into reports and dashboards [1].
    • Scalability and Governance: It is designed to scale across organizations and has built-in governance and security features, allowing businesses to focus on data usage rather than management [1].
    • Data Analytics: This involves examining and analyzing data sets to draw insights, conclusions, and make data-driven decisions. Statistical and analytical techniques are used to interpret relevant information from data [1].
    • Business Intelligence: This refers to the technology, applications, and practices for collecting, integrating, analyzing, and presenting business information to support better decision-making [1]. Power BI can collect data from various sources, integrate them, analyze them, and present the results [1].

    The journey of using Power BI and other business intelligence analytics tools starts with data sources [2]. Common sources include:

    • External sources such as Excel and databases [2].
    • Data can be imported into Power BI Desktop [2].
    • Import Mode: The data resides within Power BI [2].
    • Direct Query: A connection is created, but the data is not imported [2].
    • Power BI reports are created on the desktop using Power Query for data transformation, DAX for calculations, and visualizations [2].
    • Reports can be published to the Power BI service, an ecosystem for sharing and collaboration [2].
    • On-premises data sources require an on-premises gateway for data refresh [2]. Cloud sources do not need an on-premises gateway [2].
    • Published reports are divided into two parts: a dataset (or semantic model) and a report [2].
    • The dataset can act as a source for other reports [2].
    • Live connections can be created to reuse datasets [2].

    Components of Power BI Desktop

    • Power Query: Used for data preparation, cleaning, and transformation [2].
    • The online version is known as data flow, available in two versions: Gen 1 and Gen 2 [2].
    • DAX: Used for creating complex measures and calculations [2].
    • Direct Lake: A new connection type in Microsoft Fabric that merges import and direct query [2].

    Power BI Desktop Interface

    • The ribbon at the top contains menus for file, home, insert, modeling, view, optimize, help, and external tools [3].
    • The Home tab includes options to get data, transform data (Power Query), and modify data source settings [3].
    • The Insert tab provides visualization options [3].
    • The Modeling tab allows for relationship management, creating measures, columns, tables, and parameters [3].
    • The View tab includes options for themes, page views, mobile layouts, and enabling/disabling panes [3].

    Power BI Service

    • Power BI Service is the ecosystem where reports are shared and collaborated on [2].
    • It requires a Pro license to create a workspace and share content [4].
    • Workspaces are containers for reports, paginated reports, dashboards, and datasets [4].
    • The service allows for data refresh scheduling, with Pro licenses allowing 8 refreshes per day and Premium licenses allowing 48 [2].
    • The service also provides for creation of apps for sharing content [4].
    • The service has a number of settings that can be configured by the admin, such as tenant settings, permissions, and data connections [4, 5].

    Data Transformation with Power Query

    • Power Query is a data transformation and preparation engine [6].
    • It uses the “M” language for data transformation [6].
    • It uses a graphical interface with ribbons, menus, buttons, and interactive components to perform operations [6].
    • Power Query is available in Power BI Desktop, Power BI online, and other Microsoft products and services [6].
    • Common operations include connecting to data sources, extracting data, transforming data, and loading it into a model [6].

    DAX (Data Analysis Expressions)

    • DAX is used for creating measures, calculated columns, and calculated tables [7].
    • It can be used in the Power BI Desktop and Power BI service [7].
    • The DAX query view allows for writing and executing DAX queries, similar to a SQL editor [7].
    • The query view has formatting options, commenting, and find/replace [7].
    • DAX query results must return a table [7].

    Visuals

    • Power BI offers a range of visuals, including tables, slicers, charts, and combo visuals [8-10].
    • Text slicers allow for filtering data based on text input [10].
    • They can be used to create dependent slicers where other slicers are filtered by the text input [10].
    • Sync slicers allow for synchronizing slicers across different fields, even if the fields are in different tables [9].
    • Combo visuals combine charts, such as bar charts and line charts [9].
    • Conditional formatting can be applied to visuals based on DAX expressions [7].

    Key Concepts

    • Data Quality: High-quality data is necessary for quality analysis [1].
    • Star Schema: Power BI models typically use a star schema with fact and dimension tables [11].
    • Semantic Model: A data model with relationships, measures, and calculations [2].
    • Import Mode: Data is loaded into Power BI [12].
    • Direct Query: Data is not imported; queries are sent to the source [12].
    • Live Connection: A connection to a semantic model, where the model is not owned by Power BI [12].
    • Direct Lake: Connection type that leverages Microsoft Fabric data lake [12].

    These concepts and features help users analyze data and gain insights using Power BI.

    Data Manipulation in Power BI Using Power Query and M

    Data manipulation in Power BI primarily involves using Power Query for data transformation and preparation [1-3]. Power Query is a data transformation and data preparation engine that helps to manipulate data, clean data, and put it into a format that Power BI can easily understand [2]. It is a graphical user interface with menus, ribbons, buttons, and interactive components, making it easy to apply transformations [2]. The transformations are also tracked, with every step recorded [3]. Behind the scenes, Power Query uses a scripting language known as “M” language for all transformations [2].

    Here are key aspects of data manipulation in Power BI:

    • Data Loading:Data can be loaded from various sources, such as Excel files, CSVs, and databases [4, 5].
    • When loading data, users can choose between “load data” (if the data is ready) or “transform data” to perform transformations before loading [5].
    • Data can be loaded via import mode, where the data resides within Power BI, or direct query, where a connection is created, but data is not imported [1, 5]. There is also Direct Lake, a new mode that combines the best of import and direct query for Microsoft Fabric lake houses and warehouses [1].
    • Power Query Editor:The Power Query Editor is the primary interface for performing data transformations [2].
    • It can be accessed by clicking “Transform Data” in Power BI Desktop [3].
    • The editor provides a user-friendly set of ribbons, menus, buttons and other interactive components for data manipulation [2].
    • The Power Query editor is also available in Power BI online, Microsoft Fabric data flow Gen2, Microsoft Power Platform data flows, and Azure data factory [2].
    • Data Transformation Steps:Power Query captures every transformation step, allowing users to track and revert changes [3].
    • Common transformations include:
    • Renaming columns and tables [3, 6].
    • Changing data types [3].
    • Filtering rows [7].
    • Removing duplicates [3, 8].
    • Splitting columns by delimiter or number of characters [9].
    • Grouping rows [9].
    • Pivoting and unpivoting columns [3, 10].
    • Merging and appending queries [8].
    • Creating custom columns using formulas [8, 9].
    • Column Operations:Power Query allows for examining column properties, such as data quality, distribution, and profiles [3].
    • Column Quality shows valid, error, and empty values [3].
    • Column Distribution shows the count of distinct and unique values [3].
    • Column Profile shows statistics such as count, error, empty, distinct, unique, min, max, average, standard deviation, odd, and even values [3].
    • Users can add custom columns with formulas or duplicate existing columns [8].
    • M Language:Power Query uses the M language for all data transformations [2].
    • M is a case-sensitive language [11].
    • M code can be viewed and modified in the Advanced Editor [2].
    • M code consists of let statements for variables and steps, expressions for transformation, and in statement to output a query formula step [11].
    • Star Schema Creation:Power Query can be used to transform single tables into a star schema by creating multiple dimension tables and a fact table [12].
    • This involves duplicating tables, removing unnecessary columns, and removing duplicate rows [12].
    • Referencing tables is preferable to duplicating them because it only loads data once [12].
    • Cross Joins:Power Query does not have a direct cross join function, but it can be achieved using custom columns to bring one table into another, creating a cartesian product [11].
    • Rank and Index:Power Query allows for adding index columns for unique row identification [9].
    • It also allows for ranking data within groups using custom M code [13].
    • Data Quality:Power Query provides tools to identify and resolve data quality issues, which is important for getting quality data for analysis [3, 12].
    • Performance:When creating a data model with multiple tables using Power Query, it is best to apply changes periodically, rather than all at once, to prevent it from taking too much time to load at the end [10].

    By using Power Query and the M language, users can manipulate and transform data in Power BI to create accurate and reliable data models [2, 3].

    Power BI Visualizations: A Comprehensive Guide

    Power BI offers a variety of visualizations to represent data and insights, which can be incorporated into reports and dashboards [1]. These visualizations help users understand data patterns, trends, and relationships more effectively [1].

    Key aspects of visualizations in Power BI include:

    • Types of Visuals: Power BI provides a wide array of visuals, including tables, matrices, charts, maps, and more [1].
    • Tables display data in a tabular format with rows and columns [1, 2]. They can include multiple sorts and allow for formatting options like size, style, background, and borders [2].
    • Table visuals can have multiple sorts by using the shift button while selecting columns [2].
    • Matrices are similar to tables, but they can display data in a more complex, multi-dimensional format.
    • Charts include various types such as:
    • Bar charts and column charts are used for comparing data across categories [3].
    • Line charts are used for showing trends over time [4].
    • Pie charts and donut charts display proportions of a whole [5].
    • Pie charts use legends to represent categories, and slices to represent data values [5].
    • Donut charts are similar to pie charts, but with a hole in the center [5].
    • Area charts and stacked area charts show the magnitude of change over time [6].
    • Scatter charts are used to display the relationship between two measures [6].
    • Combo charts combine different chart types, like bar and line charts, to display different data sets on the same visual [3].
    • Maps display geographical data [7].
    • Map visuals use bubbles to represent data values [7].
    • Shape map visuals use colors to represent data values [7].
    • Azure maps is a powerful map visual with various styles, layers, and options [8].
    • Tree maps display hierarchical data as nested rectangles [5].
    • Tree maps do not display percentages like pie charts [5].
    • Funnel charts display data in a funnel shape, often used to visualize sales processes [7].
    • Customization: Power BI allows for extensive customization of visuals, including:
    • Formatting Options: Users can modify size, style, color, transparency, borders, shadows, titles, and labels [2, 5].
    • Conditional Formatting: Visuals can be conditionally formatted based on DAX expressions, enabling dynamic visualization changes based on data [4, 9]. For instance, colors of scatter plot markers can change based on the values of discount and margin percentages [9].
    • Titles and Subtitles: Visuals can have titles and subtitles, which can be dynamic by using DAX measures [2].
    • Interactivity: Visuals in Power BI are interactive, allowing users to:
    • Filter and Highlight: Users can click on visuals to filter or highlight related data in other visuals on the same page [9].
    • Edit interactions can modify how visuals interact with each other. For example, you can prevent visuals from filtering each other or specify whether the interaction is filtering or highlighting [9].
    • Drill Through: Users can navigate to more detailed pages based on data selections [10].
    • Drill through buttons can be used to create more interactive reports, and the destination of the button can be conditional [10].
    • Tooltips: Custom tooltips can be created to provide additional information when hovering over data points [5, 10].
    • Tooltip pages can contain detailed information that is displayed as a custom tooltip. These pages can be customized to pass specific filters and parameters [10].
    • AI Visuals:
    • Key influencers analyze which factors impact a selected outcome [11].
    • Decomposition trees allow for root cause analysis by breaking down data into hierarchical categories [11].
    • Q&A visuals allow users to ask questions and display relevant visualizations [11].
    • Slicers: Slicers are used to filter data on a report page [9, 12].
    • List Slicers: Display a list of values to choose from [12].
    • Text slicers allow filtering based on text input [12].
    • Sync slicers synchronize slicers across different pages and fields [3, 12].
    • Card Visuals: Display single numerical values and can have formatting and reference labels [13].
    • New card visuals allow for displaying multiple measures and images [13].
    • Visual Calculations: Visual calculations are DAX calculations that are defined and executed directly on a visual. These calculations can refer to data within the visual, including columns, measures, and other visual calculations [14].
    • Visual calculations are not stored in the model but are stored in the visual itself [14].
    • These can be used for calculating running sums, moving averages, percentages, and more [14].
    • They can operate on aggregated data, often leading to better performance than equivalent measures [14].
    • They offer a variety of functions, such as RUNNINGSUM, MOVINGAVERAGE, PREVIOUS, NEXT, FIRST, and LAST. Many functions have optional AXIS and RESET parameters [14].
    • Bookmarks: Bookmarks save the state of a report page, including visual visibility [15].
    • Bookmarks can be used to create interactive reports, like a slicer panel, by showing and hiding visuals [15].
    • Bookmarks can be combined with buttons to create more interactive report pages [15].

    By utilizing these visualizations and customization options, users can create informative and interactive dashboards and reports in Power BI.

    Power BI Calculated Columns: A Comprehensive Guide

    Calculated columns in Power BI are a type of column that you add to an existing table in the model designer. These columns use DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) formulas to define their values [1].

    Here’s a breakdown of calculated columns, drawing from the sources:

    • Row-Level Calculations: Calculated columns perform calculations at the row level [2]. This means the formula is evaluated for each row in the table, and the result is stored in that row [1].
    • For example, a calculated column to calculate a “gross amount” by multiplying “sales quantity” by “sales price” will perform this calculation for each row [2].
    • Storage and Data Model: The results of calculated column calculations are stored in the data set or semantic model, becoming a permanent part of the table [1, 2].
    • This means that the calculated values are computed when the data is loaded or refreshed and are then saved with the table [3].
    • Impact on File Size: Because the calculated values are stored, calculated columns will increase the size of the Power BI file [2, 3].
    • The file size increases as new values are added into the table [2].
    • Performance Considerations:Calculated columns are computed during data load time, and this computation can impact load time [3].
    • Row-level calculations can be costly if the data is large, impacting runtime [4].
    • For large datasets, it may be more efficient to perform some calculations in a calculated column and then use measures for further aggregations [2].
    • Creation Methods: There are multiple ways to create a new calculated column [2]:
    • In Table Tools, you can select “New Column” [2, 3].
    • In Column Tools, you can select “New Column” after selecting a column [2].
    • You can also right-click on any table or column and choose “New Column” [2].
    • Formula Bar: The formula bar is used to create the new calculated column, with the following structure [2]:
    • The left side of the formula bar is where the new column is named [2].
    • The right side of the formula bar is where the DAX formula is written to define the column’s value [2].
    • Line numbers in the formula bar are not relevant and are added automatically [2].
    • Fully Qualified Names: When writing formulas, it is recommended to use fully qualified names (i.e., table name and column name) to avoid ambiguity [2].
    • Column Properties: Once a calculated column is created, you can modify its properties in the Column tools, like [2]:
    • Name.
    • Data type.
    • Format (e.g., currency, percentage, decimal places).
    • Summarization (e.g., sum, average, none).
    • Data category (e.g., city, state) [3].
    • Sort by column [3].
    • When to Use Calculated Columns:Use when you need row-level calculations that are stored with the data [2, 4].
    • Multiplication should be done at the row level and then summed up. When you have to multiply values across rows, you should use a calculated column or a measure with an iterator function like SUMX [4].
    • Calculated columns are suitable when you need to perform calculations that can be pre-computed and don’t change based on user interaction or filters [3].
    • When to Avoid Calculated Columns:When there is a division, the division should be done after aggregation [4]. It is generally better to first aggregate and then divide by using a measure.
    • Examples:
    • Calculating gross amount by multiplying sales quantity and sales price [2].
    • Calculating discount amount by multiplying gross amount by discount percentage and dividing it by 100 [2].
    • Calculating cost of goods sold (COGS) by multiplying sales quantity by sales cost [2].
    • Limitations:Calculated columns increase the file size [3].
    • Calculated columns are computed at data load time [3].
    • They are not dynamic and will not change based on filters and slicers [5, 6].
    • They are not suitable for aggregations [4].

    In summary, calculated columns are useful for pre-calculating and storing row-level data within your Power BI model, but it’s important to be mindful of their impact on file size, load times, and to understand when to use them instead of measures.

    Power BI Measures: A Comprehensive Guide

    Measures in Power BI are dynamic calculation formulas that are used for data analysis and reporting [1]. They are different from calculated columns because they do not store values, but rather are calculated at runtime based on the context of the report [1, 2].

    Here’s a breakdown of measures, drawing from the sources:

    • Dynamic Calculations: Measures are dynamic calculations, which means that the results change depending on the context of the report [1]. The results will change based on filters, slicers, and other user interactions [1]. Measures are not stored with the data like calculated columns; instead, they are calculated when used in a visualization [2].
    • Run-Time Evaluation: Unlike calculated columns, measures are evaluated at run-time [1, 2]. This means they are calculated when the report is being viewed and as the user interacts with the report [2].
    • This makes them suitable for aggregations and dynamic calculations.
    • No Storage of Values: Measures do not store values in the data model; they only contain the definition of the calculation [2]. Therefore, they do not increase the size of the Power BI file [3].
    • Aggregation: Measures are used for aggregated level calculations which means they are used to calculate sums, averages, counts, or other aggregations of data [3, 4].
    • Measures should be used for performing calculations on aggregated data [3].
    • Creation: Measures are created using DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) formulas [1]. Measures can be created in the following ways:
    • In the Home tab, select “New Measure” [5].
    • In Table Tools, select “New Measure” after selecting a table [5].
    • Right-click on a table or a column and choose “New Measure” [5].
    • Formula Bar: Similar to calculated columns, the formula bar is used to define the measure, with the following structure:
    • The left side of the formula bar is where the new measure is named.
    • The right side of the formula bar is where the DAX formula is written to define the measure’s value.
    • Naming Convention: When creating measures, a common practice is to add the word “amount” at the end of the column name so that the measure names can be simple without “amount” in the name [5].
    • Types of Measures:
    • Basic Aggregations: Measures can perform simple aggregations such as SUM, MIN, MAX, AVERAGE, COUNT, and DISTINCTCOUNT [6].
    • SUM adds up values [7].
    • MIN gives the smallest value in the column [6].
    • MAX gives the largest value in the column [6].
    • COUNT counts the number of values in a column [6].
    • DISTINCTCOUNT counts unique values in a column [6].
    • Time Intelligence Measures: Measures can use functions to perform time-related calculations like DATESMTD, DATESQTD, and DATESYTD [8].
    • Division Measures: When creating a measure that includes division, it is recommended to use the DIVIDE function, which can handle cases of division by zero [7].
    • Measures vs. Calculated Columns:Measures are dynamic, calculated at run-time, and do not increase file size [1, 2].
    • Calculated Columns are static, computed at data load time, and increase file size [3].
    • Measures are best for aggregations, and calculated columns are best for row-level calculations [3, 4].
    • Formatting: Measures can be formatted using the Measure tools or the Properties pane in the data model view [7].
    • Formatting includes setting the data type, number of decimal places, currency symbols, and percentage formatting [5, 7].
    • Multiple measures can be formatted at once using the model view [7].
    • Formatting can be set at the model level, which applies to all visuals unless overridden at the visual level [9].
    • Formatting can also be set at the visual level, which overrides the model-level formatting [9].
    • Additionally, formatting can be set at the element level, which overrides both the model and visual level formatting, such as data labels in a chart [9].
    • Examples:Calculating the total gross amount by summing the sales gross amount [7].
    • Calculating the total cost of goods sold (COGS) by summing the cogs amount [7].
    • Calculating total discount amount by summing the discount amount [7].
    • Calculating net amount by subtracting the discount from the gross amount [7].
    • Calculating margin by subtracting cogs from the net amount [7].
    • Calculating discount percentage by dividing the discount amount by the gross amount [7].
    • Calculating margin percentage by dividing the margin amount by the net amount [7].

    In summary, measures are used to perform dynamic calculations, aggregations, and other analytical computations based on the context of the report. They are essential for creating interactive and informative dashboards and reports [1].

    Power BI Tutorial for Beginners to Advanced 2025 | Power BI Full Course for Free in 20 Hours

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Emma by Jane Austen

    Emma by Jane Austen

    Emma by Jane Austen Playlist

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
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    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Bollywood Classic Hit Songs Kishore Kumar, Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar

    Bollywood Classic Hit Songs Kishore Kumar, Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
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    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Guide to Home Bitcoin Mining in Pakistan

    Guide to Home Bitcoin Mining in Pakistan

    This document offers a guide to setting up Bitcoin mining operations at home in Pakistan, focusing on the technical aspects and equipment required. It details the components of a mining rig, explaining how graphics processing units (GPUs), motherboards, power supplies, and other computer parts work together to facilitate the mining process. The text provides insights into selecting suitable GPUs based on hash rate and power consumption, particularly highlighting the distinction between mining-capable and non-mining GPUs. Additionally, it touches upon the financial considerations of mining, such as estimating electricity costs and potential revenue through online calculators, and briefly addresses the legality of home mining in Pakistan.

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    Building a Bitcoin Mining Rig

    Based on the sources, setting up a Bitcoin mining rig involves assembling a specialized computer system primarily focused on graphics processing power.

    Here’s a breakdown of the components and setup process described in the sources:

    • Basic Rig Structure: A mining machine is essentially a computer, often built on a frame or “rig”. This frame holds the components together.
    • Core Computer Components: Like a regular computer, a mining rig includes a motherboard, processor (CPU), hard drive, and power supply (PSU).
    • Unlike typical computers, you don’t need high-end components for the CPU or RAM. A minimum setup with a Pentium processor and 4GB of RAM is sufficient, as the mining output primarily comes from the graphics cards.
    • Graphics Cards (GPUs): These are the most critical components for mining,
      as they perform the heavy computational work.
    • A key difference from a standard computer is the ability to connect multiple graphics cards to the motherboard.
    • Graphics cards are connected to the motherboard using risers. These are typically made up of a USB cable and a riser board that plugs into the motherboard’s PCIe slot.
    • Connectivity:
    • The graphics cards are connected to the power supply.
    • The risers connect the cards to the motherboard for data transfer.
    • A display is helpful for initial setup and monitoring; onboard motherboard display can suffice.
    • Power Supply: An adequate power supply is crucial, especially when using multiple cards. The amount of power needed depends on the number and type of graphics cards used. Rigs with many cards may require multiple power supplies.
    • Graphics Card Selection and Hashrate:
    • The hashrate (mining output) depends on the graphics card.
    • The total hashrate of the rig is the sum of the hashrates of the individual cards.
    • The sources mention several cards suitable for mining:
    • Minimum or entry-level cards: RX 580 (8GB) and 1660 Super, both providing around 30 MH/s.
    • Other working cards: RX 570, 1070, 1080 TI are also mentioned as suitable.
    • Higher hashrate cards: 3060 TI (60 MH/s), 3070 (60 MH/s), 3080 (90 MH/s), and 3090 (120 MH/s) are listed as providing higher hashrates.
    • Cards not suitable for mining: The sources explicitly state that 3070ti and 3080ti will not work for mining. A crucial point highlighted is that companies have launched newer cards with NHR (Non-Hash Rate) or NR features (also referred to as NHR or NR cards) that do not provide full hashrate for mining. These were introduced partly because the demand for graphics cards for mining affected the supply for gamers. Therefore, when buying new cards for mining, it’s important to choose non-NHR cards.
    • While 4GB cards were previously used for mining coins like Ethereum when difficulty was low, the sources state that due to increased difficulty, you would typically start with a minimum of 4GB+ cards like the RX 580 or 1660 Super for coins like Ethereum (at the time the source was created). For other “smaller” coins, 4GB cards might still be usable.
    • Scaling and Budget:
    • You can start with a full rig setup but only one graphics card if your budget is limited.
    • You can add more cards later to increase your hashrate, and this doesn’t require major configuration changes.
    • Starting with one card allows you to learn about mining.
    • Your budget dictates the type and number of cards you can buy, which directly impacts your hashrate.
    • Motherboards are available with more slots (e.g., 19 slots) to accommodate a large number of cards.
    • Software and Internet: Software is required to run the mining operation. The internet requirement is minimal, only needing a small amount of MB data.
    • Mining Different Coins: While the query is about Bitcoin mining, the sources discuss GPU mining in a broader sense, mentioning that you can mine various coins such as Ether Classic, Ravencoin, and others. They also mention Ethereum, though its mineability by GPUs has changed since the source was created. The minimum card requirements can vary depending on the coin and its mining difficulty.
    • Profitability Calculation: Your potential revenue can be calculated using online calculators. You input your total hashrate for the specific coin you are mining, and the calculator provides an estimated revenue.
    • Receiving Revenue: Mined coins are deposited into a cryptocurrency account you generate on platforms like Binance or Coinbase. These coins can then be converted to other cryptocurrencies (like Bitcoin) or fiat currency.
    • Power Consumption and Cost: Power consumption varies by card and setup. A rig with six RX 580 cards might consume around 700 watts (600W for cards + 100W for system). The monthly electricity bill depends on your consumption and local rates. The sources estimate a bill of up to 25-30,000 PKR per month for a continuously running 700W rig, noting that the revenue in dollars is significantly higher (3-4 times more).
    • Legal Status (in Pakistan): According to the sources, mining for personal use is considered legal in Pakistan because it has not been specifically banned. It is compared to using a computer at home for work.
    • Further Information: The source provides a physical location for more information: 6th Road, Rawalpindi, Center, First Floor.
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    Building a Bitcoin Mining Rig

    Based on the sources, a Bitcoin mining rig is essentially a specialized computer setup designed to handle the intensive computational tasks required for cryptocurrency mining.

    Here are the key components that make up a mining rig:

    • Rig Frame: The setup is often built on a physical frame or ‘rig’ that holds all the components together.
    • Core Computer Components: Like a standard computer, a mining rig includes essential parts such as a motherboard, a processor (CPU), a hard drive, and a power supply (PSU).
    • Unlike typical gaming or work computers, the CPU and RAM don’t need to be high-end. A minimum setup with a Pentium processor and 4GB of RAM is considered sufficient, as the main mining output comes from the graphics cards.
    • Graphics Cards (GPUs): These are the most crucial and expensive components. They perform the heavy computational work that generates the mining output (hashrate).
    • A key characteristic of a mining rig is its ability to connect multiple graphics cards to a single motherboard.
    • Graphics cards are connected to the motherboard using risers, which typically consist of a USB cable and a small board that plugs into the motherboard’s PCIe slots.
    • Power Supply (PSU): A powerful and reliable power supply is essential to provide sufficient power to all the components, especially the power-hungry graphics cards. Rigs with many cards may require multiple power supplies. The power consumption varies depending on the type and number of cards. For example, a rig with six RX 580 cards plus the system components might consume around 700 watts.
    • Connectivity: Graphics cards are connected to the power supply for power and to the motherboard via risers for data. A display is useful for initial setup and monitoring; an onboard motherboard display can suffice.
    • Graphics Card Selection: The hashrate (mining output) of the rig is the sum of the hashrates of the individual graphics cards.
    • Several cards are mentioned as suitable for mining: RX 580 (8GB), 1660 Super, RX 570, 1070, and 1080 TI. The RX 580 and 1660 Super are noted as providing around 30 MH/s.
    • Higher hashrate cards mentioned include the 3060 TI (60 MH/s), 3070 (60 MH/s), and 3090 (120 MH/s).
    • However, the sources specifically state that newer cards like the 3070ti and 3080ti will not work for mining. This is because companies have launched cards with NHR (Non-Hash Rate) or NR features that intentionally limit their mining performance. When purchasing new cards for mining, it is crucial to select non-NHR cards. Older models do not have this NHR restriction.
    • While 4GB cards were previously viable for mining certain coins when difficulty was low, the sources indicate that for coins like Ethereum (at the time the source was created), a minimum of 4GB+ cards like the RX 580 or 1660 Super were needed due to increased difficulty. For smaller coins, 4GB cards might still be usable.
    • Scalability: You can start with a complete rig structure but only install one graphics card to begin, especially if on a limited budget. More cards can be added later to increase the hashrate without requiring major configuration changes, driver updates, or software setup. Motherboards are available with many slots (e.g., 19) to accommodate numerous cards.

    Software is required to run the mining operation, and the internet requirement is minimal, only needing a small amount of data.

    Your budget primarily influences the type and number of graphics cards you can acquire, which directly determines your potential mining output (hashrate).

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    Bitcoin Mining Graphics Cards Performance

    Based on the sources, the performance of a Bitcoin mining rig is primarily determined by its graphics cards (GPUs). The key metric for mining performance is the hashrate, which represents the computational power the card can contribute to the mining process.

    Here’s a breakdown of graphics card performance for mining, as described in the sources:

    • Hashrate: This is the output metric for a graphics card’s mining capability. The total hashrate of a mining rig is the sum of the hashrates of all the connected graphics cards. For example, if one card gives 30 MH/s, a rig with six such cards would provide a total hashrate of 180 MH/s.
    • Suitable Graphics Card Models and Their Hashrates: The sources mention several card models suitable for mining, along with their approximate hashrates:
    • Entry-Level/Minimum: The RX 580 (8GB) and 1660 Super are mentioned as good starting points, both providing around 30 MH/s.
    • Other Working Cards: RX 570, 1070, and 1080 TI are also listed as cards on which mining can be done.
    • Higher Hashrate Cards: For greater performance, the sources mention:
    • 3060 TI: Provides 60 MH/s.
    • 3070: Also provides 60 MH/s.
    • 3080: Provides 90 MH/s.
    • 3090: Provides 120 MH/s.
    • Cards Not Suitable for Mining: It is explicitly stated that some newer card models are not suitable for mining due to built-in restrictions. Specifically, the 3070ti and 3080ti will not work for mining. This is because companies have launched cards with NHR (Non-Hash Rate) or NR features that intentionally limit their mining performance. This was done, in part, because high demand for mining cards reduced the supply available for gamers. Therefore, when buying new graphics cards for mining, it is crucial to select non-NHR cards. Older card models, such as the RX 580 or 1070, do not have this NHR restriction.
    • Minimum Card Memory (GB): While 4GB cards were previously viable for mining certain coins like Ethereum when the difficulty was lower, the sources indicate that due to increased difficulty, a minimum of 4GB+ cards like the RX 580 or 1660 Super were required for coins like Ethereum (at the time the source was created). However, for other “smaller” coins, 4GB cards might still be usable, especially for those with a lower budget.
    • Scaling Performance: The performance of your rig scales directly with the number and type of graphics cards you install. You can start with a rig setup and just one card to learn and begin mining, then add more cards later to increase your total hashrate without needing significant configuration changes. Motherboards are available with numerous slots (e.g., 19 slots) to accommodate a large number of cards, allowing for significant scaling of hashrate.

    The hashrate provided by your graphics cards directly impacts your potential mining revenue. You can use online calculators, entering your total hashrate for a specific coin, to get an estimated revenue. Your budget primarily determines the type and number of cards you can buy, thus dictating your hashrate and potential revenue.

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    Cryptocurrency Mining Revenue Calculation

    Based on the sources, the calculation of mining revenue is primarily tied to the total hashrate of your mining rig. Here’s how it’s discussed:

    • The mining output, or hashrate, is the sum of the hashrates provided by each individual graphics card in your rig. If one card provides 30 MH/s, a rig with six such cards will provide a total hashrate of 180 MH/s.
    • To determine the potential revenue from your mining operation, you need to use an online calculator specifically for the cryptocurrency you are mining.
    • You open the calculator on Google for the coin you want to mine (e.g., Ethereum).
    • You then enter your total hashrate into this calculator.
    • The calculator will then show you your estimated revenue.
    • The sources mention that the mined coins accumulate in an account you have set up. These coins can later be converted into other currencies, such as dollars or Bitcoin (BTC), using exchange platforms like Binance or Coinbase.
    • While the sources emphasize the revenue side, they also briefly mention the cost, specifically the electricity bill. They suggest considering the power consumption (e.g., a good rig might consume around 1000W running 24/7) and using a calculator to estimate the monthly bill. Although the electricity cost in Pakistani Rupees is mentioned (around 20,000-30,000 PKR per month), the revenue generated in dollars is noted as being significantly higher (3-4 times more), suggesting a potentially good net revenue.

    In essence, the core method described for calculating or estimating revenue is based on your rig’s hashrate and using online cryptocurrency mining calculators.

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    Bitcoin Mining Legality in Pakistan

    Based on the sources and our conversation history, the topic of Bitcoin mining legality is addressed, specifically concerning Pakistan.

    According to the sources, the legality of mining in Pakistan is a question that many people ask. The speaker in Source states that mining is definitely not illegal in Pakistan. The reason given for this is that it has not been banned.

    The act of mining is compared to simply using a computer at home for personal use. While the sources briefly mention the electricity consumption as a potential consideration, they do not present the mining activity itself as illegal due to power usage, rather as a normal home computer activity.

    Therefore, within the context of the provided sources focusing on Pakistan, Bitcoin mining is considered legal because there is no specific ban in place.

    How to Setup Bitcoin Mining at home , Bitcoin mining in Pakistan , Mining Rig how it works

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

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