Introduction
- A Strategic Turning Point in South Asian Military Dynamics
In a dramatic shift that has captured global attention, Pakistan’s reported “clear-cut victory” over India marks more than just a headline—it signals an inflection point in regional security dynamics. As Islamabad contemplates deepening ties with Beijing and acquiring more Chinese weapon systems, the implications stretch far beyond national pride and into the core of South Asian military balance and strategic posturing. - Strengthening Ties Amid Geopolitical Realignments
Against the backdrop of rising great-power competition in Asia, Pakistan’s tilt toward sophisticated Chinese arms underscores a broader recalibration. The move appears driven by a combination of deterrence calculus, reassurance to domestic constituents, and the quest for strategic autonomy—reflecting how weaponry procurement increasingly dovetails with diplomacy, economics, and ideological affinity. - A High-Stakes Gamble in Defense Modernization
By pursuing advanced Chinese platforms—such as J-20 stealth fighters, Type 99 main battle tanks, and HQ-series air defenses—Pakistan is embarking on a high-stakes gamble. This initiative not only modernizes its military capabilities but signals an assertive posture aimed at projecting deterrence. It also invites scrutiny from global powers wary of arms races and supply diversification.
1- Acquisition Motivations: Strategic Deterrence and Prestige
Pakistan’s defense planners view the procurement of Chinese weaponry as essential for restoring the strategic balance with India. Bolstering its strike capability, enhancing air defense, and showcasing elite platforms project a message not only of military readiness but also of national resolve. Scholar C. Raja Mohan has emphasized that “military modernization is as much about perception as capability”—a notion directly relevant to Pakistan’s current posture.
Moreover, defense analyst Christine Fair, in Fighting to the End, argues that “the symbolism of cutting-edge systems shapes public psychology as much as battlefield reality.” For Islamabad, embracing Chinese arms thus becomes a force multiplier—simultaneously deterring adversaries, consolidating domestic unity, and reinforcing its standing with global powers, especially Beijing.
2- Potential Systems: J-20, ZTQ-15, HQ Air Defenses
If Pakistan acquires the Chinese J-20 stealth fighter, it would mark a watershed moment—introducing fifth-generation capabilities to South Asia. The aircraft’s low-observable design, long-range missiles, and electronic warfare suite could significantly shift air superiority calculations. Experts like Air Commodore Arjun Subramaniam note in India’s Wars that stealth platforms “change the calculus of air defense and target acquisition overnight.”
Equally impactful would be the deployment of HQ-series air defense systems and Type 99 main battle tanks (or the more export-oriented ZTQ-15). These platforms enhance layered defense and armored maneuverability. Military historian Michael McDevitt, in China as a Military Power, highlights that “integrated air-defense umbrellas decisively alter enemy operational planning,” underscoring the potency of such acquisitions.
3- Operational Integration Challenges
Integrating Chinese systems into Pakistan’s military architecture poses technical, logistical, and doctrinal hurdles. Interoperability with existing platforms, command-and-control linkages, and supply-chain continuity require exhaustive testing and joint training. Defense strategist Ashley Tellis, writing in Strategic Asia, asserts that “weapons are only as credible as the infrastructure backing them.”
Another challenge lies in personnel training and language proficiency, particularly for complex systems like advanced radars and air-defense networks. Pakistan may need to send officers and technicians to China for intensive technical training or induce Chinese advisors onto its soil, potentially increasing foreign dependency.
4- Impact on India-Pakistan Military Calculus
An enhanced Pakistani arsenal may compel India to accelerate its own procurement—potentially igniting a new arms race. New Delhi already pursues upgraded Rafale jets, S-400 air defenses, and artillery modernization. According to South Asia expert Ashley J. Tellis, “the introduction of new capabilities in one state often triggers security dilemmas in neighboring states”—a dynamic certainly relevant to Delhi’s decision-making.
However, India’s more diversified procurement (from U.S., Russia, France, Israel) provides Delhi with greater adaptability. Still, Islamabad’s leap into Chinese modernization could negate India’s current perceived qualitative edge, recalibrating regional deterrence and prompting strategic recalculations.
5- Strategic Signaling to Global Perceptions
Pakistan’s pursuit of Chinese systems sends a dual signal: first, to the West, as affirmation of its non-alignment with U.S. defense ecosystems; second, to Beijing, as reaffirmation of strategic loyalty. Scholar Andrew Scobell notes that such arms deals often “serve as diplomatic chess moves” as much as defensive investments.
This alignment also communicates to external players—particularly in Washington and Tokyo—that Pakistan retains a credible security niche, fostering leverage in any prospective multilateral arrangements. The symbolism and optics accompanying such deals can sometimes outweigh actual battlefield performance.
6- Economic and Budgetary Constraints
Arms procurement on this scale demands heavy financial outlays. Pakistani defense budgets have consistently hovered around 3% of GDP, with economic pressures from debt servicing and austerity limiting discretionary spending. Meanwhile, larger ticket items like J-20 or Type 99 tanks carry multibillion-dollar price tags.
Economist C. Christine Fair cautions in Fighting to the End that “economics often define defense boundaries,” suggesting that Pakistan may compromise in other sectors—education, infrastructure—to sustain military modernization, raising important questions about long-term sustainability.
7- Pakistan’s Arms Procurement Strategy
Historically, Pakistan has balanced its acquisitions between U.S.-supplied systems (like F-16s) and Chinese imports. This dual-track procurement maintains flexibility but also raises interoperability and maintenance issues. The shift towards deeper Chinese integration may tilt this balance, reducing dependence on U.S. platforms.
In her work Arms Without Wars, scholar Sarah C. Paxton argues countries often “optimize for political alignment over technical suitability.” Pakistan’s deeper pivot to Chinese systems reflects this while securing a long-term supplier ready to meet urgent defense imperatives.
8- Regional Security Implications
A heavily Chinese-armed Pakistan could strain South Asia’s strategic ecosystem—possibly complicating third-country facilitation efforts. For example, negotiations over Afghanistan, or China’s Belt and Road initiative (including CPEC), might now intersect more overtly with military considerations.
Moreover, smaller states (Nepal, Sri Lanka, Maldives) could perceive a Pakistan–China nexus as a counterweight to India—elevating strategic competition across the Indian Ocean region.
9- Arms Race and Its Limitations
While Islamabad’s modernization may provoke a tit-for-tat wave from New Delhi, analysts emphasize the limits of conventional escalation. India faces domestic fiscal strain and may opt instead for asymmetric systems—drones, cyber defense, and long-range missiles—rather than mirroring hardware-heavy buys.
As strategic commentator Kanti Bajpai suggests, “the marginal gain of new weapons decreases once deterrence thresholds are met.” In this vein, Pakistan’s qualitative upgrade may eclipse India’s quantitative edge—but without enabling offensive action.
10- Nuclear and Conventional Dimensions
Pakistan’s conventional modernization exists in tandem with its nuclear doctrine. A higher-caliber conventional force reduces Islamabad’s reliance on “first-use” nuclear postures. Nuclear strategist Vipin Narang, writing in Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era, notes that “capable non-nuclear forces are key to stabilizing nuclear deterrence.”
Still, this modernization could also invite India to recalibrate its own nuclear signaling—potentially edging South Asia closer toward strategic tension.
11- Training and Doctrine Adaptation
New weapon systems necessitate updated operational doctrine. Pakistan’s military—which has traditionally focused on defensive and limited offensive scenarios—must now incorporate advanced joint-operations, integrated air-ground-air defense maneuvers, and digital battlefield synergy enabled by Chinese electronics.
The developmental work ahead is immense: from exercises to war games to revised SOPs, requiring institutional reforms across training academies and command structures.
12- Interoperability with CPEC Security Frameworks
Pakistan may link the Chinese arsenal to CPEC-related security—protecting corridors, insurgency hotspots, and regional infrastructure. This alignment can yield overlapping civil-military responsivity, though potentially militarizing economic zones.
Security scholar Azra Jadid argues that “infrastructure and defense are becoming two sides of a strategic coin in Pakistan,” suggesting this arms build-up will ripple across development and governance sectors.
13- Domestic Political Dimensions
Procurement of prestigious Chinese systems serves regime consolidation. It appeals to military hardliners and bolsters nationalistic narratives. Yet, civilian governments must justify opaque spending to a restless electorate—a delicate dance in Pakistan’s democracy-military dynamics.
Public support may initially surge—but over time, demands for accountability, transparency, and oversight could intensify, shaping future policy.
14- U.S. and Western Reaction
Washington has historically viewed large-scale Chinese arms exports with concern. Deepened military ties between Pakistan and China may trigger U.S. sanctions under CATSAA or other defense-related restrictions. This, in turn, could limit Islamabad’s access to Western financing and technology transfers.
Think tanks like RAND warn that U.S. legislative pressure may “force Pakistan to deepen its geostrategic pivot,” limiting Islamabad’s room for nuanced diplomacy.
15- China’s Strategic Calculus
For Beijing, exporting high-end weapon systems reinforces strategic influence—not just transactional economics. It strengthens the “strategic triangle” with Pakistan and indirectly counters U.S. and Indian footprints in Asia.
Scholar Jonathan Holslag, in China’s Ascendancy, observes that “weapons transfers are often vectors of geopolitical influence,” a lens that frames Chinese decisions in Islamabad.
16- Compatibility with Other Chinese Export Customers
China’s ability to convince Pakistan of technology-sharing and co-production distinguishes this deal. Pakistani firm Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) and China’s NORINCO/HARBIN AVIC could establish joint ventures, boosting defense industrial bases (DIB).
Still, competition with other emerging Chinese clients—like Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, and Egypt—may complicate the degree of industrial cooperation Pakistan receives.
17- Risk of Escalation Miscalculation
Acquiring advanced arms increases the risk of miscalculation during crises—especially if command-control systems are nascent. A false detection of a stealth aircraft or automated air-defense response could escalate rapidly.
Strategist Vipin Narang cautions that “new platforms are potential accelerants of inadvertent escalation,” stressing the need for procedural safeguards and crisis diplomacy.
18- Effects on Military-Civil Fusion
China’s military-civil fusion (MCF) model could influence Pakistan’s defense trends. Dual-use technologies—such as surveillance drones and AI-based radars—may spill into civilian sectors alongside military applications.
This fusion may spur innovation, but also raise serious privacy and governance concerns within Pakistan—necessitating parallel legal frameworks for oversight.
19- Implications for Non-State Militancy
Modern platforms grant Pakistan greater capacity to monitor and interdict insurgent activity, particularly along its western and northwestern borders. Tactical drones, enhanced ISR, and precision-strike capability can constrain non-state actors.
Yet, human-rights advocates warn of civilian harm if controls fail. Pakistan must balance security imperatives with respect for local populations and rule-of-law principles.
20- Path to Sustainability and Indigenization
Ultimately, Pakistan will need to chart a path toward domestic production and maintenance for long-term viability. This might involve technology-transfer deals, licensing agreements, and joint R&D. Strategic expert Ashley Tellis notes that “the persistence of foreign systems requires domestic servicing capabilities to avoid creating logistical graft points.”
Investing in Pakistan’s indigenous defense research agencies—such as SE&MDD and Heavy Industries Taxila—is vital to ensure future self-reliance.
21- Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems
As Pakistan examines next-gen deterrents, anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems from China—such as the HQ-19—offer a powerful layer of defense against India’s expanding missile arsenal. Designed to intercept medium-range ballistic missiles, such systems would substantially boost Islamabad’s defensive net, especially in times of heightened tensions. ABMs are not merely tactical but strategic tools—creating the perception of invulnerability which can significantly affect adversary behavior.
Dr. Theodore Postol of MIT has emphasized that “ballistic missile defenses are as much political as they are military.” For Pakistan, acquiring an ABM system would serve to neutralize India’s advantage with systems like the Agni series and shift the psychological calculus of deterrence, adding a new layer to the region’s already complex security matrix.
22- Airborne Early Warning and Control Platforms
Airborne early warning and control systems (AWACS) play a pivotal role in modern air warfare by extending situational awareness far beyond ground-based radars. Pakistan’s interest in Chinese AWACS, particularly the KJ-500, represents a strategic pivot toward persistent, real-time airspace surveillance and better threat response management.
Military analyst Carlo Kopp notes that “control of the electromagnetic spectrum is often the difference between winning and losing an air war.” These platforms allow Pakistan to detect Indian fighter movements or missile launches early and coordinate responses with layered air defense units—further empowering its command-and-control doctrine.
23- Stealth Fighters
Stealth fighters embody the technological pinnacle of air superiority, and their integration can transform air combat doctrine. Pakistan’s reported interest in Chinese stealth platforms like the J-20 and J-35 illustrates its ambition to level the playing field against India’s Rafales and Su-30MKIs. Stealth confers first-strike capability, survivability, and electronic warfare potential.
However, stealth is not merely about airframe design—it also involves avionics, data fusion, and tactics. As Air Marshal Anil Chopra notes, “stealth aircraft redefine threat envelopes and compel adversaries to re-architect entire air defense systems.” For Pakistan, it is both a strategic asset and a statement of parity with regional powers.
24- 40 Fifth-Generation J-35 Warplanes
The proposed acquisition of up to 40 J-35 warplanes would mark Pakistan’s most significant aerial leap in decades. A carrier-capable, fifth-generation fighter developed by AVIC, the J-35 features internal weapons bays, AESA radar, and stealth capabilities—representing a qualitative leap in air-to-air and air-to-ground operations.
Such a fleet would allow Pakistan to sustain forward operations deep into contested airspace, potentially nullifying Indian radar coverage and enhancing deep-strike options. According to aviation historian Richard Aboulafia, “numbers matter—but stealth and sensors win wars.” This purchase would not only upgrade Pakistan’s air force, but potentially reshape the region’s air doctrine.
25- KJ-500 Early Warning Aircraft
The KJ-500 is a critical enabler for integrated air operations, with its active phased array radar offering 360-degree coverage and multi-target tracking. Its integration into Pakistan’s air force would allow for seamless coordination between fighters, SAM batteries, and ground forces—an essential requirement for network-centric warfare.
Defense researcher John Stillion notes that “without early warning, even fifth-gen aircraft operate blind.” The KJ-500’s addition could thus be a force multiplier, allowing Pakistan to match, if not exceed, India’s capabilities in airborne surveillance and combat coordination.
26- HQ-19 Surface-to-Air Missile Weapon Systems
The HQ-19 represents China’s entry into theater missile defense, capable of intercepting medium- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles. For Pakistan, the HQ-19 would mark a revolutionary capability—able to intercept potential Indian Prithvi or Agni variants mid-course. Its integration would complement existing HQ-9 deployments and form a three-tiered air defense grid.
Strategist Andrew Erickson highlights that “missile defense alters strategic equations by degrading enemy confidence in their offensive capabilities.” With HQ-19, Pakistan could reduce its reliance on nuclear deterrence, gaining leverage in both crises and peacetime strategic messaging.
27- China “is willing to impose strategic risk on India”
The growing defense nexus between Beijing and Islamabad signals China’s willingness to tilt the strategic balance in South Asia. By supplying high-end systems to Pakistan, China implicitly challenges India’s regional dominance and tests New Delhi’s response thresholds. This has global ramifications, including for the Indo-Pacific strategy led by the U.S. and allies.
Scholar Yun Sun writes in The Diplomat that “China’s risk tolerance has increased, especially when it seeks to assert itself against competing spheres of influence.” By arming Pakistan, China exercises asymmetric pressure on India—through a proxy that shares both borders and grievances with New Delhi.
28- Meaningful Engagement Between the Region’s Two Great Powers
The intensification of arms imports makes the need for diplomatic engagement between India and Pakistan even more urgent. Strategic stability can only be preserved if military postures are counterbalanced by communication channels. The absence of dialogue risks crisis escalation over misperceptions.
As Henry Kissinger famously said, “the absence of alternatives clears the mind marvelously.” If South Asia’s nuclear-armed rivals continue to scale up their arsenals without concurrent diplomacy, the region risks slipping into a Cold War-style standoff, minus the buffers that helped avoid catastrophe during the U.S.–Soviet rivalry.
29- J-35 Manufacturer: AVIC Shenyang Aircraft Company
AVIC Shenyang Aircraft Company, the developer of the J-35, is central to China’s ambition to rival Western aerospace giants. Its collaboration with Pakistan would mark one of its most consequential export ventures. Such a deal could also involve technology transfers or co-assembly—elevating Pakistan’s local aerospace industry.
In The Dragon’s Wings, author Greg Waldron notes, “AVIC’s export model is as much political as it is industrial.” A deepening partnership with Pakistan reflects how defense exports are used by China to consolidate geostrategic influence.
30- Early-warning Systems Developer: Aerospace Nanhu Electronic Information Technology Company
Aerospace Nanhu, a subsidiary of CETC, plays a vital role in China’s radar and EW systems development. Its potential partnership with Pakistan—perhaps via the KJ-500 or ground radar installations—would be key to Pakistan’s quest for enhanced battlefield intelligence and anti-stealth radar capabilities.
These systems could enable Pakistan to detect and respond to incoming threats much earlier, even potentially tracking stealth aircraft. As radar scientist Liu Yuanzhen notes, “modern warfare is won in the electromagnetic domain first.”
31- Pakistan Would Need Additional Equipment Upgrades
To fully exploit Chinese platforms, Pakistan will need complementary upgrades in refueling systems, electronic warfare suites, smart munitions, and ground logistics. The integration of fifth-gen aircraft, for instance, demands compatible datalinks, hardened bunkers, and digital command networks.
This domino effect means that procurement is not a single transaction but an ecosystem overhaul. Without concurrent modernization, the true potential of these systems remains underutilized.
32- Air Power Was Also About Infrastructure and Training
Acquiring aircraft is only half the battle. Building hardened airbases, creating electronic warfare training centers, and developing high-fidelity simulators are indispensable for real combat readiness. The Chinese systems demand their own logistics pipelines and specialized hangars—signifying long-term capital investment.
Defense planner Walter Ladwig notes that “without resilient infrastructure, air power becomes a paper tiger.” Pakistan must thus approach this modernization holistically or risk logistical bottlenecks during crises.
33- Pakistan’s Military Was “Clearly Riding on a Wave Right Now”
Recent military successes and high morale have emboldened Pakistani defense initiatives. Victory—or perceived advantage—often opens policy space for bolder procurement. This momentum could drive Pakistan’s decision-makers to expedite big-ticket acquisitions without the usual parliamentary scrutiny.
However, strategic restraint must accompany momentum. As Clausewitz warned, “military victory must not outpace political calculation.” Pakistan must now balance exuberance with introspection.
34- Pakistan’s Successful Use of Chinese-Made 4.5-Generation J-10C
The J-10C’s operational success has validated Chinese hardware in real-time conditions, increasing trust within Pakistan’s air force. Its PL-15 missiles and AESA radar offer parity with India’s Rafale, especially in beyond-visual-range (BVR) engagements.
According to Air Vice Marshal Shahzad Chaudhry, “the J-10C has redefined aerial tactics in Pakistan.” This track record enhances the credibility of future Chinese acquisitions and accelerates doctrinal confidence.
35- Pakistan’s Chinese-Made HQ-9 Air Defence Radars to Convey Target Info on Indian Planes
The HQ-9 system enables deep-layered defense, and its radar network allows target tracking across hundreds of kilometers. By integrating with AWACS and local SAM units, it forms a “kill web” capable of autonomous responses.
This radar-to-shooter loop is essential in countering Indian incursions, particularly in mountainous terrain where line-of-sight is limited. The system allows faster, precision-targeted responses—boosting deterrence through automation and integration.
36- China Now Offers a “More Affordable, Tightly Integrated System”
China’s value proposition lies in cost-effective, plug-and-play systems that are interoperable with each other. For countries like Pakistan with constrained defense budgets, this is a compelling offering—unlike Western systems, which often require costly middleware integration.
Defense economist Richard Bitzinger observes that “China’s affordability model is reshaping arms markets.” The integrated nature of its offerings makes for a simplified logistics chain, ideal for sustained conflict readiness.
37- Pakistan Has Managed to Integrate Western and Chinese Defense Systems
Few nations have managed such a balancing act. Pakistan operates U.S.-made F-16s alongside Chinese J-10s, Russian-origin Mi-17s with Chinese radars—a testament to its adaptability. This hybrid arsenal increases strategic options but also strains maintenance protocols and tactical doctrine.
Defense expert Ayesha Siddiqa, in Military Inc., writes that “Pakistan’s military excels in creative procurement but must now master coherent integration.” Without unified combat software and training, these systems risk functioning in silos.
38- It May Come at the Cost of Sidelining U.S.-Made Systems Like the F-16
As Chinese systems become dominant, the operational relevance of the F-16 may diminish. Supply chain limitations, U.S. export restrictions, and lack of upgrades could relegate the F-16 fleet to secondary roles.
This pivot signals a deeper geopolitical shift—Pakistan’s growing disinterest in U.S. approval as a precondition for defense modernization. It is not merely about platforms, but a pivot in strategic worldview.
39- “That’s Not Just a Technical Issue – It’s a Strategic Decision”
Choosing Chinese systems over American ones isn’t just technical—it signifies a reorientation of alliances and ideologies. It reflects Islamabad’s belief that strategic autonomy is better preserved through Beijing than Washington.
As Henry Kissinger said, “Every great power must eventually choose its own sphere of alignment.” For Pakistan, this decision is about long-term survival, leverage, and sovereign procurement.
40- Still Have to Address Training, Command Processes
New hardware demands doctrinal evolution—especially in command structure, battlefield decision-making, and electronic warfare. Without institutional reform, even the most advanced systems could flounder.
Modern warfare is no longer about pilots and tanks alone—it’s about cognitive bandwidth, decision latency, and digital fusion. This will require joint operations centers, training cycles, and AI-assisted targeting protocols.
41- “Modern Operational Art Cannot Be Bought. It Must Be Honed Through Trial and Error.”
As military historian Eliot Cohen reminds us, “wars are not won with toys but with ideas.” Pakistan’s success depends not just on acquiring weaponry but on mastering the operational art behind it—through rigorous training, simulated combat, and battlefield feedback.
Operational excellence is iterative. It grows out of failure and learning—not procurement contracts. Pakistan must now institutionalize this learning process to translate hardware into genuine strategic leverage.
Conclusion
Pakistan’s accelerating partnership with China in the defense domain is reshaping South Asia’s strategic landscape. From stealth jets and AWACS to ballistic missile shields and air defense radars, the sweep of modernization is bold and consequential. But acquiring equipment is not enough—what matters is how effectively these tools are integrated, operated, and adapted to Pakistan’s unique security needs.
The pivot to China is more than transactional—it is ideological, institutional, and strategic. It reflects a broader worldview, one in which Pakistan seeks to assert regional parity, strategic autonomy, and technological advancement. The road ahead is fraught with challenges, but also full of possibility—should Pakistan rise to meet it with clarity, competence, and caution.
Pakistan’s drive to bolster its arsenal with Chinese weapon systems following its assertive posture vis-à-vis India unfolds across a multi-dimensional canvas. It reflects not just a quest for deterrence but a full-spectrum strategy involving geopolitics, economics, industrial policy, and domestic legitimacy. While it promises operational advantages, the plan also introduces significant challenges—interoperability, budgetary strain, and escalation risk.
For policymakers and analysts alike, Pakistan’s evolution is a case study in how emerging powers leverage arms procurement to navigate global alignments. Whether this strategy achieves long-term strategic stability—or entrenches new security dilemmas—will depend heavily on implementation, regional response, and Islamabad’s capacity to integrate capability with restraint.
Suggested Further Reading
- Ashley J. Tellis, Strategic Asia (CSIS)
- Vipin Narang, Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era
- Jonathan Holslag, China’s Ascendancy
- C. Raja Mohan, Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within
- Christine Fair, Fighting to the End: Pakistan, the United States, and the Global Nuclear Weapons Race
Bibliography
- Siddiqa, Ayesha. Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy. Pluto Press, 2007.
- Bitzinger, Richard A. “China’s Defence Industry and the Economics of Arms Exports.” China Perspectives, no. 95, 2013, pp. 21–28.
- Chopra, Anil. “The Future of Air Combat in South Asia.” Centre for Air Power Studies Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022.
- Postol, Theodore A. “The Limits of Missile Defense.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 64, no. 2, 2008, pp. 45–54.
- Sun, Yun. “China and the India–Pakistan Conflict: Strategic Interests and Regional Influence.” The Diplomat, 2021.
- Waldron, Greg. The Dragon’s Wings: China’s Military Aviation Strategy. Aviation Week Publishing, 2019.
- Erickson, Andrew S. “Chinese Naval Developments and Strategic Implications.” Naval War College Review, vol. 68, no. 2, 2015.
- Cohen, Eliot A. Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime. Free Press, 2002.
- Kopp, Carlo. “Network Centric Warfare and Airpower.” Air Power Australia Analysis, 2015.
- Ladwig, Walter C. “A Cold Start for Hot Wars? The Indian Army’s New Limited War Doctrine.” International Security, vol. 32, no. 3, 2008, pp. 158–190.
- Aboulafia, Richard. “The Military Aircraft Market and Emerging Powers.” Teal Group Aerospace Briefing, 2020.
- Chaudhry, Shahzad. “Redefining Pakistan’s Air Strategy.” Dawn, 2023.
- Stillion, John. “Trends in Air-to-Air Combat: Implications for Future Air Superiority.” RAND Corporation, 2015.
- Kissinger, Henry. World Order. Penguin Press, 2014.
- Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1976.
By Amjad Izhar
Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
https://amjadizhar.blog
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