Tensions in the Middle East have escalated dramatically as Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif sharply condemned recent Israeli airstrikes on Iran, denouncing them as reckless aggression. In a world teetering on the brink of expanded conflict, his call for immediate international intervention demands thoughtful attention. As global diplomatic channels strain under mounting pressure, Sharif’s statement underlines the urgent need for collective action.
This situation underscores the fragility of regional stability and the broader implications for global security. With intellectuals and policymakers closely watching, understanding Pakistan’s firm stance against Israeli military actions sheds light on the interplay between national sovereignty and global responsibility. Sharif’s words resonate in a world where every strike and counterstrike reshapes geopolitical dynamics.
Against this backdrop, the international community faces a pivotal moment: either respond cohesively to halt escalation or retreat into fragmented posturing. Sharif’s bold appeal emphasizes the stakes—not just for Iran, but for an interconnected world where the consequences of silence may be dire.
1-Pakistan’s Moral Stand Pakistan’s Prime Minister positioned his country as a moral voice, asserting that Israeli strikes on Iran violate international norms and sovereignty. Drawing on legal precedents, Sharif invoked the UN Charter’s prohibition on unilateral military aggression, warning that unchecked hostilities risk destabilizing entire regions. Such declarations reinforce Pakistan’s image as a principled actor on the world stage, emphasizing values over mere geopolitical alignment.
Sharif’s condemnation aligns with voices from across the Global South, reflecting broader concerns about the precedent such actions set. Scholars like Noam Chomsky remind us that “violent escalations rarely resolve deep-seated conflicts,” urging a shift toward diplomacy . By framing Pakistan’s position in these terms, the statement appeals to international law and moral leadership, urging influential states to halt further escalation.
2-Danger of Regional Escalation The Israeli strikes risk triggering a wider regional conflagration. Iran’s powerful missile and drone capabilities, as highlighted by experts like CENTCOM’s Gen. Kurilla, could draw in U.S. bases and invite broader retaliation axios.com. Sharif’s warning underscores that no nation operates in a vacuum and that any miscalculated move could spark multi-front warfare.
Historically, regional flare-ups—such as the Iran–Iraq War—escalated quickly when indirect confrontations spiraled. As Iran has vowed decisive retaliation, Pakistan’s plea for international mediation gains weight. It’s not merely rhetoric; it is a cautionary message based on regional memory and strategic foresight.
3-Global Responsibility Sharif’s appeal doesn’t just call upon neighbouring states; he specifically challenges the major powers to assume leadership. Whether in the Security Council or in bilateral diplomacy, he urges decisive action to contain the conflict. This reflects a broader narrative: global leadership must not shy away when flashpoints ignite.
Scholars such as Samuel P. Huntington have underscored that global rivalry often plays out violently when leadership retreats into isolation . Sharif’s insistence both invites and demands responsibility—a reminder that great power influence must also bring stewardship.
4-Reaffirming Sovereignty At the core of Sharif’s condemnation lies a powerful assertion: every country—regardless of its global status—deserves respect for its territorial integrity. By denouncing foreign strikes on Iran, Pakistan defends sovereignty not just as legal doctrine but as the backbone of international trust and cooperation.
This position echoes longstanding principles in international relations. The Atlantic Charter of 1941, for instance, affirmed that no nation should impose territorial changes without consent. Sharif’s rhetoric reaffirms this principle in a contemporary context, signaling that violation of sovereignty risks unraveling the intricate web of global order.
5-Diplomatic Channels Over Combat Sharif emphasized that diplomacy, dialogue, and mediation must take precedence over military force. Drawing parallels to past negotiations—such as the Iran nuclear deal—he argued that engagement yields more durable results than bombs do.
Renowned author David Fromkin, in his book A Peace to End All Peace, illustrates how diplomatic negligence can unleash unintended, long-term conflict en.wikipedia.org+1ft.com+1. Such historical lessons bolster Sharif’s case for channeling energy into negotiations rather than confrontation.
6-Islamic Solidarity in Crisis As a leader of a Muslim-majority nation, Sharif’s statement taps into the ethos of Islamic solidarity. By condemning attacks on Iran, he resonates with public sentiment across the Muslim world, which often rallies in defense of any perceived aggression against fellow Muslim-majority states.
This sentiment is rooted in the principle of Ummah—unity among global Muslim communities. The Islamic Summit in Cairo (2013) asserted that “our forces can deter any aggressor,” reflecting a shared historical narrative jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Sharif’s words channel that collective conscience.
7-Economic Risks and Global Energy Beyond immediate conflict, Sharif pointed to economic aftermath—“If airspace shuts, oil prices spike, vulnerable populations suffer.” Energy costs, market instability, and the ripple effects can aggravate global inflation.
Books like Battleground by Christopher Phillips examine how economic vulnerabilities in regional conflicts have cascading effects on global markets amazon.com+3ft.com+3thetimes.co.uk+3. Sharif’s platform reminds us that military actions often have economic victims beyond the battlefield.
8-Setting a Diplomatic Precedent By urging collective action, Sharif aims to establish norms that unilateral military strikes must face unified international response. If left unchecked, such precedent emboldens future interventions that undermine global order.
This argument draws on the “Responsibility to Protect” doctrine—a stance that state sovereignty is a shield, not a justification for war. Scholars argue that consistent norms are essential to discourage the misuse of force.
9-Amplifying Civil Society Voices Sharif’s statement aligns with widespread public outcry across Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and beyond. Civil societies demand accountability, and political leaders amplify these voices on global stages like the UN.
10-Preventing Humanitarian Disaster Sharif pointed to the looming humanitarian toll: innocent families, disrupted education, limited healthcare, and refugee pressures. He implored the world to prevent the humanitarian catastrophe before it begins.
Psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk emphasizes that violence embeds trauma in children and communities bu.edu. Anticipating such long-term suffering adds emotional and ethical weight to Pakistan’s plea.
11-Engaging the UN Security Council Shehbaz Sharif requested immediate UN Security Council meetings to address the crisis, emphasizing that credible multilateral action—not isolated condemnation—must define the response.
The Security Council’s delayed or inconsistent interventions in past crises (e.g., Yugoslavia) demonstrate that timely engagement marks the difference between effective deterrence and preventable disaster.
12-Advocating for Neutral Mediation Sharif proposed appointing impartial mediators—from neutral nations or international figures—to forge ceasefire frameworks and restart diplomatic talks, bypassing direct regional rivalries.
Books like Peace Is Possible, which document grassroots peaceback-stage mediation, highlight how neutral envoys can bridge hostile foundational gaps apnews.comen.wikipedia.org.
13-Upholding International Law Sharif demanded that violations of the Geneva and UN Charter norms be met with legal accountability. He supported calls for investigations by the International Court of Justice or UN war crimes commissions.
Jurists argue that enforcement of international law acts as a deterrent, preserving moral order globally; impunity leads to precedent and escalation.
14-Preserving Diplomatic Channels By condemning military action, Sharif argued that ongoing nuclear talks and regional confidence-building measures must be preserved—not derailed by violence.
Historical studies underscore that even low-level diplomacy fosters trust, preventing diplomatic collapse—even imperfect dialogue is better than none.
15-Protecting Religious Holy Sites Shehbaz Sharif underscored that a broader Israeli–Iran conflict puts Islamic holy sites—such as those in Qom, Mashhad, and surrounding areas—under threat, destabilizing sacred heritage.
Cultural heritage studies show that trauma from destroyed religious sites can transcend generations, undermining social cohesion.
16-Balancing Regional Power Sharif warned that unchecked attacks distort the regional power balance, prompting Iran to pursue asymmetric weapons strategies and aligning more closely with Russia and China.
Vali Nasr’s analysis in Iran’s Grand Strategy illustrates Tehran’s pragmatic, resilience-driven posture when threatened ft.com. Sharif’s stance seeks to maintain a deterrent balance.
17-Precluding Proxy Warfare Such airstrikes risk triggering third-party involvement: Hezbollah, Pakistan’s militants, or regional militias could be dragged into the conflict, heightening violence beyond state control.
Revelations in Bergman’s Rise and Kill First highlight how shadow wars emerge from regional escalation theguardian.com.
18-Strengthening Pakistan’s Diplomatic Influence By taking initiative, Sharif positions Pakistan not as a passive observer but as an active mediator. This builds Islamabad’s reputation on the world stage and among non-aligned nations.
Strategists agree that middle powers enhance their global credentials through principled diplomacy during crises—a role Pakistan seeks.
19-Engaging Global Civil Society Sharif’s appeal wasn’t constrained to governments; he reached intellectuals, NGOs, and religious groups worldwide—urging collective moral and policy pressure against further aggression.
This form of transnational civic diplomacy exerts influence beyond bilateral channels. Mobilized NGOs often shift international agendas faster than official diplomacy.
20-Laying Roots for Long-Term Peace Beyond immediate de-escalation, Sharif pressed for a roadmap: phased diplomacy, locks on future military escalation, and frameworks for nuclear restraint. He positioned this moment as an inflection point.
For further study, readers should consider Battleground (Phillips) and The Great War for Civilisation (Fisk) for strategic context, and A Peace to End All Peace (Fromkin) for historical precedent en.wikipedia.org+1ft.com+1.
21- Strongly Condemned the Israeli Airstrikes on Iran Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif issued a powerful denunciation of Israel’s airstrikes on Iranian territory, branding them as an open violation of international law and basic human decency. His strong language reflects deep concern over a perceived normalization of military aggression that undermines the rule-based global order. By taking this public stance, Sharif is signaling to both allies and adversaries that Pakistan rejects unilateralism cloaked as security.
This condemnation is not merely rhetorical—it aligns Pakistan with a growing bloc of nations advocating for respect, restraint, and reciprocity. As Prof. Richard Falk writes, “When international norms are violated without consequence, war becomes diplomacy by other means.” Sharif’s message is a bid to arrest this descent into violence through principled statecraft.
22- Expressed Solidarity with the Iranian People Sharif’s message went beyond political critique; he extended heartfelt solidarity to the Iranian people, emphasizing the shared human toll of geopolitical rivalry. This gesture reinforced a sense of brotherhood rooted in regional, cultural, and religious ties, and aimed to reassure the Iranian public that their suffering has not gone unnoticed by neighboring nations.
Such acts of solidarity resonate deeply in international relations, especially in conflict zones where civilian morale is tested. Drawing from Edward Said’s reflections on humanism in international affairs, Sharif’s words echo the principle that empathy must accompany diplomacy if peace is to be genuinely sustainable.
23- Attack a Threat to Regional Peace By calling the attack a threat to regional peace, Sharif underscored the volatility of a landscape already burdened with ethnic, sectarian, and political fault lines. The Middle East has long been described as a “powder keg,” and such aggressive maneuvers dangerously fan the embers of unresolved tensions.
Historical parallels—such as the chain reactions following the assassination in Sarajevo in 1914—highlight how isolated military actions can ignite widespread war. In warning against such trajectories, Sharif appeals to both history and prudence, urging nations to value peace over provocation.
24- Strikes Could Make an Already Unstable Region Even Worse The Prime Minister highlighted the potential for the Israeli strikes to exacerbate an already fragile region where proxy wars, foreign interventions, and sectarian rivalries intersect. Iran’s pivotal role in Middle Eastern geopolitics means that any blow to its infrastructure or sovereignty reverberates across borders—from Syria to Lebanon and beyond.
In The Shia Revival, Vali Nasr explains how disturbances in Iran often reshape the power dynamics across the region. Sharif’s statement warns that such strikes are not surgical but seismic, triggering shifts that few can control and even fewer can reverse.
25- Shehbaz Sharif Asked the International Community and the United Nations to Take Quick Steps The Prime Minister’s urgent plea to the global community and the United Nations was clear: act now to prevent further devastation. His call reflects growing frustration among Global South nations over what they perceive as selective inaction by powerful institutions.
This appeal channels the vision laid out in Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s An Agenda for Peace, which emphasized proactive, preventive diplomacy over delayed reactions. Sharif’s position challenges the UN to live up to its founding charter, acting not merely as a witness but as a mechanism for peace.
26- Showed Concern Over Civilian Deaths and Damage to Iran’s Nuclear Sites Sharif expressed deep concern over the civilian toll and the damage to sensitive Iranian nuclear facilities. Civilian casualties not only devastate families but radicalize populations, making future peacebuilding efforts infinitely harder. Meanwhile, the destruction of nuclear infrastructure could lead to environmental and geopolitical fallout.
Such concerns reflect the warnings of analysts like Gareth Porter, who argue that preemptive strikes on nuclear sites often escalate rather than neutralize threats. Sharif’s emphasis suggests a call to preserve both human life and regional stability.
27- World Must Stop This Violence Through Peaceful Talks Sharif stressed that the path forward must be grounded in dialogue, not destruction. He advocated for mediated negotiations, potentially involving trusted intermediaries like Switzerland or Norway, to de-escalate tensions.
This recommendation aligns with the principles of “Track II Diplomacy,” where non-state actors and informal negotiators help resolve conflicts. Scholar William Ury, co-author of Getting to Yes, argues that even intractable conflicts can find common ground if talks are sincere and sustained.
28- Israel Launched Large-Scale Airstrikes on Iran The scale of the airstrikes—far from a limited operation—signals a dangerous escalation. Targeting a sovereign state with such intensity sets a new precedent in modern conflict where full-scale attacks are launched outside formal declarations of war.
This approach contradicts the spirit of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, which prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity of any state. Sharif’s statement recognizes the global implications of such bold military adventurism.
29- It Targeted Over 100 Places, Including Military Bases and Nuclear Centers The reported targeting of more than 100 locations, including sensitive military and nuclear sites, suggests a deliberate attempt to cripple Iran’s strategic capacity. This raises serious concerns under international humanitarian law regarding proportionality and distinction between military and civilian targets.
Analysts like Kenneth Waltz have warned that excessive targeting not only destabilizes states but breeds enduring enmity. Sharif’s concerns point toward the risks of forcing Iran into a defensive posture that could have long-term implications for the region.
30- Iran Confirmed that Top Generals and Nuclear Scientists Were Killed Iran’s confirmation that senior generals and key nuclear scientists were among the dead marks a grave escalation. Targeting leadership in such a direct manner is tantamount to decapitation strikes, often used to provoke retaliatory measures.
As seen in past conflicts—from the U.S. strike on Qasem Soleimani to Israel’s assassinations of Hamas leaders—such actions rarely de-escalate conflict. Instead, they push adversaries toward asymmetric or long-term retaliation, reinforcing Sharif’s argument for restraint.
31- Tensions Are Rising Fast in the Region The aftermath of these events has fueled widespread anxiety. Regional powers are reassessing alliances, and military preparedness is visibly increasing. This volatility could easily spiral into multilateral conflict involving not just Iran and Israel, but other players like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and even NATO.
Such rapid escalation calls to mind Graham Allison’s “Thucydides Trap,” where rising and established powers clash due to misperception and mistrust. Sharif’s warning thus becomes not just timely but prescient.
32- Many Countries Are Now Calling for Calm As the reality of possible full-scale war sinks in, numerous countries—including European and ASEAN nations—have urged restraint and immediate dialogue. Sharif’s voice joins this chorus, lending weight from a significant regional player with historical ties to both East and West.
International consensus is a crucial foundation for any peace initiative. As Carl Bildt, former Swedish PM, once noted, “Consensus among middle powers is often more durable than dictates from superpowers.” Sharif’s role here becomes central to that consensus-building.
33- Peace Must Be Saved and All Sides Must Avoid More Conflict The Prime Minister concluded with a powerful message: peace must be preserved, and all actors must de-escalate before the point of no return. This call is not idealistic but essential, grounded in the recognition that prolonged conflict is a lose-lose scenario for all parties involved.
Peace, as articulated by Johan Galtung—the father of peace studies—is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice, respect, and dialogue. Sharif’s appeal aligns with this vision, framing peace not as an option but a necessity for collective survival.
Conclusion
In a time when bombs speak louder than words and alliances appear more brittle than ever, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s steadfast condemnation of Israel’s airstrikes and his appeal for peace shine as a beacon of responsible statesmanship. His approach—rooted in law, empathy, and a firm grasp of history—urges the global community to rise above reactionary tactics and instead invest in durable peace.
The stakes extend far beyond the borders of Iran or Israel. They touch every nation that values stability, justice, and the rule of law. If the international community heeds Sharif’s call, this could be a turning point; if not, it risks being remembered as the moment the world watched silence fuel another cycle of needless bloodshed.
In urging the world to act, PM Shehbaz Sharif underscores that unchecked military aggression dismantles not only regional security but the very foundations of international order. His multi-faceted call—for moral clarity, legal accountability, diplomatic engagement, and economic foresight—frames this crisis as a test for global cohesion.
By integrating strategic insights, legal rationale, and moral urgency, Sharif challenges the international community to decide: respond as fragmented bystanders or unite as responsible guardians of peace. The moment demands intellectual rigor and decisive action, lest silence embolden future acts of aggression.
Bibliography
Falk, Richard.Power Shift: On the New Global Order. Zed Books, 2016. — Explores the weakening of traditional powers and the rise of new voices in global diplomacy.
Said, Edward W.Humanism and Democratic Criticism. Columbia University Press, 2004. — Discusses the role of humanism in international ethics and foreign policy.
Nasr, Vali.The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future. W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. — An essential source on sectarian dynamics and Iranian influence in the region.
Porter, Gareth.Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare. Just World Books, 2014. — Investigates the roots of Western fears over Iran’s nuclear program and critiques the justification for military action.
Ury, William; Fisher, Roger; Patton, Bruce.Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Penguin Books, 2011. — A classic text on conflict resolution and the value of principled negotiation.
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros.An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping. United Nations, 1992. — A foundational UN document proposing reforms for conflict prevention.
Waltz, Kenneth N.Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. Columbia University Press, 2001. — A realist interpretation of international conflict causes, with relevant insights on deterrence and escalation.
Galtung, Johan.Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization. SAGE Publications, 1996. — Establishes theoretical frameworks for peacebuilding and critiques militaristic diplomacy.
Allison, Graham.Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017. — While focused on U.S.-China relations, its theory of power transition is highly applicable to Middle Eastern tensions.
Bildt, Carl.Essays on Diplomacy and Global Affairs. European Council on Foreign Relations, 2020. — A collection of reflections on multilateral diplomacy and the role of middle powers.
Kaldor, Mary.New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Polity Press, 2012. — Offers context for understanding contemporary hybrid warfare strategies, including regional interventions like those in Iran.
Mazrui, Ali A.The Political Sociology of the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 1972. — A deeper look into the sociopolitical roots of conflict in the region.
Chomsky, Noam.Middle East Illusions: Including Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003. — A critical examination of U.S. and Israeli policies in the region.
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This news segment from Iran International covers a range of pressing issues. It reports on peace talks in Riyadh between US and Russian officials regarding the war in Ukraine and the Iranian nuclear program, alongside European nations struggling to form a unified support strategy for Ukraine. Domestically, Iran faces economic turmoil, marked by a currency crisis, rising medicine costs and shortages, and labor strikes. The report also touches on human rights concerns, including the imprisonment of activists, restrictions on gatherings, and a human rights conference in Geneva addressing these issues. Additionally, the segment reviews Iranian newspapers, noting diverse opinions on potential negotiations with the US amid internal political tensions.
Iran International News Review Study Guide
Quiz
Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.
What is the main topic of discussion between the White House and Kremlin representatives in Riyadh?
Why are Iranian officials reportedly concerned about the talks between Putin and Trump?
What was the primary outcome of the informal meeting of European leaders regarding Ukraine?
What specific charges were brought against the poet Faramarz Sedehi?
Why was the artist Khosro Azarbeh arrested?
What was the stated reason for Alireza Nassari’s opposition to the impeachment of the Minister of Economy?
What is the current status of Ahmad Reza Jalali, and what symbolic action was taken in Geneva regarding his situation?
According to the news report, how has the economic crisis impacted Iranian pharmacies and pharmacists?
What are some of the key issues raised by Iranian nurses that have led many to leave their jobs?
What is the general sentiment of Iranian newspapers regarding the possibility of negotiations with the United States, as discussed in the news segment?
Quiz Answer Key
The main topic of discussion is ending the war in Ukraine, with Russian and American foreign ministers engaging in negotiations. The meetings are being held in Riyadh.
Iranian officials are concerned that Russia, particularly Putin, may sacrifice Iran’s interests in discussions with Trump regarding Iran’s nuclear program. This concern stems from a perceived history of Russia prioritizing its own interests over those of Iran.
The meeting ended without any tangible results, though they agreed to increase defense spending and reduce dependence on the United States. The leaders failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine.
Faramarz Sedehi was charged with three counts: insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime. These charges were made without a lawyer present.
Khosro Azarbeh was arrested for allegedly insulting former Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. This accusation stemmed from a video critical of the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Assad.
Alireza Nassari opposed the impeachment of the Minister of Economy because he believed that it would cause the dollar to immediately surge to 100,000 Tomans. This was due to the fragile state of the economy.
Ahmad Reza Jalali is an Iranian researcher imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years. An empty seat was reserved for him at the Geneva conference as a symbol of his unjust imprisonment.
Iranian pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance claims and the high cost of medicine, leading to shortages. This is also contributing to increased violence between patients and staff.
Key issues include low salaries and difficult working conditions, including long hours and mental stress. Many nurses prefer to stay home rather than continue working under these conditions.
Many newspapers are reporting the necessity of negotiations with the US under any circumstance, while others repeat Khamenei’s position and consider it irrational and dishonorable. The discussion is still a key topic in the news.
Essay Questions
Analyze the potential roles of Saudi Arabia in facilitating negotiations between Russia, the United States, and Iran, as suggested by the news report. What factors might contribute to Saudi Arabia’s influence, and what challenges might it face in this role?
Discuss the interconnectedness of the Iranian nuclear program, the war in Ukraine, and international relations, as portrayed in the news segment. How do these issues influence one another, and what are the potential implications for Iran?
Evaluate the reporting on the economic crisis in Iran, focusing on the causes and consequences. How is the crisis affecting the lives of ordinary Iranians, and what solutions are proposed or considered in the news segment?
Analyze the significance of the Geneva Human Rights Conference, focusing on Iran. What issues are being raised, who are the key participants, and what impact might the conference have on human rights in Iran?
Discuss the challenges facing healthcare professionals in Iran, as depicted in the news segment. What are the primary issues affecting pharmacists, nurses, and other medical staff, and what are the potential consequences for the Iranian healthcare system?
Glossary of Key Terms
Kremlin: The official residence of the President of the Russian Federation, often used as a shorthand term for the Russian government.
Riyal (Toman): The official currency of Iran. The Toman is a unit equal to 10 rials.
Islamic Republic: The official name of the government in Iran, established after the 1979 revolution.
IRNA: The Islamic Republic News Agency, the official news agency of Iran.
Evin Prison: A prison located in Tehran, Iran, known for housing political prisoners and prisoners of conscience.
Geneva Conference: Refers to the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy.
National Development Fund (of Iran): A sovereign wealth fund established in Iran to invest surplus oil revenues.
Bakhtar Petrochemical: A petrochemical company in Iran.
Kayhan: A conservative Iranian newspaper known for its hardline political views and support of the Supreme Leader.
Setareh Sobh: An Iranian reformist newspaper.
Central Bank (of Iran): The central bank of Iran responsible for maintaining the value of the Iranian currency.
Dirham: The currency of the United Arab Emirates. It is an important currency in Iran because of its role as a stable currency for trade.
UN Human Rights Council: An inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe.
Prince Reza Pahlavi: The son of the last Shah of Iran, often seen as a figurehead for the Iranian opposition movement.
Iran International News: Crisis and Geopolitics
Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the main themes and ideas from the provided Iran International news excerpts:
Briefing Document: Iran International News Analysis
Date: October 26, 2023 (Based on context clues within the text)
Source: Excerpts from Iran International News Broadcast (Pasted Text)
Overall Themes:
Geopolitical Tensions and Negotiations: The news heavily focuses on international negotiations involving Russia, the US, and Iran, particularly concerning the war in Ukraine and Iran’s nuclear program. There is a sense of anxiety within Iran regarding these negotiations and the potential for Iran to be “victimized” or sidelined.
Economic Crisis in Iran: The Iranian economy is portrayed as being in deep crisis, with a rapidly devaluing currency, soaring prices (especially for medicine), and widespread hardship. Public dissatisfaction and anger are evident, along with criticism of the government’s economic policies.
Human Rights Concerns: The broadcast highlights human rights issues in Iran, including the imprisonment of activists, restrictions on freedom of expression, and the suppression of dissent. The Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy serves as a platform for these concerns to be voiced.
Domestic Unrest and Discontent: Reports of strikes, protests, and growing tensions between the public and authorities paint a picture of widespread discontent within Iran.
Key Ideas and Facts:
Riyadh Negotiations:
US and Russian officials (including Sergei Lavrov and Marco Rubio) are meeting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to discuss ending the war in Ukraine. Saudi Arabia is attempting to play a “trans-regional role” as a mediator due to its good relations with both countries.
These talks also encompass the Iranian nuclear program. Russia has stated its willingness to help resolve the issue diplomatically, causing concern within the Iranian government.
Quote: “US and Russian officials began peace talks with Ukraine in Saudi Arabia an hour ago. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, have been in Riyadh to conduct these talks since yesterday. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are also representatives of the US government who traveled to the Saudi capital for these talks.”
Iran’s Nuclear Program and International Pressure:
There’s a fear that Russia might prioritize its own interests over Iran’s in these negotiations, potentially leading to unfavorable outcomes for Iran.
The Iranian government is worried about a repeat of the situation in February 2022, when Russia’s invasion of Ukraine disrupted nuclear negotiations in Vienna.
Quote: “These talks that are currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions. One of its dimensions will naturally be the issue of Iran’s nuclear program… it seems that now they are worried that the Russian officials and Mr. Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them.”
European Disunity on Ukraine:
European leaders failed to reach a consensus on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine.
They are increasing defense spending to gain “some independence from the United States,” but ultimately need US military and air support.
There are internal divisions within the EU regarding the approach to the conflict.
Quote: “Yes, exactly after eight and a half hours, we can say that they did not reach the desired result. The only thing they can say now is that they have agreed to increase their defense spending so that they can be stronger than before and have some independence from the United States and reduce their dependence on this country.”
Iranian Economic Crisis:
The Iranian currency is in freefall, with the dollar exceeding 92,600 Tomans (and potentially rising to 95,000 Tomans).
The government’s attempts to manage the economic crisis are seen as ineffective and lacking a clear plan.
Rising medicine costs and shortages are causing severe hardship, with some people unable to afford essential treatments. Pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to unpaid insurance claims.
Quote: “Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament meeting to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 Tomans more expensive. People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.”
Human Rights Abuses and Political Repression:
Poet Faramarz Sedehi was temporarily released on bail after being charged with “insulting the leadership,” “insulting the sanctities of Islam,” and “propagandizing against the regime.”
Artist Khosro Azarbeh was arrested for criticizing the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Bashar al-Assad.
Ahmad Reza Jalali, an Iranian researcher imprisoned in Iran, was commemorated at the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy.
Quote: “Faramarz Sedehi, a poet from Khuzestan and a member of the Iranian Writers’ Association, was temporarily released after being charged with 800 million tomans of bail. The Iranian Writers’ Association announced this news by writing that Sedehi was charged with three counts of insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime without a lawyer present.”
Growing Social Unrest:
Employees of several petrochemical companies are on strike due to unpaid wages.
Nurses are quitting their jobs due to low salaries and difficult working conditions.
There are reports of increased violence between patients and pharmacy staff due to medicine shortages and high costs.
Quote: “Today, the employees of the Kimia Sanat-e-Mabna Company, affiliated with Bakhtar Petrochemical, went on strike and gathered in the compound of this complex in protest against the disregard for their five months of back wages.”
Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy:
The summit addresses human rights violations and struggles for freedom and democracy worldwide, with a particular focus on Iran.
Prince Reza Pahlavi was a key speaker, addressing the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran.
The summit awarded prizes to human rights activists, including two women from Afghanistan.
Quote: “This conference for human rights and democracy is being held today in Geneva with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. This conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting. It will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy.”
Debate over Negotiations with the US:
Despite the Supreme Leader’s opposition, there is a growing discussion in Iranian newspapers about the necessity of negotiations with the United States.
Some analysts believe that negotiations are unavoidable, while others (like Kayhan newspaper) accuse proponents of being “the fifth column of America.”
Quote: “While the Leader of the Islamic Republic has denied any negotiations with the United States and considered it irrational and dishonorable, the discussion of America and negotiations in the newspapers is still hot, and some analysts consider negotiations a necessity from which there is no group that can avoid them. On the other hand, the government newspapers are repeating Khamenei’s position”
Conclusion:
The Iran International news excerpts paint a concerning picture of Iran facing a confluence of internal and external pressures. The country is grappling with a severe economic crisis, human rights abuses, and growing social unrest, all while navigating a complex geopolitical landscape with high-stakes negotiations involving key global powers. There is internal division about the appropriate response to these challenges, making unified action even more difficult. The broadcast suggests a potentially volatile situation with significant challenges ahead for the Iranian government and its people.
Global Affairs: Ukraine, Iran, and Human Rights
Here is an 8-question FAQ based on the provided text:
1. What are the key topics being discussed in international news?
The main topics include negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin in Riyadh regarding the war in Ukraine, the turmoil in the Iranian land market due to the currency crisis, medicine shortages and rising prices in Iran, and the Geneva Conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025. Discussions also revolve around Iran’s nuclear program and the potential for a resolution through diplomacy.
2. What is Saudi Arabia’s role in the Russia-Ukraine conflict?
Saudi Arabia is attempting to play a trans-regional role by facilitating dialogue between Moscow and Washington to end the war in Ukraine. It leverages its good relations with both Ukraine and Russia, built on its position as an influential international economic power and its Arab and Islamic importance. They have used this relationship in the past for prisoner exchanges.
3. What is the concern of Iranian officials regarding the talks between Russia and the United States?
Iranian officials are concerned that Russia might sacrifice Iran’s interests during negotiations with the US, particularly concerning Iran’s nuclear program. They fear a repeat of the events in February 2022, when Russia’s war in Ukraine disrupted potential sanctions relief for Iran. They are concerned that they will once again be “victimized.”
4. What are the challenges faced by European countries in supporting Ukraine?
European countries are facing internal divisions regarding the deployment of peacekeeping forces to Ukraine and are heavily reliant on the United States and NATO for military and air support. While they have provided more aid than the US so far, they worry about a ceasefire without a peace agreement. Differences among EU member states also hinder a unified approach.
5. What are the main economic problems facing Iran, according to the source?
The Iranian economy is experiencing turmoil due to a currency crisis, with the dollar becoming increasingly expensive. This is leading to soaring prices, shortages of medicine, and potential bankruptcy for pharmacies due to non-payment of insurance. There’s inflation despite government claims, and temporary government policies are criticized for their ineffectiveness.
6. What are some of the human rights issues highlighted in the news from Iran?
The human rights issues include the temporary release of a poet from Khuzestan after being charged with insulting leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime, the arrest of an artist for criticizing economic aid to Bashar al-Assad, and concerns over the imprisonment of Iranian researcher Ahmad Reza Jalali. The Geneva Human Rights Conference addresses these and other violations.
7. What is the state of healthcare and the medical system in Iran?
The Iranian healthcare system is facing severe challenges. People’s share of treatment costs has risen dramatically, medicines are increasingly expensive, and shortages are prevalent. Many nurses are quitting due to low salaries and difficult working conditions. Pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance, and some require police presence due to patient frustration over medicine shortages and high costs.
8. What are the conflicting views on negotiations with the United States within Iran?
While the Supreme Leader has publicly opposed negotiations with the United States, considering them irrational and dishonorable, many Iranian newspapers are actively discussing the necessity of such negotiations. Some analysts believe negotiations are unavoidable. This conflict in viewpoints is reflected in the press, with some outlets accusing others of being pro-American.
Ukraine War: US-Russia Talks in Riyadh
The sources discuss talks related to the war in Ukraine in the following ways:
Negotiations between White House and Kremlin representatives are beginning in Riyadh to discuss ending the war in Ukraine. Russian and American foreign ministers are participating in these discussions.
Saudi Arabia is trying to play an influential role in ending the war by creating “bridges of contact and dialogue” between Moscow and Washington. The Saudi kingdom has maintained good relations with both Ukraine and Russia and was able to use these relations even in the field of prisoner exchanges between the two sides.
US and Russian officials began peace talks regarding Ukraine in Saudi Arabia. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, is conducting these talks. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are representing the US government.
An informal meeting of European leaders to create a united front to support Ukraine ended without any tangible results. The heads of seven European countries failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine. Some leaders say that security guarantees for Ukraine depend on the level of US support.
Europeans are worried that a ceasefire will be formed without a peace agreement being reached, and they want a peace agreement and a ceasefire at the same time. However, the Europeans are not present at the Riyadh talks between the US and Russia and do not know the conditions. There are many differences among the European countries themselves.
The US Secretary of State and the Russian Foreign Minister are engaged in talks that will last for 15 days after a short break.
Iran Nuclear Program: Russian Perspective and Diplomatic Efforts
The sources address the Iran nuclear program in the following ways:
Moscow is seeking to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue, according to the Russian government spokesman. Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin spokesman, told the IRNA news agency that the issue of Iran’s nuclear program can and should be resolved diplomatically if there is political will from all parties involved.
These talks currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions, and one of them is naturally the issue of Iran’s nuclear program.
Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump discussed the issue of Iran’s nuclear program in a telephone conversation. After this news was published, officials of the Islamic Republic became concerned about their own situation and are worried that Russian officials and Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them.
The Islamic Republic News Agency asked Mr. Peskov if Mr. Trump had a specific request in the telephone conversation that took place between Mr. Trump and Mr. Putin. Trump and the White House officials have clearly stated that they are ready to discuss the Iranian nuclear issue if the Islamic Republic abandons its entire nuclear program.
Mr. Peskov stated that Russia is ready to help diplomatically resolve the Iranian nuclear program, and this shows that it seems that a new smell is coming, like what happened in February 2022, while the Islamic Republic officials were reaching an agreement with Western officials in Vienna and it was about time that the sanctions were lifted to a large extent and the Iranian people could at least breathe.
The Islamic Republic officials are concerned that talks with Moscow, namely between Putin and Trump, will lead to Moscow separating from its friends with whom it has had difficult times and with whom it has strategic relations.
Mr. Peskov believes that Moscow is willing and wants to continue its comprehensive relations with Iran but does not talk about the Islamic Republic being a strategic partner. He believes that the Iranian nuclear issue will be resolved if all parties have the political will to resolve it.
Iran Economic Crisis: Currency, Medicine Shortages, and Market Turmoil
The sources discuss the economic crisis in Iran in the following ways:
Turmoil in the Iranian land market followed a meeting between the government and parliament convened to review the currency crisis.
The price of the US dollar increased by more than 100 tomans. Reports from Tehran exchange offices indicated the price of the US dollar in the open market reached 92,600 tomans. Later, the dollar approached 93,000 tomans, with buying and selling rates around 92,900 tomans. At one point, the dollar exchange rate exceeded 95,000 tomans.
People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.
The people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%. There has been a staggering increase in medicine prices, up to five times the previous price, with saline solution prices tripling. People are falling below the poverty line with a simple illness.
Following a closed-door meeting between the parliament and the government, Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf announced that “good decisions” had been made regarding land. However, a member of the parliament’s civil engineering commission noted the government is aware that the conditions are not suitable and that the situation and its fluctuations must be addressed.
Ali Reza Nassari commented on the possible impeachment of the Minister of Economy, stating that the dollar will immediately become 100,000 Tomans if Hemmati is impeached.
Farshad Momeni, a faculty member at Allameh Tabatabaei University, criticized the government’s temporary policies.
The focus of a recent meeting was the inflammation in the markets, specifically the food market, which has had consequences for other markets and food products. No specific outcome was announced from this meeting.
The market and the people have moved past news therapy and speech therapy, and experience has shown that if the officials of the Islamic Republic, the government, and the parliament each have a specific plan, they will clearly announce it so that they can control prices with the psychological burden they create. Announcing vague news and a sentence that good decisions have been made shows that the government has lost control and there is no specific plan. The market is receiving this message, understanding it, and acting naturally.
The government basically does not have the complete and necessary tools to control and manage the market and plan. The Pezdikian government has not announced any other specific plan for the economy, except for the single exchange rate, which it has repeatedly insisted on.
Pharmacists are facing problems due to the high cost and shortage of medicines, and they are in debt to insurance companies. The debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans. Some pharmacies are requesting to change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay.
There are increasing reports and criticisms of the high cost and shortage of medicines. Some pharmacists have asked for police presence to protect their safety and their employees’ safety.
At least 50,000 nurses have quit their jobs and are staying home due to low salaries and hardships.
Market activists are considering foreign policy, international pressures, and news coming from all corners of the region about Iran and are concluding that there is no bright future, and some people who are looking to preserve the value of their assets will naturally tend to convert their rial assets into gold and foreign currency.
Geneva Human Rights Conference: Freedom and Democracy Summit, 2025
The sources discuss a human rights conference in Geneva in the following ways:
A Geneva conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025 is being held with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world.
The conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting and will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy.
Prince Reza Pahlavi is one of the main speakers at this conference and will speak, along with other Iranian activists, about the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran.
The summit started with a speech by Garry Kasparov, a political activist against the Putin regime. The part after the session of this summit is dedicated to Iran. Prince Reza Pahlavi’s speech is named the struggle for the freedom of Iran.
There will be a panel about Iranian protesters and the inappropriate treatment of protesters in Iran by the Islamic Republic government.
Iranians from all over the world came to Geneva to celebrate the prince’s presence at this conference and held a rally in front of the UN headquarters in Europe.
An empty seat has been reserved for Ahmad Reza Jalali at this conference. Jalali is an Iranian researcher who has been imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years.
Two women from Afghanistan received human rights awards at the conference.
The most important award is the Courage Award, which was given to Iran International last year. This year, it will be given to two Venezuelan opposition leaders.
Iran: Medicine Costs and Shortages
The sources discuss medicine costs and shortages in Iran in the following ways:
People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices.
Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.
The people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%.
There has been a staggering increase in medicine prices, up to five times the previous price, with saline solution prices tripling.
People are falling below the poverty line with a simple illness.
Pharmacists are facing problems due to the high cost and shortage of medicines, and they are in debt to insurance companies.
The debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans. Some pharmacies are requesting to change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay.
There are increasing reports and criticisms of the high cost and shortage of medicines.
Some pharmacists have asked for a police presence to protect their safety and their employees’ safety.
One Iranian citizen reported having to pay 30 million tomans a month for chemotherapy and injections for their fiancé who has cancer, and every three months, 17 million tomans for the treatment package, which they are unable to afford.
Another Iranian citizen reported that four types of medicine cost 290,000 tomans, with one medicine alone costing 43,000 tomans.
The spokesman for the Iranian Medical System Organization described the absolute recklessness of health system officials as the reason for the critical situation in the drug market.
The Original Text
Greetings to you, I am Elnaz Kiani. Welcome to this news section of Iran International. Headlines of news. Negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin begin in Riyadh. Russian and American foreign ministers are discussing ending the war in Ukraine. Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament met to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 Tomans more expensive. People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance. The Geneva Conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025. The International Prize for Women’s Rights will be awarded to two Afghan political activists. Also, in the continuation of this news section, negotiations or not negotiations with the United States are the main topics of the newspapers. Kayhan wrote that supporters of negotiations with Trump, the blackmailer, reached out to bin Salman. Setareh Sobh called for direct talks with Washington. US and Russian officials began peace talks with Ukraine in Saudi Arabia an hour ago. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, have been in Riyadh to conduct these talks since yesterday. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are also representatives of the US government who traveled to the Saudi capital for these talks. Masoud Al-Fak, an expert on Middle East affairs, says that the Saudi kingdom has always had very good relations with Ukraine and Russia and is now trying to play an influential role. The Saudi kingdom is playing a trans-regional role based on its capabilities as an effective international economic power on the one hand and the Arab and Islamic importance that this country has. Let’s not forget that the Saudi king maintained good relations with both Moscow and Kiev in relation to the Ukrainian war and was able to use these relations even in the field of prisoner exchanges between the two sides. Today, he is trying to expand this role on the international level to end this war by creating bridges of contact and dialogue between Moscow and Washington and at the same time, he can present its role as an influential international country. The Russian government spokesman said that Moscow is seeking to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue. Dmitry Peskov told the IRNA news agency that we believe If there is political will from all parties involved, the issue of Iran’s nuclear program can and should be resolved diplomatically. My colleague Ahmad Samadi from Berlin has joined me in the conversation. Let’s hear more about the details of the Kremlin spokesman’s statements from you. Ahmad, well, Elnaz. These talks that are currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions. One of its dimensions will naturally be the issue of Iran’s nuclear program, because according to the news that was published a few days ago, Mr. Vladimir Putin and Mr. Donald Trump, the Presidents of Russia and the United States, discussed the issue of Iran’s nuclear program in a telephone conversation. After this news was published, the officials of the Islamic Republic naturally became concerned about their own situation and it seems that now they are worried that the Russian officials and Mr. Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them. The questions that the IRNA news agency, the Islamic Republic News Agency affiliated with the government of the Islamic Republic, asked the Kremlin spokesman show that I am very concerned and the type of questions also show this. For example, they asked Mr. Peskov, well, in the telephone conversation that took place between Mr. Trump and Mr. Putin, did Mr. Trump have a specific request? We know that Mr. Trump and the White House officials have clearly stated that they are ready to discuss the Iranian nuclear issue if the Islamic Republic abandons its entire nuclear program, and Mr. Peskov has stated that we are ready to help diplomatically resolve the Iranian nuclear program, and this shows that it seems that a new smell is coming, like what happened in February 2022, while the Islamic Republic officials were reaching an agreement with Western officials in Vienna and it was about time that the sanctions were lifted to a large extent and the Iranian people could at least breathe, then Russia started its war with Ukraine and forced the Tehran officials to side with them and even came out of that difficult winter in order to calm the people down. And we saw that 3 years have passed and what happened was difficult for the Iranian people and the continuation of the sanctions and the current economic situation where the prices are clear. The next question that has been clarified is that it again shows the concern of the Islamic Republic officials and that they raised this issue that some thought They ask, “Who are these people? It is obvious who are the officials of the Islamic Republic whose talks with Moscow, namely Mr. Putin and Mr. Trump, will lead to Moscow separating from its friends with whom it has had difficult times and with whom it has strategic relations. Again, Mr. Pasgaf is right in his response and believes that Moscow is willing and wants to continue its comprehensive relations with Iran. He does not talk about the Islamic Republic being a strategic partner and believes that the Iranian nuclear issue will be resolved if all parties have the political will to resolve it. Thank you, Ahmad Samadi from Berlin with me. The informal meeting of the leaders of European countries to create a united front to support Ukraine ended without any tangible results. The heads of the seven European countries at the Elysee Palace yesterday failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine. Some of these leaders say that security guarantees for Ukraine depend on the level of US support. My colleague Nirufar Pour-Ebrahim joined us in Paris in this regard. The Europeans were hoping that a They came together to support Ukraine, but it seems that the differences between them have become more prominent. Let’s hear more from you. Yes, exactly after eight and a half hours, we can say that they did not reach the desired result. The only thing they can say now is that they have agreed to increase their defense spending so that they can be stronger than before and have some independence from the United States and reduce their dependence on this country. However, they did not reach a conclusion regarding the deployment of peacekeeping forces, which they had been talking about before. Before the meeting, some countries, including Germany, had criticized it, saying that when peace has not yet been achieved and the conditions are not clear, it is not the right place to talk about deploying peacekeeping forces. We also had the same conversation with Italian Prime Minister George Melanie, who also mentioned the same issue and said that he does not agree with such an initiative that is now being proposed by Britain or France. Britain itself announced after this meeting that the deployment of forces will be subject to guarantees. There is security that the United States is providing. We know that the European Union and Canada have provided more aid to Ukraine than the United States so far. Now they say they will provide even more. But the truth is that they cannot do much without the United States. The NATO Secretary General and the British Prime Minister have mentioned this issue. Without the military and air support of NATO, which is led by the United States in a way, they will not be able to achieve anything even if they send forces. Another issue that seems to have been discussed in this meeting that was less discussed before, Reuters quoted a European official as saying, was the issue of ceasefire and peace. They say that they are worried that a ceasefire will be formed without a peace agreement being reached, and they want a peace agreement and a ceasefire to be at the same time, and they cannot accept that. But the thing is, they are not at the negotiating table right now. We see that right now in Riyadh, the US Secretary of State and the Russian Foreign Minister are talking to each other. Their talks, after a short break, will last for 15 days. It has resumed for a minute and the Europeans are not present at this meeting and do not know the conditions, so it is very difficult for them. Another issue is that there are many differences among the European countries themselves. Many of them, such as the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and other countries, criticized that they were not invited to this meeting. Even Italy, which was present, said why other countries were not invited, and Hungary, for example, is completely against it. Therefore, the differences within the European Union itself are becoming more and more. Thank you. Nino Farpour Ibrahim, my colleague from Paris, joins us here. Let’s look at some short news from Iran. [Music] Faramarz Sedehi, a poet from Khuzestan and a member of the Iranian Writers’ Association, was temporarily released after being charged with 800 million tomans of bail. The Iranian Writers’ Association announced this news by writing that Sedehi was charged with three counts of insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime without a lawyer present. Iran’s Deputy Minister of Health has warned of the increasing risk of the polio virus entering the country. Alireza Raisi has warned that the number of people infected with the polio virus is multiplying. Children in Afghanistan and Pakistan in recent years and official and unofficial contacts with these two countries have been cited as the reason for the increased risk of the virus entering Iran. Protesting artist Khosro Azarbeh was arrested in Tehran on Monday evening. Attorney Amir Raisian wrote on X Network that the accusation of this tambourine player insulting former Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has been made. A video critical of Khosro Azarpeik regarding the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Bashar al-Assad was previously released. Following the turmoil in the Iranian land and gold markets, a closed-door meeting was held between the parliament and the government today to examine the country’s economic and livelihood crisis, and at the same time, the price of the US dollar in the open market increased by more than 100 tomans. According to reports from Tehran’s exchange offices, the price of the US dollar in the open market reached 92,600 tomans in this morning’s trading. Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf announced after today’s meeting that we have made good decisions regarding land. A member of the parliament’s civil engineering commission also said about today’s parliament meeting with doctors that the government is aware that the conditions are not suitable and we must deal with this situation and its fluctuations. Ali Reza Nassari on The possible impeachment of the Minister of Economy also said that with Hemmati’s impeachment, the dollar will immediately become 100,000 Tomans, and that is why we are against impeachment. He added that the head of the Central Bank claimed in this meeting that inflation has decreased, but people do not feel this issue at their desks. Farshad Momeni, a member of the faculty of Allameh Tabatabaei University, also strongly criticized the government’s temporary policies, saying that with this situation, the reputation of the government and the government is at stake. Look at the words of the current Minister of Economy during the Raisi administration and see what he said about the affair of playing with the exchange rate. So if you understand these things and then raise vulgar words like he said, “We are doing this to control inflation and control it,” it is very shameful, God is witness. You want to control inflation by increasing the land rate. You were born in this country yesterday. You do not have the experience of the past 35 years in front of you. Now you do not know those experiences or do not want to know. At least go and review your own words. They really talk so much nonsense. They did not give the government institution any credit. With all this contradiction, irregularity, and nonsense, Reza Qobi, an economic journalist, joined us. Mr. Ghaibi, let’s hear more about the latest news from today’s events in the parliament and the market from you. Yes, the meeting that was held was the focus of the same inflammation that has occurred in the markets, specifically the food market, whose consequences have reached other markets and food products. However, no specific outcome has been announced from this meeting. Only the one sentence that Ghalibaf said, good decisions have been made and we saw the backstop. The inflammation in the market is still ongoing. The dollar is approaching 93,000 tomans as we speak. 92,900 tomans were also bought and sold. A few minutes ago, the dollar exchange rate exceeded 95,000 tomans. And when we look back at the dirham rate, which is also considered the basis for pricing the dollar in Iran, we see that there has been an increase in prices in that sector as well. Based on the parity of the dirham and the dollar, if we want to estimate the dollar rate in the Iranian market right now, Let’s say it’s around 93,500 tomans, and given this rate, it can be predicted that the dollar will surpass 93,000 tomans today and reach new records today. Mr. Ghaibi, how can we evaluate this price increase in the land market? Why, despite the statements of officials, including Ghalibaf, that the government has made good decisions to manage the market, we are still witnessing a price increase? See, the market and the people have basically moved past that news therapy and speech therapy discussion, and experience has shown that if the officials of the Islamic Republic, the government, and the parliament each have a specific plan, they will clearly announce it so that they can control prices with the psychological burden they create. Just announcing vague news and a sentence that good decisions have been made shows that the government has basically lost control and there is no specific plan. The market is receiving this message well, understanding it, and acting naturally. We are now witnessing a price increase of more than 100 tomans immediately after Ghalibaf’s speech in the market. So, the talks This is unsupported and shows the lack of a plan. If there was a plan, the government today basically does not have the complete and necessary tools to control and manage the market and plan. The Pezdikian government has not announced any other specific plan for the economy, except for the single exchange rate, which it has repeatedly insisted on. Market activists put all of this together. Foreign policy, international pressures, and news coming from all corners of the region about Iran put all of this together and come to the conclusion that there is no bright future, and some people who are looking to preserve the value of their assets will naturally tend to convert their rial assets into gold and foreign currency. Thank you, Reza Ghaibi, an economic journalist with us. Well, we have live images from the Geneva conference, which is a human rights conference. We know that an empty seat has been reserved for Ahmad Reza Jalali at this conference. Ahmad Reza Jalali is an Iranian researcher named Saadi, who has been imprisoned in Evin Prison in Iran for about 9 years. These images you see are live images from the conference. Geneva A moment ago, you saw an empty chair in the corner of these pictures. A student is also speaking at this meeting [music]. Mohammad Hossein Azizi, the head of the judicial district of Mehdi Shahr, called on Semnan province to stop any gatherings in connection with the killing of a resident of this city. Azizi explained that the four main suspects in connection with the killing of Maziar Turanian are in temporary detention. After the news of the killing of this young man was published by the police chief of Semnan province, some people gathered in front of the governorate and the city level to demand their expulsion. The police support the enemy of the Yuri tribes, the enemy of the Haruri tribes, the enemy of the Hururi tribes, the enemy of the Free Buzuri, the enemy of the army The score is in Mahdi Night, the second is that those whose census cards expire at the end of 1403, we have reflected this, we will reflect it, Tehran, the Ministry of Interior is following me, the governor is not the one who so-called bans this, but we are following that in the first step, let’s end it, we ban some of these. The third issue, the third issue, whoever the law, whoever rents a house to a foreigner, must introduce Flaco to the police. God forbid, how many of us now have doctors in our own neighborhoods, so to speak, buying a house, renting a house, and whether we were aware of it or not, from now on we must implement this law. You are the viewers and listeners of Iran National. Let’s take a look again at the headlines. The beginning of negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin representatives in Riyadh. The Russian and American foreign ministers are discussing ending the war in Ukraine. Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament meeting to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 tomans more expensive. Reports received by Iran International show that non-payment of insurance and the high cost of medicine are causing problems for pharmacists. Many pharmacies in Tehran are on the verge of bankruptcy. Pharmacists also expressed concern about the increase in violence between patients and staff due to the lack of medicine. Some pharmacists have asked the police and law enforcement officers to appear in front of their workplace pharmacies to protect their own and their employees’ safety. At the same time, the spokesman for the Iranian Medical System Organization announced that the people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%. Reza Laripour also said that the staggering increase in medicine, up to 5 times the previous price. Referring to the tripling of the price of saline solution, he described the absolute recklessness of health system officials as the reason for the critical situation in the drug market. The spokesman for the Medical System Organization also said that people fall below the poverty line with a simple illness. The Secretary General of the Nursing Home reported that at least 50,000 nurses have quit their jobs and are staying home. Mohammad Sharifi Moghadam said that 4,000 nurses prefer to stay home and not work due to the low salaries and hardships of this job. Sharif Moghadam also added that officials withdrew money from the National Development Fund in the name of nurses, but the money went elsewhere. A large number of Iranian audiences International has been reporting and criticizing the high cost and shortage of medicines in the country by sending messages. Greetings to Iran International TV. I am an Iranian citizen calling from Iran. I wanted to talk about the issue of medicines. Unfortunately, my fiancé has cancer and has to pay 30 million tomans a month for chemotherapy and injections. And every three months, 17 million tomans for the treatment package, which unfortunately, we are not doing now. This is due to lack of finances. Death to the Islamic Republic. Death to Ali Khamenei. Curse on Khomeini. I hope that the Iranian people will one day be free from the hands of these executioners and these demons. Greetings to the officials of the International Network. Today, we went to buy 4 types of medicine. It cost 290,000 tomans. Taking one medicine alone cost 43,000 tomans. We, the disabled people of the society, are spending this money on us. When we ask for financial assistance to purchase medicines, they say that we do not have a budget and that the budget does not apply to life at all. And the help of donors. It’s been a long time, God willing, that we will see your death one of these days, Ali Khamenei, and we will hold a big celebration for your death. My colleague Niki Mahjoub is here with me in the studio. Niki, I know that the videos that you send to us, the audience, especially now regarding pharmacies and what you are following, say what the situation of pharmacies is like in Iran. Look at what has happened now, considering that there are problems with the high cost of medicines and the shortage of medicines. On the other hand, pharmacies are in debt to insurance companies and they expect to be paid because they are also working. According to official statistics, the debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans, which means that these pharmacies throughout Iran have debts, but these debts have not been paid to them. These pharmacies are not Aban 13 and the Red Crescent. They are private pharmacies that have been requesting since the beginning of the year to either change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay. This continues. On the other hand, pharmacists say that due to the high cost of medicine, on the one hand, insurance is a problem. On the other hand, people are patients. They get angry and upset. Not only do they want to fight or get into a fight with the pharmacists, but because the medicine they want is not available because they do not have the financial means to pay for it. This psychological pressure sometimes causes them to take measures, such as calling the police in some pharmacies in Tehran. In some cases, they have to take responsibility for the security of the pharmacy so that these conflicts can be minimized. On the other hand, we know that nurses and medical staff are facing various problems. We know that the protests of nurses are nothing new. On the one hand, the salaries are very low, and on the other hand, the working hours are very long. What more can you say about nurses? Look at what they say about nurses, and it is painful that according to the nursing home itself, there are more than thousands of nurses who prefer not to work and stay at home because of both their low salaries and difficult working conditions . The same thing we say about pharmacists applies to nurses and medical staff. When a patient is in the hospital, they need a number of facilities anyway. They may not be able to afford them or the nurse may be tired at all. A nurse who works 72 hours a day with very short breaks and low pay is both mentally and physically damaged. A percentage of these nurses, if they can, will emigrate. A percentage are forced to work in these conditions. And what happens is that the nurses’ protests have not gotten anywhere so far. They promise them that their salaries will increase. In any case, they reduce their benefits and protests. Then they don’t keep this promise. They say we don’t have the budget. The nurse has to go to work under the same conditions. The patient may be angry. We saw the news that the medical staff has been attacked. The mental stress of these nurses is not controlled by anyone. The Ministry of Health is not responsible. My home is a nursing home, and all it does is give statistics about the poor condition of nurses. Thank you. Where is Nikah Mahjoob in the studio with me? Thank you. We have live images from the Geneva conference, which is a human rights conference. You are watching these live images. Minutes ago, two women from Afghanistan received human rights awards. One of the women is speaking at this conference. We know that an empty prison for Ahmad Reza Jalali, an Iranian researcher. Saadi, who has been imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years, has also been considered at this conference. [Music] This conference for human rights and democracy is being held today in Geneva with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. This conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting. It will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy. We know that Prince Reza Pahlavi is also one of the main speakers at this conference and will speak, along with other Iranian activists, about the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran. You are watching live images from the Geneva Human Rights Conference, where one of the women, who is a human rights activist and received an award minutes ago, along with another woman from Afghanistan, is speaking at this conference. [Music] There are live images that you were watching from the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy, which is being held today with the participation of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. As I said, this summit will be held simultaneously with the United Nations Human Rights Council to examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy. Prince Reza Pahlavi is one of the main speakers of this summit. Along with other Iranian activists, he will discuss and deliver speeches on the suppression of protests, the human rights situation, political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran. My colleague Mehran Abbassian has joined me from the summit in Geneva. Mehran, let’s hear more from you. This is the 17th session of this summit. Let’s hear more about the programs of this session. And we know that every session of the Geneva summit also receives awards, meaning that someone does. Will the winners be announced now or not? Well, I must say that the summit started at 10:00 AM with a speech by the famous chess player Garry Kasparov, who is a political activist and against the Putin regime. Well, the part after the session of this summit is entirely dedicated to Iran. Prince Reza Pahlavi as the main speech of the struggle for the freedom of Iran is the name of his speech. He is going to give a speech after that. There will be a panel about Iranian protesters and the inappropriate treatment of protesters in Iran by the Islamic Republic government. Four people from the Women’s Uprising of Freedom are present on this panel. They say that they are concerned about the poor human rights situation in Iran. Iranians from all over the world came to Geneva to celebrate the prince’s presence at this conference. Except that they are now registering in the conference hall. They want to be there when Prince Reza Pahlavi speaks. They also held a rally in front of the UN headquarters in Europe. I was inside the rally, but because of the loud noise and the songs that were being sung, the slogans that were being raised, and we could not properly interview our guest, I actually came to the back of the rally. Next to me is Ms. Tabatabaei, who came here from Denmark. Ms. Tabatabaei. How much impact can such meetings in human rights organizations in the world have on the process of the Iranian people’s struggles? Greetings to my compatriots in Iran in the next 46 years after we lost our late Shah, unfortunately. Our people have suffered 46 years of oppression, torture, poverty, and lack of political freedom. Therefore, we can be your voice. Wherever there is talk about Iran and oppression of our compatriots, it is our national and patriotic duty, as the leader of our national movement, Reza Shah II, declared and we elected him. For this leadership, we consider it our duty to always and everywhere be present where human rights and the rights of the Iranian people are discussed, and to try to be the voice of the voiceless. Ms. Tabatabaei, please be very brief. You said that you also went to Munich. When you are present, you see your compatriots who have come from all over the world and are chanting slogans for freedom and democracy. How do you feel? Mr. Abbassian. I have been forced to emigrate for many years because of what happened in Iran in 1979. I lost my homeland, I lost my people, I lost my culture, but I tried to carry all these things in my heart until the day we return the leader of our national movement to Iran, and we return our identity to Iran. We will return and certainly these movements, although we still have shortcomings and shortcomings, we must practice democracy, we must respect all the movements that are active, and the only way to save Iran is unity under the leadership of Reza Shah II, or as they like to call him, our father, because I really consider him a father. We, the female soldiers of Elnaz, will continue from noon to noon. The program section related to Iran will continue in the afternoon. There will be awards at this summit for the winners. The most important award is the Courage Award, which was given to Iran International last year. This year, it will be given to two Venezuelan opposition leaders, Machado, who has been expelled from Venezuela and is participating in this summit via video conference. My dear Mehran Abbasian from the Geneva summit, my colleague, with us. Today, the employees of the Kimia Sanat-e-Mabna Company, affiliated with Bakhtar Petrochemical, went on strike and gathered in the compound of this complex in protest against the disregard for their five months of back wages. The Bandar Petrochemical personnel Imam also held a strike and protest rally today regarding his temporary wages and demands. Today, 30 Today, Tuesday, 30 Tower 11 403 Counting the personnel of the Brenner Imam Holding to realize their rights for their demands. The zealous personnel of the Bandar Mam Petrochemical Complex to realize their rights for their demands. While the Leader of the Islamic Republic has denied any negotiations with the United States and considered it irrational and dishonorable, the discussion of America and negotiations in the newspapers is still hot, and some analysts consider negotiations a necessity from which there is no group that can avoid them. On the other hand, the government newspapers are repeating Khamenei’s position [music]. Here in the studio to review the newspapers, we are with my colleague Mohammad Rahbar Mohammad. We know that negotiations have now become the keyword in all speeches of all officials, and this has continued in the newspapers in the same way. Many newspapers are now talking about the fact that negotiations must take place under any circumstances. Of course, Kayhan can also have a different position. They say, “What’s the fuss about? This shameless debate is still going on. Let’s look at the first of our days. The newspaper Setareh Sobh, which very openly and bluntly said that we should negotiate directly with America because Trump and Putin are becoming friends with each other anyway. And this statement will definitely be a lie to us. Nothing is a trump card in Iran’s game. A very important point is what Rome said. Look, you have left Ukraine and Europe out of your business and are making decisions about Ukraine without Ukraine being there and the Europeans who supported Ukraine being in those meetings. The same thing will happen to Iran. That is, we have found a situation where others sit and decide on the fate of another country without us being present. With all this arguing about America, I am reminded of the situation at the end of the Safavid era. When Mahmud the Afghan attacked, he had reached Isfahan. The fight in the court was about who could have the honor of going and defeating Mahmud the Affan and so on. They threw this honor at each other and did not let each other go. In any case, there was no coordination at all. The other side came and occupied Isfahan and that was it. The next newspaper is Kayhan. Today, Kayhan has accused all the other newspapers, almost all the newspapers that are part of the chain, of being the fifth column of America. And yesterday, they fell for the rumor that Saudi Arabia wanted to come and mediate between Iran and America. So they all came to the front page. Yesterday, several newspapers were talking about this. Today, Kayhan has come to their senses and said that they are going to find a middleman and pay him a ransom. With such topics and the current situation, how can an agreement be formed in Iran or can there be any coordination in governance at all? Because those other newspapers also came from Mars. They are from different political factions that play a role in governance and it shows what kind of blue-washing is going on behind the scenes and that is reflected in the newspapers in this way. But Kayhan’s job is to come and see what the newspapers said the other day, come and take care of them, as you said, so the next newspaper will also focus on America, but I won’t focus on America anymore. Everyone, the main topic of Iran right now is America. That is, really, as much as the Iranian newspapers talk about this, there is no talk in America itself about what Trump wants to do in the world and all that. And as you can see, how well they did the picture of the US Secretary of State on the front page. But the article that Amy wrote is interesting. Yesterday, Ashei said that the murderer of that young student in Tehran should be identified as soon as possible, and they certainly didn’t know about it yesterday. Today, it seems that he has been identified, several people have been arrested, and we can say that he will probably be executed in the next ten months, and it will be over. Well, today, he has come to my country and said that these are criminals or victims. These are the ones you arrested, meaning that the government has no responsibility for someone committing a crime. All crimes are the responsibility of the party that committed the crime. For example, you have forces to suppress the people, that’s what you wrote about suppression. The students are doing it, but there is no force around for their safety. And he said, “This time, if you want to continue, let these psychologists and sociologists and all that, let’s see what’s happening in society. And let’s look at the last one, the Jahan Sanat newspaper, where Mr. Jen Safad wrote a note and completely ignored the idea that anyone can fix the dollar situation and prevent the collapse of the rial. He said, “Anyone else can come and fix the dollar situation and prevent the collapse of the rial.” Yes, yes, nothing will happen and it will get worse. As one of the members of parliament had said, if you do this, the dollar price will go to 100,000 tomans. Very good. Thank you, Mohammad Rahbar, my colleague, here in the studio with me reviewing the press this morning in Tehran. And thank you for being a viewer of Iran International up until this moment. Good evening.
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This news broadcast covers several developing international situations. It reports on escalating tensions between the United States, Israel, and Iran concerning Iran’s nuclear program, including the deployment of US B-52 bombers to the Middle East and diplomatic efforts involving Saudi Arabia. The broadcast also examines internal and external issues facing Lebanon’s new government, especially regarding Hezbollah’s influence and the country’s relationship with Syria and other countries. Finally, it addresses upcoming US-Russia talks on the war in Ukraine without Ukraine’s participation, sparking concerns among European leaders and Zelensky about transatlantic relations. The tone is one of analysis, reporting on potential negotiations, possible military actions, and shifting political landscapes. Several experts are interviewed to provide insight on the issues.
Middle East Tensions and Geopolitical Shifts: A Study Guide
Quiz
Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.
What was the significance of the B-52H bomber flight data and where were they headed?
What conditions did the US, represented by Rubio and Trump’s advisor Wallace, set for negotiations with the Islamic Republic?
What role is Saudi Arabia willing to play in the potential negotiations between the United States and the Islamic Republic?
According to Hossein Aghaei, what are the two options being discussed in relation to the Islamic Republic’s nuclear facilities, and which one is more likely?
What are the contradictory reports about the protests in Dehdasht, Iran, and what do they suggest about the government’s approach?
What are the criticisms levied against Prince Reza Pahlavi regarding the composition of his close associates and his claim to leadership?
What is the Lebanese government trying to achieve by excluding Hezbollah from the cabinet?
What specific actions has the Lebanese government taken to reduce Hezbollah’s influence?
What are the reasons behind the ban on flights to Beirut International Airport, and how does this affect Hezbollah’s operations?
What is Zelensky’s reaction to the US-Russia negotiations on the war in Ukraine without Ukraine’s presence?
Quiz Answer Key
The flight data of two US Air Force B-52H bombers showed their departure from the UK towards the Middle East, emphasizing the seriousness of the US’s stance amid heightened tensions with the Islamic Republic. This flight suggests a show of force and potential military readiness in the region, particularly in light of ongoing nuclear debates.
The US set the condition that the Islamic Republic must completely dismantle its nuclear program, including reducing centrifuges and stopping uranium enrichment, as a prerequisite for any negotiations to begin. These demands reflect the US’s firm stance against the Islamic Republic’s nuclear ambitions and its commitment to preventing nuclear proliferation.
Saudi Arabia has offered to mediate between the United States and the Islamic Republic in order to facilitate negotiations, which is a new phenomenon compared to the Obama era. This willingness indicates Saudi Arabia’s desire to play a more active role in regional diplomacy and security.
According to Hossein Aghaei, the two options being discussed are negotiations and an attack on the Islamic Republic’s nuclear facilities. He believes that military pressure and serious threats are more likely if the Islamic Republic does not quickly make concessions sought by the US.
There are contradictory reports about the protests in Dehdasht, with the IRGC Intelligence Organization reporting the arrest of protest leaders for sabotage, while the provincial police chief denies the protests ever occurred. These contradictory reports indicate an attempt by the government to downplay the significance of the protests and suppress dissent while controlling the narrative.
Criticisms against Prince Reza Pahlavi include concerns about the lack of diversity among his close associates, who primarily represent a specific political spectrum. He is also criticized for claiming leadership of the transition period without broader recognition from other political parties or opposition groups.
By excluding Hezbollah from the cabinet, the Lebanese government is trying to reduce the group’s influence to the lowest possible level. This action is aimed at weakening Hezbollah’s political power and limiting its ability to veto important government decisions.
The Lebanese government’s actions include electing a president and prime minister who are not aligned with Hezbollah, forming a cabinet without Hezbollah members, and supporting the ban on flights to Beirut International Airport, which were allegedly used to transport money and weapons to Hezbollah. These moves are aimed at diminishing Hezbollah’s political power and operational capabilities.
The ban on flights to Beirut International Airport is due to concerns that these flights were carrying large amounts of money and potentially weapons to Hezbollah. This ban is intended to cut off a crucial supply route for Hezbollah, hindering its ability to rebuild and resume operations.
Zelensky has stated that Ukraine does not recognize the US-Russia negotiations, highlighting Ukraine’s opposition to being excluded from discussions about its own future and security. This reaction underscores Ukraine’s insistence on being a central participant in any diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict.
Essay Questions
Analyze the strategic implications of the US military presence in the Middle East, considering the flight of the B-52H bombers and the potential for either negotiation or military action against the Islamic Republic.
Assess the impact of Saudi Arabia’s willingness to mediate between the United States and the Islamic Republic on regional power dynamics and the prospects for diplomatic resolution.
Discuss the significance of the protests in Dehdasht, Iran, and the conflicting reports surrounding them, in the context of broader domestic challenges facing the Islamic Republic.
Evaluate the potential for a new, independent Shiite movement to emerge in Lebanon, considering the current government’s efforts to reduce Hezbollah’s influence and separate the Shiite population from the group.
Examine the implications of the US-Russia negotiations on the war in Ukraine, particularly in light of Zelensky’s opposition and the potential reshaping of transatlantic relations.
Glossary of Key Terms
B-52H Bombers: Long-range, heavy bomber aircraft used by the United States Air Force, capable of carrying a wide array of munitions, including nuclear weapons.
JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action): An international agreement on the nuclear program of Iran reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran, the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States—plus Germany), and the European Union.
Islamic Republic: A term referring to the government of Iran, which is based on Islamic principles and law.
Hezbollah: A Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, heavily supported by Iran.
Centrifuges: Devices used to enrich uranium for nuclear fuel or weapons.
Uranium Enrichment: The process of increasing the concentration of the isotope Uranium-235 in natural uranium to produce fuel for nuclear reactors or material for nuclear weapons.
IRGC (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps): A branch of the Iranian Armed Forces, separate from the regular army, tasked with protecting the country’s Islamic system.
Rafik Hariri Airport: The main international airport in Beirut, Lebanon.
Shiite Movement: A branch of Islam whose adherents believe that the leadership of the Muslim world should be passed down through the direct descendants of Muhammad.
Transatlantic Relations: The political, economic, and cultural relations between North America and Europe.
Rastakhiz Party: A former political party in Iran, founded by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in 1975.
SAVAK: The secret police, domestic security and intelligence service in Iran during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty.
Liberal Democrat: A political ideology combining liberal politics with a more overt commitment to social justice.
Reformists: Individuals or groups advocating for gradual change and improvement in a political or social system.
Fundamentalist: A strict adherence to the basic principles of any subject or discipline.
Monarchists: Individuals or groups who support a system of government headed by a monarch.
Republicans: Individuals or groups advocating for a form of government in which the head of state is not a monarch, typically an elected president.
Constituent Assembly: A body or assembly of popularly elected delegates which is assembled for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution or similar document.
Deterrence: The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences.
Decline Factor: Internal conditions and trends that can weaken or undermine the stability and power of a state or regime.
Strategic Point: A location or position of military or political importance.
Middle East Geopolitics and US-Russia Negotiations Analysis
Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the key themes and ideas from the provided text.
Briefing Document: Analysis of News Headlines
Date: October 26, 2023 (based on the Monday, February 29th, reference) Subject: Analysis of Geopolitical Tensions and Domestic Unrest in Iran and the Middle East.
Executive Summary:
This document analyzes a series of news headlines and discussions covering escalating tensions between the US, Israel, and Iran, domestic unrest in Iran, political maneuvering surrounding Prince Reza Pahlavi, and the complex situation in Lebanon, as well as US-Russia talks on Ukraine. The overarching themes are: the increasing possibility of confrontation between Iran and its adversaries, internal dissent within Iran, shifting alliances in the Middle East, and the potential for a new geopolitical order.
Key Themes and Ideas:
1. Escalating US-Iran Tensions and Nuclear Concerns:
Threat of Military Action: The deployment of US B-52 bombers to the Middle East, coupled with statements from US and Israeli officials, suggests a heightened threat of military action against Iran’s nuclear facilities. “Two US Air Force B-52H bombers departed from the UK’s Fay Ford Air Base, accompanied by at least 4 tanker aircraft, and crossed the Mediterranean Sea towards the Middle East.” Mark Rubio and Netanyahu “emphasized that they will not allow Tehran to obtain nuclear weapons.”
Preconditions for Negotiation: The US is setting strict preconditions for negotiations with Iran, including the complete dismantling of its nuclear program. “Mr. Wallace has raised the point that the Islamic Republic must put aside its entire nuclear program… Mr. Rubio… believes that the Islamic Republic must put aside all of its nuclear ambitions altogether, and this could be a prelude to starting negotiations with the Islamic Republic.”
Iranian Defiance: Iranian officials are publicly dismissing the threats and asserting their defensive capabilities, though some analysts believe this is primarily for domestic consumption. “The Leader of the Islamic Republic, Ali Khamenei, also said in a speech that our issue is not a hardware or defense threat, and there is no problem in this regard.” One analyst stated that the Iranian Leaders view that the “Islamic Republic has absolutely no problems in terms of defense capabilities… are primarily misleading, incorrect, contrary to the facts on the ground.”
Saudi Mediation: Saudi Arabia is offering to mediate between the US and Iran, indicating a potential shift in regional dynamics and a desire to de-escalate tensions. “Riyadh and Saudi Arabia are willing to mediate between the United States and the Islamic Republic in order for negotiations to take place.”
Diplomatic Window: The “diplomatic window” for negotiations is considered very limited and that increased military pressure is being considered. “The diplomatic window that Trump has opened will be very, very limited. I think that the maximum will be this summer at best, and it may not even reach that time.”
2. Internal Unrest and Political Division in Iran:
Protests in Dehdasht: Reports of protests in Dehdasht, Iran, are met with contradictory official responses, with some sources denying the protests occurred and others reporting arrests of protest leaders. “Contradictory statements about the Dehdasht protest rallies continue, while the Kohgilu police commander has completely denied the occurrence of the rally in Dehdasht.”
Criticism of Leadership and Dissension: Dissension and unrest in the population are creating a “factor of decline” that are creating internal fears within the Republic. “The main source of concern for the Islamic Republic is internal rather than external. They are trying to prevent that collapse factor in some way.”
Prince Reza Pahlavi’s Role: The role and potential leadership of Prince Reza Pahlavi, is generating discussion, with some moderate groups welcoming his pronouncements and other groups questioning those around him. “Prince Reza Pahlavi’s comments criticizing the slogan ‘King Reza Pahlavi’ not to insult the opposition and not to raise the issue of monarchy or republic at the current stage… More moderate groups are welcoming the talks of Prince Reza Pahlavi.” However, others state that “we don’t see this diversity among his main close associates.”
Lack of Unified Opposition: The lack of a unified opposition is being criticized, with some arguing that critics of Pahlavi should focus on organizing themselves instead of solely criticizing him. “The time for you to criticize Mr. Pahlavi but not organize yourself… not be able to present an alternative leadership is over.”
3. Lebanon’s Internal and External Challenges:
Israeli Withdrawal and Hezbollah: Lebanon faces both the issue of Israel’s withdrawal from southern Lebanon and the need to manage Hezbollah’s influence within the country. The Lebanese government faces external pressures from Israel and internal tensions related to Hezbollah’s power. “The Israeli issue, which is due to withdraw from southern Lebanon tomorrow, coincident with the end of the 60-day ceasefire with Hezbollah.”
Reduced Hezbollah Influence: The new Lebanese government is attempting to reduce Hezbollah’s influence, including excluding them from cabinet positions, supported by US policy. “The current Lebanese government is trying to reduce Hezbollah’s influence to the lowest possible level.”
Saudi Support for Lebanese Government: Saudi Arabia’s support for the Lebanese government signifies a shift in regional power dynamics and a challenge to Iran’s influence. “Saudi Arabia’s support for the Lebanese government in dealing with the protesters is another sign of the new balance of power in Lebanon, which will not be good news for the Islamic Republic, the party’s main supporter.”
New Shiite Movement: The possible emergence of a new Shiite movement independent of Hezbollah and Iran is being speculated on. “I think we are witnessing the birth of a new Shiite movement in Lebanon, which is neither Hezbollah nor Amal, a Shiite movement that has learned from and no longer wants to be subordinate to a foreign country.”
4. US-Russia Negotiations on Ukraine:
Negotiations without Ukraine and Europe: The US is engaging in negotiations with Russia on the war in Ukraine without the direct involvement of Ukraine or European countries, causing concern among those parties. “US Secretary of State Mark Rubio, along with the National Security Advisor and the US Special Envoy for the Middle East, will meet with Russian representatives… Zelensky… said that we do not recognize the US-Russia negotiations.”
Trump’s Approach: Donald Trump is taking a different approach to the conflict, prioritizing negotiations and potentially seeking a quick resolution, which is causing friction with transatlantic allies. “Mr. Trump is rewriting transatlantic relations, that is, relations between the two sides of the Atlantic Ocean.”
Potential Outcome: The implications of these negotiations for the future of Ukraine and European security are uncertain. “Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov has also confirmed that representatives from the Russian Federation are going to be present. This will be the first stage, so that the two sides can sit down and work out their differences.”
Conclusion:
The news headlines paint a picture of a volatile and uncertain geopolitical landscape. The potential for conflict in the Middle East, coupled with internal challenges within Iran and shifting alliances, highlights the need for careful diplomacy and strategic planning. The US-Russia negotiations on Ukraine also point to a potential reshaping of the international order. These developments will require close monitoring and analysis in the coming weeks.
US, Iran, and Middle East Tensions: Analysis and Developments
FAQ
What is the significance of the US Air Force B-52H bombers being deployed to the Middle East? The deployment of B-52H bombers to the Middle East, especially following threats from Rubio and Netanyahu against Iran, is a significant show of force and a signal of the US and Israel’s determination to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. It suggests a potential escalation of tensions and a readiness to consider military options, although it could also be interpreted as a deterrent intended to bring Iran to the negotiating table.
What are the preconditions for negotiations between the US and Iran, according to US officials? According to remarks attributed to Mr. Wallace, Trump’s National Security Advisor, and US Secretary of State Rubio, a key precondition for negotiations between the US and Iran is that Iran must completely dismantle its nuclear program, including ceasing uranium enrichment and reducing its centrifuges. This position aligns with Trump’s stated desire for negotiations, but only under stringent conditions.
What role is Saudi Arabia attempting to play in the US-Iran dynamic? Saudi Arabia has expressed a willingness to mediate between the US and Iran. This marks a shift from the Obama era, where the US did not seek Saudi Arabia’s input on the JCPOA. Saudi Arabia’s involvement suggests a regional desire for de-escalation, but also a preference for a deal that addresses their concerns about Iran’s regional influence and nuclear ambitions.
What is Ali Khamenei’s response to the increasing pressure and threats from the US and Israel? Ali Khamenei has dismissed concerns about Iran’s defense capabilities, stating that Iran has no problems in this regard and is ready to confront serious threats. However, experts cited in the broadcast suggest that these statements are primarily for domestic consumption and may not accurately reflect the actual situation. The Islamic Republic may be more concerned with internal factors and a potential decline in domestic support.
What is happening with the protests in Dehdasht, Iran, and how are they being reported? Protests have taken place in Dehdasht, with citizens chanting anti-government slogans. However, the Iranian government’s media approach has been one of denial. While some news agencies affiliated with the IRGC have reported arrests of individuals allegedly planning sabotage, others deny the protests even occurred. This contradictory reporting and the reported use of violence against protesters indicate a sensitive security situation and an effort by the government to suppress dissent and control information.
What are the different perspectives on Prince Reza Pahlavi’s role and leadership within the Iranian opposition? Prince Reza Pahlavi’s recent comments at a convergence meeting have sparked debate among the Iranian opposition. While some, particularly more moderate groups, welcome his criticisms of extremist rhetoric and calls for unity, others criticize the lack of diversity among his close associates and question his self-proclaimed leadership of the transition period. Some argue that those around him push polarizing views. There are conflicting opinions regarding whether he is a unifying figure or is surrounded by advisors who are too partisan and right-wing.
What is the situation with Hezbollah and the Lebanese government, and what is Saudi Arabia’s role? The Lebanese government, under President Joseph O’Neill and Prime Minister Nawab Salam, is facing both external pressure from Israel and internal challenges related to Hezbollah’s influence. The new government is trying to reduce Hezbollah’s influence, culminating in a cabinet without Hezbollah members. Saudi Arabia is supporting the Lebanese government, signaling a new balance of power in Lebanon that is unfavorable to Iran, Hezbollah’s main supporter.
What is the status of US-Russia negotiations on the war in Ukraine, and how are European leaders and Zelensky reacting? The US and Russia are scheduled to hold negotiations in Riyadh regarding the war in Ukraine, without the presence of Kiev or European countries. Zelensky has stated that Ukraine does not recognize these negotiations. European leaders are holding emergency meetings to discuss their response, amidst growing pressure from the US for them to shoulder more of the financial burden of supporting Ukraine. The situation reflects a potential shift in transatlantic relations and concerns about the future of the conflict.
US-Iran Tensions: Nuclear Program, Military Threats, and Negotiations
Tensions between the U.S. and Iran are a prominent topic in the news, particularly regarding Iran’s nuclear program and regional influence. Here’s a breakdown of the situation:
Nuclear Ambitions: The U.S., along with Israel, is concerned about Iran’s pursuit of nuclear weapons. Both countries have stated they will not allow Iran to obtain them. The U.S. has indicated that negotiations with Iran are contingent on Iran completely halting uranium enrichment and dismantling its centrifuges.
Military Threats and Deterrence: The U.S. has sent B-52H bombers to the Middle East as a signal of its commitment to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons and to deter military action. There are discussions about potential military actions against Iran’s nuclear facilities if negotiations fail.
Iranian Response: Iran maintains that its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes. Iranian officials have asserted that threats against Iran are a violation of international law and that Israel “cannot do anything wrong”. Iran’s Leader, Ali Khamenei, has stated that the country’s defense capabilities are robust, though some analysts believe this is primarily for domestic consumption to prevent internal dissent.
Negotiation Prospects: There are talks of potential mediation by Saudi Arabia or Russia between the U.S. and Iran. However, the U.S. conditions for negotiation, which include eliminating all perceived threats from Iran, may be difficult for Iran to accept in a short timeframe. Some analysts believe the window for diplomacy is limited.
Regional Influence: Iran’s regional influence is also a point of contention. Israel believes Iran is trying to compensate for its reduced regional influence by developing nuclear weapons.
Nuclear Negotiations: US and Iranian Perspectives
Here’s what the sources and our conversation history say about nuclear negotiations and related issues:
Conditions for Negotiation: The U.S. has indicated that any negotiations with the Islamic Republic of Iran are conditional on Iran’s willingness to significantly reduce its centrifuges and completely stop enriching uranium. The U.S. preconditions also include eliminating all combined threats from the Islamic Republic, with a focus on the nuclear issue.
U.S. Stance: The U.S., under the Trump administration, is seeking negotiations with Iran but insists that these negotiations will only commence when Iran demonstrates a willingness to curtail its nuclear program. The seriousness of the United States and Israel in preventing the Islamic Republic from obtaining nuclear weapons has become more prominent.
Iranian Perspective: An excerpt indicates that the Islamic Republic might be ready to do anything to have the sanctions lifted. However, it seems unlikely that the Islamic Republic will want to make concessions in the shortest possible time in relation to all those combined threats.
Potential Mediation: There is potential for Saudi Arabia and even Russia to mediate between the U.S. and the Islamic Republic.
Limited Diplomatic Window: The diplomatic window that Trump has opened will be very limited, perhaps only until the summer. It is unlikely that Trump will allow the Islamic Republic to waste time if it does not intend to negotiate and make the concessions sought by the U.S..
Consequences of No Deal: If the Islamic Republic does not come to the negotiating table and offer the concessions sought by the U.S., the U.S. and Israel may enter a military phase or make credible and serious military threats against the Islamic Republic.
Iranian Nuclear Ambitions: Israel believes that Tehran is trying to compensate for its reduced regional influence by producing nuclear weapons. Gideon O’Sarr confirmed that Israel will not allow the Islamic Republic to obtain nuclear weapons.
B-52 Bomber Flights: The United States Air Force sent B-52H bombers to the Middle East, which could be seen as a signal to the Islamic Republic regarding America’s determination to confront a military attack on the nuclear facilities of the Islamic Republic.
Lebanon’s Government: Challenges, Composition, and Hezbollah’s Influence
The Lebanese government faces significant internal and external crises. Here’s a summary of the key points regarding Lebanon’s government:
External Pressures: The Lebanese government is dealing with the issue of Israel’s presence in southern Lebanon and is trying to ensure Israel withdraws on time through political and diplomatic efforts.
Internal Challenges with Hezbollah: The Lebanese government is trying to reduce Hezbollah’s influence. The current Lebanese government, unlike previous ones, does not include any Hezbollah members, which is an unprecedented development.
Government Composition: Joseph Onn was elected as the country’s president, and Nawaf Salam was elected as the prime minister despite Hezbollah’s opposition. The current cabinet does not include any Hezbollah members, preventing them from vetoing important decisions.
U.S. Influence: The U.S. has been দ্রুত in opposing Hezbollah’s presence in the Lebanese government, with the U.S. administration stating that a strong Lebanese government that can depose Hezbollah is its goal.
Recent Clashes: Recent clashes around Beirut’s Rafik Hariri Airport and the ban on flights to Lebanon are signs of Hezbollah’s increasing predicament.
Saudi Arabia’s Support: Saudi Arabia is supporting the Lebanese government in dealing with protesters, which is indicative of a new balance of power in Lebanon that is not favorable for Iran, Hezbollah’s main supporter.
Efforts to Separate Shiite Identity from Hezbollah: The Lebanese government is trying to separate the Shiite community from Hezbollah, as millions of Shiites live in Lebanon, and the government aims to create a new Shiite movement that is not subordinate to a foreign country and wants to integrate with other Lebanese groups.
Hezbollah’s Revival Efforts: Hezbollah is planning a grand event to announce its revival, but the Lebanese government has closed an air route that was allegedly used to transport money and weapons to them.
Dehdasht Protests: Anti-Government Unrest, Arrests, and Media Response
Here’s what the sources say about the Dehdasht protests:
Protests and Slogans: Protests occurred in Dehdasht, with citizens chanting anti-government slogans. These protests followed a pattern seen in many parts of the country.
Timing: The Dehdasht protests began on the evening of the 2nd of Bahman and continued for at least four nights.
Media Coverage and Government Response: Initially, the Islamic Republic’s media denied the occurrence of the Dehdasht protests. Later, the Fars News Agency, affiliated with the Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), reported the arrest of individuals described as leaders and ringleaders of the protests. However, this report did not explicitly acknowledge that protests had taken place, instead claiming that the arrested individuals intended to carry out sabotage.
Contradictory Statements: There have been contradictory statements regarding the Dehdasht protests. While the Fars News Agency reported arrests, the provincial police chief denied that any gathering had occurred.
Arrests and Violence: Reports and images indicate that direct shooting was carried out against protesting citizens. Human rights media have published the names of at least 25 people reportedly arrested in Dehdasht by the IRGC Intelligence Organization and the Ministry of Intelligence. The arrests were accompanied by violence.
Security Atmosphere: A security atmosphere prevails in Dehdasht following the protests.
Past Activism: Dehdasht was also an active city in the Women’s Uprising of Freedom protests, during which at least two people were killed.
Allegations Against News: There are claims that certain media outlets undermine Prince Reza Pahlavi, attacking those around him with unsubstantiated claims.
US-Russia Negotiations on Ukraine: A Summary of Perspectives
Here’s what the sources say about the Ukraine war:
US-Russia Negotiations: The U.S. and Russia are holding negotiations in Riyadh regarding the war in Ukraine. These negotiations are occurring without the presence of Kiev or European countries.
US Representatives: Mark Rubio, along with the National Security Advisor and the US Special Envoy for the Middle East, will meet with Russian representatives.
Zelensky’s Stance: Zelensky has stated that Ukraine does not recognize the US-Russia negotiations.
European Response: An emergency meeting of European leaders began in Paris. They are determining their next steps and how to have a foothold in the negotiations between the U.S. and Russia.
Trump’s Perspective: Donald Trump believes that both sides consider the war to be over and will probably meet with Putin soon.
American Press: Headlines in the American press are full of ambiguities. Bloomberg reports that Zelensky considers talks without Ukraine to be dangerous. The Wall Street Journal notes that Trump is rewriting transatlantic relations.
Kremlin Confirmation: Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov has confirmed that representatives from the Russian Federation will be present at the negotiations.
US Explanation to Zelensky: Trump’s special envoy for Ukraine, Keith Kluge, told Zelensky that past peace efforts failed because too many parties were involved. Kluge has stated that it is in the interest of Ukraine and Europe to sit out the initial talks between the US and Russia to allow the two countries to work out their differences.
Jay Dunes’s Speech: Jay Dunes criticized European Union leaders for not defending democracy and for putting the cost of defending Ukraine on American voters and taxpayers. He specifically criticized Germany, which is heading towards elections during a turbulent political atmosphere.
تیتر اول با نیوشا صارمی: پرواز دو بمبافکن بی۵۲ به سمت خاورمیانه، هشدار برای تهران؟
The Original Text
In the first headline tonight with me Nyusha Sarmi B-52 bombers on their way to the Middle East One day after Ruby and Netanyahu’s threatening speech against the Islamic Republic, Khamenei said we are ready to confront serious threats and that my defense is fine Domestic and foreign crisis in Lebanon Israel’s presence and the country’s government’s pressure on Hezbollah after the formation of a cabinet without the presence of members of this group affiliated with the Islamic Republic and Riyadh hosting US-Russian talks on Ukraine without the presence of Kiev Zelensky says we do not recognize the talks Welcome to the first headline Good morning Welcome to the first headline today, Monday’s flight data shows that two US Air Force B-52H bombers departed from the UK’s Fay Ford Air Base, accompanied by at least 4 tanker aircraft, and crossed the Mediterranean Sea towards the Middle East Yesterday, Mark Rubio and Netanyahu emphasized that they will not allow Tehran to obtain nuclear weapons The US Secretary of State today, in response to a question about a possible Israeli attack on the Islamic Republic’s nuclear facilities and Donald Trump’s position on the matter, said that Israel will act based on its national interests Today The Leader of the Islamic Republic, Ali Khamenei, also said in a speech that our issue is not a hardware or defense threat, and there is no problem in this regard. The spokesman for the Iranian Foreign Ministry also said that Israel cannot do anything wrong. Threatening others is a gross violation of international law and the UN Charter, and that in relation to a country like the Islamic Republic of Iran, his answer is that he cannot do anything wrong. At the same time, the Israeli Foreign Minister said today that Tehran is trying to compensate for its reduced regional influence by producing nuclear weapons. Gideon O’Sarr confirmed that his country will not allow the Islamic Republic to obtain nuclear weapons. We will examine this and other news during the program with a team of experts and journalists, but first of all, we will go directly to the White House in the US capital. My colleague Samira Karai is there to talk to her more. Samira, after Marco Rubio’s visit to Israel, perhaps it can be said that now we can have a more accurate picture of what both sides, specifically Israel and the United States, have in mind to confront the issue of the Islamic Republic, and specifically if we look at Mr. Wallace, Mr. Trump’s National Security Advisor,’s remarks about the preconditions for negotiations. We know that no preconditions have been officially announced, but Mr. Wallace has raised the point that the Islamic Republic must put aside its entire nuclear program. Let’s look at what Mr. Rubio, the US Secretary of State, said. He also believes that the Islamic Republic must put aside all of its nuclear ambitions altogether, and this could be a prelude to starting negotiations with the Islamic Republic. So what we know now is that Mr. Trump has been saying in recent weeks that he is looking for negotiations, but negotiations will only begin when the Islamic Republic is willing to completely reduce its centrifuges, to completely stop enriching uranium, and this is a condition for these negotiations to take place. On the other hand, we heard that Riyadh and Saudi Arabia are willing to mediate between the United States and the Islamic Republic in order for negotiations to take place. This is also an interesting phenomenon. It is a new phenomenon during the Obama era. Although Saudi Arabia officially welcomed The JCPOA, but it was never interfered with. Obama never asked Saudi Arabia or the countries in the region what they thought about the JCPOA. Now we see that Saudi Arabia is willing to play a role in these negotiations and to support this. So the overall picture is that if Saudi Arabia wants to be involved, if the words of the European diplomat that were made a while ago that the Islamic Republic is ready to do anything to have the sanctions lifted, if we look at all of this in a nutshell, it means that the Islamic Republic must agree to shut down its entire nuclear program. What happened in Libya, for example, and negotiations after that, will probably be the same negotiations in the region. On the other hand, the seriousness of the United States and Israel in not letting the Islamic Republic get its own nuclear weapons has become more prominent than ever. They will not allow the Islamic Republic to do so under any circumstances. The flight of these B- 52Hs could also be noteworthy in these days when we are hearing so much about the Islamic Republic and the nuclear debate. The British take off with the B-52. H-4 is also accompanying them. They are entering the Middle East from Italy. This is also a point of interest. These developments in Nyusha are continuing. We need to see whether they will talk more about the Islamic Republic’s nuclear issue during their trip to Riyadh. Thank you. My colleague Samira Qarai was with us from in front of the White House. But we will continue with Hossein Aghaei, a researcher in international relations and strategic affairs. Mr. Mr. It seems that the countdown has begun for one of the two options that have been discussed in the past few days, negotiations or an attack on the Islamic Republic’s nuclear facilities. If there is an appointment for negotiations, it should be clear in the next week or two. It may be so. However, the diplomatic window that Trump has opened will be very, very limited. I think that the maximum will be this summer at best, and it may not even reach that time. In any case, it is the Islamic Republic that will decide, although there is some talk about mediation from Saudi Arabia or even Russia right now. It seems unlikely that Putin and Trump will hold talks themselves. If the conditions set by the US are somehow in line with the White House’s instructions, which is to eliminate all the combined threats of the Islamic Republic, focusing on the nuclear issue, if that continues, any mediation is also assumed. It seems unlikely that the Islamic Republic will want to make concessions in the shortest possible time in relation to all those combined threats. That is why this makes it more likely that the Trump administration will try, now that Israel has somehow taken away that diplomatic and military support from Washington, they will most likely try to increase military pressure, set deadlines. I think we will see more threats in the rhetoric of American officials, and we will move towards a direction where if the Islamic Republic does not intend to come to the negotiating table anyway, it does not seem likely that Trump will give the Islamic Republic time to negotiate, that he will waste time. If the Islamic Republic does not come to the negotiating table and those concessions sought by the US are not given. It is unlikely that the US and Israel will enter a military phase or before that, they will make credible and serious military threats against the Islamic Republic. Mr. Aghaei, Ali Khamenei spoke again today, but he did not mention negotiations. Instead, he said that our defense is fine, which of course we know could be a response to Donald Trump, who said that it would not be difficult to damage them in terms of defense. How much do you think that with the situation becoming more complicated and the seriousness of Israel and the United States, the Islamic Republic will ultimately reach the deal you are talking about? Come and see me and let me point out that a realistic view shows us that the statements of the Leader of the Islamic Republic regarding the level of military and defense capabilities of the Islamic Republic against serious threats, which I mean by serious threats is probably the same as the possible attack of the United States and Israel, and that the Islamic Republic has absolutely no problems in terms of defense capabilities, according to the Leader of the Islamic Republic. These are primarily misleading, incorrect, contrary to the facts on the ground, and in a way, it has more domestic consumption, and in a way, the Islamic Republic, I think, is more afraid of the factor of decline, meaning that the main source of concern for the Islamic Republic is internal rather than external. They are trying to prevent that collapse factor in some way, and since Trump’s maximum pressure will continue, I think this will cause those trust-denial faults in the main institutions of power among the people in that core, in those layers close to the core, to become more active. In any case, I think that the Islamic Republic, even if it makes a deal, in a short-term game, assuming that it gives big concessions, will be weaker. It will actually lose. And if it makes a deal, well, if it doesn’t make a deal, it will want to enter a confrontation phase, which it will actually lose. And this American action to send and dispatch these B-52 Stratofortress bombers from Britain along with KC- 135 tankers, all of these are signals to the Islamic Republic. Yes, now American and Russian officials are in Saudi Arabia. They want to strengthen deterrence. Trump and Putin may meet in Saudi Arabia in the coming days. They will send these as a deterrent, but at the same time, there is a signal from Washington to the Islamic Republic that America’s determination and will to confront The military attack on the nuclear facilities of the Islamic Republic and other targets they are considering is very, very serious. I am very grateful to you, Hossein, a researcher in international relations and strategic affairs, for being with us in Iran. Contradictory statements about the Dehdasht protest rallies continue, while the Kohgilu police commander has completely denied the occurrence of the rally in Dehdasht. The Fars news agency reported the arrest of the leader of the Dehdasht rally, Kandeh, along with several others, by the IRGC Intelligence Organization. Fars claimed that these people intended to carry out what he said were sabotage operations and were handed over to the judicial authorities. Last week, a group of Dehdasht citizens held a protest rally for several consecutive nights and chanted anti-government slogans. At the same time, reports were published about the security situation and the arrest of a number of citizens in this city. In this regard, Masoud Kazemi, a journalist from Munich, joins us. Mr. Kazemi, what do we know about what happened in Dehdasht and why are the comments so strangely contradictory? How can the leader of the rally be arrested? A news agency affiliated with the IRGC say this after that. The judiciary says that there was no gathering at all. Well, the beginning of the Dehdasht protests was symbolic. That is, on the evening of the 2nd of Bahman, which the next day was the 22nd of Bahman, like in many parts of the country, slogans were chanted that night. But the Dehdasht protests continued after that. According to the information we have, at least until the 4th night after that, a large number of citizens took to the streets and chanted anti-government slogans. But from the beginning, the Islamic Republic’s media approach to the incident was denial. That is, you couldn’t find even a short news story about the Dehdasht protests in the domestic media until yesterday, when the Fars News Agency, affiliated with the Revolutionary Guard Corps, announced, as you said, that a number of those who they said were the leaders and ringleaders of the protests were arrested. At the same time, the provincial police chief denied it outright. Of course, the Fars News Agency news report didn’t say that protests had taken place. It said that some leaders were arrested who wanted to carry out sabotage. But the information we have, the images we have, the video that I think IRA International released yesterday, showed that in a Direct shooting was being carried out against protesting citizens, until now, human rights media and those who work for human rights have published the names of at least 25 people who were arrested in this city by the IRGC Intelligence Organization and the Ministry of Intelligence on the 8th. We know that Dehdasht was also an active city in the protests of the Women’s Uprising of Freedom, and at least two people were killed. Pedram Azarnoosh and Behnam Mehdad were killed in the protests and now the arrests. The news indicates that it was accompanied by violence. There is still a security atmosphere. For example, Motahereh Tahereh Motahernia. I apologize that she was arrested. She was also arrested in the 1401 protests. There is a security atmosphere, but the government’s approach is to deny the incident. Apparently, at least up to now. Journalist Masoud Kazemi. Thank you to Munich. Mr. Kazemi. But another issue is the reactions to Prince Reza Pahlavi’s positions at the convergence meeting. Prince Reza Pahlavi’s comments criticizing the slogan “King Reza Pahlavi” not to insult the opposition and not to raise the issue of monarchy or republic at the current stage. There were opponents and supporters of Prince Reza Pahlavi’s meeting last night. With some of the victims and detainees of the nationwide protests of 1401, including Armita Abbasi, we are also discussing this issue here with Hamed Shivan Irad, the first secretary of the Iran Novin Party from Geneva, and Arash Azizi, a writer and historian who joined us from New York. Welcome, Mr. Azizi. It can be seen right now that more moderate groups are welcoming the talks of Prince Reza Pahlavi. I can point to the reformists with a name and tradition in Iran, who I paid for, who welcomed these talks. How much do you think will put more groups on the path with the prince? His talks yesterday at the Munich meeting? Yes, exactly. You mentioned an important point. I saw the same exact lobby groups that we mentioned. I saw at least one or two people. Look, Mr. Pahlavi’s story is clear. Every time he speaks against the extremists around him, every time he criticizes King Reza Pahlavi’s slogan, for example. He criticized the Resurrection Party of his father’s time and said, ” Don’t go around me, I’ll have to name them.” He meant exactly which shops. Every time he moves like this, more people come around him and more people are attracted. However, the problem and contradiction here is that we don’t see this diversity among his main close associates. His main close associates are people like Mr. Etemadi and Mr. Ghasemi Nejad. It is important to name them because you see, these represent a specific political spectrum, and Mr. Pahlavi’s close associates and team do not have that diversity at all. People like Mr. Shabay Rad, whose speech we are hearing now, do not follow Mr. Pahlavi’s position in any way. Mr. Pahlavi says this, but we do not see that approach of attraction in the approach of his colleagues and his close associates. Therefore, this is a film that, unfortunately, has been released. I have one last point to make, Mr. Pallow, there is another important contradiction. He is in They said, “We shouldn’t create a leader now, but we shouldn’t say King,” and all that. But in this very meeting of the parties, whose list I’ve been trying to get for several hours, I won’t declare him as their leader. He said, ” I am the leader of the transition period,” while no one has recognized him in any way, nor have any parties outside the spectrum of parties. As far as I understand, participating in them is all from a very small spectrum. It even seemed that the Constitutional Party of Iran Liberal Democratic Party did not agree with that clause. Of course, I couldn’t understand this clearly. So there is also the issue that Mr. Pahlavi, I just want to say that Mr. Pahlavi, I welcome this action. I think it was good to move in this direction. However, if they want to do this job completely, they should stop claiming a single leadership, try to be an important national figure, a figure who can be a very acceptable figure, and try to create unity among the opponents of the Islamic Republic and get closer to the opponents of the Islamic Republic and not Presenting that anti-union, extremist, and undemocratic path that he criticized, but most of his close associates still follow, Mr. Shibai Rad, I saw in the words of many that the group that was present at the meeting was clearly a group that had previously supported Prince Reza Pahlavi. There were no other groups in that meeting that now approved under the leadership of Prince Reza Pahlavi. How do you see this in addition to Mr. Azizi’s words? Yes, thank you very much. Mr. Azizi’s words were along with following a line that, unfortunately, I must say that in cyberspace, especially in cyberspace, it is a line that is followed by the unknown forces of the Ministry of Intelligence. Now I will explain what it is for. Look, when those who want to undermine and weaken Prince Reza Pahlavi and know that because of his high popularity and the position he holds, they cannot directly attack and attack him, they try to attack those around him with words that have no evidence and are not true, and that The famous saying that he himself is good and his entourage says, one is that the leader of the Shah is Reza Pahlavi and no one else has claimed to be the leader of the revolution. This is number one and number two, instead of talking about how those around him do not agree with the prince’s statements, they should provide examples of where and when this conversation took place. For example, let me mention myself. I am not talking about others. Right now, you can see in cyberspace that a lot of hate has started against me, starting yesterday. While if you are some of those who apparently support Shah Reza Pahlavi, if what you said was true, then I would support them. Yes, yes, I will support them. This means that what you are saying has no evidence whatsoever. We are talking about Shah Reza Pahlavi, not about the mortar. We are talking about other people, other dear friends who are working hard in Iran and are not talking about them. But another important point that you said is that the other opposition forces, I would still like you to support them. It is very important to name who they are. For example, people like you who choose Mousavi as their leader. It means that it should be clear that those political forces that you are talking about are not other groups. I want to return to your question, dear Niyoshi. What groups did you see in this meeting? It was completely diverse. There were groups that might not agree with the leadership of the prince in such a context. There were groups that might strongly agree. There were groups that even said, let’s go ahead and use another title. Incidentally, that diversity itself showed that group. But if what someone meant is groups that have been defending the Islamic Republic until now, or like Mr. Azizi himself, someone like Mousavi who calls Khomeini the criminal, that awake soul, and whose wish is to return to the golden age of the Imam, they are not talking about fever. Because 57 and all those who continue to defend the 57 discourse, in this, if even we accept it, we as political forces are other people. They do not accept the slogan of reformist and fundamentalist. The whole thing has been in the dialogue since 2017. What can I say? It has entered the hearts of the Iranian people. Anyway, I will summarize so that we can get to other discussions. I think that we should talk with examples, name the groups we are talking about. If we want to talk in general, maybe the mind is divided. Yes, they are right that there were no other groups, but which groups were there? Which spectrum is better to talk about? Dear Mr. More importantly, what is it, dear Mr. Just today, Prince Reza Pahlavi tweeted again and said that they welcome other groups to be present in this space? You mentioned those around him. For example, the same Mr. Etemadi that you mentioned was with him. He was probably the one who consulted him about who he wanted to meet. In any case, he is not his political advisor. But another issue that arises is that those who do not accept the leadership of Prince Reza Pahlavi should choose their own leadership or have their own council. Or why is that coalition without Prince Reza? Pahlavi did not last. How do you see this? I think this criticism is 100% wrong. I invite all those who consider themselves republicans, such as Mr. Hamed Esmailiou, friends of various leftist and republican parties, Mr. Mehdi Fatpour, I can name them. Come together, get organized. The time for you to criticize Mr. Pahlavi but not organize yourself, not organize yourself, in fact, not be able to present an alternative leadership is over. And I completely agree with those who say, “We don’t want a leader because we are not a party.” And they don’t understand politics. Apparently, politics without organization, which organization must have a name, now you can call it a leader, you can call it a spokesperson, you can call it a leadership council, but you have to have something. Where in the world is there a party or movement that says, “We don’t want a leader,” and I don’t know. My leader, in your leadership, this is a very bad thing that should be put aside, but Mr. Sheba, let’s bring evidence and examples to this statement. It’s very good. I’m going to name one by one. First, they talk about Mr. Mirsin Mousavi like this. He is a person who has been under siege and demanding the resignation of the Islamic Republic. You must know that Mr. Mousavi has been calling for the convening of a constituent assembly for two or three years. Well, Mr. Pahlavi should say one thing and two things. Wake up, Khomeini. Let me finish my speech. Mr. Pahlavi should come and say this. Sir, I don’t get along with anyone who supports Mr. Mousavi. But not only did he not say this, Mr. Pahlavi praised Ayatollah Montazeri in his recent speech at the American Jewish Anti-Defamation League. Now let me ask you, Mr. Shahbani Rad, do you also praise Ayatollah Montazeri ? Mr. Pahlavi praised Nasroon Sotoudeh. Mr. Sheibani Rad, do you praise Nasrin Sotoudeh? No, Mr. Pahlavi completely accepted and criticized the tortures of SAVAK during his father’s time and condemned the Rastakhiz Party. Mr. Sheibani Rad, do you approve of the tortures of SAVAK and express your disgust for them and condemn the Rastakhiz Party ? Mr. Pahlavi of the Green Movement spoke with a completely positive approach, both at that time and in the years that followed. Mr. Shabd, do you do this or not? I can say by tomorrow morning that Mr. Pahlavi himself always speaks as a liberal democrat, but those around him, like Mr. Shebin Rad, like Mr. Kiani, like others, are actually in the right position. I will also say one more thing. Just two days ago, I had a debate and actually a conversation with Mr. Kiani in Washington. Mr. Kiani said that while they are from his party, they are from the New Iran Party. He said that he considers the main achievement of the past two or three years to be polarization, and that polarization is between those who are called Iranists, which means They themselves, those around them, and the rest of us, for example, we who are Marxists, specifically the name of H. Of course, Mr. Ezz has another conversation, another story with someone else. I don’t want the discussions to interfere with us trying to answer someone else in this conversation. I am allowed to speak. Kiani, the editor-in-chief of Fereydoun magazine. Mr. Kiani, the editor-in-chief of Nash, is just a face like this. Just say, “Oh, let’s hear Mr. Sham’s words. Let’s listen to Mr. Sham’s speech. Is he against it? Is he against it? Or is he in agreement? Mr. Shabi’s answer. In addition to Mr. Ezair’s answer, we want to address the same differences between the royalists and the pro-prince faction. You yourself mentioned that you have been attacked, and even the prince himself is being criticized. Tell us about that too. Yes, look. I am very happy, very happy, especially for the people who see the scenes where no one can object to Prince Reza Pahlavi himself, the one who is elected as the leader. And I think that the three or four minutes that Mr. People like me, like Alireza Kiani and these people, and we, that we did not claim leadership, yes, no, let me talk, let me talk, we also did not claim leadership, that is, this is very important, and the more important point is that the question is about the future, that is, they ask whether you are or not, they do not say, “You said this somewhere.” This is an important point, so you have no examples so far. You are asking whether you are or not. In any case, I will say, let me talk. If the topic of the program is a carrier of evil, I will answer each and every one of these questions. You think that the program will not answer it, but I will give an example that I want to tell you and all the friends who call the pro-Iranian community the pro-Iranian community, the pro-Iranian movement, that we do not necessarily agree with Shah Zapala in these cases, and this shows the beauty of this movement. Incidentally, we know Prince Dad Pahlavi as the leader of this movement because we know that he is the one who can be that umbrella that covers many groups. When we are a political party, that is, We have a specific political ideology and we are not a partisan like them and their position. When a political party is supposed to be a partisan political party, it is not called a political party. It is a political party with a right-wing liberal ideology that has its name written in its motto. As the first secretary of the party, I can tell you about the New Iran Party why we believe so. But the Mecca is here. The leader of this movement is someone like Princess Reza Pahlavi. He is someone who has a partisan vision and a vision that can challenge other groups. I will just say one final point. Dear Princess Reza Pahlavi, the Renewal Party has also said many times that it fully supports in this regard that anyone, anyone I am talking about, should cross the Islamic Republic and see the entirety of this system as negative and see Bahman 57 as the real thing for Iran. Whoever wants to be, the doors must definitely be open to the nation and the nation must also fight the Islamic Republic. He should also try for the future of Iran, but the name you mentioned, for example Mir Hossein Mesin, I didn’t see him saying, ” Get rid of the Islamic Republic.” Yes, he has passed Seyyed Ali Khamenei, but his life is still alive. Khomeini is an executioner who we all know what he did. There are no exceptions. Yes, anyone who wants to get rid of the Islamic Republic should do so. In the remaining time, there are 10 minutes left. We will consider one minute for each of us to have a summary. Mr. Azizi agrees with some of the words of Shah Reza Pahlavi. He also knows that his role is to get rid of the Islamic Republic and then the situation at the ballot box is clear. Until then, see what your basic problem is. The thing is that you, the set of politicians’ behavior, are always calculating, not just talking. Our problem with Mr. Pahlavi is that I don’t know why he is my leader. Let him not talk. I do not accept Mr. Reza Pahlavi as a leader of the transition period in any way. As an Iranian citizen, I accept him as a political figure. For what reason? I don’t accept it because you see Mr. Shabani Rad saying, “Well, Mr. Pahlavi is a general, but we are a criminal, but we are not.” That’s right, but Mr. Pahlavi is managing this. From among those close to him, he asks for a consultant. There should be at least two people from another faction, but everyone agrees with Mr. Shabani Rad. Then this film has already been broadcast. And Mr. Pahlavi, I will simply tell you this. As an Iranian, you can see that Republican faction, Mr. Pahlavi, all the claims of those from Vahdat and Ittehad are nullified because Mr. Qasem Nejad, who sits next to him, Mr. Etemadi, who sits next to him. Right now, I don’t want to repeat myself, but he is the one who used the word “terrorist” for Iranian journalists abroad. You know, this is political behavior. Mr. Pahlavi cannot play this game, that he himself speaks like the Liberal Democrats, and then he speaks like this, for example, even the supporters of dear Mir Hossein like this. They should clarify their own duties. Mr. Pahlavi says, “What a right-wing sect. My opportunity is very limited. Mr. Sheibani. Why are there no people from other parties with other tendencies in Mr. Pei’s circle of close friends? Those who are close to Prince Pahlavi and are part of his team are not present in any party. They do not do any political activity. Precisely for this reason, Prince Reza Pahlavi and his close friends and the team that works with him are causing a cross-party movement. Mr. Azizi says that other groups, for example, are always interested in saying that they want to be monarchists. Of course, they use the term monarchist, which unfortunately has an offensive connotation in the Iranian political atmosphere. I think that their intention was to insult, but they do not pay attention to the fact that at this very meeting yesterday, a group of Republicans supporting Prince Pahlavi were present. At this very meeting yesterday, there were groups that did not agree that we should include the title of leader, so that those who might not even accept Prince Pahlavi as a leader would not be closed. While I personally strongly oppose this because if I talk about this and finish my speech, when I am not finished, you will see that there is a ship sailing in a stormy sea and we are fighting the monstrous republic of the Islamic Republic that has no mercy. We believe that the helm of this ship should be in the hands of someone and that person is none other than Shah Reza Pahlavi and this is us who I am talking about, including a large majority, perhaps an absolute majority, of Iranian society. You say that no, we are not our leader. Very well, you cannot ask us to let go of the helm, God willing, so that this ship will sail in the storm because you do not accept it or you are the leader and you declare to each other. If we see that in any case, these leaders can form an alliance with each other, have a conversation, talk and guide this ship together, or you sit on the sidelines and try to kick, throw stones, we can bring this ship to shore. We will defeat the Islamic Republic and we will develop and liberate Iran. Thank you both for the detailed discussion. I hope it can be continued at another time. Hamed Sheibani Rad, First Secretary of the Iran Novin Party from Geneva, and Arash Azizi, writer and historian from New York. Thank you both, gentlemen. But in other news, for decades, numerous internal and external crises have become an inseparable part of Lebanon, and of course, the new government of this country, headed by President Joseph O’Neill and Prime Minister Nawab Salam, is no exception to this rule. However, it can be said that the Lebanese government is facing two major external and internal crises. The Israeli issue, which is due to withdraw from southern Lebanon tomorrow, coincident with the end of the 60-day ceasefire with Hezbollah. Earlier, reports had been published that Israel does not intend to evacuate the strategic point in southern Lebanon. Today, the country’s army bombed some Hezbollah positions in eastern Lebanon, just one day after the warning of the Secretary General of Hezbollah. The only responsibility of the Lebanese government at this time is to make its maximum efforts, whether through political pressure and diplomatic communications or other means, to ensure that Israel withdraws on time and then move on. Internally, this crisis also comes back to Hezbollah. The current Lebanese government is trying to reduce Hezbollah’s influence to the lowest possible level. This bold approach began at the same time as Israel shattered Hezbollah’s military capabilities, and perhaps it can be said that it began on the first day of the ceasefire. The first major development in this regard in the Lebanese political arena was the attempt to elect a new president. Joseph Onn was elected as the country’s president after two votes by the Lebanese parliament. The second development was the election of Nawaf Salam as the 53rd prime minister despite Hezbollah’s opposition. But the climax of the story was the formation of the Lebanese cabinet, which this time, unlike previous periods, does not include any Hezbollah members. This unprecedented development was never imagined before. To better understand the story, it is enough to know that Hezbollah and its allies formed a total of 13 ministers in the previous Lebanese cabinet, while in the current government, only the post of minister has been transferred to the Hezbollah United Action Movement. Some decisions of the Lebanese government must be approved by two-thirds of the cabinet members, but the composition of the current cabinet Lebanon is in a situation where Hezbollah will not have the ability to veto important and fundamental decisions, unlike before. Another development has taken place during the 60-day ceasefire period. The formation of the second Trump administration was much faster in opposing Hezbollah, to the point that Morgan Ortagus bluntly declared that Hezbollah’s presence in the government is a US red line. However, it seems that from the current US administration’s perspective, even this reduction in Hezbollah’s weight in Lebanese domestic politics is not enough. Regarding Lebanon, our goal is a strong Lebanese government that can depose Hezbollah. On such a basis, one can understand the root of the recent clashes in Lebanon around Beirut’s Rafik Hariri Airport. The ban on two monthly flights to Lebanon and Hezbollah’s protest against this decision are signs of the group’s increasing predicament. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia’s support for the Lebanese government in dealing with the protesters is another sign of the new balance of power in Lebanon, which will not be good news for the Islamic Republic, the party’s main supporter. Mohammad Javad Akbar, a journalist from Paris, will join us to talk more about this matter. Mr. Akbarin In the midst of these internal and external crises, what kind of Lebanese should we expect after this? Can Hezbollah be left out of the Lebanese political arena for a long time? Good luck. Look, everything depended on the Islamic Republic. These planes that were banned from landing at Beirut International Airport were planes that, according to an announcement that the Secretary General of Hezbollah actually confirmed, the government had been informed that a large amount of money was accompanying these flights. Until now, they have been saying why extend the ban on these flights because of the risk that if money or weapons reach this flow, it will be possible to rebuild it. In the past, the Islamic Republic had access to this flow through land and sea routes in order to deliver weapons and money to them. Now, the land route has been closed. Due to the situation in Syria, the Islamic Republic no longer has the possibility of presence, penetration, or passage through Syria. There were also routes left by sea and by air that are now under strict protection and surveillance when flights are banned or if flights are resumed. This route will also be closed. Therefore, an important event will happen in the next few days. On February 23rd, next Sunday, Hezbollah is going to hold a grand funeral for Nasrallah and Safiadin. They said that even 400 media outlets from around the world are going to be there, and they are going to be hosting guests since two days ago. Well, Hezbollah intends to announce its revival in this program, to announce its resumption. The Islamic Republic’s effort, that is, its role, was to have Israel leave these sensitive points in southern Lebanon tomorrow, which it says are Hezbollah’s points of influence, and then this money was going to be delivered to them so that this grand ceremony could be held immediately after which Hezbollah’s next operations and Hezbollah’s next work could begin. What has happened now is that the Lebanese government closed an air route. Israel said that until my assignment with these five strategic points in the south is determined, I will not leave here. And we still do not have accurate information about whether an agreement and contentment have been reached or not. And third, Hezbollah will not be able to rebuild itself until these obstacles are removed, even though it still insists that The show on February 23rd can be held next Sunday with maximum splendor to see how the next paths will open up. But can you imagine Hezbollah trying to break away from this and continue on its own path without the support of the Islamic Republic? Look, the Lebanese government has done something that practically will not eliminate the Shiite movement. The Shiite movement in Lebanon cannot be eliminated. Millions of Shiites live in Lebanon. Even now, as your detailed report said, Hezbollah does not have a minister in the cabinet, but we have a Shiite in the cabinet who is not a member of the Hezbollah movement. What the new Lebanese government has done is to try to separate the Shiite account from Hezbollah. The quota of the Amal movement is another Lebanese Shiite party, even though it was allied with Hezbollah. Tell them to separate their account so that you can remain, but leave the rest of the Shiites alone. I think we are witnessing the birth of a new Shiite movement in Lebanon, which is neither Hezbollah nor Amal, a Shiite movement that has learned from and no longer wants to be subordinate to a foreign country. At the same time, it wants to blend in with other Lebanese sects so that it can participate in the new era of Lebanon, which is supposed to be an era of development and freedom, and not be excluded. Javad Akbar, this journalist from Paris, came. Thank you. But let’s talk about the US- Russia negotiations on the war in Ukraine, which will be held in Riyadh tomorrow without the presence of Kiev or European countries. US Secretary of State Mark Rubio, along with the National Security Advisor and the US Special Envoy for the Middle East, will meet with Russian representatives. Donald Trump said that both sides consider the war to be over and will probably meet with Putin soon. Today, Zelensky, who traveled to the United Arab Emirates, said that we do not recognize the US-Russia negotiations. At the same time, an emergency meeting of European leaders began in Paris an hour ago. Arash Ali, my colleague from the US Congress, will join us in Washington. Arash, how can you describe the atmosphere? How soon can you say that the end of the Russia-Ukraine war will come? Matt Mossour was a videographer. I had already said on the program that the Trump train is moving very fast, and now the storm that Mr. Jay Dunes unleashed after the Munich Security Conference. The speeches that the Vice President of the United States made in front of the heads of the European Union and many of these people who work in the parliament in Brussels, he addressed them one by one, asked their countries, asked why their countries cannot defend democracy, why each of these countries, Germany, France, named these countries one by one, and why they are now putting more pressure on American voters and taxpayers because they are putting the cost on the shoulders of the United States, and he criticized Germany in particular, and now Germany is heading towards elections during the election period and the political atmosphere is turbulent, while now Mr. Rubio has arrived in Saudi Arabia with Michael Wallace, the national security adviser, and Mr. Steve Whitaker, who is Trump’s representative for Middle East affairs, and now you can see live images of the Elysee Palace, where the leaders of the European Union are meeting behind closed doors and are deciding what their next step should be. The point is, what options does the European Union really have, how does the pyramids want to put pressure now? On America or Russia, in order to have a foothold in the negotiations that are going to take place tomorrow. And if you read the American press, the headlines of most of the press are full of various ambiguities. For example, I’m reading it now from memory. Bloomberg says that Vladimir Zelensky has said that talks without Ukraine are dangerous. Talks between the United States and Russia are very dangerous for Europe. Or the Wall Street Journal says that Mr. Trump is rewriting transatlantic relations, that is, relations between the two sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The main issue is that now Mr. Trump’s advisers and ministers are going to meet with the Russians. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov has also confirmed that representatives from the Russian Federation are going to be present. This will be the first stage, so that the two sides can sit down and work out their differences. Mr. Keith Kluge, who is Trump’s special envoy for Ukraine, told Zelensky that the last time that efforts for peace did not work out, Mr. Keith Kluge told Zelensky that the reason was that there were too many parties involved. There were so many parties at the table. The issue has become confused, and now Mr. Keith Klatt has said that it is in Ukraine’s interest, in your interest, and in Europe’s interest, to sit this part out for now, let the US and Russia have the initial talks, and then get into the details and maybe be able to have an impact on the negotiations between the US and Russia. My colleague, thank you from the US Congress, Arash. Today we reach the end of the first headline, Monday, February 29, at this moment, until tomorrow at the same level, right here.
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Tensions in the Middle East have escalated dramatically as Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif sharply condemned recent Israeli airstrikes on Iran, denouncing them as reckless aggression. In a world teetering on the brink of expanded conflict, his call for immediate international intervention demands thoughtful attention. As global diplomatic channels strain under mounting pressure, Sharif’s statement underlines the urgent need for collective action.
This situation underscores the fragility of regional stability and the broader implications for global security. With intellectuals and policymakers closely watching, understanding Pakistan’s firm stance against Israeli military actions sheds light on the interplay between national sovereignty and global responsibility. Sharif’s words resonate in a world where every strike and counterstrike reshapes geopolitical dynamics.
Against this backdrop, the international community faces a pivotal moment: either respond cohesively to halt escalation or retreat into fragmented posturing. Sharif’s bold appeal emphasizes the stakes—not just for Iran, but for an interconnected world where the consequences of silence may be dire.
1-Pakistan’s Moral Stand Pakistan’s Prime Minister positioned his country as a moral voice, asserting that Israeli strikes on Iran violate international norms and sovereignty. Drawing on legal precedents, Sharif invoked the UN Charter’s prohibition on unilateral military aggression, warning that unchecked hostilities risk destabilizing entire regions. Such declarations reinforce Pakistan’s image as a principled actor on the world stage, emphasizing values over mere geopolitical alignment.
Sharif’s condemnation aligns with voices from across the Global South, reflecting broader concerns about the precedent such actions set. Scholars like Noam Chomsky remind us that “violent escalations rarely resolve deep-seated conflicts,” urging a shift toward diplomacy . By framing Pakistan’s position in these terms, the statement appeals to international law and moral leadership, urging influential states to halt further escalation.
2-Danger of Regional Escalation The Israeli strikes risk triggering a wider regional conflagration. Iran’s powerful missile and drone capabilities, as highlighted by experts like CENTCOM’s Gen. Kurilla, could draw in U.S. bases and invite broader retaliation axios.com. Sharif’s warning underscores that no nation operates in a vacuum and that any miscalculated move could spark multi-front warfare.
Historically, regional flare-ups—such as the Iran–Iraq War—escalated quickly when indirect confrontations spiraled. As Iran has vowed decisive retaliation, Pakistan’s plea for international mediation gains weight. It’s not merely rhetoric; it is a cautionary message based on regional memory and strategic foresight.
3-Global Responsibility Sharif’s appeal doesn’t just call upon neighbouring states; he specifically challenges the major powers to assume leadership. Whether in the Security Council or in bilateral diplomacy, he urges decisive action to contain the conflict. This reflects a broader narrative: global leadership must not shy away when flashpoints ignite.
Scholars such as Samuel P. Huntington have underscored that global rivalry often plays out violently when leadership retreats into isolation . Sharif’s insistence both invites and demands responsibility—a reminder that great power influence must also bring stewardship.
4-Reaffirming Sovereignty At the core of Sharif’s condemnation lies a powerful assertion: every country—regardless of its global status—deserves respect for its territorial integrity. By denouncing foreign strikes on Iran, Pakistan defends sovereignty not just as legal doctrine but as the backbone of international trust and cooperation.
This position echoes longstanding principles in international relations. The Atlantic Charter of 1941, for instance, affirmed that no nation should impose territorial changes without consent. Sharif’s rhetoric reaffirms this principle in a contemporary context, signaling that violation of sovereignty risks unraveling the intricate web of global order.
5-Diplomatic Channels Over Combat Sharif emphasized that diplomacy, dialogue, and mediation must take precedence over military force. Drawing parallels to past negotiations—such as the Iran nuclear deal—he argued that engagement yields more durable results than bombs do.
Renowned author David Fromkin, in his book A Peace to End All Peace, illustrates how diplomatic negligence can unleash unintended, long-term conflict en.wikipedia.org+1ft.com+1. Such historical lessons bolster Sharif’s case for channeling energy into negotiations rather than confrontation.
6-Islamic Solidarity in Crisis As a leader of a Muslim-majority nation, Sharif’s statement taps into the ethos of Islamic solidarity. By condemning attacks on Iran, he resonates with public sentiment across the Muslim world, which often rallies in defense of any perceived aggression against fellow Muslim-majority states.
This sentiment is rooted in the principle of Ummah—unity among global Muslim communities. The Islamic Summit in Cairo (2013) asserted that “our forces can deter any aggressor,” reflecting a shared historical narrative jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Sharif’s words channel that collective conscience.
7-Economic Risks and Global Energy Beyond immediate conflict, Sharif pointed to economic aftermath—“If airspace shuts, oil prices spike, vulnerable populations suffer.” Energy costs, market instability, and the ripple effects can aggravate global inflation.
Books like Battleground by Christopher Phillips examine how economic vulnerabilities in regional conflicts have cascading effects on global markets amazon.com+3ft.com+3thetimes.co.uk+3. Sharif’s platform reminds us that military actions often have economic victims beyond the battlefield.
8-Setting a Diplomatic Precedent By urging collective action, Sharif aims to establish norms that unilateral military strikes must face unified international response. If left unchecked, such precedent emboldens future interventions that undermine global order.
This argument draws on the “Responsibility to Protect” doctrine—a stance that state sovereignty is a shield, not a justification for war. Scholars argue that consistent norms are essential to discourage the misuse of force.
9-Amplifying Civil Society Voices Sharif’s statement aligns with widespread public outcry across Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and beyond. Civil societies demand accountability, and political leaders amplify these voices on global stages like the UN.
10-Preventing Humanitarian Disaster Sharif pointed to the looming humanitarian toll: innocent families, disrupted education, limited healthcare, and refugee pressures. He implored the world to prevent the humanitarian catastrophe before it begins.
Psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk emphasizes that violence embeds trauma in children and communities bu.edu. Anticipating such long-term suffering adds emotional and ethical weight to Pakistan’s plea.
11-Engaging the UN Security Council Shehbaz Sharif requested immediate UN Security Council meetings to address the crisis, emphasizing that credible multilateral action—not isolated condemnation—must define the response.
The Security Council’s delayed or inconsistent interventions in past crises (e.g., Yugoslavia) demonstrate that timely engagement marks the difference between effective deterrence and preventable disaster.
12-Advocating for Neutral Mediation Sharif proposed appointing impartial mediators—from neutral nations or international figures—to forge ceasefire frameworks and restart diplomatic talks, bypassing direct regional rivalries.
Books like Peace Is Possible, which document grassroots peaceback-stage mediation, highlight how neutral envoys can bridge hostile foundational gaps apnews.comen.wikipedia.org.
13-Upholding International Law Sharif demanded that violations of the Geneva and UN Charter norms be met with legal accountability. He supported calls for investigations by the International Court of Justice or UN war crimes commissions.
Jurists argue that enforcement of international law acts as a deterrent, preserving moral order globally; impunity leads to precedent and escalation.
14-Preserving Diplomatic Channels By condemning military action, Sharif argued that ongoing nuclear talks and regional confidence-building measures must be preserved—not derailed by violence.
Historical studies underscore that even low-level diplomacy fosters trust, preventing diplomatic collapse—even imperfect dialogue is better than none.
15-Protecting Religious Holy Sites Shehbaz Sharif underscored that a broader Israeli–Iran conflict puts Islamic holy sites—such as those in Qom, Mashhad, and surrounding areas—under threat, destabilizing sacred heritage.
Cultural heritage studies show that trauma from destroyed religious sites can transcend generations, undermining social cohesion.
16-Balancing Regional Power Sharif warned that unchecked attacks distort the regional power balance, prompting Iran to pursue asymmetric weapons strategies and aligning more closely with Russia and China.
Vali Nasr’s analysis in Iran’s Grand Strategy illustrates Tehran’s pragmatic, resilience-driven posture when threatened ft.com. Sharif’s stance seeks to maintain a deterrent balance.
17-Precluding Proxy Warfare Such airstrikes risk triggering third-party involvement: Hezbollah, Pakistan’s militants, or regional militias could be dragged into the conflict, heightening violence beyond state control.
Revelations in Bergman’s Rise and Kill First highlight how shadow wars emerge from regional escalation theguardian.com.
18-Strengthening Pakistan’s Diplomatic Influence By taking initiative, Sharif positions Pakistan not as a passive observer but as an active mediator. This builds Islamabad’s reputation on the world stage and among non-aligned nations.
Strategists agree that middle powers enhance their global credentials through principled diplomacy during crises—a role Pakistan seeks.
19-Engaging Global Civil Society Sharif’s appeal wasn’t constrained to governments; he reached intellectuals, NGOs, and religious groups worldwide—urging collective moral and policy pressure against further aggression.
This form of transnational civic diplomacy exerts influence beyond bilateral channels. Mobilized NGOs often shift international agendas faster than official diplomacy.
20-Laying Roots for Long-Term Peace Beyond immediate de-escalation, Sharif pressed for a roadmap: phased diplomacy, locks on future military escalation, and frameworks for nuclear restraint. He positioned this moment as an inflection point.
For further study, readers should consider Battleground (Phillips) and The Great War for Civilisation (Fisk) for strategic context, and A Peace to End All Peace (Fromkin) for historical precedent en.wikipedia.org+1ft.com+1.
21- Strongly Condemned the Israeli Airstrikes on Iran Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif issued a powerful denunciation of Israel’s airstrikes on Iranian territory, branding them as an open violation of international law and basic human decency. His strong language reflects deep concern over a perceived normalization of military aggression that undermines the rule-based global order. By taking this public stance, Sharif is signaling to both allies and adversaries that Pakistan rejects unilateralism cloaked as security.
This condemnation is not merely rhetorical—it aligns Pakistan with a growing bloc of nations advocating for respect, restraint, and reciprocity. As Prof. Richard Falk writes, “When international norms are violated without consequence, war becomes diplomacy by other means.” Sharif’s message is a bid to arrest this descent into violence through principled statecraft.
22- Expressed Solidarity with the Iranian People Sharif’s message went beyond political critique; he extended heartfelt solidarity to the Iranian people, emphasizing the shared human toll of geopolitical rivalry. This gesture reinforced a sense of brotherhood rooted in regional, cultural, and religious ties, and aimed to reassure the Iranian public that their suffering has not gone unnoticed by neighboring nations.
Such acts of solidarity resonate deeply in international relations, especially in conflict zones where civilian morale is tested. Drawing from Edward Said’s reflections on humanism in international affairs, Sharif’s words echo the principle that empathy must accompany diplomacy if peace is to be genuinely sustainable.
23- Attack a Threat to Regional Peace By calling the attack a threat to regional peace, Sharif underscored the volatility of a landscape already burdened with ethnic, sectarian, and political fault lines. The Middle East has long been described as a “powder keg,” and such aggressive maneuvers dangerously fan the embers of unresolved tensions.
Historical parallels—such as the chain reactions following the assassination in Sarajevo in 1914—highlight how isolated military actions can ignite widespread war. In warning against such trajectories, Sharif appeals to both history and prudence, urging nations to value peace over provocation.
24- Strikes Could Make an Already Unstable Region Even Worse The Prime Minister highlighted the potential for the Israeli strikes to exacerbate an already fragile region where proxy wars, foreign interventions, and sectarian rivalries intersect. Iran’s pivotal role in Middle Eastern geopolitics means that any blow to its infrastructure or sovereignty reverberates across borders—from Syria to Lebanon and beyond.
In The Shia Revival, Vali Nasr explains how disturbances in Iran often reshape the power dynamics across the region. Sharif’s statement warns that such strikes are not surgical but seismic, triggering shifts that few can control and even fewer can reverse.
25- Shehbaz Sharif Asked the International Community and the United Nations to Take Quick Steps The Prime Minister’s urgent plea to the global community and the United Nations was clear: act now to prevent further devastation. His call reflects growing frustration among Global South nations over what they perceive as selective inaction by powerful institutions.
This appeal channels the vision laid out in Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s An Agenda for Peace, which emphasized proactive, preventive diplomacy over delayed reactions. Sharif’s position challenges the UN to live up to its founding charter, acting not merely as a witness but as a mechanism for peace.
26- Showed Concern Over Civilian Deaths and Damage to Iran’s Nuclear Sites Sharif expressed deep concern over the civilian toll and the damage to sensitive Iranian nuclear facilities. Civilian casualties not only devastate families but radicalize populations, making future peacebuilding efforts infinitely harder. Meanwhile, the destruction of nuclear infrastructure could lead to environmental and geopolitical fallout.
Such concerns reflect the warnings of analysts like Gareth Porter, who argue that preemptive strikes on nuclear sites often escalate rather than neutralize threats. Sharif’s emphasis suggests a call to preserve both human life and regional stability.
27- World Must Stop This Violence Through Peaceful Talks Sharif stressed that the path forward must be grounded in dialogue, not destruction. He advocated for mediated negotiations, potentially involving trusted intermediaries like Switzerland or Norway, to de-escalate tensions.
This recommendation aligns with the principles of “Track II Diplomacy,” where non-state actors and informal negotiators help resolve conflicts. Scholar William Ury, co-author of Getting to Yes, argues that even intractable conflicts can find common ground if talks are sincere and sustained.
28- Israel Launched Large-Scale Airstrikes on Iran The scale of the airstrikes—far from a limited operation—signals a dangerous escalation. Targeting a sovereign state with such intensity sets a new precedent in modern conflict where full-scale attacks are launched outside formal declarations of war.
This approach contradicts the spirit of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, which prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity of any state. Sharif’s statement recognizes the global implications of such bold military adventurism.
29- It Targeted Over 100 Places, Including Military Bases and Nuclear Centers The reported targeting of more than 100 locations, including sensitive military and nuclear sites, suggests a deliberate attempt to cripple Iran’s strategic capacity. This raises serious concerns under international humanitarian law regarding proportionality and distinction between military and civilian targets.
Analysts like Kenneth Waltz have warned that excessive targeting not only destabilizes states but breeds enduring enmity. Sharif’s concerns point toward the risks of forcing Iran into a defensive posture that could have long-term implications for the region.
30- Iran Confirmed that Top Generals and Nuclear Scientists Were Killed Iran’s confirmation that senior generals and key nuclear scientists were among the dead marks a grave escalation. Targeting leadership in such a direct manner is tantamount to decapitation strikes, often used to provoke retaliatory measures.
As seen in past conflicts—from the U.S. strike on Qasem Soleimani to Israel’s assassinations of Hamas leaders—such actions rarely de-escalate conflict. Instead, they push adversaries toward asymmetric or long-term retaliation, reinforcing Sharif’s argument for restraint.
31- Tensions Are Rising Fast in the Region The aftermath of these events has fueled widespread anxiety. Regional powers are reassessing alliances, and military preparedness is visibly increasing. This volatility could easily spiral into multilateral conflict involving not just Iran and Israel, but other players like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and even NATO.
Such rapid escalation calls to mind Graham Allison’s “Thucydides Trap,” where rising and established powers clash due to misperception and mistrust. Sharif’s warning thus becomes not just timely but prescient.
32- Many Countries Are Now Calling for Calm As the reality of possible full-scale war sinks in, numerous countries—including European and ASEAN nations—have urged restraint and immediate dialogue. Sharif’s voice joins this chorus, lending weight from a significant regional player with historical ties to both East and West.
International consensus is a crucial foundation for any peace initiative. As Carl Bildt, former Swedish PM, once noted, “Consensus among middle powers is often more durable than dictates from superpowers.” Sharif’s role here becomes central to that consensus-building.
33- Peace Must Be Saved and All Sides Must Avoid More Conflict The Prime Minister concluded with a powerful message: peace must be preserved, and all actors must de-escalate before the point of no return. This call is not idealistic but essential, grounded in the recognition that prolonged conflict is a lose-lose scenario for all parties involved.
Peace, as articulated by Johan Galtung—the father of peace studies—is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice, respect, and dialogue. Sharif’s appeal aligns with this vision, framing peace not as an option but a necessity for collective survival.
Conclusion
In a time when bombs speak louder than words and alliances appear more brittle than ever, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s steadfast condemnation of Israel’s airstrikes and his appeal for peace shine as a beacon of responsible statesmanship. His approach—rooted in law, empathy, and a firm grasp of history—urges the global community to rise above reactionary tactics and instead invest in durable peace.
The stakes extend far beyond the borders of Iran or Israel. They touch every nation that values stability, justice, and the rule of law. If the international community heeds Sharif’s call, this could be a turning point; if not, it risks being remembered as the moment the world watched silence fuel another cycle of needless bloodshed.
In urging the world to act, PM Shehbaz Sharif underscores that unchecked military aggression dismantles not only regional security but the very foundations of international order. His multi-faceted call—for moral clarity, legal accountability, diplomatic engagement, and economic foresight—frames this crisis as a test for global cohesion.
By integrating strategic insights, legal rationale, and moral urgency, Sharif challenges the international community to decide: respond as fragmented bystanders or unite as responsible guardians of peace. The moment demands intellectual rigor and decisive action, lest silence embolden future acts of aggression.
Bibliography
Falk, Richard.Power Shift: On the New Global Order. Zed Books, 2016. — Explores the weakening of traditional powers and the rise of new voices in global diplomacy.
Said, Edward W.Humanism and Democratic Criticism. Columbia University Press, 2004. — Discusses the role of humanism in international ethics and foreign policy.
Nasr, Vali.The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future. W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. — An essential source on sectarian dynamics and Iranian influence in the region.
Porter, Gareth.Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare. Just World Books, 2014. — Investigates the roots of Western fears over Iran’s nuclear program and critiques the justification for military action.
Ury, William; Fisher, Roger; Patton, Bruce.Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Penguin Books, 2011. — A classic text on conflict resolution and the value of principled negotiation.
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros.An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping. United Nations, 1992. — A foundational UN document proposing reforms for conflict prevention.
Waltz, Kenneth N.Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. Columbia University Press, 2001. — A realist interpretation of international conflict causes, with relevant insights on deterrence and escalation.
Galtung, Johan.Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization. SAGE Publications, 1996. — Establishes theoretical frameworks for peacebuilding and critiques militaristic diplomacy.
Allison, Graham.Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017. — While focused on U.S.-China relations, its theory of power transition is highly applicable to Middle Eastern tensions.
Bildt, Carl.Essays on Diplomacy and Global Affairs. European Council on Foreign Relations, 2020. — A collection of reflections on multilateral diplomacy and the role of middle powers.
Kaldor, Mary.New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Polity Press, 2012. — Offers context for understanding contemporary hybrid warfare strategies, including regional interventions like those in Iran.
Mazrui, Ali A.The Political Sociology of the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 1972. — A deeper look into the sociopolitical roots of conflict in the region.
Chomsky, Noam.Middle East Illusions: Including Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003. — A critical examination of U.S. and Israeli policies in the region.
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Patrick Cockburn’s The Age of Jihad examines the tumultuous state of the Middle East following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The book focuses on the destabilizing impact of the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, arguing that it exacerbated existing sectarian tensions and created a power vacuum exploited by various groups. Cockburn traces the evolution of conflicts in Iraq, Syria, Libya, and Afghanistan, highlighting the role of foreign intervention, sectarian violence, and the rise of militant Islamism. He analyzes the human cost of these wars, depicting the suffering of civilians caught in the crossfire and the lasting consequences of political instability and violence. The book concludes by considering the long-term implications of these conflicts on the region and the world.
The Age of Jihad: A Study Guide
Short Answer Quiz
According to the author, what is at the heart of the book’s analysis of the Middle East and why?
What is significant about the 1975 Algiers Agreement involving Saddam Hussein?
How did the sanctions imposed on Iraq after the Gulf War affect its population?
What did the author observe about the distribution of power in Afghanistan?
How did the author describe the state of the Iraqi Army’s command structure along sectarian lines?
What was the significance of al-Mutanabbi Street in Baghdad, and what did it symbolize about Iraqi society after sanctions?
What is the meaning of the term “hawasimi” in the context of post-invasion Iraq?
How did the author characterize the methods used by guerrillas in Iraq against U.S. forces?
What specific details does the author use to illustrate the difficulties of life in Mosul under ISIS?
What is “Somalianisation” and why is it described as an ominous trend?
Quiz Answer Key
The invasion and occupation of Iraq by the U.S. is central because it destroyed Iraq as a united country, leading to a state of permanent conflict among its three main communities (Shia, Sunni, and Kurds) which has had a destabilizing effect on the entire region.
The 1975 Algiers Agreement temporarily ended the Kurdish rebellion, as Saddam Hussein made a deal with the Shah of Iran, who, with U.S. backing, betrayed his former Kurdish allies.
Sanctions caused immense suffering and unnecessary hardship to ordinary Iraqis, without causing the demise of Saddam Hussein’s rule. They led to severe shortages of essential goods, limited access to healthcare, and a decline in the standard of living.
Power in Afghanistan is highly fragmented, with villages acting like independent republics. The author highlights that a foreign peacekeeping force must maintain strict neutrality to be successful.
The Iraqi Army was deeply sectarian, with Shia soldiers never meeting Sunni private soldiers, and Shia soldiers not reaching the rank of officer. This highlights the existing social stratification within Iraq’s military.
Al-Mutanabbi Street was the center of the book trade in Baghdad, and it displayed how the educated class sold off their personal libraries due to the economic hardships caused by sanctions. The books’ underlined and translated words reveal an attempt to connect with English literature.
“Hawasimi,” meaning “finalists,” is a sarcastic reference to those who have gained from the collapse and occupation of Iraq. The term is often applied to new police recruits, and it points to the distrust and opportunism present during this era.
Guerrillas used roadside bombs, which were difficult to detect because they were often camouflaged within garbage and detonate with command wires, car door openers, or mobile phones. They also created booby traps specifically designed to target bomb-defusing sappers.
Mosul under ISIS is described as a city experiencing severe shortages of food, fuel, water, and electricity. Living conditions were likened to the “Stone Age,” with no mobiles, TV, cars, or consistent lighting. Public punishments were also common.
“Somalianisation” refers to a permanent state of chaos and warfare stemming from a failed state. This term is used to describe the trends of destabilization and rebellion across various countries in the Middle East from 2001 onward.
Essay Questions
Analyze the role of external actors, particularly the United States and its allies, in the destabilization of Iraq and Afghanistan, according to Cockburn’s analysis.
Discuss the factors contributing to the rise of sectarian conflict in the Middle East, as presented in Cockburn’s work, and assess the impact of these conflicts on the populations of affected countries.
How does Cockburn characterize the leadership of Saddam Hussein, and what does his trajectory reveal about the nature of power in the Middle East?
Evaluate the effectiveness and unintended consequences of sanctions, as described in the book, using specific examples from the author’s observations in Iraq.
Explore the significance of the concept of a caliphate and its implications for the Middle East and beyond, according to the text’s perspective on the rise of ISIS.
Glossary of Key Terms
Algiers Agreement: A 1975 agreement between Iraq and Iran that temporarily ended the Kurdish rebellion, where Saddam Hussein made a deal with the Shah of Iran, who, with U.S. backing, betrayed his former Kurdish allies.
Baath Party: A political party that held power in Iraq under Saddam Hussein, noted for its nationalist ideology and authoritarian rule.
Caliphate: An Islamic state led by a religious and political successor to the prophet Muhammad, historically embodying religious and political unity.
Fedayeen: Fighters loyal to the former Baathist regime of Saddam Hussein.
Green Zone: A heavily fortified and secured area in Baghdad, housing the Iraqi government and international embassies, symbolizing the divide between the occupation forces and Iraqi society.
Guerrilla Warfare: Unconventional warfare using tactics such as ambushes and sabotage, employed by non-state actors, including insurgents and rebels.
Hawasimi: An Iraqi term for those who have profited from the chaos and occupation, highlighting the corruption and opportunism of post-invasion Iraq.
Jihad: A religious duty of Muslims; can refer to the inner struggle to follow Islam or an external struggle to defend Islam.
Kafir: An Arabic term meaning “disbeliever,” often used by extremist groups to label those considered non-believers of Islam.
Kurdish Peshmerga: The military forces of the autonomous Kurdistan region, known for their effectiveness in fighting against ISIS.
Mehdi Army: A Shia militia group in Iraq loyal to Muqtada al-Sadr, known for its involvement in sectarian violence and resistance against the U.S.-led occupation.
Sanctions: Economic penalties or restrictions imposed on a country, in this case used by the United Nations against Iraq, impacting daily life and infrastructure.
Sectarianism: Divisions and conflicts based on religious or ethnic affiliations, most prominent in the Middle East among Sunni, Shia, and Kurdish populations.
Sharia: Islamic law derived from the Quran and the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, used as the legal and moral code by some groups, such as ISIS.
Somalianisation: A term used to describe a state of permanent chaos and warfare resulting from a failed state, applicable to various unstable countries in the Middle East and Africa.
Sunni Triangle: A region in Iraq primarily inhabited by Sunni Arabs, often associated with resistance against the U.S. occupation and the Shia-dominated government.
Sykes-Picot Agreement: A secret 1916 agreement between Britain and France dividing up the Middle East after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, leading to many borders and conflicts in the region.
Taliban: A fundamentalist Islamic political and military organization that ruled Afghanistan and is known for its extremist ideology and strict enforcement of religious laws.
Valmara: Italian-made antipersonnel landmines, which were widely dispersed in Iraq and caused many casualties.
Wahhabism: A puritanical, fundamentalist movement within Sunni Islam originating in Saudi Arabia, often associated with intolerance and extremism.
Middle East and Afghanistan Conflicts: 2001-2015
Briefing Document: Key Insights from the Sources
This briefing document consolidates key information from the provided sources, focusing on the conflicts and political situations in the Middle East and Afghanistan from 2001 to 2015.
1. The Complexities of War Reporting and Analysis
Challenges of Generalization: The sources caution against oversimplifying complex historical situations, emphasizing the danger of drawing parallels without full command of details [1]. This highlights the need for nuanced analysis rather than broad generalizations.
Journalistic Limitations: War reporters face criticism from two extremes: being seen as “hotel journalists” or “war junkies” [2]. There’s also a tension between the need to cover actual fighting and the need to explain the underlying causes of the conflict. Journalists in the field are often contradicted by pundits and “talking heads” in their home offices, who may not have direct experience [3].
Eyewitness Credibility: The “first draft of history” provided by journalists can be more credible than later interpretations, as it has not been “through the blender of received wisdom and academic interpretation” [3].
2. Afghanistan: The Taliban, Northern Alliance, and US Intervention
Taliban’s Resurgence: The Taliban were not truly defeated initially, allowing them to make a significant comeback [2]. The initial reporting on the war may have missed this crucial long-term implication.
Northern Alliance: The Northern Alliance, an Afghan opposition group, was initially isolated but gained importance after 9/11 when the US needed allies on the ground [4, 5]. The Northern Alliance controlled areas like the Panjshir valley [4].
US reliance on allies: The US needed anti-Taliban allies on the ground in Afghanistan, and the first to move was General Dostum [5].
Journalist Access: Journalists faced difficulties entering Afghanistan [6]. Some were able to gain access through the Northern Alliance, using an old Russian helicopter [6].
3. Iraq: Sanctions, the US Invasion, and the Rise of Insurgency
Impact of Sanctions: UN sanctions imposed on Iraq in 1990 led to devastating consequences for the Iraqi people, including shortages of medicine and supplies [7, 8].
Misguided Expectations: Some Iraqi expatriates gave the US false information before the invasion, including the expectation that US forces would be greeted with flowers and sweets [9].
US Misunderstandings: US military and civil leaders often misunderstood Iraqi culture and politics [10, 11]. Some US commanders seemed to get their ideas about the Arab world from Hollywood [10].
Insurgency and IEDs: Insurgents became increasingly confident, using improvised explosive devices (IEDs). US soldiers were not prepared for this type of warfare, having been trained for conventional warfare [12].
Propaganda and Zarqawi: The US exaggerated the role of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi to explain the insurgency, though many Iraqis questioned if he even existed [13, 14]. This propaganda may have led the US to underestimate the broader Sunni resistance to the occupation [14].
Civilian Casualties: US air power led to civilian casualties, increasing support for the insurgents [15].
Loss of Control: The US struggled to control the provinces, with insurgents controlling Baquba [16]. There was also a lack of coordination and information sharing between different US commanders and offices [10, 17].
Violence and Sectarianism: The conflict in Iraq intensified existing sectarian divisions between Shia and Sunni populations [18, 19].
4. Libya: The Fall of Gaddafi and Post-Conflict Chaos
Rebel Infighting: The rebels fighting against Gaddafi were a mix of militias, some of whom were prone to paranoia [20]. There was also a lack of confidence in the new military leadership that was supported by Western powers [20].
NATO bombing: There were cases of “friendly fire” by NATO forces, which caused anger among the rebels [21].
Treatment of Black Africans: Libyan rebels were hostile to black Africans, and many were arrested because of their skin color [22].
Torture and Human Rights Abuses: Both pro and anti-Gaddafi forces used torture [23, 24]. There was a lack of transparency regarding these human rights abuses and the UK was criticized for their involvement [25].
5. Other Conflicts and Human Rights Issues
Yemen: The US and Britain supported an unpopular and corrupt government in Yemen, which allowed al-Qaeda to gain strength [26].
Bahrain: Security forces were accused of torturing protesters and dissidents [27, 28]. The government also punished people for expressing sympathy for the protesters [29].
6. Rise of ISIS
Early Warnings: In 2014, the author noted that ISIS’s growing strength in Iraq was the most important development in the region, though this observation was not widely shared by Syrian experts [1, 30].
ISIS tactics: ISIS launched diversionary attacks with small groups before striking suddenly at a single target [30].
Hashid Shaabi Weaknesses: The Shia militia, the Hashid Shaabi, was enthusiastic but poorly trained [31].
7. Saudi Arabia and the Sunni-Shia Divide
Dual Policy: Saudi Arabia encouraged anti-Shia militancy abroad, but suppressed these groups at home [32].
Financial Support for Terror Groups: Saudi Arabia has been a critical financial support base for al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and other terrorist groups [32].
Proxy War: Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the UAE promoted a proxy Sunni-Shia war in Syria, supporting extremist groups like al-Nusra and al-Qaeda [33].
8. The Impact of US Policies
Lack of Control: The US failed to impose its control in both Iraq and Afghanistan, leaving behind very different political and military landscapes [34].
Unintended Consequences: The US’s actions in the region had numerous unintended consequences, including strengthening groups they opposed [26, 34].
This briefing document highlights the complex and often contradictory nature of the conflicts discussed in the provided sources. The document also emphasizes the significance of understanding the local contexts, cultural sensitivities, and the long-term implications of interventionist policies.
Middle East & Afghanistan Conflicts: 2001-2015
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Based on the Sources
This FAQ addresses common questions arising from the provided sources regarding the conflicts and political situations in the Middle East and Afghanistan between 2001 and 2015.
1. What were the main challenges faced by journalists covering these conflicts?
Journalists often faced a credibility gap, with those in the field sometimes contradicted by pundits and “talking heads” who lacked direct experience [1].
There was a tension between the need to cover the fighting and explaining the root causes of the conflicts [1].
Access to conflict zones was often difficult [2]. In Afghanistan, journalists had to use unconventional methods to get into the country, such as an old Russian helicopter [2].
Some journalists were criticized for being either “hotel journalists” or “war junkies,” highlighting the challenges of maintaining objectivity and focus in a conflict zone [1].
2. How did the Taliban regain power in Afghanistan after their initial defeat?
The Taliban were not completely defeated initially, allowing them to regroup and make a significant comeback [1].
The US underestimated the Taliban’s long-term resilience [1].
The Taliban was able to exploit the existing political and social landscape [3].
The Afghan opposition felt abandoned and alone [4].
3. What were the consequences of the UN sanctions on Iraq?
The sanctions led to severe shortages of food, medicine, and other essential supplies [5, 6].
Ordinary Iraqis suffered greatly, with many falling ill or dying due to lack of medical care [5].
The “oil-for-food” program, intended to alleviate the crisis, failed to make a measurable difference [6].
4. Why did the US invasion of Iraq face so much resistance?
The US had misguided expectations and were given false information by some Iraqi expatriates who predicted that US forces would be welcomed with flowers and sweets [7].
The US military and Paul Bremer provoked confrontations with both the Shia and Sunni Arabs, who made up 80% of the population [8].
The US occupation forces were seen as an unwelcome foreign presence [9].
The US dissolved the Iraqi army which resulted in many unemployed soldiers who were willing to fight [10].
The US military was not prepared for guerrilla warfare and underestimated the Iraqi insurgency [11].
5. What role did sectarianism play in the conflicts?
Existing sectarian divisions between Shia and Sunni populations were intensified by the conflicts in Iraq [9].
The Sunni Arabs felt they were being made second-class citizens which destabilized Iraq [12].
In Bahrain, the Shia majority felt excluded from jobs in security forces [13].
In Syria, Saudi Arabia encouraged anti-Shia militancy, which contributed to the proxy war [14].
6. How did ISIS gain power and influence?
ISIS replaced al-Qaeda as the most extreme jihadi group [15].
ISIS was effective in guerrilla warfare [15].
ISIS gained support through propaganda and providing services, education and sermons [16].
ISIS imposed its cultural agenda in areas under its control [17].
Many people joined ISIS for economic reasons [17].
ISIS used chilling videos to intimidate their enemies [15].
7. What were some of the common human rights abuses reported in these conflicts?
Torture was widespread, often used to extract confessions [18, 19].
Common methods included beatings, electric shocks, and suspension in contorted positions [18].
There were reports of rape in prisons [19].
Arbitrary arrests and detention without trial were also common [20].
Civilians were often killed in airstrikes [21].
People were punished for expressing sympathy for protestors [22].
Many people were forced to flee their homes and become refugees [23].
8. What was the impact of US policies in the region?
The US failed to impose control in both Iraq and Afghanistan [1].
US actions often had unintended consequences, such as strengthening groups they opposed [1].
The US was accused of making mistakes and misunderstanding the culture and politics in the region [24, 25].
The US was criticized for their re-election strategy that prioritized political goals over the needs of the Iraqi people [25].
9. What role did foreign fighters play in these conflicts?
Many foreign fighters joined ISIS, often from Tunisia [26].
Some foreign fighters were motivated by religious beliefs, while others were driven by economic reasons [17].
There was concern that Western intelligence operatives were worried about the influence of al-Qaeda and asked fighters why they were growing a beard [14].
This FAQ is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the key themes and issues covered in the sources. The conflicts discussed are complex, and these answers provide only a starting point for deeper exploration.
Middle East Conflicts: 2001-2015
Okay, here’s a timeline of key events based on the sources, focusing on the conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and other relevant events in the Middle East from 2001 to 2015:
Afghanistan
2001:The US and its allies launch military operations in Afghanistan following the 9/11 attacks, targeting the Taliban [1].
The Northern Alliance, supported by US airstrikes, makes significant gains against the Taliban [2, 3].
The Taliban retreat from Kabul to Kandahar, and their forces begin to break up [2].
November 23: The Northern Alliance takes control of Kabul and prepares for talks with other Afghan leaders [3].
2002: The initial military operations against the Taliban are largely reported as a military victory [2].
2009-2012: The Taliban make a comeback in Afghanistan [4].
Iraq
1990-2003: Iraq is under UN sanctions, leading to severe humanitarian crises and a weakened state [4, 5].
2003:March: The US and its allies invade Iraq [6].
April 28: US military checkpoint north of Kirkuk is disorganized [7].
April: US forces enter Baghdad [6, 8].
The US dissolves the Iraqi army [9].
June: The US establishes the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) to govern Iraq [9].
June: A US administrator disbands the 400,000-strong Iraqi army [9].
June: Grand Ayatollah al-Sistani issues a fatwa saying those who frame Iraq’s new constitution must be elected rather than selected by the US and the defunct Iraq Governing Council [10].
2004:April 6: US Marines fight their way into Fallujah after the killing of four American civilian contractors [11].
June: Sovereignty is formally handed back to a US-nominated Iraqi government [12].
US military deaths in Iraq are very high: 848 soldiers killed and 8,002 wounded [13].
2005:US military deaths in Iraq remain high: 846 killed and 5,946 wounded [13].
2006:US military deaths in Iraq continue: 821 killed and 6,372 wounded [13].
April: Nouri al-Maliki replaces Ibrahim al-Jaafari as Prime Minister [14].
July: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi is killed [15].
2007-2010: US forces begin to draw down in Iraq [4].
2008:March: Nouri al-Maliki makes a brief visit outside the Green Zone to demonstrate the improved security situation [16].
August: The Iraqi government rejects a draft security agreement with the US which would have preserved indefinitely the US right to conduct military operations inside the country [17].
December: The Iraqi parliament votes in favor of a security agreement with the US to withdraw troops by 2011 [18].
2009:June: US military forces withdraw from Iraqi cities [19].
2010: US forces continue to withdraw, and US interest in Iraq wanes [20].
2012: Sunni protests against the Maliki government begin in western Iraq [21].
2013:March: Sunni demonstrations continue in Iraq against Nouri al-Maliki [21].
December: ISIS gains power and is considered the most successful leader in the Middle East [22].
2014:
January: ISIS seizes Fallujah [23].
June: ISIS captures Mosul [6, 20].
Libya
2011:February: Protests against Gaddafi begin, spreading from Tunisia and Egypt [24].
April: The conflict escalates, with rebel forces and pro-Gaddafi forces engaged in fighting [25].
September: Rebel military control increases [26].
The Gaddafi regime is overthrown and Gaddafi is killed [27, 28].
Libyans find they have lost a functioning state and are at the mercy of predatory militiamen [27].
2012-2014: Libya descends into chaos and violence, becoming a fragmented state with competing militias [29].
2015 Libya, Syria and Yemen are being ravaged by warfare [28].
Other Middle East Conflicts and Events
2009-2015: The conflict in Yemen intensifies [29].
2011:April: The author travels to Cairo, debating whether to go to Benghazi or Bahrain [30].
March: The ruling Sunni al-Khalifa monarchy in Bahrain, backed by Saudi troops, crushes mass protests by the Shia majority [30].
June: Poet Ayat al-Gormezi is sentenced to one year in prison in Bahrain [31].
2011-2013: The Syrian civil war intensifies [29].
The Arab Spring uprisings begin and spread across the Middle East and North Africa [32].
Many authoritarian regimes are challenged by popular protests [32].
There are some successful transitions of power, but most countries experience political instability and violence [28, 33].
General Trends
Sectarianism: Sectarian tensions between Sunni and Shia communities are exacerbated by regional conflicts [34].
Rise of Extremism: The rise of groups like ISIS demonstrates a shift towards more extreme forms of jihadism [5].
Western Intervention: Western military interventions often have unintended consequences and exacerbate instability [8, 35].
Human Rights Abuses: Torture, arbitrary arrests, and killings are widespread across the region [36-38].
Journalism: Eyewitness reporting by journalists is valuable, but war coverage can be deceptive, particularly when it focuses solely on military victories [2, 20, 39].
This timeline highlights the complex and interconnected nature of the conflicts in the Middle East and Afghanistan from 2001 to 2015. It also underscores how the consequences of these events continue to shape the region today.
The Iraq War: Miscalculations and Devastation
The Iraq War, initiated by the US and its allies in 2003, is a central focus of the sources, which detail its profound and destabilizing consequences [1]. The invasion, though intended to remove Saddam Hussein, had far-reaching effects that continue to shape the region [2].
Key aspects of the Iraq War discussed in the sources:
The Invasion and Its Aftermath: The invasion is described as a revolutionary act that ended centuries of Sunni Arab rule in Iraq [2]. The US dissolved the Iraqi army and security services, which were the main instruments of Sunni control over the Shia and Kurdish populations [2]. This action created a power vacuum and led to the rise of sectarian conflict [1]. The initial military campaign was swift, but the subsequent occupation was fraught with problems [3, 4].
Sectarian Divisions: The war exacerbated existing tensions between Iraq’s three main communities—Shia, Sunni, and Kurds—leading to a state of permanent confrontation [1]. The US was not fully aware of the deep divisions between Sunni and Shia Muslims [5]. This lack of understanding significantly hampered their efforts to establish a stable government [6]. The war resulted in Baghdad becoming a largely Shia city, with Sunnis fleeing or living in enclaves [7].
Sanctions and Their Impact: The sources highlight that pre-war sanctions had already severely damaged Iraq, creating conditions where Iraqis were more likely to engage in violence or embrace religious extremism [8]. UN sanctions are cited as a significant factor that weakened Iraq and made its population more prone to extremism [8, 9].
US Miscalculations and Failures: The US military and political leaders made several miscalculations. They had unrealistic expectations and received faulty advice from Iraqi expatriates who believed that US forces would be welcomed [10]. The US also underestimated the depth of Iraqi nationalism, sectarian divisions, and the potential for resistance [6]. The failure to establish a stable, representative government is a recurring theme [11-13].
The Rise of Resistance: The occupation faced increasing resistance from various groups, including former members of Saddam’s security forces and Islamic militants [14]. Attacks on US and British troops became more frequent and lethal, and the conflict became increasingly complex [14]. The US struggled to contain the insurgency [15].
The Role of the US Occupation: The US occupation was plagued by a lack of political planning [3]. It failed to address the needs of the Iraqi people, and even charged thirsty villagers for bottles of water [3]. The US was also criticized for discouraging Iraqi involvement and ignoring the needs of the local population [5].
Guerrilla Warfare: The sources detail the evolution of the resistance to the US occupation into a more organized and deadly guerrilla war, with bombings and ambushes becoming more sophisticated [14, 16]. The US military’s inability to effectively counter this resistance is a key factor in the war’s growing complexity [17].
Iraqi Perspectives: The sources highlight the views of ordinary Iraqis, who initially had mixed reactions to the invasion but grew increasingly disillusioned [9, 16, 18]. Many Iraqis felt that the US was not committed to their liberation and was more interested in its own political goals [13]. They saw the US as occupiers rather than liberators, and this perception fueled resentment and resistance [16].
Political and Social Instability: The war caused significant political and social instability in Iraq. The country was left deeply divided along sectarian lines, and the struggle for power among different groups led to continuous violence [1]. The government was seen by many Iraqis as a puppet of the US [19].
The Impact of the “Surge”: The US troop surge was meant to increase security, but it had limited long-term impact [20, 21]. The violence continued despite the increase in troop numbers.
The US Withdrawal: The US eventually withdrew its forces, but the Iraqi government was left with limited control over the country, and the conflicts continued [22, 23]. The US is seen to have largely provoked the civil war that raged across central Iraq [24].
Civil War and Sectarian Violence: The war led to a civil war and widespread sectarian violence between Shia and Sunni, including bombings, assassinations and forced displacement of communities [23-26].
The Rise of ISIS: The chaos and instability created by the Iraq war provided fertile ground for the rise of ISIS [27, 28]. ISIS gained power by exploiting existing sectarian tensions and capitalizing on the lack of a strong central government [29].
Long-Term Consequences: The sources suggest that the Iraq War did not achieve its goals of creating a peaceful and prosperous country, and that the conflict had long-term consequences [30]. The war deepened the divisions within Iraq and created a vacuum that has been filled by sectarianism and extremism [31, 32]. The war also had a negative impact on the image of the US in the Middle East and around the world [13].
The sources portray the Iraq War as a deeply flawed endeavor with devastating consequences. They show a pattern of miscalculations, poor planning, and a failure to understand the complexities of the region.
The Islamic State: Rise, Ideology, and Impact
The Islamic State, also known as ISIS, ISIL, or Daesh, is a central focus of the sources, which detail its rise, ideology, and impact in the Middle East. The sources emphasize that the group’s emergence is a consequence of the chaos and instability created by the Iraq War and other regional conflicts [1].
Origins and Rise:
Emergence from Instability: ISIS emerged from the chaos following the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq, capitalizing on the power vacuum and sectarian tensions [1]. The group’s rise is linked to the broader conflicts in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq and Syria [2].
Exploitation of Sectarianism: ISIS gained traction by exploiting the deep-seated sectarian divisions between Sunni and Shia Muslims, particularly the alienation of the Sunni community in Iraq [2, 3]. The group presented itself as a protector of Sunni Muslims against Shia-dominated governments [3].
Evolution from Al-Qaeda: ISIS is described as having taken over from the al-Qaeda organization founded by Osama bin Laden as the most powerful and effective extreme jihadi group in the world [4]. However, it is also described as more violent and sectarian than al-Qaeda [4].
Rapid Growth: Under the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ISIS grew swiftly in strength, becoming highly organized and controlled from the center [2]. By 2014, ISIS controlled a vast territory in western Iraq and eastern Syria [4].
Declaration of a Caliphate: In June 2014, ISIS declared itself a caliphate, a move with the potential to convulse many Islamic countries [5]. This declaration appealed to millions of young Sunni men who felt marginalized by the existing political and economic order [5].
Territorial Control and Expansion:
Control of Key Cities: ISIS captured major cities like Fallujah, Mosul, Ramadi, and Palmyra, demonstrating their military capabilities [1, 4, 6, 7]. The capture of Mosul was described as an “earthquake” in the politics of Iraq and Syria [3].
Expansion of Territory: ISIS expanded rapidly, seizing large territories in both Iraq and Syria, and by 2015 the territory it controlled was larger than Great Britain [5, 8].
Strategic Importance of Territory: ISIS established control over oil and gas fields, providing it with a steady income. Control of crucial roads also helped to support the new state [8].
Ideology and Practices:
Extreme Interpretation of Islam: ISIS enforces a strict and intolerant variant of Islam that is rejected by most Muslims, imposing it on all aspects of life, from women’s dress codes to the regulation of businesses [9]. The group’s ideology is a radical version of Wahhabism that includes extreme violence [10].
Brutal Tactics: ISIS is known for its brutality, which includes mass executions, beheadings, amputations, and floggings [11]. They are known to kill Shia Muslims and Christians [4]. The group’s propaganda films often show the execution of non-Sunni Muslims [2].
Enforcement of Strict Rules: ISIS imposes strict rules regarding clothing, social behavior, and religious practice. For example, women are required to wear the niqab and are not allowed to leave the house without a male relative [11, 12].
Propaganda and Recruitment: ISIS uses sophisticated propaganda to attract recruits, often exploiting economic grievances and feelings of marginalization [13, 14]. They offer jobs and salaries to those who join them [14, 15].
Impact and Consequences:
Sectarian Conflict: ISIS is a major catalyst for sectarian violence, with its attacks targeting Shia Muslims and other minorities, thereby deepening the divide between communities [16-18].
Human Rights Abuses: ISIS is responsible for widespread human rights abuses, including the persecution of religious and ethnic minorities like Christians and Yazidis, and the enslavement of Yazidi women [11, 17, 19, 20].
Displacement: ISIS’s brutal practices have led to the mass displacement of communities within the region [21]. Many people have fled from areas under their control, seeking safety in other regions [14, 21].
Destabilization of the Region: The rise of ISIS has destabilized the Middle East, exacerbating existing conflicts and creating new ones, while also drawing countries like Turkey and Saudi Arabia into the conflict [8, 22, 23].
Challenge to Existing States: ISIS seeks to replace existing nation-states with a caliphate that transcends national borders [5, 22]. It has challenged the legitimacy of Muslim rulers throughout the world [22].
Responses to ISIS:
International Coalition: The US has formed a coalition of 60 countries to oppose ISIS, but the effectiveness of this coalition has been questioned [24].
Military Operations: US-led air strikes have been conducted against ISIS targets, though their effectiveness is debated in the sources [25-28]. The US struggles to find reliable local partners on the ground [25, 26].
Complex Alliances: The fight against ISIS is complicated by conflicting interests and alliances, as some countries, like Turkey, have focused on fighting Kurdish groups rather than ISIS itself [23]. Some of the countries that are supposedly fighting ISIS had previously supported the same jihadis in Syria and Iraq [24].
Local Resistance: There is some local resistance to ISIS in the areas it controls, but people are often too terrified of retaliation to act openly against the group [21, 29, 30].
Challenges in Defeating ISIS:
Distrust and Division: The distrust and division between the various groups opposing ISIS make it difficult to form a united front [30, 31].
Local Support: Even though many fear ISIS, the group has some local support in Sunni communities [14, 32].
Organizational Strength: ISIS’s efficient organization and ruthless tactics make it a difficult enemy to dislodge [19, 33].
Lack of Clear Strategy: There is no clear strategy for dealing with ISIS beyond military action, as political and social factors are not effectively addressed [25].
In summary, the Islamic State is portrayed as a highly dangerous and complex organization that has emerged from the chaos of the Iraq War and other regional conflicts. Its extreme ideology, brutal tactics, and ability to exploit sectarian tensions have made it a major destabilizing force in the Middle East. The sources make clear that ISIS is not simply a terrorist group but a proto-state with significant resources and a clear vision for the future.
Middle East in Crisis
The Middle East is presented in the sources as a region undergoing a period of intense conflict and instability, with several interconnected issues contributing to the current state of affairs [1]. The sources emphasize that the current conflicts are not isolated events, but rather part of a larger pattern of instability that has been developing over the last century [2].
Key Themes and Issues:
Widespread Conflict and Instability: The region is engulfed in armed conflicts ranging from full-scale wars to general breakdowns of security [1]. Central governments have collapsed, are weak, or face powerful insurgencies [1]. Civil wars are tearing apart countries like Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, with little prospect of them coming together again as unified states [1].
Historical Context: The sources note that the region has never been truly stable since the fall of the Ottoman Empire, experiencing foreign invasions, Arab-Israeli wars, military coups, and conflicts between different groups [2]. The current era of civil wars is a major theme [3].
Sectarian and Ethnic Divisions: Sectarian and ethnic struggles play a central, though not exclusive, role in the crises in Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Yemen [3]. These divisions, particularly between Sunni and Shia Muslims, have been exacerbated by regional conflicts and interventions [2]. The sources highlight how these divisions have become more militarized and deeper, with each conflict reinforcing the others, preventing solutions to individual issues [4].
The Impact of the Iraq War: The 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq is described as an “earthquake” whose aftershocks are still being felt [5]. It energized existing conflicts and confrontations, and it also deepened the divisions within Iraq [5].
The Rise of ISIS: The chaos and instability created by the Iraq War provided fertile ground for the rise of ISIS, which has further destabilized the region [5]. ISIS is not just a terrorist group but also a proto-state with significant resources and a clear vision for the future [6].
The Role of External Powers: The sources emphasize the role of external powers, including the US, Russia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, in exacerbating conflicts and shaping the region’s political landscape [4, 7]. The involvement of these powers often complicates the resolution of conflicts and leads to a “cat’s cradle of conflicting interests” [7]. The US, Britain, France, and the Sunni monarchies are seen as not wanting the war to end until they can declare victory [8].
The Sunni-Shia Conflict: A major theme is the growing confrontation between Sunni and Shia, and between Saudi Arabia and its allies and Iran with its allies [4]. The sources indicate that this conflict is becoming more militarized and that it prevents solutions to individual issues [4].
The “End of Sykes-Picot”: The sources mention the “end of Sykes-Picot” as a shorthand for the collapse of the old order established after World War I, with the implication that new boundaries and political arrangements may emerge [9, 10]. The reference is to the agreement of 1916 that divided up the spoils between Britain and France, but the sources note that this agreement ignored the wishes or existence of local inhabitants [9, 10].
The Kurdish Question: The Kurds, who were left without a state after the Ottoman collapse, are now seeking independence in Iraq and greater autonomy in Syria [9]. This ambition is a significant factor in the current political landscape [9].
Cross-Infection of Conflicts: The crises and wars in the region tend to cross-infect each other, with Iraq serving as a crucible for many of the troubles now affecting other Islamic countries [11]. The conflicts are interconnected, with events in one country impacting its neighbors [11]. For example, the uprising in Syria encouraged their neighbors in Iraq, and the revolts in the two countries are running in parallel [12].
The Vulnerability of States: There is a growing feeling across the Middle East that the future of entire states is in doubt, which is a sentiment that hasn’t been felt since the carve-up of the Ottoman Empire after World War I [9].
The Impact on Civilians: The sources emphasize the human cost of these conflicts, with millions of people displaced, in need of aid, and facing the threat of violence [2, 13]. Life has never been so dangerous and uncertain for the region’s inhabitants [2].
Specific Regional Issues:
Iraq: The country is disintegrating under the pressure of a mounting political, social, and economic crisis [14]. The conflict between Shia, Sunni, and Kurds is deepening to a point just short of civil war [14]. The Iraqi government’s authority extends only a few miles north and west of Baghdad [15]. The sources detail how the US failed to establish a stable government after the invasion [16, 17].
Syria: The country is in a state of civil war, with sectarian violence and the rise of jihadist groups like ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra [18-20]. The conflict has become a proxy war between regional and international powers [7]. The war in Syria is spreading to neighboring countries [19]. The sources detail the increasing radicalization of the conflict and the displacement of millions of Syrians [2].
Yemen: The country is being crushed by Saudi air strikes and a tight economic blockade [13]. The conflict has been framed in sectarian terms, with the Houthis, a Zaidi Shia rebel movement, pitted against a Saudi-led Sunni coalition [21]. This conflict has exacerbated the Sunni-Shia divide in the region and has led to a humanitarian disaster [13].
Libya: The country has been reduced to a state of violence approaching that of Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan, and that intervention by western powers has been a disaster [13]. The country is fragmented, with different militias vying for power [13].
Bahrain: The country has seen mass protests by the Shia majority demanding democratic reform, which were crushed by the ruling Sunni monarchy with Saudi support [22]. The sources describe the Bahrain government as targeting the Shia community and deepening its sense of alienation [23].
Turkey: The country is facing spillover violence from the Syrian conflict, and has also seen a renewal of the Turkish-Kurdish civil war [1, 24].
Long-Term Trends:
The failure of Western Interventions: The sources emphasize that the interventions by Western powers in the Middle East have largely failed, and that they have often exacerbated the existing conflicts [8, 13].
Shifting Power Dynamics: The sources note that the vast wealth of the oil states in the Gulf has turned into political power, with Sunni absolute monarchies now holding the leadership of the Arab world [5].
The Spread of Sectarianism: The sources highlight the increasing spread of sectarianism as a major destabilizing factor in the region, which is being fueled by both local and external actors [4].
In conclusion, the Middle East is portrayed as a region in a state of profound crisis, with multiple interconnected conflicts, deep-seated sectarian and ethnic divisions, and the involvement of numerous external powers. The sources suggest that there is no easy path to peace and stability in the region, and that the long-term consequences of the current conflicts are likely to be severe. The region is undergoing a transformation whose ultimate outcome remains uncertain, but which is sure to shape global politics for the foreseeable future.
Regime Change in the Middle East
Regime change is a recurring theme in the sources, often associated with the destabilization of countries, the rise of sectarian conflict, and the unintended consequences of foreign intervention. The sources discuss regime change in the context of specific countries and the broader Middle East.
General Observations on Regime Change:
Destabilizing Force: Regime change is frequently depicted as a destabilizing force in the region [1-3]. The removal of existing authoritarian governments has often led to power vacuums, civil wars, and the rise of extremist groups [3-5].
Unintended Consequences: The sources suggest that regime change often produces unintended and negative consequences. For example, the removal of Saddam Hussein in Iraq did not lead to a stable democracy, but rather to sectarian violence and the rise of ISIS [6, 7]. Similarly, the intervention in Libya led to a fragmented state with various militias vying for power [8].
External Influence: Regime change is often driven or influenced by external powers, such as the United States and its allies [6, 9, 10]. However, these interventions have been criticized for their lack of understanding of local dynamics and their failure to establish lasting stability [2, 5, 7, 9, 10].
Rise of Extremism: Regime change has created power vacuums that have been exploited by extremist groups, such as ISIS, who then challenge the new order [1, 11, 12].
Failure of Western Interventions: The sources suggest that Western interventions aimed at regime change have largely failed, and often exacerbated existing conflicts [9, 10, 13, 14].
Regime Change in Specific Countries:
Iraq: The 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime [6]. However, this did not lead to a stable, democratic government. Instead, it created a power vacuum, which was filled with sectarian violence, a Sunni insurgency, and the rise of ISIS [9-11, 15]. The sources highlight the lack of a viable Iraqi opposition ready to take over [16]. The US was unable to create a government that was seen as legitimate by the majority of Iraqis [9, 10, 16]. The US preference for a Sunni dominated government was at odds with the Shia majority [7, 10].
Libya: The 2011 uprising against Muammar Gaddafi, supported by NATO intervention, led to his overthrow and death [17, 18]. However, the country descended into chaos, with various militias vying for control and the government unable to assert its authority [8, 19]. The sources point out that the opposition to Gaddafi was dependent on external support and lacked a clear program beyond his removal [17, 18, 20].
Syria: The sources show that the conflict in Syria started as a popular uprising against the government, but it quickly became a sectarian conflict [12]. The White House has stated that its top priority is regime change in Syria, but the sources note that this is a recipe for a long and drawn out conflict [21]. The rebels have not been able to overthrow the government [22].
Yemen: The sources describe the possibility of regime change in Yemen as a result of the Arab Spring protests [23, 24]. However, the country is facing the possibility of a civil war, and a vacuum of power [23, 25].
Impact on Regional Stability:
Sectarian Conflict: Regime change has often exacerbated sectarian tensions. In Iraq, the overthrow of Saddam Hussein led to increased conflict between Sunni and Shia communities [3, 7, 9, 10]. In Syria, the uprising against the Assad regime has taken on a sectarian character [12].
Rise of Extremist Groups: The sources emphasize that the chaos created by regime change provides an opportunity for extremist groups to gain power and influence [1, 11].
Regional Power Struggles: Regime change has also intensified regional power struggles [7, 9, 10]. Countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia have been vying for influence in the region, and have taken sides in conflicts such as the one in Syria [26].
End of Old Order: Regime change is presented as a part of the “end of Sykes-Picot,” the old order established after World War I [27]. This suggests that the region is undergoing a fundamental transformation that could lead to new boundaries and political arrangements.
Challenges and Future Considerations:
Lack of Viable Alternatives: The sources note a lack of viable, organized, and widely supported alternatives to the existing regimes [16]. In many cases, the opposition groups are weak, fragmented, and dependent on foreign powers [17, 20].
Difficulty in Building Stable Governments: Even when regime change is achieved, building stable and legitimate governments is extremely difficult. The sources highlight the challenges of establishing a power-sharing agreement and a government that is supported by the population [3, 10].
Need for Local Solutions: The sources imply that sustainable solutions to the conflicts in the Middle East must come from within the region and must address the underlying issues of sectarianism, inequality, and lack of political representation [3, 4, 10].
In conclusion, the sources portray regime change as a complex and often counterproductive process that has significantly destabilized the Middle East. The removal of existing regimes has frequently led to unforeseen consequences, including civil wars, sectarian violence, and the rise of extremist groups. The sources suggest that external interventions aimed at regime change have often failed, and that lasting peace and stability in the region require locally-driven solutions that address the underlying causes of conflict.
The Arab Spring: A Complex Revolution
The Arab Spring is presented in the sources as a complex series of events with both democratic aspirations and significant unintended consequences [1, 2]. It is described as a period of widespread popular protests in the Middle East and North Africa, beginning in 2011, that aimed to overthrow long-standing authoritarian regimes [3, 4]. However, the sources also emphasize that the term “Arab Spring” is misleading, as it overstates the progressive nature of these events [1, 2].
Initial Motivations and Goals:
Desire for Democracy: Millions of people across the region sought an end to corrupt and brutal police states, and hoped to establish honest, accountable, law-bound governments [1].
Demand for Civil Rights: Protesters called for free elections and an end to discrimination [1].
Rejection of Authoritarianism: The uprisings were a direct challenge to the existing political order, where power was concentrated in the hands of a small, often corrupt elite [5].
Complications and Challenges:
Sectarian Divisions: The sources emphasize that demands for democracy had different implications in various countries [1, 6]. In Bahrain, for example, democratic reforms would lead to the Shia majority taking power from the Sunni minority [1]. In Syria, the opposite would be true, with the Sunni majority replacing the ruling Alawite minority [1].
Militant Islamism: The sources note that militant Islamism was always a part of the Arab Spring, and that it was not a purely progressive revolution that was later hijacked [4].
External Influence: Some of the protests were influenced or manipulated by neighboring countries and foreign powers [7, 8].
Militarization of Dissent: When peaceful protests were met with violence, the dissent became militarized, leading to civil wars and chaos [4].
Outcomes and Consequences:
Mixed Results: The Arab Spring did not result in a uniform outcome. While it led to the overthrow of some leaders, it did not produce stable democracies in most cases [9].
Authoritarian Resurgence: In several countries, such as Egypt and Bahrain, more repressive governments took power [9, 10].
Civil Wars: Libya, Syria, and Yemen were ravaged by warfare [9]. The sources note that Libya, previously peaceful, descended into violence approaching the levels seen in Syria and Iraq [11].
Increased Oppression: The clampdown on opposition grew ever more severe in many countries [12].
Rise of Extremist Groups: The power vacuums created by the uprisings were often filled by extremist groups such as ISIS [7, 13].
Disillusionment: Many people in the region felt deceived, and the term “Arab Spring” was replaced by “Arab Autumn” or “Arab Winter” in many media outlets [3].
Specific Country Examples:
Libya: The uprising against Gaddafi was initially praised in the West, but the country descended into chaos after his removal [14]. The opposition was dependent on NATO and did not have the strength to fill the power vacuum [9, 15].
Syria: The protests against the Assad regime quickly turned into a civil war. The conflict became a proxy war, with regional and international powers backing different sides [16].
Bahrain: The Sunni monarchy, backed by Saudi troops, crushed mass protests by the Shia majority [17, 18]. The government brought in foreign Sunni to strengthen the security forces [18].
Yemen: The largely peaceful transfer of power from President Ali Abdullah Saleh was initially seen as a positive result of the Arab Spring, but the country was later torn apart by civil war [19].
Egypt: Despite the mass protests in Tahrir Square, the protesters never seized state power, and the country ended up under an even more repressive police state [10].
Role of Media:
Initial Support for Protests: Foreign journalists and satellite television stations such as Al Jazeera Arabic played a role in publicizing the uprisings [20].
Government Restrictions on Media: In response, governments restricted journalists by denying visas, expelling correspondents, or even arresting them [20].
Misleading Portrayals: The Western media often portrayed the uprisings as “bourgeois” revolutions led by secular, pro-Western individuals, which was deceptive [7]. The sources note that the media was also credulous in broadcasting claims about government atrocities while dismissing government denials [14].
Overall Assessment:
Not a Uniform Movement: The Arab Spring was not a single, unified movement, but a series of interconnected uprisings with diverse goals and outcomes [4].
Failure to Achieve Lasting Change: While the uprisings initially sparked hope for democracy, they ultimately failed to create lasting democratic change in most of the countries affected [9].
Exacerbation of Existing Conflicts: The Arab Spring exacerbated sectarian and political tensions, leading to violent conflict and instability [12].
In conclusion, the Arab Spring was a complex and multifaceted series of events that initially held great promise for democratic change, but ultimately resulted in a mix of outcomes, including increased authoritarianism, civil wars, and the rise of extremist groups [9]. The sources highlight the importance of understanding local contexts and the unintended consequences of foreign intervention when assessing these events. The Arab Spring is not a singular event, but rather a collection of uprisings with different goals and outcomes, the effects of which are still being felt in the Middle East [4, 13].
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Iran International reports on a range of current events. A key focus is Prince Reza Pahlavi’s advocacy for action against the Islamic Republic at the UN Human Rights Council. The broadcast also covers US-Russia talks regarding the war in Ukraine, including potential normalization of relations and possible meetings between Putin and Trump. Economic issues within Iran are highlighted, particularly the impact of sanctions on oil sales and widespread inflation affecting Iranian citizens. The program further explores how the Iranian government spends its money. Finally, the report analyzes how Iranian oil exports work with sanctions in place.
Iran International News Analysis Study Guide
Quiz:
Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each.
What did Prince Reza Pahlavi say in his speech at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva?
What was the main purpose of the US-Russia talks held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, regarding the war in Ukraine?
According to Marco Rubio, what topics will be of importance in the ongoing Ukrainian peace talks?
What did the Director of the Center for Contemporary Iranian Studies in Russia suggest about the US-Russia talks?
What is the significance of the past meetings between Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin, as discussed in the broadcast?
What accusations did US intelligence agencies make after Donald Trump’s victory in the 2016 election?
How has the high price of goods in Iran been reflected in Iranian social media?
What is the Iranian government’s view on the austerity of its people?
According to international reports, what has been the impact on Iran’s oil exports since the announcement of the Trump administration’s policy of maximum pressure?
According to Mehdi Mozambi, how does China pay for the oil that it imports from Iran?
Quiz Answer Key:
Prince Reza Pahlavi stated that the time has come to take action to destroy the Islamic Republic and emphasized the Iranian people’s fight for freedom, justice, and human dignity. He also told those who want to silence or stand in the way of Iranian progress that Iranians will not wait for their approval.
The US-Russia talks in Riyadh were ostensibly about ending the war in Ukraine but were, in fact, an opportunity for the two countries to improve bilateral relations, including the resumption of consulate operations.
Marco Rubio indicated that future talks on peace in Ukraine would include discussions of territory and security guarantees. He said that European countries will join these talks at some point.
The Director of the Center for Contemporary Iranian Studies in Russia suggested that the Ukraine issue was an excuse for the US and Russia to resume relations. He also claims that Trump intervened in the war because the U.S. would lose too much (the Middle East, Europe, and the dollar).
The past meetings between Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin are significant because they highlight a complex and at times controversial relationship between the two leaders, characterized by both personal admiration and political tension. It was also mentioned that Trump may have had contact with Putin while no longer in office.
After Donald Trump’s victory in the 2016 election, US intelligence agencies accused Russia of carrying out an organized cyber operation to influence the election in Trump’s favor.
On Iranian social media, people are protesting against the Islamic Republic due to the rising costs of goods, expressing their frustration with the government’s indifference to the suffering of the Iranian people, and discussing the financial and living problems they are facing.
Users on social media have stated that economic austerity is only for the people, but prosperity and growth budget is only for the government.
Reports indicate a significant decrease of 40% in Iran’s oil exports to China since the announcement of the Trump administration’s policy of maximum pressure. This has caused turmoil in Iran’s economic situation.
China does not give cash to Iran for oil; instead, payments are processed through the Central Bank of China in the form of Chinese goods or other issues.
Essay Questions:
Analyze Prince Reza Pahlavi’s speech at the UN Human Rights Council. What are the main arguments he presents, and what impact do you think his words have on the international community and the people of Iran?
Discuss the complexities of the relationship between the United States and Russia, as reflected in the news coverage of the talks in Riyadh and the historical overview of meetings between Trump and Putin. How have these relations evolved, and what are the potential implications for global politics?
Evaluate the economic challenges facing the Iranian people, as depicted through social media reactions and reports on oil exports. What are the primary drivers of these challenges, and how are they affecting daily life in Iran?
Examine the role of international sanctions in shaping Iran’s oil exports and economic policies. How effective have these sanctions been, and what strategies has Iran adopted to circumvent them?
Discuss the perspectives of the Iranian people on the relationship between domestic unity, political movements, and the role of leadership in shaping the future of Iran.
Glossary of Key Terms:
Islamic Republic: The current ruling government and political system in Iran, established after the 1979 revolution.
Prince Reza Pahlavi: The son of the last Shah of Iran, and a prominent figure advocating for a transition to a democratic government in Iran.
UN Human Rights Council: An inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe.
Marco Rubio: A US Secretary of State involved in US-Russia talks related to the war in Ukraine.
Vladimir Putin: The President of Russia, a key figure in discussions regarding US-Russia relations and the war in Ukraine.
Donald Trump: Former President of the United States, known for his complex relationship with Vladimir Putin and his administration’s policies toward Iran.
Rial: The official currency of Iran.
Sanctions: Economic or political penalties imposed by one or more countries against a targeted country, group, or individual.
Bloomberg News: A major international news agency that provides financial news and information.
Iranian Broadcasting Corporation: The state-controlled media organization in Iran.
Iran International News: Opposition, Economy, and Global Relations
Okay, here’s a briefing document summarizing the key themes and ideas from the provided text.
Briefing Document: Iran International News Excerpts
Date: October 26, 2023 (Assuming current date based on the nature of news)
Source: Excerpts from Iran International broadcast.
Main Themes:
Iranian Opposition and Regime Overthrow: A central theme revolves around calls for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the role of opposition figures, particularly Prince Reza Pahlavi.
Human Rights Concerns: The broadcast highlights human rights violations within Iran, focusing on suppression of protests, political prisoners, and the lack of political freedom.
US-Russia Relations and Ukraine: The excerpts cover US-Russia talks regarding the war in Ukraine, including potential normalization of relations and a possible meeting between Putin and Trump.
Economic Crisis in Iran: The news highlights the severe economic situation in Iran, characterized by high inflation, a collapsing rial, and the impact of US sanctions on oil exports.
Iranian Oil Exports and Sanctions Evasion: The broadcast discusses Iran’s efforts to export oil despite US sanctions, including using smaller Chinese ports and potential illicit activities.
Detailed Breakdown:
1. Iranian Opposition and Regime Overthrow
Prince Reza Pahlavi’s statements: Prince Reza Pahlavi is a major focus, with his speech at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva highlighted. He argues for decisive action to “destroy the Islamic Republic.” He states, “The time has come to take action to destroy the Islamic Republic.” He emphasizes the regime’s corruption, dismantled “axis of resistance,” and destroyed internal legitimacy as reasons for immediate action. He asserts that Iranians are fighting not only for themselves but for “the values of freedom, justice, and human dignity.”
Call for international partnership: Pahlavi says to those “who want to silence us or stand in our way, we will not ask for your green light. We will not wait for your green light…Our question is, will you stand with us?” showing a clear push for international support beyond sympathy.
Geneva Summit: The broadcast covers a summit for human rights and democracy held in Geneva, coinciding with the UN Human Rights Council. The summit focuses on human rights violations and the struggles for freedom and democracy in Iran. Activists like Farnoush Tabatabaei emphasize the importance of unity and being “the voice of the silent ones.”
Emphasis on Unity: Speakers emphasize the need for unity among Iranians, both inside and outside the country, to achieve regime change and restore human rights. There is a call for different political spectrums to unite.
2. Human Rights Concerns
Suppression of Protests and Political Prisoners: The Geneva summit is presented as a platform to discuss the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran.
Focus on specific issues: The broadcast mentions a panel on the “Islamic Republic’s brutal treatment of protesters.”
Historical Context: An activist references the “oppression and lack of political freedom” that Iranians have suffered for 46 years.
3. US-Russia Relations and Ukraine
US-Russia Talks in Riyadh: The broadcast covers talks between US and Russian officials in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, ostensibly focused on ending the war in Ukraine. The talks are also framed as an opportunity to improve US-Russia relations.
Normalization of Relations: Marco Rubio is cited as announcing Washington and Moscow’s decision to normalize relations between the two countries.
Potential Putin-Trump Meeting: The talks are seen as potentially paving the way for a meeting between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump.
Ukraine Concerns: Zelensky criticizes any talks on Ukraine that do not involve Ukrainians. The EU also has differing interest in the war.
Trump’s View: Trump believed that he had to intervene to prevent the issue of war. Because if this continues, after a few more years, Russia will win.
4. Economic Crisis in Iran
High Inflation and Collapsing Rial: The broadcast emphasizes the severe economic hardship faced by Iranians, linking it to high inflation and the declining value of the rial. Users on social media express their struggles and criticize the government’s indifference.
Impact of US Sanctions: The report highlights the impact of US sanctions on Iran’s oil revenues.
Austerity for the People, Prosperity for the Government: A user criticizes the government, claiming that “austerity is for the people, but wasteful spending is for the government.”
Low Salaries: There is commentary and criticism of the low salaries being set for employees and retirees. One user states this amount is “not even enough to buy Eid fruits.”
5. Iranian Oil Exports and Sanctions Evasion
Oil Export Decline: Reports indicate a significant decrease in Iran’s oil exports to China following the Trump administration’s policy of maximum pressure. “International reports indicate a 40% decrease in Iran’s oil exports to China in January.”
Discounts on Oil Sales: A member of Parliament’s Energy Commission confirms the “extensive discount on oil sales.”
Use of Small Chinese Ports: Bloomberg News is cited as reporting that Iran is sending oil to “small Chinese ports” to evade sanctions.
Sanctions Evasion Tactics: The report mentions that Iran uses tactics such as transferring oil between tankers and falsifying licenses to sell oil in the Chinese market.
Financial Ramifications: China is mentioned as not giving cash to Iran for its oil.
IRGC Involvement: There are allegations that children of IRGC commanders are involved in setting up offices in other countries to facilitate oil transfers.
6. Trump-Putin Relationship History
Mutual Admiration: Before Trump’s presidency, both leaders had expressed admiration for each other. Putin called Trump a “brilliant” man.
Controversy over Election Interference: Trump has repeatedly denied Russia’s interference in the 2016 US presidential election, even contradicting US intelligence agencies.
Meetings and Closed-Door Talks: The report details previous meetings between Trump and Putin, highlighting controversial closed-door talks attended only by interpreters.
Sanctions Despite Admiration: Despite personal admiration for Putin, the Trump administration imposed extensive sanctions on Russia.
Continued Contact: It is alleged that Trump maintained contact with Putin even after leaving office, possibly through private phone calls.
Overall Significance:
The broadcast paints a picture of a complex geopolitical landscape involving Iran, the US, Russia, and Ukraine. It highlights the challenges faced by the Iranian people under the current regime, the ongoing efforts to address the war in Ukraine, and the intricate dynamics of US-Russia relations. The focus on Prince Reza Pahlavi and the Geneva summit suggests a continued emphasis on regime change in Iran and the promotion of human rights. The economic news underscores the severity of the crisis in Iran and the difficulties the country faces in navigating international sanctions.
Global Affairs & Iranian Challenges: Key Discussions
FAQ
What was the main focus of Prince Reza Pahlavi’s speech at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva?
Prince Reza Pahlavi’s speech focused on the urgent need for action to dismantle the Islamic Republic, emphasizing that the Iranian people are fighting for universal values of freedom, justice, and human dignity. He called on the international community to partner with the Iranian people in their struggle, rather than waiting for permission or offering mere sympathy. He highlighted the regime’s corruption, dismantled “axis of resistance,” and destroyed internal legitimacy as reasons why now is the time to act. He said that the Islamic Republic seeks war with the world and will not stop until overthrown.
What was the purpose of the Geneva Summit mentioned in the broadcast?
The Geneva Summit was held to examine human rights violations and support the struggles for freedom and democracy, coinciding with the United Nations Human Rights Council. Activists, political figures, and victims of repression from around the world attended. Discussions focused on the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran, with Prince Reza Pahlavi being a key speaker.
What were the key topics discussed during the US-Russia talks held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia?
The US-Russia talks in Riyadh centered on improving relations and addressing the war in Ukraine. Key topics included resuming bilateral relations and reopening consulates, which had been strained in recent years. Discussions about Ukraine involved potential negotiation frameworks, including territory and security guarantees, with the US emphasizing a search for lasting peace. While Ukraine was not directly involved, the US affirmed consultations with European partners, who are expected to join future talks, particularly regarding sanctions.
What is the significance of potential meetings between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump?
Potential meetings between Putin and Trump are viewed as significant due to the complex and sometimes controversial relationship between the two leaders. They are seen as potentially easing global political tensions, particularly concerning the war in Ukraine. Some believe that Trump might intervene to prevent further escalation and protect US interests, potentially collaborating with Russia to establish stability.
What is the status of Iran’s oil exports, particularly to China, in light of US sanctions?
Despite US sanctions aimed at zeroing out Iran’s oil revenues, Iran continues to export oil to China, albeit with significant discounts. These exports often go through small, private Chinese ports after major ports refuse to handle sanctioned oil. Experts suggest that these private ports have limitations in handling large tankers. The financial benefits for Iran are marginal, with payments often made in Chinese goods rather than cash, highlighting the economic pressures the country faces.
How are high inflation and the collapse of the rial affecting the Iranian people?
High inflation and the collapse of the rial are causing significant economic hardship for the Iranian people. Users are lamenting the high prices of basic goods and criticizing the government’s indifference to their suffering. They contrast austerity measures imposed on the population with what they view as wasteful government spending on religious organizations and state media.
How have previous meetings between Trump and Putin shaped US-Russia relations?
Previous meetings between Trump and Putin have been marked by personal admiration and controversy. While Trump repeatedly praised Putin as a strong leader, these meetings have also drawn criticism due to Trump’s perceived willingness to accept Putin’s denials of Russian interference in US elections. Despite imposing sanctions on Russia for various actions, Trump maintained a connection with Putin, potentially seeking to return to power through these interactions.
What is the role of unity among Iranians, both inside and outside the country, in addressing Iran’s challenges?
Unity among Iranians is seen as essential for addressing the country’s challenges and achieving democracy and human rights. Activists emphasize the need for Iranians, both within Iran and abroad, to unite despite differing political views. Some believe unity is emerging within Iran, particularly within the Women’s Uprising for Freedom, and hope for similar unity among political factions outside the country to support the liberation of Iranian soil.
Reza Pahlavi: Advocacy for Iranian Freedom and Democracy
Prince Reza Pahlavi’s activities and statements are a prominent topic in the sources.
Key aspects of Prince Reza Pahlavi’s activities and statements include:
Advocacy for Action Against the Islamic Republic: Prince Reza Pahlavi stated that the time has come to take action to destroy the Islamic Republic. He has been traveling in Europe, discussing the democratic ideals of Iranians with government leaders. He declared that those who seek to impede progress by demanding silence or obstructing the path forward will not be granted permission or be waited upon.
Speech at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva: He gave a speech at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, addressing the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran. The speech was titled “Fight for the Freedom of Iran”.
Call for Unity and Partnership: He emphasized that the Iranian people are not asking for sympathy but for partnership. He has called for unity under his leadership.
Historical Context: It was mentioned that 2,500 years ago, Cyrus the Great wrote the Charter of Human Rights, and there is a desire to see the charter and human rights return to Iranian soil.
Impact of Geneva Conference: The Geneva conference is seen as a platform for Iranians abroad to voice the concerns of those oppressed in Iran.
Views on the Islamic Republic: Prince Reza Pahlavi believes that the creations of the Islamic Republic will only disappear with the destruction and overthrow of the regime, which he sees as more corrupt than ever with its axis of resistance dismantled and internal legitimacy destroyed. He views the regime as seeking war with the world.
Support and Emotion: His speech in Geneva evoked strong emotions, with many attendees, including non-Iranians, expressing tears and solidarity.
Role as Leader: Some consider it a national and patriotic duty to support Prince Reza Pahlavi as the leader of the national movement.
Reactions to Economic Issues: Prince Reza Pahlavi’s statements coincided with discussions about high inflation and economic difficulties in Iran, with users on social media expressing discontent with the government’s handling of the economy.
US-Russia Talks on Ukraine: Normalization and Future Negotiations
The sources discuss US-Russia talks, particularly in the context of the war in Ukraine and broader relations between the two countries.
Key points regarding the US-Russia talks include:
Normalization of Relations: Marco Rubio announced Washington and Moscow’s decision to normalize relations between the two countries. A significant step towards this normalization is the potential reopening of consulates in each country.
Talks in Riyadh: US and Russian officials met in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to discuss ending the war in Ukraine. These talks are viewed as an opportunity for the two sides to improve their relations.
US and Russian Representatives: Sergei Lavrov and an aide to Vladimir Putin represented Russia, while Marco Rubio and Steve Jobs, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, represented the US.
Future Negotiations: Two teams are expected to be formed by the United States and Russia to advance future negotiations.
Key Issues: Discussions about territory and security guarantees are expected to be important issues in future peace talks regarding Ukraine.
European Involvement: While there was concern that European countries were being sidelined, the White House National Security Advisor indicated that they are constantly consulting and discussing with European officials and that European countries will eventually join the talks, especially since they imposed some of the sanctions.
Russian Perspective: Lavrov stated that Russia will not accept European forces in Ukraine under any flag.
Potential Meeting Between Putin and Trump: These talks are seen as potentially paving the way for a meeting between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump to discuss the Ukraine issue.
Trump’s View: According to Rajab Safarov, Trump felt he had to intervene to prevent the issue of war because if it continued, Russia would win, the European Union would be destroyed, and the dollar itself would be at risk.
Ukraine’s Stance: Volodymyr Zelensky has criticized talks on Ukraine that do not involve Ukrainians.
Importance of Dialogue: The beginning of the US-Russia dialogue is considered important, especially after approaching confrontation and war.
Overall Significance: The fate of the international community and the issue of global political escalation depends on the US and Russia.
Previous Meetings: The history of meetings between Putin and Trump reveals a complex relationship, marked by both cooperation and controversy. Despite tensions and sanctions imposed by the Trump administration on Russia, Trump maintained a personal connection with Putin.
Iranian Oil Sales Under US Sanctions
The sources discuss Iranian oil sales, particularly in light of US sanctions and their impact on the Iranian economy.
Key aspects of Iranian oil sales discussed in the sources:
Impact of US Sanctions: The Trump administration’s policy of maximum pressure on the Islamic Republic and aiming to reduce Iran’s oil revenues to zero has led to a decrease in Iran’s oil exports. In January, international reports indicated a 40% decrease in Iran’s oil exports to China.
Discounts on Oil Sales: A member of the Parliament’s Energy Commission, Mohammad Bahrami, emphasized the continuation of discounts for oil sales, which has caused turmoil in the country’s economic situation. Sanctions mean that Iranian oil cannot follow its normal routine and will definitely be discounted, possibly more than before.
Destinations for Iranian Oil: Due to US sanctions, the Islamic Republic is sending oil to small Chinese ports. Bloomberg News reported that private terminals in some small Chinese ports have become new destinations for oil purchased from Iran and Russia after China’s major ports refused to deliver it.
Limitations of Small Ports: These small, private ports can only handle a limited amount of oil, around 700,000 to 800,000 barrels per day, and cannot accommodate larger tankers. Tankers under US sanctions are limited to these private ports.
Circumventing Sanctions: These private ports may be involved in fraudulent activities, such as changing licenses to sell the oil to the Chinese domestic market, similar to what was done in Malaysia and the UAE before.
Financial Aspects: The financial return to Iran from these oil exports has always been marginal. China does not provide cash to Iran but instead provides goods or other items through the Central Bank of China.
Role of IRGC Commanders’ Children: Some children of IRGC commanders have reportedly set up offices in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the UAE to facilitate oil transfers, including transferring oil from tanker to tanker.
Economic Pressure: The situation with oil sales puts more pressure on Iran’s economy. The psychological atmosphere created by these conditions also has a negative impact, and domestic brokers may exacerbate this pressure.
Iran’s Economy: Sanctions, Inflation, and Government Policies
The sources discuss the economic conditions in Iran, focusing on the impact of sanctions, inflation, and the government’s handling of the economic situation.
Key points regarding the economic conditions in Iran:
High Inflation and Falling Rial Value: Iran is experiencing high inflation and a falling rial value, which are worsening daily and having a significant impact on social media. Citizens are expressing concerns about the bad economic situation and the financial problems they face daily, with some protesting against the Islamic Republic.
Austerity for the People, Prosperity for the Government: Users claim that austerity measures are primarily affecting the people, while the government maintains prosperity and growth in its budget.
Rising Prices: The prices of everyday goods, such as tea, have become very expensive.
Salaries and Wages: There are discussions and criticisms regarding the salaries set for employees and retirees, with some users joking that the government should not “break its back” over these amounts. Some users emphasize that the set amount is not even enough to buy basic goods.
Workers’ Wage Determination Committee: A journalist noted the existence of the Workers’ Wage Determination Committee, which determines workers’ livelihoods annually. There is a sentiment that the salaries and wages are becoming less and less valuable over time.
Government Spending Priorities: Amidst the economic difficulties, criticisms are raised regarding the government’s budget allocations to various entities such as the prayer headquarters, the Iranian Broadcasting Corporation, the Islamic Propaganda Organization, and the Revival Headquarters, while employees and retirees receive what is considered a “shameful amount” under the pretext of a lack of budget.
Impact of US Sanctions on Oil Sales: The Trump administration’s policy of maximum pressure and aiming to reduce Iran’s oil revenues to zero has led to a decrease in Iran’s oil exports. International reports indicated a 40% decrease in Iran’s oil exports to China in January.
Discounts on Oil Sales: Due to sanctions, Iranian oil sales are subject to discounts, which has caused turmoil in the country’s economic situation. The fact that Iranian oil cannot follow its normal routine due to sanctions means it will be discounted, possibly more than before.
Destinations for Iranian Oil: The Islamic Republic is sending oil to small, private ports in China after major ports refused to deliver it due to US sanctions. However, these ports have limitations in terms of the volume of oil they can handle.
Circumventing Sanctions: There are reports of fraudulent activities at these private ports, such as changing licenses to sell the oil to the Chinese domestic market.
Financial Aspects of Oil Exports: The financial return to Iran from these oil exports has always been marginal, with China providing goods or other items through the Central Bank of China instead of cash.
Role of IRGC Commanders’ Children: Some children of IRGC commanders are allegedly involved in facilitating oil transfers through offices set up in countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and the UAE.
Overall Economic Pressure: The issues surrounding oil sales are adding to the pressure on Iran’s economy.
Iran: Economic Crisis Under Sanctions
The sources discuss the economic conditions in Iran, highlighting the impact of sanctions, inflation, and governmental policies on the populace.
Key points on Iran’s economic conditions:
Inflation and Currency Depreciation: Iran faces high inflation and a devaluing rial, leading to widespread concern and discontent.
Austerity Measures: Citizens report that austerity measures disproportionately affect the people, while the government maintains a prosperous budget.
Rising Costs: The prices of essential goods like tea have become prohibitively expensive.
Wage Issues: There’s criticism concerning the insufficient salaries for employees and retirees. The Workers’ Wage Determination Committee is seen as ineffectual, with wages decreasing in value over time.
Government Spending: Critics point out the government’s allocation of funds to entities like prayer headquarters and broadcasting corporations, contrasting it with the “shameful amount” allocated to employees and retirees.
Impact of US Sanctions on Oil Sales: The Trump administration’s “maximum pressure” policy aimed at reducing Iran’s oil revenues has resulted in a decline in oil exports. January saw a reported 40% decrease in oil exports to China.
Oil Sale Discounts: Due to sanctions, Iranian oil sales are subject to discounts, causing economic disruption. The restrictions prevent normal oil sales and lead to further discounting.
Oil Destinations: Iran is using small, private ports in China to circumvent sanctions after major ports declined to handle Iranian oil. However, these ports have limited capacity.
Circumventing Sanctions: Reports suggest fraudulent activities at these private ports, like altering licenses to sell oil domestically in China.
Oil Export Finances: The financial returns from oil exports are marginal, with China often providing goods instead of cash via its central bank.
Role of IRGC: Individuals connected to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) are allegedly involved in managing oil transfers through entities in countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and the UAE.
Economic Pressure: The oil sales situation is compounding the pressure on Iran’s economy.
Human Rights in Iran: Voices and Struggles
The sources discuss human rights in Iran, particularly in the context of the Iranian government’s actions and the efforts of activists and political figures to address these issues.
Key aspects of the human rights situation in Iran, as highlighted in the sources:
Suppression of Protests: There is mention of the suppression of protests in Iran and the situation of political prisoners. Prince Reza Pahlavi, along with other Iranian activists, spoke about the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran at the Geneva Summit.
Human Rights Violations: The summit in Geneva coincided with the United Nations Human Rights Council and was held to examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy.
Prince Reza Pahlavi’s Speech: Prince Reza Pahlavi addressed the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, stating that the time has come to take action to destroy the Islamic Republic. He emphasized that the Iranian people are fighting for freedom, justice, and human dignity. He also stated that the Iranian people are not asking for sympathy but for partnership in their struggle.
Role of Iranian Activists: Iranian activists abroad are working to be the voice of the Iranian people and to address the oppression of their compatriots.
Summit for Human Rights and Democracy: The Geneva Summit is for human rights and democracy and includes activists, political figures, and victims of repression from around the world.
Garik Kasparov’s Speech: Chess player and political activist Garik Kasparov spoke about the unity of human rights activists around the world against dictatorships. He emphasized the need to unite efforts to fight dictators.
Empty Chair for Ahmad Reza Jalali: An empty chair was dedicated to the memory of Ahmad Reza Jalali, a dual-citizen prisoner in the prisons of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Charter of Human Rights: There is a reference to Cyrus the Great’s Charter of Human Rights and the hope that it will return to Iranian soil. The focus was on the return of human rights to Iran, with emphasis on the freedoms of Iranian girls and women and the plight of fathers in prison and children who have lost their lives.
Panel on Brutal Treatment of Protesters: A panel was held on the Islamic Republic’s brutal treatment of protesters, moderated by Nazanin Afshin Jam.
اخبار شبانگاهی، سهشنبه ۳۰ بهمن
The Original Text
Hello, good time, viewers of Iran International from the London studio. You are Tel Naz Khameh. Headlines. Those who want to shut us down or stand in our way, I tell them, we will not ask for your green light. We will not wait for your green light. Speech by Prince Reza Pahlavi at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva. Prince Reza Pahlavi says that the time has come to take action to destroy the Islamic Republic. The end of the first round of US- Russia talks on ending the war in Ukraine. Marco Rubio announced the decision of Washington and Moscow to normalize relations between the two countries. In the appendix, we look at previous meetings between the leaders of Russia and the US. Previous meetings of Putin and Trump and the achievements they had. Of course, whenever our oil is under sanctions and it cannot follow its normal routine, it will definitely be discounted. A member of parliament’s account of the extensive discount on oil sales was also reported by Bloomberg News. Following US sanctions, the Islamic Republic sends oil to small Chinese ports. Reflecting the high inflation and the collapse of the rial, users say that austerity is for the people, and prosperity and growth Budget for the government Also in this news section, Esteghlal’s fateful confrontation with Qatar’s Ryan in the Asian Elite League, only one team from the Reds, Saudi Arabia, is playing. Welcome to the Geneva Summit today. We see live images from this summit. This summit for human rights and democracy is being held today with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. This summit, which coincides with the United Nations Human Rights Council, examines human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy. Prince Reza Pahlavi was one of the main speakers at this summit and, along with other Iranian activists, spoke about the suppression of protests, the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran. We will see together that these are all consequences of a regime that plunders its own country instead of governing it. But whatever the Islamic Republic has created will only disappear with the destruction and overthrow of this regime. Today, we have a historic opportunity. The regime is more corrupt than ever. Its axis of resistance has been dismantled and its internal legitimacy has been destroyed. Now is the time to act. The Iranian people are not only fighting for themselves, but for the values of freedom, justice, and They are fighting for human dignity. This is not just a matter of the survival of my nation. It is also a matter of global stability and global peace. Because, as we witnessed this past week, from terrorist attacks to hostage-taking, the Islamic Republic, despite its lip service in Davos and its demand for a new agreement, is still seeking war with the world and will not stop until it is overthrown. I have been traveling in Europe for the past two weeks and have spoken with government leaders. I know from various parties that Iranians and their democratic ideals have many friends in Europe and the world. But I tell those who want to silence us or stand in our way, we will not ask for your green light. We will not wait for your green light. The Iranian people are not asking for your sympathy. They are asking for your partnership. Our question is, will you stand with us? Thank you. Farnoush Tabatabaei, an activist of the Islamic Revolution, says about the impact of the Geneva conference on the struggles of the Iranian people. In these 46 years, the people have suffered oppression and lacked political freedom. But today, Iranians abroad can hear the voice of the Iranian people speaking with unity. It is from Iran and oppression of our compatriots is our national and patriotic duty, as the leader of our national movement, Reza Shah II, declared and we elected him. For this leadership, we know it is our duty to always and everywhere be present where human rights and the rights of the Iranian people are discussed and try to be the voice of the silent ones. Look, Mr. Abbassian, I have been forced to emigrate for many years because of what happened in Iran in 1979. I lost my homeland, I lost my people, I lost my culture, but I tried to carry all these things in my heart with me until the day when we return the leader of our national movement to Iran, we will return our own life to Iran. And of course, these movements, although we still have shortcomings and shortcomings, we must practice democracy. We must respect all the movements that are active and the only way to save Iran is unity under the leadership of Reza Shah II. We will join my colleague Mehran Abbassian from the meeting in Geneva. Mehran is The 17th round of this summit, tell us more about the programs of this period. First, the Tenz actually had two parts. The morning part and the afternoon part. The morning part began with a speech by Garik Kasparov, a chess player and political activist who opposed the Putin regime. Garik Kasparov mostly talked about the unity of human rights activists around the world against dictatorships. He said that we should put the tests together so that we can better fight dictators. In the morning part, an empty chair was dedicated to the memory of Ahmad Reza Jalali. His name was mentioned as a dual-citizen prisoner in the prisons of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The afternoon part was dedicated to Iran. You broadcast the speech of Prince Reza Pahlavi. The name of this speech was “Fight for the Freedom of Iran.” Most of those who came to the Tenz hall were Iranians who came from all over the world to support the movements in Iran and Prince Reza Pahlavi in Geneva. Many did not find the opportunity to go inside the hall because more Iranians had actually come here than the hall could accommodate. Many were taken to the side halls. That they can see there by video conference. Well, now the voices that you hear inside the lobby, actually outside the main hall, Iranians have found each other and are actually engaged in political discussions. They are talking about the women’s movement, you have given them a free life, and there is Mr. Babak Karim Khan Zand next to me on other issues. I want to point out this, Mr. Babak, were you in the hall? What was new in Prince Reza Pahlavi’s speech? And how much do you think such a meeting can bring the people of Iran to a democracy and human rights? Peace be upon you. The beauty of this meeting today was that it was not about politics, it was about the return of human rights to our homeland. 2,500 years ago, Cyrus the Great wrote the Charter of Human Rights, and today we are witnessing that the Charter of Cyrus and human rights are going to return to Iranian soil again. We all heard the prince’s speech. Everyone cried because he spoke from the hearts of his people. Today, it was not about who or what kind of government is going to be established in Iran. Rather, the voices of the Iranian people were going to be heard today from the hearts of the people. He spoke about the freedoms of Iranian girls and women. He spoke about freedom and They told of the torture of fathers who are in prison today, children who lost their lives, and we saw these tears in the eyes of non-Iranians who realized what is happening in our homeland today. Our conversation is not about politics, today is about the heart, love, and freedom that we hope will return to our homeland soon. The beautiful message of the prince, because today is the time for action, was very beautiful. Be very brief. In part of their conversation, they referred to the unity that emerged between the Iranian people and the Iranian protesters in the Women’s Uprising for Freedom. Do you think such a unity will emerge between different political spectrums to hold rallies outside Iran? I don’t know about outside the country, but I know that inside Iran, people’s hearts are with all people. Those outside Iran whose hearts truly beat for the Iranian people and for the liberation of the Iranian soil must have this duty to sit together. Maybe you and I have different opinions, but we shake hands, kiss, and say that we are happy to see you. I hope so. Political parties should also reach this conclusion. In order to reach and return to Iranian soil, we need to be together. Thank you very much. Well, there is only one panel being held right now. It is called the Islamic Republic’s brutal treatment of protesters. Nazanin Afshin Jam is the moderator of this panel. Five of those affected by the Yazidi Women’s Uprising are participating in this panel. Thank you for Mehran Abbassian’s report from the meeting in Geneva and also for the guests we had. US and Russian officials concluded the Ukrainian peace talks in Saudi Arabia, which began this morning. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and Vladimir Putin’s aide arrived in Riyadh yesterday to conduct these talks. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Jobs, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are also representatives of the US government who traveled to the Saudi capital to conduct these talks. The talks between senior US and Russian officials in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, ended while the Russian presidential aide said that the talks on the Ukrainian issue would begin at the appropriate time and with Vladimir Putin’s decision. He pointed out the need The US-Russia cooperation said that separate teams of negotiators are ready for this issue, but it is difficult to set a specific date for the leaders of the two countries to meet. We will join my colleague Niloufar Pour- Ebrahim from Paris. Niloufar, the Riyadh talks have ended. Tell us more about what was mentioned in these talks. We can say that in general, these talks were more than related to Ukraine itself, an opportunity for the two sides to talk, Russia and the United States, to improve their relations. For example, one of the most important things that they say is the way to emphasize and reach an agreement is to resume bilateral relations and in this context, the consulates of both countries should be opened. We know that in recent years, for various reasons, diplomats from both sides have actually either recalled or expelled their diplomats from the country. For example, the United States expelled Russian diplomats and then the United States diplomats were expelled from Russia. So one of the most important things is this. And then the discussion related to the Ukraine talks is that Volodymyr Zelensky from He has strongly criticized Vladimir Zelensky, who is currently in Turkey and is meeting with Erdogan, and has indicated that he will not accept talks on Ukraine that do not involve Ukrainians, as well as his trip to Saudi Arabia, which was scheduled to take place tomorrow. In addition, two teams are to be formed from the United States and Russia to advance future negotiations. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio has indicated that the discussion of territory and security guarantees will be among the important issues of future talks on peace in Ukraine. He has indicated that their discussion is not a short stop, but rather a search for lasting peace, something that European countries have expressed concern about. On the other hand, the US team was asked about the role of European countries. Regarding the criticism that they were sidelined, the White House National Security Advisor pointed out that they were not sidelined, that they are constantly consulting and discussing with European officials. He referred to Donald Trump’s conversation yesterday and said that these talks are like the shuttle diplomacy talks or The round-trip talks that are held in different places, but he did not mention the fact that usually in the diplomacy shuttle, both negotiating groups are present in the same region. Ukraine is not present here. Another issue that I talked about, Marco Rubio mentioned that European countries will join these talks at some point. They must join because the sanctions must be lifted. Some of these sanctions were imposed by the Europeans. Lavrov also mentioned various issues, including that Russia will not and will not accept that European forces will be present in Ukraine under any flag. Thank you for your explanation, Niloufar Pour-Ebrahim, my colleague from Paris. While you were talking, we were still seeing live images of the speech of Vladimir Zelensky, who had a meeting with Erdogan. We will continue this discussion with Rajab Safou, the director of the Center for Contemporary Iranian Studies in Russia. Mr. Safou. Do you think this meeting will cause a change in Russian-American relations? Look, the whole world now thinks that this important issue that is currently in the world, the issue of Ukraine, is really part of the main cooperation program or The talks between Russia and the US are fine, but in principle, the US and Russia have reached a point where they must have these talks, and these talks are essentially an excuse for Ukraine. It is true that it is an important issue, but relations and the resumption of relations between the two countries are the most important agenda of this meeting. This meeting, which ended in Saudi Arabia, is preparing the ground for Mr. Putin’s meeting with Mr. Trump, which is a very important development in itself. Certainly, what is happening now is a very important area, a very important event in the international community, because the fate of the international community and the issue of global political escalation really depends on the US and Russia. So what happened in Riyadh is the first step, but this issue is so complicated. The second issue, which is Ukraine, is so complicated that it really cannot be said that it has come to a conclusion now. The important thing is that the dialogue, that is, the US-Russia dialogue, began, and this was the last straw when they were approaching confrontation and war. Mr. Trump felt that he had to do something immediately to prevent the issue of war. Because if this continues, after a few more years, Russia will win. The European Union will be completely destroyed. Therefore, what is very clear is that Mr. Trump understood that if he does not intervene now, he will lose Europe, the Middle East, the entire world, and the dollar itself in the international settlement. Therefore, he came to the fore very, very quickly to prevent this from happening. He did not even look at the European Union and Ukraine, and the rival he had in the international community, which for three years was almost the main rival, today can be a partner in the US strategy in resolving and establishing stability in the international community. How likely is it that these negotiations will help end the war between Ukraine and Russia? I do not think that this war, at least the first part, the main part, the warm part, as they say, can be ended with one voice and one speech, because it can really be said that the European Union has its own interests here. The European Union is not willing to end the war in any way, because if they end this war now, this is the loss of all of Europe, the West, and the Western world. And America will be the master. So the Western world, with America as its master, has spent more than a trillion dollars here and wants to really beat Russia and shut it up. But if this continues and the war ends, this is a declaration of victory for Russia, which can change the fate of today’s political actors, destroy the European Union, lower its influence, because the European Union can’t do anything right now to solve the Ukraine issue. So what is the message of these negotiations for the Islamic Republic, which is not willing to negotiate with America now? See, this is a clear example that we need to negotiate. We need to have face-to-face policies. In any case, they can be successful to some extent and talk about the independence of countries and allow countries to prepare themselves for greater resistance or for the future war. But in the matter of fact, in today’s global political composition, leaders should come to the fore who are ready to negotiate, to be ready to negotiate, to at least some extent, to protect the interests of other countries. Tolerating and tolerating some things, I don’t know how far Mr. Putin can tolerate some of himself turning things to the West, but as far as I know, if it is possible, Russia’s interests will be preserved to the end, both for Iran and for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The fact that this scene that is taking place in Riyadh now, and perhaps the meeting will bring Mr. Putin and Mr. Trump, is a good thing. Excuse me, Mr. Ambassadors. Time is up. Thank you for your presence. Rajab Safarov, Director of the Center for Contemporary Iran Studies in Russia. One of the goals of the secret talks is to pave the way for a possible meeting between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump to discuss the Ukraine issue. This will not be the first time that the presidents of Russia and the United States have met. In today’s episode, Berdia Afshin looks at previous meetings between Putin and Trump and their [musical] results. Before Donald Trump entered the political arena, long before he became president, he was interested in investing in Russia since the late 1980s. Trump’s relationship with Russia is very complex and very controversial, but let’s look at the relationship between the US president and the US president. Donald Trump’s relationship with Vladimir Putin, a man who has held power in Russia for more than a century, is not easy to analyze. These images are from the last face-to- face meeting between Trump and Putin in 2019, on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Osaka, Japan, during Trump’s first term as president. Since then, many things have changed, including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the tense relationship between Moscow and Washington that has become much darker than before. However, the relationship between the two men has not been as cold as the Russian-American relationship. At times, it has even been very personal and very sincere. Before Donald Trump came to power in the United States, Vladimir Putin had called the American leader a “[ __ ],” a man who, according to Putin, was passionate and a very talented man. Trump also said that he was honored to be praised in this way by someone who is highly respected in his own country and abroad. He said that Putin. During the 2016 election campaign, Trump repeatedly brought up Vladimir Putin and called him a strong leader, which had caused many concerns in the United States because They see Putin as an autocratic leader and say that Donald Trump ignored this. Of course, Trump said that the United States could have better relations with Russia under his leadership. Following Donald Trump’s victory in the 2016 US presidential election and his Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, US intelligence agencies announced that Russia had carried out an organized cyber operation to influence the outcome of the election in Trump’s favor. Interestingly, since then, Trump has not only always denied this, but has repeatedly said that he believes Putin, not US security officials, that Putin said he did not do this. So let’s look at the meetings between the two, which have repeatedly mentioned this issue. Trump and Putin met for the first time on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany in 2017. It was an opportunity to talk about issues such as Syria and Ukraine. After the two-hour meeting, Trump told him that he should give him the interpreter’s notes and ordered the interpreter not to reveal what he had heard to anyone. Later that night, at a dinner party, Trump sat next to Putin’s chair to talk to him. There were no American witnesses with Trump, which made many in the United States wonder what Trump was talking about with Putin. That same year, in 2017, at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Vietnam, the two men had another chance to meet. It wasn’t an official bilateral meeting, but during the summit in Vietnam, they had a brief conversation. At the end of the meeting, they issued a joint statement on Syria, which emphasized the two countries’ commitment to defeating ISIS. Despite the widespread tensions between Washington and Moscow, the statement was important and showed that the two countries wanted to take joint action in areas of cooperation. But the images we saw were from the first official bilateral meeting between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump in July 2018 in Helsinki, the capital of Norway. A high-profile meeting that attracted global attention was highly controversial. During the Helsinki summit, Trump and Putin held a private one-on-one meeting, attended only by interpreters. And then, after holding a joint press conference like this, Trump said after the meeting that Moscow-Washington relations had never been this bad before. However, Trump believed that he really believed that during this 4-hour meeting, the state of Moscow-Washington relations had changed. As I said, this meeting was very controversial in 2018 because Trump again seemed to agree with Putin and deny Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential election, a claim that contradicted the findings of US intelligence forces. In November 2018, the White House announced that then-US President Donald Trump would not hold a previously planned meeting with Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Buenos Aires and that the meeting would not take place. Trump, who was dissatisfied with Russia’s actions in Ukraine, had canceled the meeting because he had made this decision while the Kremlin had still announced Putin’s readiness for this meeting and emphasized it. However, at the G20 summit in Osaka, Japan the following year, the leaders’ meeting on the sidelines of the summit in As we saw earlier, they met on the sidelines of the summit and discussed issues including Iran, Syria, Venezuela, and Ukraine. Of course, this meeting did not lead to any significant political change. However, despite personal admiration for Putin and the fact that at the 2019 G7 summit, Donald Trump officially called for Russia to be re-admitted to the G7 so that it would once again become the G8, the Trump administration imposed extensive sanctions on Russia due to Russia’s interference in the elections of other countries, including the United States, as well as the poisoning and assassination of their opponents. Although Trump’s critics say that the then US president was hesitant to implement these sanctions, as the 2020 US presidential election approached, Vladimir Putin distanced himself from Trump and accepted the possibility of his opponent Joe Biden winning. Putin told him that the men of Moscow would accept and work with any leader the American people elect. Of course, Putin even called Trump’s accusations against Biden that Joe Biden was pro-Russian completely unfounded. It goes without saying that during the time when Trump was not president, when Joe Biden was president, It seems that Trump has not cut off his contact with Putin. In this book, the famous journalist Bob Woodward’s new book titled War, it is mentioned that Trump may have made private calls with Putin several times during this period. This revelation could be interesting in that despite the many tensions between the United States and Russia, Trump has maintained this connection, maintained his interaction with world leaders, and perhaps his goal was to return to power. These images that we saw were of Donald Trump’s first phone call with Vladimir Putin during his first term as president. Now at least we know that these two men talked on the phone for 90 minutes during Donald Trump’s second term as president, and the possibility of their meeting is greater than ever. What will be the result of the closer relationship between the presidents of Russia and the United States? Will tensions decrease or will there be a change in this current tense situation? Which one determines the time? [Music] Bruger textile workers protested against the city’s governor’s failure to pay their salaries and demands. The workers say they have not received their salaries and insurance for months, and the authorities have not responded to their demands so far. They didn’t give [Music] [Music] You are still watching Iran International. Let’s take a look at the headlines again. Prince Reza Pahlavi’s speech at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva. Prince Reza Pahlavi says it’s time to take action to destroy the Islamic Republic. The first round of US-Russia talks on ending the war in Ukraine ends. Marco Rubio announced Washington and Moscow’s decision to normalize relations between the two countries. My colleague Neshin Khani is here in the studios to review the reactions of users on the wrong networks. This time, let’s talk about the high price. Tell us more. Please. All the people living in Iran are in a big economic predicament. They don’t know how much the money in their pockets is worth to them today. They are talking about everything. Let’s talk about the living and economic conditions. Let’s do a part of them together. [Music] Inflation and inflation and the fall in the value of the rial, which are getting worse and worse every day, have had a lot of reflection on social media, and many citizens are writing about the bad economic situation, the financial and living problems that they are facing every day. They are struggling, they are protesting against the Islamic Republic. Users say that the Islamic Republic is indifferent to the suffering of the Iranian people. A user wrote, “Everything you buy has become expensive. God forbid. The price of a kilo of tea is 800,000 tomans.” He criticized the government and asked, “What’s the matter with you? Where are we going? You still don’t want to give up your illusions?” Another user criticized the authorities’ language, referring to severe inflation, and said that it seems that if instead of “expensive,” they said the problems would be solved. He continued that he wished they were as serious about reforming the economy as they were about changing the language. He emphasized that people’s tables will not be filled by changing new words. Ashkan reported on the living conditions and reported that you have to give up two months’ salary to put some meat in the freezer, especially if you bought the freezer before the sanctions and have had a house with a freezer in it. The author of this post says that people are spending money on meat and fish, but the government is not willing to spend money on the Iranian Broadcasting Corporation and seminaries. He believes that economic austerity is only for the people, but wasteful spending is for the government. But one Among the issues that many users are talking about is the amount of the salary set for the employees of the director and retirees. Ali Mizan wrote this salary and joked that the government should not break its back. At one time, he emphasized that this amount of money is not even enough to buy Eid fruits. A journalist wrote that we also have something called the Workers’ Wage Determination Committee, which every year during the Sabbath, the workers’ livelihood is determined. They consider one-fifth of whatever amount is made as the workers’ salary. This user recalled that years ago, salaries were given to each worker and employee equal to one month’s salary and continued that now the looters sitting on the treasury are slowly changing it, and every year salaries and salaries become less and less valuable. Of course, he wrote, “Shame on you.” Finally, this user wrote this reaction: While the government of the doctors has set the salary of employees and retirees at a shameful amount of 3 million tomans under the pretext of a lack of budget, the budget for the prayer headquarters is 330, the budget for the Iranian Broadcasting Corporation is 33, the Islamic Propaganda Organization is 28, and the Revival Headquarters is 24. The price of oil increased by 19, and I will continue to return to my colleague Tanaz. Thank you for your reading, my colleague. Here, with the announcement of the Trump administration’s policy of maximum pressure on the Islamic Republic and zeroing out Iran’s oil revenues, international reports indicate a 40% decrease in Iran’s oil exports to China in January. Mohammad Bahrami, a member of the Parliament’s Energy Commission, also emphasized the continuation of discounts for oil sales and said that the situation of oil sales has caused turmoil in the country’s economic situation. Certainly, whenever our oil is under sanctions and it cannot follow its normal routine, it will definitely be discounted, meaning that it will definitely be discounted more than it has been discounted so far. I don’t think so. I don’t think so, but like the previous routine, it will definitely be discounted. Well, don’t you think that this situation will put much more pressure on our economy than this. It will definitely affect it. After all, the psychological atmosphere it creates will affect us for a while. We will see that our conditions are not good for a long time, and our economic conditions are not good. They will affect it, and some domestic brokers will also double this pressure with special programs. In this regard, Bloomberg News reported in a report. He mentioned private terminals in some small Chinese ports as new destinations for oil purchased from Iran and Russia. According to this report, after China’s major ports refused to deliver Iranian and Russian oil, private terminals in the country’s small ports became destinations for sanctioned tankers. In this regard, we will join Mehdi Mozambi, an oil market expert from London. Mr. Mozambi, what is your assessment of these international reports about the decline in Iranian oil exports and especially the status of oil exports to China? Greetings to you and the viewers of this program. The first thing I can say is that this shows that you see that both Benberg reported this and Reuters both mentioned these news agencies. In addition, several news outlets or news sites, such as Energy Connect or First Price, have regularly made phone calls to the Schengen customs officials around China and asked to ask about this. This shows that in no way are these oil transfers out of sight and out of mind, and in any case, several different forums are looking at these. Well, from This idea ties the hands of the Chinese so that they can bypass the sanctions under their noses or somehow get around them. But the point is that these ports, as your report also said, are small ports. They are private ports. What they can do is that they cannot handle more than 700,000 to 800,000 barrels of oil per day. That is, they cannot handle such tankers. That is why there is some limitation. For the larger tankers that the Islamic Republic usually used, you see, these tankers are about 43 tankers that are under US sanctions. They cannot dock in regular Chinese ports or anywhere else. They cannot dock and are limited to these private ports. What they can do there is to change these licenses, that is, to do some fraud and write something new there and sell it to the Chinese domestic market as private ports. It can be said that they are doing the same thing that was done in Malaysia and the UAE before, bringing it into China, which somehow lowers the price for them. The financial part of oil exports by the Islamic Republic has always been marginal. How much money from oil exports actually returns to Iran? If we briefly look at it later, you can see what is happening. As I said earlier, some of the children of these IRGC commanders, like Shamkhani’s son, had set up offices in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the UAE. I think there was a certain amount of cooperation that was in our country. Their job was to come and go around and even go to places and transfer tankers to tankers. In any case, they would bring it down. Now, bringing it down lower. And you know that China does not give cash to Iran. Now, it will definitely give it to Russia, but it will not give it to Iran. And it does this through the Central Bank of China in the form of Chinese goods or other issues. They are giving it to Iran, and as a result, cash money will not be returned to Iran. Thank you for your explanations. Mehdi Moslehi, oil market expert from London. We have reached the end of this news section. Thank you for your support. This is my colleague Aydin.
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This news segment from Iran International covers a range of pressing issues. It reports on peace talks in Riyadh between US and Russian officials regarding the war in Ukraine and the Iranian nuclear program, alongside European nations struggling to form a unified support strategy for Ukraine. Domestically, Iran faces economic turmoil, marked by a currency crisis, rising medicine costs and shortages, and labor strikes. The report also touches on human rights concerns, including the imprisonment of activists, restrictions on gatherings, and a human rights conference in Geneva addressing these issues. Additionally, the segment reviews Iranian newspapers, noting diverse opinions on potential negotiations with the US amid internal political tensions.
Iran International News Review Study Guide
Quiz
Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.
What is the main topic of discussion between the White House and Kremlin representatives in Riyadh?
Why are Iranian officials reportedly concerned about the talks between Putin and Trump?
What was the primary outcome of the informal meeting of European leaders regarding Ukraine?
What specific charges were brought against the poet Faramarz Sedehi?
Why was the artist Khosro Azarbeh arrested?
What was the stated reason for Alireza Nassari’s opposition to the impeachment of the Minister of Economy?
What is the current status of Ahmad Reza Jalali, and what symbolic action was taken in Geneva regarding his situation?
According to the news report, how has the economic crisis impacted Iranian pharmacies and pharmacists?
What are some of the key issues raised by Iranian nurses that have led many to leave their jobs?
What is the general sentiment of Iranian newspapers regarding the possibility of negotiations with the United States, as discussed in the news segment?
Quiz Answer Key
The main topic of discussion is ending the war in Ukraine, with Russian and American foreign ministers engaging in negotiations. The meetings are being held in Riyadh.
Iranian officials are concerned that Russia, particularly Putin, may sacrifice Iran’s interests in discussions with Trump regarding Iran’s nuclear program. This concern stems from a perceived history of Russia prioritizing its own interests over those of Iran.
The meeting ended without any tangible results, though they agreed to increase defense spending and reduce dependence on the United States. The leaders failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine.
Faramarz Sedehi was charged with three counts: insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime. These charges were made without a lawyer present.
Khosro Azarbeh was arrested for allegedly insulting former Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. This accusation stemmed from a video critical of the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Assad.
Alireza Nassari opposed the impeachment of the Minister of Economy because he believed that it would cause the dollar to immediately surge to 100,000 Tomans. This was due to the fragile state of the economy.
Ahmad Reza Jalali is an Iranian researcher imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years. An empty seat was reserved for him at the Geneva conference as a symbol of his unjust imprisonment.
Iranian pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance claims and the high cost of medicine, leading to shortages. This is also contributing to increased violence between patients and staff.
Key issues include low salaries and difficult working conditions, including long hours and mental stress. Many nurses prefer to stay home rather than continue working under these conditions.
Many newspapers are reporting the necessity of negotiations with the US under any circumstance, while others repeat Khamenei’s position and consider it irrational and dishonorable. The discussion is still a key topic in the news.
Essay Questions
Analyze the potential roles of Saudi Arabia in facilitating negotiations between Russia, the United States, and Iran, as suggested by the news report. What factors might contribute to Saudi Arabia’s influence, and what challenges might it face in this role?
Discuss the interconnectedness of the Iranian nuclear program, the war in Ukraine, and international relations, as portrayed in the news segment. How do these issues influence one another, and what are the potential implications for Iran?
Evaluate the reporting on the economic crisis in Iran, focusing on the causes and consequences. How is the crisis affecting the lives of ordinary Iranians, and what solutions are proposed or considered in the news segment?
Analyze the significance of the Geneva Human Rights Conference, focusing on Iran. What issues are being raised, who are the key participants, and what impact might the conference have on human rights in Iran?
Discuss the challenges facing healthcare professionals in Iran, as depicted in the news segment. What are the primary issues affecting pharmacists, nurses, and other medical staff, and what are the potential consequences for the Iranian healthcare system?
Glossary of Key Terms
Kremlin: The official residence of the President of the Russian Federation, often used as a shorthand term for the Russian government.
Riyal (Toman): The official currency of Iran. The Toman is a unit equal to 10 rials.
Islamic Republic: The official name of the government in Iran, established after the 1979 revolution.
IRNA: The Islamic Republic News Agency, the official news agency of Iran.
Evin Prison: A prison located in Tehran, Iran, known for housing political prisoners and prisoners of conscience.
Geneva Conference: Refers to the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy.
National Development Fund (of Iran): A sovereign wealth fund established in Iran to invest surplus oil revenues.
Bakhtar Petrochemical: A petrochemical company in Iran.
Kayhan: A conservative Iranian newspaper known for its hardline political views and support of the Supreme Leader.
Setareh Sobh: An Iranian reformist newspaper.
Central Bank (of Iran): The central bank of Iran responsible for maintaining the value of the Iranian currency.
Dirham: The currency of the United Arab Emirates. It is an important currency in Iran because of its role as a stable currency for trade.
UN Human Rights Council: An inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe.
Prince Reza Pahlavi: The son of the last Shah of Iran, often seen as a figurehead for the Iranian opposition movement.
Iran International News: Crisis and Geopolitics
Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the main themes and ideas from the provided Iran International news excerpts:
Briefing Document: Iran International News Analysis
Date: October 26, 2023 (Based on context clues within the text)
Source: Excerpts from Iran International News Broadcast (Pasted Text)
Overall Themes:
Geopolitical Tensions and Negotiations: The news heavily focuses on international negotiations involving Russia, the US, and Iran, particularly concerning the war in Ukraine and Iran’s nuclear program. There is a sense of anxiety within Iran regarding these negotiations and the potential for Iran to be “victimized” or sidelined.
Economic Crisis in Iran: The Iranian economy is portrayed as being in deep crisis, with a rapidly devaluing currency, soaring prices (especially for medicine), and widespread hardship. Public dissatisfaction and anger are evident, along with criticism of the government’s economic policies.
Human Rights Concerns: The broadcast highlights human rights issues in Iran, including the imprisonment of activists, restrictions on freedom of expression, and the suppression of dissent. The Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy serves as a platform for these concerns to be voiced.
Domestic Unrest and Discontent: Reports of strikes, protests, and growing tensions between the public and authorities paint a picture of widespread discontent within Iran.
Key Ideas and Facts:
Riyadh Negotiations:
US and Russian officials (including Sergei Lavrov and Marco Rubio) are meeting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to discuss ending the war in Ukraine. Saudi Arabia is attempting to play a “trans-regional role” as a mediator due to its good relations with both countries.
These talks also encompass the Iranian nuclear program. Russia has stated its willingness to help resolve the issue diplomatically, causing concern within the Iranian government.
Quote: “US and Russian officials began peace talks with Ukraine in Saudi Arabia an hour ago. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, have been in Riyadh to conduct these talks since yesterday. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are also representatives of the US government who traveled to the Saudi capital for these talks.”
Iran’s Nuclear Program and International Pressure:
There’s a fear that Russia might prioritize its own interests over Iran’s in these negotiations, potentially leading to unfavorable outcomes for Iran.
The Iranian government is worried about a repeat of the situation in February 2022, when Russia’s invasion of Ukraine disrupted nuclear negotiations in Vienna.
Quote: “These talks that are currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions. One of its dimensions will naturally be the issue of Iran’s nuclear program… it seems that now they are worried that the Russian officials and Mr. Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them.”
European Disunity on Ukraine:
European leaders failed to reach a consensus on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine.
They are increasing defense spending to gain “some independence from the United States,” but ultimately need US military and air support.
There are internal divisions within the EU regarding the approach to the conflict.
Quote: “Yes, exactly after eight and a half hours, we can say that they did not reach the desired result. The only thing they can say now is that they have agreed to increase their defense spending so that they can be stronger than before and have some independence from the United States and reduce their dependence on this country.”
Iranian Economic Crisis:
The Iranian currency is in freefall, with the dollar exceeding 92,600 Tomans (and potentially rising to 95,000 Tomans).
The government’s attempts to manage the economic crisis are seen as ineffective and lacking a clear plan.
Rising medicine costs and shortages are causing severe hardship, with some people unable to afford essential treatments. Pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to unpaid insurance claims.
Quote: “Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament meeting to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 Tomans more expensive. People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.”
Human Rights Abuses and Political Repression:
Poet Faramarz Sedehi was temporarily released on bail after being charged with “insulting the leadership,” “insulting the sanctities of Islam,” and “propagandizing against the regime.”
Artist Khosro Azarbeh was arrested for criticizing the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Bashar al-Assad.
Ahmad Reza Jalali, an Iranian researcher imprisoned in Iran, was commemorated at the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy.
Quote: “Faramarz Sedehi, a poet from Khuzestan and a member of the Iranian Writers’ Association, was temporarily released after being charged with 800 million tomans of bail. The Iranian Writers’ Association announced this news by writing that Sedehi was charged with three counts of insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime without a lawyer present.”
Growing Social Unrest:
Employees of several petrochemical companies are on strike due to unpaid wages.
Nurses are quitting their jobs due to low salaries and difficult working conditions.
There are reports of increased violence between patients and pharmacy staff due to medicine shortages and high costs.
Quote: “Today, the employees of the Kimia Sanat-e-Mabna Company, affiliated with Bakhtar Petrochemical, went on strike and gathered in the compound of this complex in protest against the disregard for their five months of back wages.”
Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy:
The summit addresses human rights violations and struggles for freedom and democracy worldwide, with a particular focus on Iran.
Prince Reza Pahlavi was a key speaker, addressing the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran.
The summit awarded prizes to human rights activists, including two women from Afghanistan.
Quote: “This conference for human rights and democracy is being held today in Geneva with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. This conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting. It will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy.”
Debate over Negotiations with the US:
Despite the Supreme Leader’s opposition, there is a growing discussion in Iranian newspapers about the necessity of negotiations with the United States.
Some analysts believe that negotiations are unavoidable, while others (like Kayhan newspaper) accuse proponents of being “the fifth column of America.”
Quote: “While the Leader of the Islamic Republic has denied any negotiations with the United States and considered it irrational and dishonorable, the discussion of America and negotiations in the newspapers is still hot, and some analysts consider negotiations a necessity from which there is no group that can avoid them. On the other hand, the government newspapers are repeating Khamenei’s position”
Conclusion:
The Iran International news excerpts paint a concerning picture of Iran facing a confluence of internal and external pressures. The country is grappling with a severe economic crisis, human rights abuses, and growing social unrest, all while navigating a complex geopolitical landscape with high-stakes negotiations involving key global powers. There is internal division about the appropriate response to these challenges, making unified action even more difficult. The broadcast suggests a potentially volatile situation with significant challenges ahead for the Iranian government and its people.
Global Affairs: Ukraine, Iran, and Human Rights
Here is an 8-question FAQ based on the provided text:
1. What are the key topics being discussed in international news?
The main topics include negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin in Riyadh regarding the war in Ukraine, the turmoil in the Iranian land market due to the currency crisis, medicine shortages and rising prices in Iran, and the Geneva Conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025. Discussions also revolve around Iran’s nuclear program and the potential for a resolution through diplomacy.
2. What is Saudi Arabia’s role in the Russia-Ukraine conflict?
Saudi Arabia is attempting to play a trans-regional role by facilitating dialogue between Moscow and Washington to end the war in Ukraine. It leverages its good relations with both Ukraine and Russia, built on its position as an influential international economic power and its Arab and Islamic importance. They have used this relationship in the past for prisoner exchanges.
3. What is the concern of Iranian officials regarding the talks between Russia and the United States?
Iranian officials are concerned that Russia might sacrifice Iran’s interests during negotiations with the US, particularly concerning Iran’s nuclear program. They fear a repeat of the events in February 2022, when Russia’s war in Ukraine disrupted potential sanctions relief for Iran. They are concerned that they will once again be “victimized.”
4. What are the challenges faced by European countries in supporting Ukraine?
European countries are facing internal divisions regarding the deployment of peacekeeping forces to Ukraine and are heavily reliant on the United States and NATO for military and air support. While they have provided more aid than the US so far, they worry about a ceasefire without a peace agreement. Differences among EU member states also hinder a unified approach.
5. What are the main economic problems facing Iran, according to the source?
The Iranian economy is experiencing turmoil due to a currency crisis, with the dollar becoming increasingly expensive. This is leading to soaring prices, shortages of medicine, and potential bankruptcy for pharmacies due to non-payment of insurance. There’s inflation despite government claims, and temporary government policies are criticized for their ineffectiveness.
6. What are some of the human rights issues highlighted in the news from Iran?
The human rights issues include the temporary release of a poet from Khuzestan after being charged with insulting leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime, the arrest of an artist for criticizing economic aid to Bashar al-Assad, and concerns over the imprisonment of Iranian researcher Ahmad Reza Jalali. The Geneva Human Rights Conference addresses these and other violations.
7. What is the state of healthcare and the medical system in Iran?
The Iranian healthcare system is facing severe challenges. People’s share of treatment costs has risen dramatically, medicines are increasingly expensive, and shortages are prevalent. Many nurses are quitting due to low salaries and difficult working conditions. Pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance, and some require police presence due to patient frustration over medicine shortages and high costs.
8. What are the conflicting views on negotiations with the United States within Iran?
While the Supreme Leader has publicly opposed negotiations with the United States, considering them irrational and dishonorable, many Iranian newspapers are actively discussing the necessity of such negotiations. Some analysts believe negotiations are unavoidable. This conflict in viewpoints is reflected in the press, with some outlets accusing others of being pro-American.
Ukraine War: US-Russia Talks in Riyadh
The sources discuss talks related to the war in Ukraine in the following ways:
Negotiations between White House and Kremlin representatives are beginning in Riyadh to discuss ending the war in Ukraine. Russian and American foreign ministers are participating in these discussions.
Saudi Arabia is trying to play an influential role in ending the war by creating “bridges of contact and dialogue” between Moscow and Washington. The Saudi kingdom has maintained good relations with both Ukraine and Russia and was able to use these relations even in the field of prisoner exchanges between the two sides.
US and Russian officials began peace talks regarding Ukraine in Saudi Arabia. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, is conducting these talks. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are representing the US government.
An informal meeting of European leaders to create a united front to support Ukraine ended without any tangible results. The heads of seven European countries failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine. Some leaders say that security guarantees for Ukraine depend on the level of US support.
Europeans are worried that a ceasefire will be formed without a peace agreement being reached, and they want a peace agreement and a ceasefire at the same time. However, the Europeans are not present at the Riyadh talks between the US and Russia and do not know the conditions. There are many differences among the European countries themselves.
The US Secretary of State and the Russian Foreign Minister are engaged in talks that will last for 15 days after a short break.
Iran Nuclear Program: Russian Perspective and Diplomatic Efforts
The sources address the Iran nuclear program in the following ways:
Moscow is seeking to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue, according to the Russian government spokesman. Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin spokesman, told the IRNA news agency that the issue of Iran’s nuclear program can and should be resolved diplomatically if there is political will from all parties involved.
These talks currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions, and one of them is naturally the issue of Iran’s nuclear program.
Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump discussed the issue of Iran’s nuclear program in a telephone conversation. After this news was published, officials of the Islamic Republic became concerned about their own situation and are worried that Russian officials and Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them.
The Islamic Republic News Agency asked Mr. Peskov if Mr. Trump had a specific request in the telephone conversation that took place between Mr. Trump and Mr. Putin. Trump and the White House officials have clearly stated that they are ready to discuss the Iranian nuclear issue if the Islamic Republic abandons its entire nuclear program.
Mr. Peskov stated that Russia is ready to help diplomatically resolve the Iranian nuclear program, and this shows that it seems that a new smell is coming, like what happened in February 2022, while the Islamic Republic officials were reaching an agreement with Western officials in Vienna and it was about time that the sanctions were lifted to a large extent and the Iranian people could at least breathe.
The Islamic Republic officials are concerned that talks with Moscow, namely between Putin and Trump, will lead to Moscow separating from its friends with whom it has had difficult times and with whom it has strategic relations.
Mr. Peskov believes that Moscow is willing and wants to continue its comprehensive relations with Iran but does not talk about the Islamic Republic being a strategic partner. He believes that the Iranian nuclear issue will be resolved if all parties have the political will to resolve it.
Iran Economic Crisis: Currency, Medicine Shortages, and Market Turmoil
The sources discuss the economic crisis in Iran in the following ways:
Turmoil in the Iranian land market followed a meeting between the government and parliament convened to review the currency crisis.
The price of the US dollar increased by more than 100 tomans. Reports from Tehran exchange offices indicated the price of the US dollar in the open market reached 92,600 tomans. Later, the dollar approached 93,000 tomans, with buying and selling rates around 92,900 tomans. At one point, the dollar exchange rate exceeded 95,000 tomans.
People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.
The people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%. There has been a staggering increase in medicine prices, up to five times the previous price, with saline solution prices tripling. People are falling below the poverty line with a simple illness.
Following a closed-door meeting between the parliament and the government, Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf announced that “good decisions” had been made regarding land. However, a member of the parliament’s civil engineering commission noted the government is aware that the conditions are not suitable and that the situation and its fluctuations must be addressed.
Ali Reza Nassari commented on the possible impeachment of the Minister of Economy, stating that the dollar will immediately become 100,000 Tomans if Hemmati is impeached.
Farshad Momeni, a faculty member at Allameh Tabatabaei University, criticized the government’s temporary policies.
The focus of a recent meeting was the inflammation in the markets, specifically the food market, which has had consequences for other markets and food products. No specific outcome was announced from this meeting.
The market and the people have moved past news therapy and speech therapy, and experience has shown that if the officials of the Islamic Republic, the government, and the parliament each have a specific plan, they will clearly announce it so that they can control prices with the psychological burden they create. Announcing vague news and a sentence that good decisions have been made shows that the government has lost control and there is no specific plan. The market is receiving this message, understanding it, and acting naturally.
The government basically does not have the complete and necessary tools to control and manage the market and plan. The Pezdikian government has not announced any other specific plan for the economy, except for the single exchange rate, which it has repeatedly insisted on.
Pharmacists are facing problems due to the high cost and shortage of medicines, and they are in debt to insurance companies. The debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans. Some pharmacies are requesting to change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay.
There are increasing reports and criticisms of the high cost and shortage of medicines. Some pharmacists have asked for police presence to protect their safety and their employees’ safety.
At least 50,000 nurses have quit their jobs and are staying home due to low salaries and hardships.
Market activists are considering foreign policy, international pressures, and news coming from all corners of the region about Iran and are concluding that there is no bright future, and some people who are looking to preserve the value of their assets will naturally tend to convert their rial assets into gold and foreign currency.
Geneva Human Rights Conference: Freedom and Democracy Summit, 2025
The sources discuss a human rights conference in Geneva in the following ways:
A Geneva conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025 is being held with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world.
The conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting and will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy.
Prince Reza Pahlavi is one of the main speakers at this conference and will speak, along with other Iranian activists, about the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran.
The summit started with a speech by Garry Kasparov, a political activist against the Putin regime. The part after the session of this summit is dedicated to Iran. Prince Reza Pahlavi’s speech is named the struggle for the freedom of Iran.
There will be a panel about Iranian protesters and the inappropriate treatment of protesters in Iran by the Islamic Republic government.
Iranians from all over the world came to Geneva to celebrate the prince’s presence at this conference and held a rally in front of the UN headquarters in Europe.
An empty seat has been reserved for Ahmad Reza Jalali at this conference. Jalali is an Iranian researcher who has been imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years.
Two women from Afghanistan received human rights awards at the conference.
The most important award is the Courage Award, which was given to Iran International last year. This year, it will be given to two Venezuelan opposition leaders.
Iran: Medicine Costs and Shortages
The sources discuss medicine costs and shortages in Iran in the following ways:
People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices.
Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.
The people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%.
There has been a staggering increase in medicine prices, up to five times the previous price, with saline solution prices tripling.
People are falling below the poverty line with a simple illness.
Pharmacists are facing problems due to the high cost and shortage of medicines, and they are in debt to insurance companies.
The debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans. Some pharmacies are requesting to change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay.
There are increasing reports and criticisms of the high cost and shortage of medicines.
Some pharmacists have asked for a police presence to protect their safety and their employees’ safety.
One Iranian citizen reported having to pay 30 million tomans a month for chemotherapy and injections for their fiancé who has cancer, and every three months, 17 million tomans for the treatment package, which they are unable to afford.
Another Iranian citizen reported that four types of medicine cost 290,000 tomans, with one medicine alone costing 43,000 tomans.
The spokesman for the Iranian Medical System Organization described the absolute recklessness of health system officials as the reason for the critical situation in the drug market.
The Original Text
Greetings to you, I am Elnaz Kiani. Welcome to this news section of Iran International. Headlines of news. Negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin begin in Riyadh. Russian and American foreign ministers are discussing ending the war in Ukraine. Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament met to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 Tomans more expensive. People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance. The Geneva Conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025. The International Prize for Women’s Rights will be awarded to two Afghan political activists. Also, in the continuation of this news section, negotiations or not negotiations with the United States are the main topics of the newspapers. Kayhan wrote that supporters of negotiations with Trump, the blackmailer, reached out to bin Salman. Setareh Sobh called for direct talks with Washington. US and Russian officials began peace talks with Ukraine in Saudi Arabia an hour ago. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, have been in Riyadh to conduct these talks since yesterday. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are also representatives of the US government who traveled to the Saudi capital for these talks. Masoud Al-Fak, an expert on Middle East affairs, says that the Saudi kingdom has always had very good relations with Ukraine and Russia and is now trying to play an influential role. The Saudi kingdom is playing a trans-regional role based on its capabilities as an effective international economic power on the one hand and the Arab and Islamic importance that this country has. Let’s not forget that the Saudi king maintained good relations with both Moscow and Kiev in relation to the Ukrainian war and was able to use these relations even in the field of prisoner exchanges between the two sides. Today, he is trying to expand this role on the international level to end this war by creating bridges of contact and dialogue between Moscow and Washington and at the same time, he can present its role as an influential international country. The Russian government spokesman said that Moscow is seeking to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue. Dmitry Peskov told the IRNA news agency that we believe If there is political will from all parties involved, the issue of Iran’s nuclear program can and should be resolved diplomatically. My colleague Ahmad Samadi from Berlin has joined me in the conversation. Let’s hear more about the details of the Kremlin spokesman’s statements from you. Ahmad, well, Elnaz. These talks that are currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions. One of its dimensions will naturally be the issue of Iran’s nuclear program, because according to the news that was published a few days ago, Mr. Vladimir Putin and Mr. Donald Trump, the Presidents of Russia and the United States, discussed the issue of Iran’s nuclear program in a telephone conversation. After this news was published, the officials of the Islamic Republic naturally became concerned about their own situation and it seems that now they are worried that the Russian officials and Mr. Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them. The questions that the IRNA news agency, the Islamic Republic News Agency affiliated with the government of the Islamic Republic, asked the Kremlin spokesman show that I am very concerned and the type of questions also show this. For example, they asked Mr. Peskov, well, in the telephone conversation that took place between Mr. Trump and Mr. Putin, did Mr. Trump have a specific request? We know that Mr. Trump and the White House officials have clearly stated that they are ready to discuss the Iranian nuclear issue if the Islamic Republic abandons its entire nuclear program, and Mr. Peskov has stated that we are ready to help diplomatically resolve the Iranian nuclear program, and this shows that it seems that a new smell is coming, like what happened in February 2022, while the Islamic Republic officials were reaching an agreement with Western officials in Vienna and it was about time that the sanctions were lifted to a large extent and the Iranian people could at least breathe, then Russia started its war with Ukraine and forced the Tehran officials to side with them and even came out of that difficult winter in order to calm the people down. And we saw that 3 years have passed and what happened was difficult for the Iranian people and the continuation of the sanctions and the current economic situation where the prices are clear. The next question that has been clarified is that it again shows the concern of the Islamic Republic officials and that they raised this issue that some thought They ask, “Who are these people? It is obvious who are the officials of the Islamic Republic whose talks with Moscow, namely Mr. Putin and Mr. Trump, will lead to Moscow separating from its friends with whom it has had difficult times and with whom it has strategic relations. Again, Mr. Pasgaf is right in his response and believes that Moscow is willing and wants to continue its comprehensive relations with Iran. He does not talk about the Islamic Republic being a strategic partner and believes that the Iranian nuclear issue will be resolved if all parties have the political will to resolve it. Thank you, Ahmad Samadi from Berlin with me. The informal meeting of the leaders of European countries to create a united front to support Ukraine ended without any tangible results. The heads of the seven European countries at the Elysee Palace yesterday failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine. Some of these leaders say that security guarantees for Ukraine depend on the level of US support. My colleague Nirufar Pour-Ebrahim joined us in Paris in this regard. The Europeans were hoping that a They came together to support Ukraine, but it seems that the differences between them have become more prominent. Let’s hear more from you. Yes, exactly after eight and a half hours, we can say that they did not reach the desired result. The only thing they can say now is that they have agreed to increase their defense spending so that they can be stronger than before and have some independence from the United States and reduce their dependence on this country. However, they did not reach a conclusion regarding the deployment of peacekeeping forces, which they had been talking about before. Before the meeting, some countries, including Germany, had criticized it, saying that when peace has not yet been achieved and the conditions are not clear, it is not the right place to talk about deploying peacekeeping forces. We also had the same conversation with Italian Prime Minister George Melanie, who also mentioned the same issue and said that he does not agree with such an initiative that is now being proposed by Britain or France. Britain itself announced after this meeting that the deployment of forces will be subject to guarantees. There is security that the United States is providing. We know that the European Union and Canada have provided more aid to Ukraine than the United States so far. Now they say they will provide even more. But the truth is that they cannot do much without the United States. The NATO Secretary General and the British Prime Minister have mentioned this issue. Without the military and air support of NATO, which is led by the United States in a way, they will not be able to achieve anything even if they send forces. Another issue that seems to have been discussed in this meeting that was less discussed before, Reuters quoted a European official as saying, was the issue of ceasefire and peace. They say that they are worried that a ceasefire will be formed without a peace agreement being reached, and they want a peace agreement and a ceasefire to be at the same time, and they cannot accept that. But the thing is, they are not at the negotiating table right now. We see that right now in Riyadh, the US Secretary of State and the Russian Foreign Minister are talking to each other. Their talks, after a short break, will last for 15 days. It has resumed for a minute and the Europeans are not present at this meeting and do not know the conditions, so it is very difficult for them. Another issue is that there are many differences among the European countries themselves. Many of them, such as the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and other countries, criticized that they were not invited to this meeting. Even Italy, which was present, said why other countries were not invited, and Hungary, for example, is completely against it. Therefore, the differences within the European Union itself are becoming more and more. Thank you. Nino Farpour Ibrahim, my colleague from Paris, joins us here. Let’s look at some short news from Iran. [Music] Faramarz Sedehi, a poet from Khuzestan and a member of the Iranian Writers’ Association, was temporarily released after being charged with 800 million tomans of bail. The Iranian Writers’ Association announced this news by writing that Sedehi was charged with three counts of insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime without a lawyer present. Iran’s Deputy Minister of Health has warned of the increasing risk of the polio virus entering the country. Alireza Raisi has warned that the number of people infected with the polio virus is multiplying. Children in Afghanistan and Pakistan in recent years and official and unofficial contacts with these two countries have been cited as the reason for the increased risk of the virus entering Iran. Protesting artist Khosro Azarbeh was arrested in Tehran on Monday evening. Attorney Amir Raisian wrote on X Network that the accusation of this tambourine player insulting former Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has been made. A video critical of Khosro Azarpeik regarding the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Bashar al-Assad was previously released. Following the turmoil in the Iranian land and gold markets, a closed-door meeting was held between the parliament and the government today to examine the country’s economic and livelihood crisis, and at the same time, the price of the US dollar in the open market increased by more than 100 tomans. According to reports from Tehran’s exchange offices, the price of the US dollar in the open market reached 92,600 tomans in this morning’s trading. Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf announced after today’s meeting that we have made good decisions regarding land. A member of the parliament’s civil engineering commission also said about today’s parliament meeting with doctors that the government is aware that the conditions are not suitable and we must deal with this situation and its fluctuations. Ali Reza Nassari on The possible impeachment of the Minister of Economy also said that with Hemmati’s impeachment, the dollar will immediately become 100,000 Tomans, and that is why we are against impeachment. He added that the head of the Central Bank claimed in this meeting that inflation has decreased, but people do not feel this issue at their desks. Farshad Momeni, a member of the faculty of Allameh Tabatabaei University, also strongly criticized the government’s temporary policies, saying that with this situation, the reputation of the government and the government is at stake. Look at the words of the current Minister of Economy during the Raisi administration and see what he said about the affair of playing with the exchange rate. So if you understand these things and then raise vulgar words like he said, “We are doing this to control inflation and control it,” it is very shameful, God is witness. You want to control inflation by increasing the land rate. You were born in this country yesterday. You do not have the experience of the past 35 years in front of you. Now you do not know those experiences or do not want to know. At least go and review your own words. They really talk so much nonsense. They did not give the government institution any credit. With all this contradiction, irregularity, and nonsense, Reza Qobi, an economic journalist, joined us. Mr. Ghaibi, let’s hear more about the latest news from today’s events in the parliament and the market from you. Yes, the meeting that was held was the focus of the same inflammation that has occurred in the markets, specifically the food market, whose consequences have reached other markets and food products. However, no specific outcome has been announced from this meeting. Only the one sentence that Ghalibaf said, good decisions have been made and we saw the backstop. The inflammation in the market is still ongoing. The dollar is approaching 93,000 tomans as we speak. 92,900 tomans were also bought and sold. A few minutes ago, the dollar exchange rate exceeded 95,000 tomans. And when we look back at the dirham rate, which is also considered the basis for pricing the dollar in Iran, we see that there has been an increase in prices in that sector as well. Based on the parity of the dirham and the dollar, if we want to estimate the dollar rate in the Iranian market right now, Let’s say it’s around 93,500 tomans, and given this rate, it can be predicted that the dollar will surpass 93,000 tomans today and reach new records today. Mr. Ghaibi, how can we evaluate this price increase in the land market? Why, despite the statements of officials, including Ghalibaf, that the government has made good decisions to manage the market, we are still witnessing a price increase? See, the market and the people have basically moved past that news therapy and speech therapy discussion, and experience has shown that if the officials of the Islamic Republic, the government, and the parliament each have a specific plan, they will clearly announce it so that they can control prices with the psychological burden they create. Just announcing vague news and a sentence that good decisions have been made shows that the government has basically lost control and there is no specific plan. The market is receiving this message well, understanding it, and acting naturally. We are now witnessing a price increase of more than 100 tomans immediately after Ghalibaf’s speech in the market. So, the talks This is unsupported and shows the lack of a plan. If there was a plan, the government today basically does not have the complete and necessary tools to control and manage the market and plan. The Pezdikian government has not announced any other specific plan for the economy, except for the single exchange rate, which it has repeatedly insisted on. Market activists put all of this together. Foreign policy, international pressures, and news coming from all corners of the region about Iran put all of this together and come to the conclusion that there is no bright future, and some people who are looking to preserve the value of their assets will naturally tend to convert their rial assets into gold and foreign currency. Thank you, Reza Ghaibi, an economic journalist with us. Well, we have live images from the Geneva conference, which is a human rights conference. We know that an empty seat has been reserved for Ahmad Reza Jalali at this conference. Ahmad Reza Jalali is an Iranian researcher named Saadi, who has been imprisoned in Evin Prison in Iran for about 9 years. These images you see are live images from the conference. Geneva A moment ago, you saw an empty chair in the corner of these pictures. A student is also speaking at this meeting [music]. Mohammad Hossein Azizi, the head of the judicial district of Mehdi Shahr, called on Semnan province to stop any gatherings in connection with the killing of a resident of this city. Azizi explained that the four main suspects in connection with the killing of Maziar Turanian are in temporary detention. After the news of the killing of this young man was published by the police chief of Semnan province, some people gathered in front of the governorate and the city level to demand their expulsion. The police support the enemy of the Yuri tribes, the enemy of the Haruri tribes, the enemy of the Hururi tribes, the enemy of the Free Buzuri, the enemy of the army The score is in Mahdi Night, the second is that those whose census cards expire at the end of 1403, we have reflected this, we will reflect it, Tehran, the Ministry of Interior is following me, the governor is not the one who so-called bans this, but we are following that in the first step, let’s end it, we ban some of these. The third issue, the third issue, whoever the law, whoever rents a house to a foreigner, must introduce Flaco to the police. God forbid, how many of us now have doctors in our own neighborhoods, so to speak, buying a house, renting a house, and whether we were aware of it or not, from now on we must implement this law. You are the viewers and listeners of Iran National. Let’s take a look again at the headlines. The beginning of negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin representatives in Riyadh. The Russian and American foreign ministers are discussing ending the war in Ukraine. Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament meeting to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 tomans more expensive. Reports received by Iran International show that non-payment of insurance and the high cost of medicine are causing problems for pharmacists. Many pharmacies in Tehran are on the verge of bankruptcy. Pharmacists also expressed concern about the increase in violence between patients and staff due to the lack of medicine. Some pharmacists have asked the police and law enforcement officers to appear in front of their workplace pharmacies to protect their own and their employees’ safety. At the same time, the spokesman for the Iranian Medical System Organization announced that the people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%. Reza Laripour also said that the staggering increase in medicine, up to 5 times the previous price. Referring to the tripling of the price of saline solution, he described the absolute recklessness of health system officials as the reason for the critical situation in the drug market. The spokesman for the Medical System Organization also said that people fall below the poverty line with a simple illness. The Secretary General of the Nursing Home reported that at least 50,000 nurses have quit their jobs and are staying home. Mohammad Sharifi Moghadam said that 4,000 nurses prefer to stay home and not work due to the low salaries and hardships of this job. Sharif Moghadam also added that officials withdrew money from the National Development Fund in the name of nurses, but the money went elsewhere. A large number of Iranian audiences International has been reporting and criticizing the high cost and shortage of medicines in the country by sending messages. Greetings to Iran International TV. I am an Iranian citizen calling from Iran. I wanted to talk about the issue of medicines. Unfortunately, my fiancé has cancer and has to pay 30 million tomans a month for chemotherapy and injections. And every three months, 17 million tomans for the treatment package, which unfortunately, we are not doing now. This is due to lack of finances. Death to the Islamic Republic. Death to Ali Khamenei. Curse on Khomeini. I hope that the Iranian people will one day be free from the hands of these executioners and these demons. Greetings to the officials of the International Network. Today, we went to buy 4 types of medicine. It cost 290,000 tomans. Taking one medicine alone cost 43,000 tomans. We, the disabled people of the society, are spending this money on us. When we ask for financial assistance to purchase medicines, they say that we do not have a budget and that the budget does not apply to life at all. And the help of donors. It’s been a long time, God willing, that we will see your death one of these days, Ali Khamenei, and we will hold a big celebration for your death. My colleague Niki Mahjoub is here with me in the studio. Niki, I know that the videos that you send to us, the audience, especially now regarding pharmacies and what you are following, say what the situation of pharmacies is like in Iran. Look at what has happened now, considering that there are problems with the high cost of medicines and the shortage of medicines. On the other hand, pharmacies are in debt to insurance companies and they expect to be paid because they are also working. According to official statistics, the debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans, which means that these pharmacies throughout Iran have debts, but these debts have not been paid to them. These pharmacies are not Aban 13 and the Red Crescent. They are private pharmacies that have been requesting since the beginning of the year to either change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay. This continues. On the other hand, pharmacists say that due to the high cost of medicine, on the one hand, insurance is a problem. On the other hand, people are patients. They get angry and upset. Not only do they want to fight or get into a fight with the pharmacists, but because the medicine they want is not available because they do not have the financial means to pay for it. This psychological pressure sometimes causes them to take measures, such as calling the police in some pharmacies in Tehran. In some cases, they have to take responsibility for the security of the pharmacy so that these conflicts can be minimized. On the other hand, we know that nurses and medical staff are facing various problems. We know that the protests of nurses are nothing new. On the one hand, the salaries are very low, and on the other hand, the working hours are very long. What more can you say about nurses? Look at what they say about nurses, and it is painful that according to the nursing home itself, there are more than thousands of nurses who prefer not to work and stay at home because of both their low salaries and difficult working conditions . The same thing we say about pharmacists applies to nurses and medical staff. When a patient is in the hospital, they need a number of facilities anyway. They may not be able to afford them or the nurse may be tired at all. A nurse who works 72 hours a day with very short breaks and low pay is both mentally and physically damaged. A percentage of these nurses, if they can, will emigrate. A percentage are forced to work in these conditions. And what happens is that the nurses’ protests have not gotten anywhere so far. They promise them that their salaries will increase. In any case, they reduce their benefits and protests. Then they don’t keep this promise. They say we don’t have the budget. The nurse has to go to work under the same conditions. The patient may be angry. We saw the news that the medical staff has been attacked. The mental stress of these nurses is not controlled by anyone. The Ministry of Health is not responsible. My home is a nursing home, and all it does is give statistics about the poor condition of nurses. Thank you. Where is Nikah Mahjoob in the studio with me? Thank you. We have live images from the Geneva conference, which is a human rights conference. You are watching these live images. Minutes ago, two women from Afghanistan received human rights awards. One of the women is speaking at this conference. We know that an empty prison for Ahmad Reza Jalali, an Iranian researcher. Saadi, who has been imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years, has also been considered at this conference. [Music] This conference for human rights and democracy is being held today in Geneva with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. This conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting. It will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy. We know that Prince Reza Pahlavi is also one of the main speakers at this conference and will speak, along with other Iranian activists, about the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran. You are watching live images from the Geneva Human Rights Conference, where one of the women, who is a human rights activist and received an award minutes ago, along with another woman from Afghanistan, is speaking at this conference. [Music] There are live images that you were watching from the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy, which is being held today with the participation of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. As I said, this summit will be held simultaneously with the United Nations Human Rights Council to examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy. Prince Reza Pahlavi is one of the main speakers of this summit. Along with other Iranian activists, he will discuss and deliver speeches on the suppression of protests, the human rights situation, political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran. My colleague Mehran Abbassian has joined me from the summit in Geneva. Mehran, let’s hear more from you. This is the 17th session of this summit. Let’s hear more about the programs of this session. And we know that every session of the Geneva summit also receives awards, meaning that someone does. Will the winners be announced now or not? Well, I must say that the summit started at 10:00 AM with a speech by the famous chess player Garry Kasparov, who is a political activist and against the Putin regime. Well, the part after the session of this summit is entirely dedicated to Iran. Prince Reza Pahlavi as the main speech of the struggle for the freedom of Iran is the name of his speech. He is going to give a speech after that. There will be a panel about Iranian protesters and the inappropriate treatment of protesters in Iran by the Islamic Republic government. Four people from the Women’s Uprising of Freedom are present on this panel. They say that they are concerned about the poor human rights situation in Iran. Iranians from all over the world came to Geneva to celebrate the prince’s presence at this conference. Except that they are now registering in the conference hall. They want to be there when Prince Reza Pahlavi speaks. They also held a rally in front of the UN headquarters in Europe. I was inside the rally, but because of the loud noise and the songs that were being sung, the slogans that were being raised, and we could not properly interview our guest, I actually came to the back of the rally. Next to me is Ms. Tabatabaei, who came here from Denmark. Ms. Tabatabaei. How much impact can such meetings in human rights organizations in the world have on the process of the Iranian people’s struggles? Greetings to my compatriots in Iran in the next 46 years after we lost our late Shah, unfortunately. Our people have suffered 46 years of oppression, torture, poverty, and lack of political freedom. Therefore, we can be your voice. Wherever there is talk about Iran and oppression of our compatriots, it is our national and patriotic duty, as the leader of our national movement, Reza Shah II, declared and we elected him. For this leadership, we consider it our duty to always and everywhere be present where human rights and the rights of the Iranian people are discussed, and to try to be the voice of the voiceless. Ms. Tabatabaei, please be very brief. You said that you also went to Munich. When you are present, you see your compatriots who have come from all over the world and are chanting slogans for freedom and democracy. How do you feel? Mr. Abbassian. I have been forced to emigrate for many years because of what happened in Iran in 1979. I lost my homeland, I lost my people, I lost my culture, but I tried to carry all these things in my heart until the day we return the leader of our national movement to Iran, and we return our identity to Iran. We will return and certainly these movements, although we still have shortcomings and shortcomings, we must practice democracy, we must respect all the movements that are active, and the only way to save Iran is unity under the leadership of Reza Shah II, or as they like to call him, our father, because I really consider him a father. We, the female soldiers of Elnaz, will continue from noon to noon. The program section related to Iran will continue in the afternoon. There will be awards at this summit for the winners. The most important award is the Courage Award, which was given to Iran International last year. This year, it will be given to two Venezuelan opposition leaders, Machado, who has been expelled from Venezuela and is participating in this summit via video conference. My dear Mehran Abbasian from the Geneva summit, my colleague, with us. Today, the employees of the Kimia Sanat-e-Mabna Company, affiliated with Bakhtar Petrochemical, went on strike and gathered in the compound of this complex in protest against the disregard for their five months of back wages. The Bandar Petrochemical personnel Imam also held a strike and protest rally today regarding his temporary wages and demands. Today, 30 Today, Tuesday, 30 Tower 11 403 Counting the personnel of the Brenner Imam Holding to realize their rights for their demands. The zealous personnel of the Bandar Mam Petrochemical Complex to realize their rights for their demands. While the Leader of the Islamic Republic has denied any negotiations with the United States and considered it irrational and dishonorable, the discussion of America and negotiations in the newspapers is still hot, and some analysts consider negotiations a necessity from which there is no group that can avoid them. On the other hand, the government newspapers are repeating Khamenei’s position [music]. Here in the studio to review the newspapers, we are with my colleague Mohammad Rahbar Mohammad. We know that negotiations have now become the keyword in all speeches of all officials, and this has continued in the newspapers in the same way. Many newspapers are now talking about the fact that negotiations must take place under any circumstances. Of course, Kayhan can also have a different position. They say, “What’s the fuss about? This shameless debate is still going on. Let’s look at the first of our days. The newspaper Setareh Sobh, which very openly and bluntly said that we should negotiate directly with America because Trump and Putin are becoming friends with each other anyway. And this statement will definitely be a lie to us. Nothing is a trump card in Iran’s game. A very important point is what Rome said. Look, you have left Ukraine and Europe out of your business and are making decisions about Ukraine without Ukraine being there and the Europeans who supported Ukraine being in those meetings. The same thing will happen to Iran. That is, we have found a situation where others sit and decide on the fate of another country without us being present. With all this arguing about America, I am reminded of the situation at the end of the Safavid era. When Mahmud the Afghan attacked, he had reached Isfahan. The fight in the court was about who could have the honor of going and defeating Mahmud the Affan and so on. They threw this honor at each other and did not let each other go. In any case, there was no coordination at all. The other side came and occupied Isfahan and that was it. The next newspaper is Kayhan. Today, Kayhan has accused all the other newspapers, almost all the newspapers that are part of the chain, of being the fifth column of America. And yesterday, they fell for the rumor that Saudi Arabia wanted to come and mediate between Iran and America. So they all came to the front page. Yesterday, several newspapers were talking about this. Today, Kayhan has come to their senses and said that they are going to find a middleman and pay him a ransom. With such topics and the current situation, how can an agreement be formed in Iran or can there be any coordination in governance at all? Because those other newspapers also came from Mars. They are from different political factions that play a role in governance and it shows what kind of blue-washing is going on behind the scenes and that is reflected in the newspapers in this way. But Kayhan’s job is to come and see what the newspapers said the other day, come and take care of them, as you said, so the next newspaper will also focus on America, but I won’t focus on America anymore. Everyone, the main topic of Iran right now is America. That is, really, as much as the Iranian newspapers talk about this, there is no talk in America itself about what Trump wants to do in the world and all that. And as you can see, how well they did the picture of the US Secretary of State on the front page. But the article that Amy wrote is interesting. Yesterday, Ashei said that the murderer of that young student in Tehran should be identified as soon as possible, and they certainly didn’t know about it yesterday. Today, it seems that he has been identified, several people have been arrested, and we can say that he will probably be executed in the next ten months, and it will be over. Well, today, he has come to my country and said that these are criminals or victims. These are the ones you arrested, meaning that the government has no responsibility for someone committing a crime. All crimes are the responsibility of the party that committed the crime. For example, you have forces to suppress the people, that’s what you wrote about suppression. The students are doing it, but there is no force around for their safety. And he said, “This time, if you want to continue, let these psychologists and sociologists and all that, let’s see what’s happening in society. And let’s look at the last one, the Jahan Sanat newspaper, where Mr. Jen Safad wrote a note and completely ignored the idea that anyone can fix the dollar situation and prevent the collapse of the rial. He said, “Anyone else can come and fix the dollar situation and prevent the collapse of the rial.” Yes, yes, nothing will happen and it will get worse. As one of the members of parliament had said, if you do this, the dollar price will go to 100,000 tomans. Very good. Thank you, Mohammad Rahbar, my colleague, here in the studio with me reviewing the press this morning in Tehran. And thank you for being a viewer of Iran International up until this moment. Good evening.
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This news broadcast covers several developing international situations. It reports on escalating tensions between the United States, Israel, and Iran concerning Iran’s nuclear program, including the deployment of US B-52 bombers to the Middle East and diplomatic efforts involving Saudi Arabia. The broadcast also examines internal and external issues facing Lebanon’s new government, especially regarding Hezbollah’s influence and the country’s relationship with Syria and other countries. Finally, it addresses upcoming US-Russia talks on the war in Ukraine without Ukraine’s participation, sparking concerns among European leaders and Zelensky about transatlantic relations. The tone is one of analysis, reporting on potential negotiations, possible military actions, and shifting political landscapes. Several experts are interviewed to provide insight on the issues.
Middle East Tensions and Geopolitical Shifts: A Study Guide
Quiz
Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.
What was the significance of the B-52H bomber flight data and where were they headed?
What conditions did the US, represented by Rubio and Trump’s advisor Wallace, set for negotiations with the Islamic Republic?
What role is Saudi Arabia willing to play in the potential negotiations between the United States and the Islamic Republic?
According to Hossein Aghaei, what are the two options being discussed in relation to the Islamic Republic’s nuclear facilities, and which one is more likely?
What are the contradictory reports about the protests in Dehdasht, Iran, and what do they suggest about the government’s approach?
What are the criticisms levied against Prince Reza Pahlavi regarding the composition of his close associates and his claim to leadership?
What is the Lebanese government trying to achieve by excluding Hezbollah from the cabinet?
What specific actions has the Lebanese government taken to reduce Hezbollah’s influence?
What are the reasons behind the ban on flights to Beirut International Airport, and how does this affect Hezbollah’s operations?
What is Zelensky’s reaction to the US-Russia negotiations on the war in Ukraine without Ukraine’s presence?
Quiz Answer Key
The flight data of two US Air Force B-52H bombers showed their departure from the UK towards the Middle East, emphasizing the seriousness of the US’s stance amid heightened tensions with the Islamic Republic. This flight suggests a show of force and potential military readiness in the region, particularly in light of ongoing nuclear debates.
The US set the condition that the Islamic Republic must completely dismantle its nuclear program, including reducing centrifuges and stopping uranium enrichment, as a prerequisite for any negotiations to begin. These demands reflect the US’s firm stance against the Islamic Republic’s nuclear ambitions and its commitment to preventing nuclear proliferation.
Saudi Arabia has offered to mediate between the United States and the Islamic Republic in order to facilitate negotiations, which is a new phenomenon compared to the Obama era. This willingness indicates Saudi Arabia’s desire to play a more active role in regional diplomacy and security.
According to Hossein Aghaei, the two options being discussed are negotiations and an attack on the Islamic Republic’s nuclear facilities. He believes that military pressure and serious threats are more likely if the Islamic Republic does not quickly make concessions sought by the US.
There are contradictory reports about the protests in Dehdasht, with the IRGC Intelligence Organization reporting the arrest of protest leaders for sabotage, while the provincial police chief denies the protests ever occurred. These contradictory reports indicate an attempt by the government to downplay the significance of the protests and suppress dissent while controlling the narrative.
Criticisms against Prince Reza Pahlavi include concerns about the lack of diversity among his close associates, who primarily represent a specific political spectrum. He is also criticized for claiming leadership of the transition period without broader recognition from other political parties or opposition groups.
By excluding Hezbollah from the cabinet, the Lebanese government is trying to reduce the group’s influence to the lowest possible level. This action is aimed at weakening Hezbollah’s political power and limiting its ability to veto important government decisions.
The Lebanese government’s actions include electing a president and prime minister who are not aligned with Hezbollah, forming a cabinet without Hezbollah members, and supporting the ban on flights to Beirut International Airport, which were allegedly used to transport money and weapons to Hezbollah. These moves are aimed at diminishing Hezbollah’s political power and operational capabilities.
The ban on flights to Beirut International Airport is due to concerns that these flights were carrying large amounts of money and potentially weapons to Hezbollah. This ban is intended to cut off a crucial supply route for Hezbollah, hindering its ability to rebuild and resume operations.
Zelensky has stated that Ukraine does not recognize the US-Russia negotiations, highlighting Ukraine’s opposition to being excluded from discussions about its own future and security. This reaction underscores Ukraine’s insistence on being a central participant in any diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict.
Essay Questions
Analyze the strategic implications of the US military presence in the Middle East, considering the flight of the B-52H bombers and the potential for either negotiation or military action against the Islamic Republic.
Assess the impact of Saudi Arabia’s willingness to mediate between the United States and the Islamic Republic on regional power dynamics and the prospects for diplomatic resolution.
Discuss the significance of the protests in Dehdasht, Iran, and the conflicting reports surrounding them, in the context of broader domestic challenges facing the Islamic Republic.
Evaluate the potential for a new, independent Shiite movement to emerge in Lebanon, considering the current government’s efforts to reduce Hezbollah’s influence and separate the Shiite population from the group.
Examine the implications of the US-Russia negotiations on the war in Ukraine, particularly in light of Zelensky’s opposition and the potential reshaping of transatlantic relations.
Glossary of Key Terms
B-52H Bombers: Long-range, heavy bomber aircraft used by the United States Air Force, capable of carrying a wide array of munitions, including nuclear weapons.
JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action): An international agreement on the nuclear program of Iran reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran, the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States—plus Germany), and the European Union.
Islamic Republic: A term referring to the government of Iran, which is based on Islamic principles and law.
Hezbollah: A Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, heavily supported by Iran.
Centrifuges: Devices used to enrich uranium for nuclear fuel or weapons.
Uranium Enrichment: The process of increasing the concentration of the isotope Uranium-235 in natural uranium to produce fuel for nuclear reactors or material for nuclear weapons.
IRGC (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps): A branch of the Iranian Armed Forces, separate from the regular army, tasked with protecting the country’s Islamic system.
Rafik Hariri Airport: The main international airport in Beirut, Lebanon.
Shiite Movement: A branch of Islam whose adherents believe that the leadership of the Muslim world should be passed down through the direct descendants of Muhammad.
Transatlantic Relations: The political, economic, and cultural relations between North America and Europe.
Rastakhiz Party: A former political party in Iran, founded by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in 1975.
SAVAK: The secret police, domestic security and intelligence service in Iran during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty.
Liberal Democrat: A political ideology combining liberal politics with a more overt commitment to social justice.
Reformists: Individuals or groups advocating for gradual change and improvement in a political or social system.
Fundamentalist: A strict adherence to the basic principles of any subject or discipline.
Monarchists: Individuals or groups who support a system of government headed by a monarch.
Republicans: Individuals or groups advocating for a form of government in which the head of state is not a monarch, typically an elected president.
Constituent Assembly: A body or assembly of popularly elected delegates which is assembled for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution or similar document.
Deterrence: The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences.
Decline Factor: Internal conditions and trends that can weaken or undermine the stability and power of a state or regime.
Strategic Point: A location or position of military or political importance.
Middle East Geopolitics and US-Russia Negotiations Analysis
Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the key themes and ideas from the provided text.
Briefing Document: Analysis of News Headlines
Date: October 26, 2023 (based on the Monday, February 29th, reference) Subject: Analysis of Geopolitical Tensions and Domestic Unrest in Iran and the Middle East.
Executive Summary:
This document analyzes a series of news headlines and discussions covering escalating tensions between the US, Israel, and Iran, domestic unrest in Iran, political maneuvering surrounding Prince Reza Pahlavi, and the complex situation in Lebanon, as well as US-Russia talks on Ukraine. The overarching themes are: the increasing possibility of confrontation between Iran and its adversaries, internal dissent within Iran, shifting alliances in the Middle East, and the potential for a new geopolitical order.
Key Themes and Ideas:
1. Escalating US-Iran Tensions and Nuclear Concerns:
Threat of Military Action: The deployment of US B-52 bombers to the Middle East, coupled with statements from US and Israeli officials, suggests a heightened threat of military action against Iran’s nuclear facilities. “Two US Air Force B-52H bombers departed from the UK’s Fay Ford Air Base, accompanied by at least 4 tanker aircraft, and crossed the Mediterranean Sea towards the Middle East.” Mark Rubio and Netanyahu “emphasized that they will not allow Tehran to obtain nuclear weapons.”
Preconditions for Negotiation: The US is setting strict preconditions for negotiations with Iran, including the complete dismantling of its nuclear program. “Mr. Wallace has raised the point that the Islamic Republic must put aside its entire nuclear program… Mr. Rubio… believes that the Islamic Republic must put aside all of its nuclear ambitions altogether, and this could be a prelude to starting negotiations with the Islamic Republic.”
Iranian Defiance: Iranian officials are publicly dismissing the threats and asserting their defensive capabilities, though some analysts believe this is primarily for domestic consumption. “The Leader of the Islamic Republic, Ali Khamenei, also said in a speech that our issue is not a hardware or defense threat, and there is no problem in this regard.” One analyst stated that the Iranian Leaders view that the “Islamic Republic has absolutely no problems in terms of defense capabilities… are primarily misleading, incorrect, contrary to the facts on the ground.”
Saudi Mediation: Saudi Arabia is offering to mediate between the US and Iran, indicating a potential shift in regional dynamics and a desire to de-escalate tensions. “Riyadh and Saudi Arabia are willing to mediate between the United States and the Islamic Republic in order for negotiations to take place.”
Diplomatic Window: The “diplomatic window” for negotiations is considered very limited and that increased military pressure is being considered. “The diplomatic window that Trump has opened will be very, very limited. I think that the maximum will be this summer at best, and it may not even reach that time.”
2. Internal Unrest and Political Division in Iran:
Protests in Dehdasht: Reports of protests in Dehdasht, Iran, are met with contradictory official responses, with some sources denying the protests occurred and others reporting arrests of protest leaders. “Contradictory statements about the Dehdasht protest rallies continue, while the Kohgilu police commander has completely denied the occurrence of the rally in Dehdasht.”
Criticism of Leadership and Dissension: Dissension and unrest in the population are creating a “factor of decline” that are creating internal fears within the Republic. “The main source of concern for the Islamic Republic is internal rather than external. They are trying to prevent that collapse factor in some way.”
Prince Reza Pahlavi’s Role: The role and potential leadership of Prince Reza Pahlavi, is generating discussion, with some moderate groups welcoming his pronouncements and other groups questioning those around him. “Prince Reza Pahlavi’s comments criticizing the slogan ‘King Reza Pahlavi’ not to insult the opposition and not to raise the issue of monarchy or republic at the current stage… More moderate groups are welcoming the talks of Prince Reza Pahlavi.” However, others state that “we don’t see this diversity among his main close associates.”
Lack of Unified Opposition: The lack of a unified opposition is being criticized, with some arguing that critics of Pahlavi should focus on organizing themselves instead of solely criticizing him. “The time for you to criticize Mr. Pahlavi but not organize yourself… not be able to present an alternative leadership is over.”
3. Lebanon’s Internal and External Challenges:
Israeli Withdrawal and Hezbollah: Lebanon faces both the issue of Israel’s withdrawal from southern Lebanon and the need to manage Hezbollah’s influence within the country. The Lebanese government faces external pressures from Israel and internal tensions related to Hezbollah’s power. “The Israeli issue, which is due to withdraw from southern Lebanon tomorrow, coincident with the end of the 60-day ceasefire with Hezbollah.”
Reduced Hezbollah Influence: The new Lebanese government is attempting to reduce Hezbollah’s influence, including excluding them from cabinet positions, supported by US policy. “The current Lebanese government is trying to reduce Hezbollah’s influence to the lowest possible level.”
Saudi Support for Lebanese Government: Saudi Arabia’s support for the Lebanese government signifies a shift in regional power dynamics and a challenge to Iran’s influence. “Saudi Arabia’s support for the Lebanese government in dealing with the protesters is another sign of the new balance of power in Lebanon, which will not be good news for the Islamic Republic, the party’s main supporter.”
New Shiite Movement: The possible emergence of a new Shiite movement independent of Hezbollah and Iran is being speculated on. “I think we are witnessing the birth of a new Shiite movement in Lebanon, which is neither Hezbollah nor Amal, a Shiite movement that has learned from and no longer wants to be subordinate to a foreign country.”
4. US-Russia Negotiations on Ukraine:
Negotiations without Ukraine and Europe: The US is engaging in negotiations with Russia on the war in Ukraine without the direct involvement of Ukraine or European countries, causing concern among those parties. “US Secretary of State Mark Rubio, along with the National Security Advisor and the US Special Envoy for the Middle East, will meet with Russian representatives… Zelensky… said that we do not recognize the US-Russia negotiations.”
Trump’s Approach: Donald Trump is taking a different approach to the conflict, prioritizing negotiations and potentially seeking a quick resolution, which is causing friction with transatlantic allies. “Mr. Trump is rewriting transatlantic relations, that is, relations between the two sides of the Atlantic Ocean.”
Potential Outcome: The implications of these negotiations for the future of Ukraine and European security are uncertain. “Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov has also confirmed that representatives from the Russian Federation are going to be present. This will be the first stage, so that the two sides can sit down and work out their differences.”
Conclusion:
The news headlines paint a picture of a volatile and uncertain geopolitical landscape. The potential for conflict in the Middle East, coupled with internal challenges within Iran and shifting alliances, highlights the need for careful diplomacy and strategic planning. The US-Russia negotiations on Ukraine also point to a potential reshaping of the international order. These developments will require close monitoring and analysis in the coming weeks.
US, Iran, and Middle East Tensions: Analysis and Developments
FAQ
What is the significance of the US Air Force B-52H bombers being deployed to the Middle East? The deployment of B-52H bombers to the Middle East, especially following threats from Rubio and Netanyahu against Iran, is a significant show of force and a signal of the US and Israel’s determination to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. It suggests a potential escalation of tensions and a readiness to consider military options, although it could also be interpreted as a deterrent intended to bring Iran to the negotiating table.
What are the preconditions for negotiations between the US and Iran, according to US officials? According to remarks attributed to Mr. Wallace, Trump’s National Security Advisor, and US Secretary of State Rubio, a key precondition for negotiations between the US and Iran is that Iran must completely dismantle its nuclear program, including ceasing uranium enrichment and reducing its centrifuges. This position aligns with Trump’s stated desire for negotiations, but only under stringent conditions.
What role is Saudi Arabia attempting to play in the US-Iran dynamic? Saudi Arabia has expressed a willingness to mediate between the US and Iran. This marks a shift from the Obama era, where the US did not seek Saudi Arabia’s input on the JCPOA. Saudi Arabia’s involvement suggests a regional desire for de-escalation, but also a preference for a deal that addresses their concerns about Iran’s regional influence and nuclear ambitions.
What is Ali Khamenei’s response to the increasing pressure and threats from the US and Israel? Ali Khamenei has dismissed concerns about Iran’s defense capabilities, stating that Iran has no problems in this regard and is ready to confront serious threats. However, experts cited in the broadcast suggest that these statements are primarily for domestic consumption and may not accurately reflect the actual situation. The Islamic Republic may be more concerned with internal factors and a potential decline in domestic support.
What is happening with the protests in Dehdasht, Iran, and how are they being reported? Protests have taken place in Dehdasht, with citizens chanting anti-government slogans. However, the Iranian government’s media approach has been one of denial. While some news agencies affiliated with the IRGC have reported arrests of individuals allegedly planning sabotage, others deny the protests even occurred. This contradictory reporting and the reported use of violence against protesters indicate a sensitive security situation and an effort by the government to suppress dissent and control information.
What are the different perspectives on Prince Reza Pahlavi’s role and leadership within the Iranian opposition? Prince Reza Pahlavi’s recent comments at a convergence meeting have sparked debate among the Iranian opposition. While some, particularly more moderate groups, welcome his criticisms of extremist rhetoric and calls for unity, others criticize the lack of diversity among his close associates and question his self-proclaimed leadership of the transition period. Some argue that those around him push polarizing views. There are conflicting opinions regarding whether he is a unifying figure or is surrounded by advisors who are too partisan and right-wing.
What is the situation with Hezbollah and the Lebanese government, and what is Saudi Arabia’s role? The Lebanese government, under President Joseph O’Neill and Prime Minister Nawab Salam, is facing both external pressure from Israel and internal challenges related to Hezbollah’s influence. The new government is trying to reduce Hezbollah’s influence, culminating in a cabinet without Hezbollah members. Saudi Arabia is supporting the Lebanese government, signaling a new balance of power in Lebanon that is unfavorable to Iran, Hezbollah’s main supporter.
What is the status of US-Russia negotiations on the war in Ukraine, and how are European leaders and Zelensky reacting? The US and Russia are scheduled to hold negotiations in Riyadh regarding the war in Ukraine, without the presence of Kiev or European countries. Zelensky has stated that Ukraine does not recognize these negotiations. European leaders are holding emergency meetings to discuss their response, amidst growing pressure from the US for them to shoulder more of the financial burden of supporting Ukraine. The situation reflects a potential shift in transatlantic relations and concerns about the future of the conflict.
US-Iran Tensions: Nuclear Program, Military Threats, and Negotiations
Tensions between the U.S. and Iran are a prominent topic in the news, particularly regarding Iran’s nuclear program and regional influence. Here’s a breakdown of the situation:
Nuclear Ambitions: The U.S., along with Israel, is concerned about Iran’s pursuit of nuclear weapons. Both countries have stated they will not allow Iran to obtain them. The U.S. has indicated that negotiations with Iran are contingent on Iran completely halting uranium enrichment and dismantling its centrifuges.
Military Threats and Deterrence: The U.S. has sent B-52H bombers to the Middle East as a signal of its commitment to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons and to deter military action. There are discussions about potential military actions against Iran’s nuclear facilities if negotiations fail.
Iranian Response: Iran maintains that its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes. Iranian officials have asserted that threats against Iran are a violation of international law and that Israel “cannot do anything wrong”. Iran’s Leader, Ali Khamenei, has stated that the country’s defense capabilities are robust, though some analysts believe this is primarily for domestic consumption to prevent internal dissent.
Negotiation Prospects: There are talks of potential mediation by Saudi Arabia or Russia between the U.S. and Iran. However, the U.S. conditions for negotiation, which include eliminating all perceived threats from Iran, may be difficult for Iran to accept in a short timeframe. Some analysts believe the window for diplomacy is limited.
Regional Influence: Iran’s regional influence is also a point of contention. Israel believes Iran is trying to compensate for its reduced regional influence by developing nuclear weapons.
Nuclear Negotiations: US and Iranian Perspectives
Here’s what the sources and our conversation history say about nuclear negotiations and related issues:
Conditions for Negotiation: The U.S. has indicated that any negotiations with the Islamic Republic of Iran are conditional on Iran’s willingness to significantly reduce its centrifuges and completely stop enriching uranium. The U.S. preconditions also include eliminating all combined threats from the Islamic Republic, with a focus on the nuclear issue.
U.S. Stance: The U.S., under the Trump administration, is seeking negotiations with Iran but insists that these negotiations will only commence when Iran demonstrates a willingness to curtail its nuclear program. The seriousness of the United States and Israel in preventing the Islamic Republic from obtaining nuclear weapons has become more prominent.
Iranian Perspective: An excerpt indicates that the Islamic Republic might be ready to do anything to have the sanctions lifted. However, it seems unlikely that the Islamic Republic will want to make concessions in the shortest possible time in relation to all those combined threats.
Potential Mediation: There is potential for Saudi Arabia and even Russia to mediate between the U.S. and the Islamic Republic.
Limited Diplomatic Window: The diplomatic window that Trump has opened will be very limited, perhaps only until the summer. It is unlikely that Trump will allow the Islamic Republic to waste time if it does not intend to negotiate and make the concessions sought by the U.S..
Consequences of No Deal: If the Islamic Republic does not come to the negotiating table and offer the concessions sought by the U.S., the U.S. and Israel may enter a military phase or make credible and serious military threats against the Islamic Republic.
Iranian Nuclear Ambitions: Israel believes that Tehran is trying to compensate for its reduced regional influence by producing nuclear weapons. Gideon O’Sarr confirmed that Israel will not allow the Islamic Republic to obtain nuclear weapons.
B-52 Bomber Flights: The United States Air Force sent B-52H bombers to the Middle East, which could be seen as a signal to the Islamic Republic regarding America’s determination to confront a military attack on the nuclear facilities of the Islamic Republic.
Lebanon’s Government: Challenges, Composition, and Hezbollah’s Influence
The Lebanese government faces significant internal and external crises. Here’s a summary of the key points regarding Lebanon’s government:
External Pressures: The Lebanese government is dealing with the issue of Israel’s presence in southern Lebanon and is trying to ensure Israel withdraws on time through political and diplomatic efforts.
Internal Challenges with Hezbollah: The Lebanese government is trying to reduce Hezbollah’s influence. The current Lebanese government, unlike previous ones, does not include any Hezbollah members, which is an unprecedented development.
Government Composition: Joseph Onn was elected as the country’s president, and Nawaf Salam was elected as the prime minister despite Hezbollah’s opposition. The current cabinet does not include any Hezbollah members, preventing them from vetoing important decisions.
U.S. Influence: The U.S. has been দ্রুত in opposing Hezbollah’s presence in the Lebanese government, with the U.S. administration stating that a strong Lebanese government that can depose Hezbollah is its goal.
Recent Clashes: Recent clashes around Beirut’s Rafik Hariri Airport and the ban on flights to Lebanon are signs of Hezbollah’s increasing predicament.
Saudi Arabia’s Support: Saudi Arabia is supporting the Lebanese government in dealing with protesters, which is indicative of a new balance of power in Lebanon that is not favorable for Iran, Hezbollah’s main supporter.
Efforts to Separate Shiite Identity from Hezbollah: The Lebanese government is trying to separate the Shiite community from Hezbollah, as millions of Shiites live in Lebanon, and the government aims to create a new Shiite movement that is not subordinate to a foreign country and wants to integrate with other Lebanese groups.
Hezbollah’s Revival Efforts: Hezbollah is planning a grand event to announce its revival, but the Lebanese government has closed an air route that was allegedly used to transport money and weapons to them.
Dehdasht Protests: Anti-Government Unrest, Arrests, and Media Response
Here’s what the sources say about the Dehdasht protests:
Protests and Slogans: Protests occurred in Dehdasht, with citizens chanting anti-government slogans. These protests followed a pattern seen in many parts of the country.
Timing: The Dehdasht protests began on the evening of the 2nd of Bahman and continued for at least four nights.
Media Coverage and Government Response: Initially, the Islamic Republic’s media denied the occurrence of the Dehdasht protests. Later, the Fars News Agency, affiliated with the Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), reported the arrest of individuals described as leaders and ringleaders of the protests. However, this report did not explicitly acknowledge that protests had taken place, instead claiming that the arrested individuals intended to carry out sabotage.
Contradictory Statements: There have been contradictory statements regarding the Dehdasht protests. While the Fars News Agency reported arrests, the provincial police chief denied that any gathering had occurred.
Arrests and Violence: Reports and images indicate that direct shooting was carried out against protesting citizens. Human rights media have published the names of at least 25 people reportedly arrested in Dehdasht by the IRGC Intelligence Organization and the Ministry of Intelligence. The arrests were accompanied by violence.
Security Atmosphere: A security atmosphere prevails in Dehdasht following the protests.
Past Activism: Dehdasht was also an active city in the Women’s Uprising of Freedom protests, during which at least two people were killed.
Allegations Against News: There are claims that certain media outlets undermine Prince Reza Pahlavi, attacking those around him with unsubstantiated claims.
US-Russia Negotiations on Ukraine: A Summary of Perspectives
Here’s what the sources say about the Ukraine war:
US-Russia Negotiations: The U.S. and Russia are holding negotiations in Riyadh regarding the war in Ukraine. These negotiations are occurring without the presence of Kiev or European countries.
US Representatives: Mark Rubio, along with the National Security Advisor and the US Special Envoy for the Middle East, will meet with Russian representatives.
Zelensky’s Stance: Zelensky has stated that Ukraine does not recognize the US-Russia negotiations.
European Response: An emergency meeting of European leaders began in Paris. They are determining their next steps and how to have a foothold in the negotiations between the U.S. and Russia.
Trump’s Perspective: Donald Trump believes that both sides consider the war to be over and will probably meet with Putin soon.
American Press: Headlines in the American press are full of ambiguities. Bloomberg reports that Zelensky considers talks without Ukraine to be dangerous. The Wall Street Journal notes that Trump is rewriting transatlantic relations.
Kremlin Confirmation: Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov has confirmed that representatives from the Russian Federation will be present at the negotiations.
US Explanation to Zelensky: Trump’s special envoy for Ukraine, Keith Kluge, told Zelensky that past peace efforts failed because too many parties were involved. Kluge has stated that it is in the interest of Ukraine and Europe to sit out the initial talks between the US and Russia to allow the two countries to work out their differences.
Jay Dunes’s Speech: Jay Dunes criticized European Union leaders for not defending democracy and for putting the cost of defending Ukraine on American voters and taxpayers. He specifically criticized Germany, which is heading towards elections during a turbulent political atmosphere.
تیتر اول با نیوشا صارمی: پرواز دو بمبافکن بی۵۲ به سمت خاورمیانه، هشدار برای تهران؟
The Original Text
In the first headline tonight with me Nyusha Sarmi B-52 bombers on their way to the Middle East One day after Ruby and Netanyahu’s threatening speech against the Islamic Republic, Khamenei said we are ready to confront serious threats and that my defense is fine Domestic and foreign crisis in Lebanon Israel’s presence and the country’s government’s pressure on Hezbollah after the formation of a cabinet without the presence of members of this group affiliated with the Islamic Republic and Riyadh hosting US-Russian talks on Ukraine without the presence of Kiev Zelensky says we do not recognize the talks Welcome to the first headline Good morning Welcome to the first headline today, Monday’s flight data shows that two US Air Force B-52H bombers departed from the UK’s Fay Ford Air Base, accompanied by at least 4 tanker aircraft, and crossed the Mediterranean Sea towards the Middle East Yesterday, Mark Rubio and Netanyahu emphasized that they will not allow Tehran to obtain nuclear weapons The US Secretary of State today, in response to a question about a possible Israeli attack on the Islamic Republic’s nuclear facilities and Donald Trump’s position on the matter, said that Israel will act based on its national interests Today The Leader of the Islamic Republic, Ali Khamenei, also said in a speech that our issue is not a hardware or defense threat, and there is no problem in this regard. The spokesman for the Iranian Foreign Ministry also said that Israel cannot do anything wrong. Threatening others is a gross violation of international law and the UN Charter, and that in relation to a country like the Islamic Republic of Iran, his answer is that he cannot do anything wrong. At the same time, the Israeli Foreign Minister said today that Tehran is trying to compensate for its reduced regional influence by producing nuclear weapons. Gideon O’Sarr confirmed that his country will not allow the Islamic Republic to obtain nuclear weapons. We will examine this and other news during the program with a team of experts and journalists, but first of all, we will go directly to the White House in the US capital. My colleague Samira Karai is there to talk to her more. Samira, after Marco Rubio’s visit to Israel, perhaps it can be said that now we can have a more accurate picture of what both sides, specifically Israel and the United States, have in mind to confront the issue of the Islamic Republic, and specifically if we look at Mr. Wallace, Mr. Trump’s National Security Advisor,’s remarks about the preconditions for negotiations. We know that no preconditions have been officially announced, but Mr. Wallace has raised the point that the Islamic Republic must put aside its entire nuclear program. Let’s look at what Mr. Rubio, the US Secretary of State, said. He also believes that the Islamic Republic must put aside all of its nuclear ambitions altogether, and this could be a prelude to starting negotiations with the Islamic Republic. So what we know now is that Mr. Trump has been saying in recent weeks that he is looking for negotiations, but negotiations will only begin when the Islamic Republic is willing to completely reduce its centrifuges, to completely stop enriching uranium, and this is a condition for these negotiations to take place. On the other hand, we heard that Riyadh and Saudi Arabia are willing to mediate between the United States and the Islamic Republic in order for negotiations to take place. This is also an interesting phenomenon. It is a new phenomenon during the Obama era. Although Saudi Arabia officially welcomed The JCPOA, but it was never interfered with. Obama never asked Saudi Arabia or the countries in the region what they thought about the JCPOA. Now we see that Saudi Arabia is willing to play a role in these negotiations and to support this. So the overall picture is that if Saudi Arabia wants to be involved, if the words of the European diplomat that were made a while ago that the Islamic Republic is ready to do anything to have the sanctions lifted, if we look at all of this in a nutshell, it means that the Islamic Republic must agree to shut down its entire nuclear program. What happened in Libya, for example, and negotiations after that, will probably be the same negotiations in the region. On the other hand, the seriousness of the United States and Israel in not letting the Islamic Republic get its own nuclear weapons has become more prominent than ever. They will not allow the Islamic Republic to do so under any circumstances. The flight of these B- 52Hs could also be noteworthy in these days when we are hearing so much about the Islamic Republic and the nuclear debate. The British take off with the B-52. H-4 is also accompanying them. They are entering the Middle East from Italy. This is also a point of interest. These developments in Nyusha are continuing. We need to see whether they will talk more about the Islamic Republic’s nuclear issue during their trip to Riyadh. Thank you. My colleague Samira Qarai was with us from in front of the White House. But we will continue with Hossein Aghaei, a researcher in international relations and strategic affairs. Mr. Mr. It seems that the countdown has begun for one of the two options that have been discussed in the past few days, negotiations or an attack on the Islamic Republic’s nuclear facilities. If there is an appointment for negotiations, it should be clear in the next week or two. It may be so. However, the diplomatic window that Trump has opened will be very, very limited. I think that the maximum will be this summer at best, and it may not even reach that time. In any case, it is the Islamic Republic that will decide, although there is some talk about mediation from Saudi Arabia or even Russia right now. It seems unlikely that Putin and Trump will hold talks themselves. If the conditions set by the US are somehow in line with the White House’s instructions, which is to eliminate all the combined threats of the Islamic Republic, focusing on the nuclear issue, if that continues, any mediation is also assumed. It seems unlikely that the Islamic Republic will want to make concessions in the shortest possible time in relation to all those combined threats. That is why this makes it more likely that the Trump administration will try, now that Israel has somehow taken away that diplomatic and military support from Washington, they will most likely try to increase military pressure, set deadlines. I think we will see more threats in the rhetoric of American officials, and we will move towards a direction where if the Islamic Republic does not intend to come to the negotiating table anyway, it does not seem likely that Trump will give the Islamic Republic time to negotiate, that he will waste time. If the Islamic Republic does not come to the negotiating table and those concessions sought by the US are not given. It is unlikely that the US and Israel will enter a military phase or before that, they will make credible and serious military threats against the Islamic Republic. Mr. Aghaei, Ali Khamenei spoke again today, but he did not mention negotiations. Instead, he said that our defense is fine, which of course we know could be a response to Donald Trump, who said that it would not be difficult to damage them in terms of defense. How much do you think that with the situation becoming more complicated and the seriousness of Israel and the United States, the Islamic Republic will ultimately reach the deal you are talking about? Come and see me and let me point out that a realistic view shows us that the statements of the Leader of the Islamic Republic regarding the level of military and defense capabilities of the Islamic Republic against serious threats, which I mean by serious threats is probably the same as the possible attack of the United States and Israel, and that the Islamic Republic has absolutely no problems in terms of defense capabilities, according to the Leader of the Islamic Republic. These are primarily misleading, incorrect, contrary to the facts on the ground, and in a way, it has more domestic consumption, and in a way, the Islamic Republic, I think, is more afraid of the factor of decline, meaning that the main source of concern for the Islamic Republic is internal rather than external. They are trying to prevent that collapse factor in some way, and since Trump’s maximum pressure will continue, I think this will cause those trust-denial faults in the main institutions of power among the people in that core, in those layers close to the core, to become more active. In any case, I think that the Islamic Republic, even if it makes a deal, in a short-term game, assuming that it gives big concessions, will be weaker. It will actually lose. And if it makes a deal, well, if it doesn’t make a deal, it will want to enter a confrontation phase, which it will actually lose. And this American action to send and dispatch these B-52 Stratofortress bombers from Britain along with KC- 135 tankers, all of these are signals to the Islamic Republic. Yes, now American and Russian officials are in Saudi Arabia. They want to strengthen deterrence. Trump and Putin may meet in Saudi Arabia in the coming days. They will send these as a deterrent, but at the same time, there is a signal from Washington to the Islamic Republic that America’s determination and will to confront The military attack on the nuclear facilities of the Islamic Republic and other targets they are considering is very, very serious. I am very grateful to you, Hossein, a researcher in international relations and strategic affairs, for being with us in Iran. Contradictory statements about the Dehdasht protest rallies continue, while the Kohgilu police commander has completely denied the occurrence of the rally in Dehdasht. The Fars news agency reported the arrest of the leader of the Dehdasht rally, Kandeh, along with several others, by the IRGC Intelligence Organization. Fars claimed that these people intended to carry out what he said were sabotage operations and were handed over to the judicial authorities. Last week, a group of Dehdasht citizens held a protest rally for several consecutive nights and chanted anti-government slogans. At the same time, reports were published about the security situation and the arrest of a number of citizens in this city. In this regard, Masoud Kazemi, a journalist from Munich, joins us. Mr. Kazemi, what do we know about what happened in Dehdasht and why are the comments so strangely contradictory? How can the leader of the rally be arrested? A news agency affiliated with the IRGC say this after that. The judiciary says that there was no gathering at all. Well, the beginning of the Dehdasht protests was symbolic. That is, on the evening of the 2nd of Bahman, which the next day was the 22nd of Bahman, like in many parts of the country, slogans were chanted that night. But the Dehdasht protests continued after that. According to the information we have, at least until the 4th night after that, a large number of citizens took to the streets and chanted anti-government slogans. But from the beginning, the Islamic Republic’s media approach to the incident was denial. That is, you couldn’t find even a short news story about the Dehdasht protests in the domestic media until yesterday, when the Fars News Agency, affiliated with the Revolutionary Guard Corps, announced, as you said, that a number of those who they said were the leaders and ringleaders of the protests were arrested. At the same time, the provincial police chief denied it outright. Of course, the Fars News Agency news report didn’t say that protests had taken place. It said that some leaders were arrested who wanted to carry out sabotage. But the information we have, the images we have, the video that I think IRA International released yesterday, showed that in a Direct shooting was being carried out against protesting citizens, until now, human rights media and those who work for human rights have published the names of at least 25 people who were arrested in this city by the IRGC Intelligence Organization and the Ministry of Intelligence on the 8th. We know that Dehdasht was also an active city in the protests of the Women’s Uprising of Freedom, and at least two people were killed. Pedram Azarnoosh and Behnam Mehdad were killed in the protests and now the arrests. The news indicates that it was accompanied by violence. There is still a security atmosphere. For example, Motahereh Tahereh Motahernia. I apologize that she was arrested. She was also arrested in the 1401 protests. There is a security atmosphere, but the government’s approach is to deny the incident. Apparently, at least up to now. Journalist Masoud Kazemi. Thank you to Munich. Mr. Kazemi. But another issue is the reactions to Prince Reza Pahlavi’s positions at the convergence meeting. Prince Reza Pahlavi’s comments criticizing the slogan “King Reza Pahlavi” not to insult the opposition and not to raise the issue of monarchy or republic at the current stage. There were opponents and supporters of Prince Reza Pahlavi’s meeting last night. With some of the victims and detainees of the nationwide protests of 1401, including Armita Abbasi, we are also discussing this issue here with Hamed Shivan Irad, the first secretary of the Iran Novin Party from Geneva, and Arash Azizi, a writer and historian who joined us from New York. Welcome, Mr. Azizi. It can be seen right now that more moderate groups are welcoming the talks of Prince Reza Pahlavi. I can point to the reformists with a name and tradition in Iran, who I paid for, who welcomed these talks. How much do you think will put more groups on the path with the prince? His talks yesterday at the Munich meeting? Yes, exactly. You mentioned an important point. I saw the same exact lobby groups that we mentioned. I saw at least one or two people. Look, Mr. Pahlavi’s story is clear. Every time he speaks against the extremists around him, every time he criticizes King Reza Pahlavi’s slogan, for example. He criticized the Resurrection Party of his father’s time and said, ” Don’t go around me, I’ll have to name them.” He meant exactly which shops. Every time he moves like this, more people come around him and more people are attracted. However, the problem and contradiction here is that we don’t see this diversity among his main close associates. His main close associates are people like Mr. Etemadi and Mr. Ghasemi Nejad. It is important to name them because you see, these represent a specific political spectrum, and Mr. Pahlavi’s close associates and team do not have that diversity at all. People like Mr. Shabay Rad, whose speech we are hearing now, do not follow Mr. Pahlavi’s position in any way. Mr. Pahlavi says this, but we do not see that approach of attraction in the approach of his colleagues and his close associates. Therefore, this is a film that, unfortunately, has been released. I have one last point to make, Mr. Pallow, there is another important contradiction. He is in They said, “We shouldn’t create a leader now, but we shouldn’t say King,” and all that. But in this very meeting of the parties, whose list I’ve been trying to get for several hours, I won’t declare him as their leader. He said, ” I am the leader of the transition period,” while no one has recognized him in any way, nor have any parties outside the spectrum of parties. As far as I understand, participating in them is all from a very small spectrum. It even seemed that the Constitutional Party of Iran Liberal Democratic Party did not agree with that clause. Of course, I couldn’t understand this clearly. So there is also the issue that Mr. Pahlavi, I just want to say that Mr. Pahlavi, I welcome this action. I think it was good to move in this direction. However, if they want to do this job completely, they should stop claiming a single leadership, try to be an important national figure, a figure who can be a very acceptable figure, and try to create unity among the opponents of the Islamic Republic and get closer to the opponents of the Islamic Republic and not Presenting that anti-union, extremist, and undemocratic path that he criticized, but most of his close associates still follow, Mr. Shibai Rad, I saw in the words of many that the group that was present at the meeting was clearly a group that had previously supported Prince Reza Pahlavi. There were no other groups in that meeting that now approved under the leadership of Prince Reza Pahlavi. How do you see this in addition to Mr. Azizi’s words? Yes, thank you very much. Mr. Azizi’s words were along with following a line that, unfortunately, I must say that in cyberspace, especially in cyberspace, it is a line that is followed by the unknown forces of the Ministry of Intelligence. Now I will explain what it is for. Look, when those who want to undermine and weaken Prince Reza Pahlavi and know that because of his high popularity and the position he holds, they cannot directly attack and attack him, they try to attack those around him with words that have no evidence and are not true, and that The famous saying that he himself is good and his entourage says, one is that the leader of the Shah is Reza Pahlavi and no one else has claimed to be the leader of the revolution. This is number one and number two, instead of talking about how those around him do not agree with the prince’s statements, they should provide examples of where and when this conversation took place. For example, let me mention myself. I am not talking about others. Right now, you can see in cyberspace that a lot of hate has started against me, starting yesterday. While if you are some of those who apparently support Shah Reza Pahlavi, if what you said was true, then I would support them. Yes, yes, I will support them. This means that what you are saying has no evidence whatsoever. We are talking about Shah Reza Pahlavi, not about the mortar. We are talking about other people, other dear friends who are working hard in Iran and are not talking about them. But another important point that you said is that the other opposition forces, I would still like you to support them. It is very important to name who they are. For example, people like you who choose Mousavi as their leader. It means that it should be clear that those political forces that you are talking about are not other groups. I want to return to your question, dear Niyoshi. What groups did you see in this meeting? It was completely diverse. There were groups that might not agree with the leadership of the prince in such a context. There were groups that might strongly agree. There were groups that even said, let’s go ahead and use another title. Incidentally, that diversity itself showed that group. But if what someone meant is groups that have been defending the Islamic Republic until now, or like Mr. Azizi himself, someone like Mousavi who calls Khomeini the criminal, that awake soul, and whose wish is to return to the golden age of the Imam, they are not talking about fever. Because 57 and all those who continue to defend the 57 discourse, in this, if even we accept it, we as political forces are other people. They do not accept the slogan of reformist and fundamentalist. The whole thing has been in the dialogue since 2017. What can I say? It has entered the hearts of the Iranian people. Anyway, I will summarize so that we can get to other discussions. I think that we should talk with examples, name the groups we are talking about. If we want to talk in general, maybe the mind is divided. Yes, they are right that there were no other groups, but which groups were there? Which spectrum is better to talk about? Dear Mr. More importantly, what is it, dear Mr. Just today, Prince Reza Pahlavi tweeted again and said that they welcome other groups to be present in this space? You mentioned those around him. For example, the same Mr. Etemadi that you mentioned was with him. He was probably the one who consulted him about who he wanted to meet. In any case, he is not his political advisor. But another issue that arises is that those who do not accept the leadership of Prince Reza Pahlavi should choose their own leadership or have their own council. Or why is that coalition without Prince Reza? Pahlavi did not last. How do you see this? I think this criticism is 100% wrong. I invite all those who consider themselves republicans, such as Mr. Hamed Esmailiou, friends of various leftist and republican parties, Mr. Mehdi Fatpour, I can name them. Come together, get organized. The time for you to criticize Mr. Pahlavi but not organize yourself, not organize yourself, in fact, not be able to present an alternative leadership is over. And I completely agree with those who say, “We don’t want a leader because we are not a party.” And they don’t understand politics. Apparently, politics without organization, which organization must have a name, now you can call it a leader, you can call it a spokesperson, you can call it a leadership council, but you have to have something. Where in the world is there a party or movement that says, “We don’t want a leader,” and I don’t know. My leader, in your leadership, this is a very bad thing that should be put aside, but Mr. Sheba, let’s bring evidence and examples to this statement. It’s very good. I’m going to name one by one. First, they talk about Mr. Mirsin Mousavi like this. He is a person who has been under siege and demanding the resignation of the Islamic Republic. You must know that Mr. Mousavi has been calling for the convening of a constituent assembly for two or three years. Well, Mr. Pahlavi should say one thing and two things. Wake up, Khomeini. Let me finish my speech. Mr. Pahlavi should come and say this. Sir, I don’t get along with anyone who supports Mr. Mousavi. But not only did he not say this, Mr. Pahlavi praised Ayatollah Montazeri in his recent speech at the American Jewish Anti-Defamation League. Now let me ask you, Mr. Shahbani Rad, do you also praise Ayatollah Montazeri ? Mr. Pahlavi praised Nasroon Sotoudeh. Mr. Sheibani Rad, do you praise Nasrin Sotoudeh? No, Mr. Pahlavi completely accepted and criticized the tortures of SAVAK during his father’s time and condemned the Rastakhiz Party. Mr. Sheibani Rad, do you approve of the tortures of SAVAK and express your disgust for them and condemn the Rastakhiz Party ? Mr. Pahlavi of the Green Movement spoke with a completely positive approach, both at that time and in the years that followed. Mr. Shabd, do you do this or not? I can say by tomorrow morning that Mr. Pahlavi himself always speaks as a liberal democrat, but those around him, like Mr. Shebin Rad, like Mr. Kiani, like others, are actually in the right position. I will also say one more thing. Just two days ago, I had a debate and actually a conversation with Mr. Kiani in Washington. Mr. Kiani said that while they are from his party, they are from the New Iran Party. He said that he considers the main achievement of the past two or three years to be polarization, and that polarization is between those who are called Iranists, which means They themselves, those around them, and the rest of us, for example, we who are Marxists, specifically the name of H. Of course, Mr. Ezz has another conversation, another story with someone else. I don’t want the discussions to interfere with us trying to answer someone else in this conversation. I am allowed to speak. Kiani, the editor-in-chief of Fereydoun magazine. Mr. Kiani, the editor-in-chief of Nash, is just a face like this. Just say, “Oh, let’s hear Mr. Sham’s words. Let’s listen to Mr. Sham’s speech. Is he against it? Is he against it? Or is he in agreement? Mr. Shabi’s answer. In addition to Mr. Ezair’s answer, we want to address the same differences between the royalists and the pro-prince faction. You yourself mentioned that you have been attacked, and even the prince himself is being criticized. Tell us about that too. Yes, look. I am very happy, very happy, especially for the people who see the scenes where no one can object to Prince Reza Pahlavi himself, the one who is elected as the leader. And I think that the three or four minutes that Mr. People like me, like Alireza Kiani and these people, and we, that we did not claim leadership, yes, no, let me talk, let me talk, we also did not claim leadership, that is, this is very important, and the more important point is that the question is about the future, that is, they ask whether you are or not, they do not say, “You said this somewhere.” This is an important point, so you have no examples so far. You are asking whether you are or not. In any case, I will say, let me talk. If the topic of the program is a carrier of evil, I will answer each and every one of these questions. You think that the program will not answer it, but I will give an example that I want to tell you and all the friends who call the pro-Iranian community the pro-Iranian community, the pro-Iranian movement, that we do not necessarily agree with Shah Zapala in these cases, and this shows the beauty of this movement. Incidentally, we know Prince Dad Pahlavi as the leader of this movement because we know that he is the one who can be that umbrella that covers many groups. When we are a political party, that is, We have a specific political ideology and we are not a partisan like them and their position. When a political party is supposed to be a partisan political party, it is not called a political party. It is a political party with a right-wing liberal ideology that has its name written in its motto. As the first secretary of the party, I can tell you about the New Iran Party why we believe so. But the Mecca is here. The leader of this movement is someone like Princess Reza Pahlavi. He is someone who has a partisan vision and a vision that can challenge other groups. I will just say one final point. Dear Princess Reza Pahlavi, the Renewal Party has also said many times that it fully supports in this regard that anyone, anyone I am talking about, should cross the Islamic Republic and see the entirety of this system as negative and see Bahman 57 as the real thing for Iran. Whoever wants to be, the doors must definitely be open to the nation and the nation must also fight the Islamic Republic. He should also try for the future of Iran, but the name you mentioned, for example Mir Hossein Mesin, I didn’t see him saying, ” Get rid of the Islamic Republic.” Yes, he has passed Seyyed Ali Khamenei, but his life is still alive. Khomeini is an executioner who we all know what he did. There are no exceptions. Yes, anyone who wants to get rid of the Islamic Republic should do so. In the remaining time, there are 10 minutes left. We will consider one minute for each of us to have a summary. Mr. Azizi agrees with some of the words of Shah Reza Pahlavi. He also knows that his role is to get rid of the Islamic Republic and then the situation at the ballot box is clear. Until then, see what your basic problem is. The thing is that you, the set of politicians’ behavior, are always calculating, not just talking. Our problem with Mr. Pahlavi is that I don’t know why he is my leader. Let him not talk. I do not accept Mr. Reza Pahlavi as a leader of the transition period in any way. As an Iranian citizen, I accept him as a political figure. For what reason? I don’t accept it because you see Mr. Shabani Rad saying, “Well, Mr. Pahlavi is a general, but we are a criminal, but we are not.” That’s right, but Mr. Pahlavi is managing this. From among those close to him, he asks for a consultant. There should be at least two people from another faction, but everyone agrees with Mr. Shabani Rad. Then this film has already been broadcast. And Mr. Pahlavi, I will simply tell you this. As an Iranian, you can see that Republican faction, Mr. Pahlavi, all the claims of those from Vahdat and Ittehad are nullified because Mr. Qasem Nejad, who sits next to him, Mr. Etemadi, who sits next to him. Right now, I don’t want to repeat myself, but he is the one who used the word “terrorist” for Iranian journalists abroad. You know, this is political behavior. Mr. Pahlavi cannot play this game, that he himself speaks like the Liberal Democrats, and then he speaks like this, for example, even the supporters of dear Mir Hossein like this. They should clarify their own duties. Mr. Pahlavi says, “What a right-wing sect. My opportunity is very limited. Mr. Sheibani. Why are there no people from other parties with other tendencies in Mr. Pei’s circle of close friends? Those who are close to Prince Pahlavi and are part of his team are not present in any party. They do not do any political activity. Precisely for this reason, Prince Reza Pahlavi and his close friends and the team that works with him are causing a cross-party movement. Mr. Azizi says that other groups, for example, are always interested in saying that they want to be monarchists. Of course, they use the term monarchist, which unfortunately has an offensive connotation in the Iranian political atmosphere. I think that their intention was to insult, but they do not pay attention to the fact that at this very meeting yesterday, a group of Republicans supporting Prince Pahlavi were present. At this very meeting yesterday, there were groups that did not agree that we should include the title of leader, so that those who might not even accept Prince Pahlavi as a leader would not be closed. While I personally strongly oppose this because if I talk about this and finish my speech, when I am not finished, you will see that there is a ship sailing in a stormy sea and we are fighting the monstrous republic of the Islamic Republic that has no mercy. We believe that the helm of this ship should be in the hands of someone and that person is none other than Shah Reza Pahlavi and this is us who I am talking about, including a large majority, perhaps an absolute majority, of Iranian society. You say that no, we are not our leader. Very well, you cannot ask us to let go of the helm, God willing, so that this ship will sail in the storm because you do not accept it or you are the leader and you declare to each other. If we see that in any case, these leaders can form an alliance with each other, have a conversation, talk and guide this ship together, or you sit on the sidelines and try to kick, throw stones, we can bring this ship to shore. We will defeat the Islamic Republic and we will develop and liberate Iran. Thank you both for the detailed discussion. I hope it can be continued at another time. Hamed Sheibani Rad, First Secretary of the Iran Novin Party from Geneva, and Arash Azizi, writer and historian from New York. Thank you both, gentlemen. But in other news, for decades, numerous internal and external crises have become an inseparable part of Lebanon, and of course, the new government of this country, headed by President Joseph O’Neill and Prime Minister Nawab Salam, is no exception to this rule. However, it can be said that the Lebanese government is facing two major external and internal crises. The Israeli issue, which is due to withdraw from southern Lebanon tomorrow, coincident with the end of the 60-day ceasefire with Hezbollah. Earlier, reports had been published that Israel does not intend to evacuate the strategic point in southern Lebanon. Today, the country’s army bombed some Hezbollah positions in eastern Lebanon, just one day after the warning of the Secretary General of Hezbollah. The only responsibility of the Lebanese government at this time is to make its maximum efforts, whether through political pressure and diplomatic communications or other means, to ensure that Israel withdraws on time and then move on. Internally, this crisis also comes back to Hezbollah. The current Lebanese government is trying to reduce Hezbollah’s influence to the lowest possible level. This bold approach began at the same time as Israel shattered Hezbollah’s military capabilities, and perhaps it can be said that it began on the first day of the ceasefire. The first major development in this regard in the Lebanese political arena was the attempt to elect a new president. Joseph Onn was elected as the country’s president after two votes by the Lebanese parliament. The second development was the election of Nawaf Salam as the 53rd prime minister despite Hezbollah’s opposition. But the climax of the story was the formation of the Lebanese cabinet, which this time, unlike previous periods, does not include any Hezbollah members. This unprecedented development was never imagined before. To better understand the story, it is enough to know that Hezbollah and its allies formed a total of 13 ministers in the previous Lebanese cabinet, while in the current government, only the post of minister has been transferred to the Hezbollah United Action Movement. Some decisions of the Lebanese government must be approved by two-thirds of the cabinet members, but the composition of the current cabinet Lebanon is in a situation where Hezbollah will not have the ability to veto important and fundamental decisions, unlike before. Another development has taken place during the 60-day ceasefire period. The formation of the second Trump administration was much faster in opposing Hezbollah, to the point that Morgan Ortagus bluntly declared that Hezbollah’s presence in the government is a US red line. However, it seems that from the current US administration’s perspective, even this reduction in Hezbollah’s weight in Lebanese domestic politics is not enough. Regarding Lebanon, our goal is a strong Lebanese government that can depose Hezbollah. On such a basis, one can understand the root of the recent clashes in Lebanon around Beirut’s Rafik Hariri Airport. The ban on two monthly flights to Lebanon and Hezbollah’s protest against this decision are signs of the group’s increasing predicament. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia’s support for the Lebanese government in dealing with the protesters is another sign of the new balance of power in Lebanon, which will not be good news for the Islamic Republic, the party’s main supporter. Mohammad Javad Akbar, a journalist from Paris, will join us to talk more about this matter. Mr. Akbarin In the midst of these internal and external crises, what kind of Lebanese should we expect after this? Can Hezbollah be left out of the Lebanese political arena for a long time? Good luck. Look, everything depended on the Islamic Republic. These planes that were banned from landing at Beirut International Airport were planes that, according to an announcement that the Secretary General of Hezbollah actually confirmed, the government had been informed that a large amount of money was accompanying these flights. Until now, they have been saying why extend the ban on these flights because of the risk that if money or weapons reach this flow, it will be possible to rebuild it. In the past, the Islamic Republic had access to this flow through land and sea routes in order to deliver weapons and money to them. Now, the land route has been closed. Due to the situation in Syria, the Islamic Republic no longer has the possibility of presence, penetration, or passage through Syria. There were also routes left by sea and by air that are now under strict protection and surveillance when flights are banned or if flights are resumed. This route will also be closed. Therefore, an important event will happen in the next few days. On February 23rd, next Sunday, Hezbollah is going to hold a grand funeral for Nasrallah and Safiadin. They said that even 400 media outlets from around the world are going to be there, and they are going to be hosting guests since two days ago. Well, Hezbollah intends to announce its revival in this program, to announce its resumption. The Islamic Republic’s effort, that is, its role, was to have Israel leave these sensitive points in southern Lebanon tomorrow, which it says are Hezbollah’s points of influence, and then this money was going to be delivered to them so that this grand ceremony could be held immediately after which Hezbollah’s next operations and Hezbollah’s next work could begin. What has happened now is that the Lebanese government closed an air route. Israel said that until my assignment with these five strategic points in the south is determined, I will not leave here. And we still do not have accurate information about whether an agreement and contentment have been reached or not. And third, Hezbollah will not be able to rebuild itself until these obstacles are removed, even though it still insists that The show on February 23rd can be held next Sunday with maximum splendor to see how the next paths will open up. But can you imagine Hezbollah trying to break away from this and continue on its own path without the support of the Islamic Republic? Look, the Lebanese government has done something that practically will not eliminate the Shiite movement. The Shiite movement in Lebanon cannot be eliminated. Millions of Shiites live in Lebanon. Even now, as your detailed report said, Hezbollah does not have a minister in the cabinet, but we have a Shiite in the cabinet who is not a member of the Hezbollah movement. What the new Lebanese government has done is to try to separate the Shiite account from Hezbollah. The quota of the Amal movement is another Lebanese Shiite party, even though it was allied with Hezbollah. Tell them to separate their account so that you can remain, but leave the rest of the Shiites alone. I think we are witnessing the birth of a new Shiite movement in Lebanon, which is neither Hezbollah nor Amal, a Shiite movement that has learned from and no longer wants to be subordinate to a foreign country. At the same time, it wants to blend in with other Lebanese sects so that it can participate in the new era of Lebanon, which is supposed to be an era of development and freedom, and not be excluded. Javad Akbar, this journalist from Paris, came. Thank you. But let’s talk about the US- Russia negotiations on the war in Ukraine, which will be held in Riyadh tomorrow without the presence of Kiev or European countries. US Secretary of State Mark Rubio, along with the National Security Advisor and the US Special Envoy for the Middle East, will meet with Russian representatives. Donald Trump said that both sides consider the war to be over and will probably meet with Putin soon. Today, Zelensky, who traveled to the United Arab Emirates, said that we do not recognize the US-Russia negotiations. At the same time, an emergency meeting of European leaders began in Paris an hour ago. Arash Ali, my colleague from the US Congress, will join us in Washington. Arash, how can you describe the atmosphere? How soon can you say that the end of the Russia-Ukraine war will come? Matt Mossour was a videographer. I had already said on the program that the Trump train is moving very fast, and now the storm that Mr. Jay Dunes unleashed after the Munich Security Conference. The speeches that the Vice President of the United States made in front of the heads of the European Union and many of these people who work in the parliament in Brussels, he addressed them one by one, asked their countries, asked why their countries cannot defend democracy, why each of these countries, Germany, France, named these countries one by one, and why they are now putting more pressure on American voters and taxpayers because they are putting the cost on the shoulders of the United States, and he criticized Germany in particular, and now Germany is heading towards elections during the election period and the political atmosphere is turbulent, while now Mr. Rubio has arrived in Saudi Arabia with Michael Wallace, the national security adviser, and Mr. Steve Whitaker, who is Trump’s representative for Middle East affairs, and now you can see live images of the Elysee Palace, where the leaders of the European Union are meeting behind closed doors and are deciding what their next step should be. The point is, what options does the European Union really have, how does the pyramids want to put pressure now? On America or Russia, in order to have a foothold in the negotiations that are going to take place tomorrow. And if you read the American press, the headlines of most of the press are full of various ambiguities. For example, I’m reading it now from memory. Bloomberg says that Vladimir Zelensky has said that talks without Ukraine are dangerous. Talks between the United States and Russia are very dangerous for Europe. Or the Wall Street Journal says that Mr. Trump is rewriting transatlantic relations, that is, relations between the two sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The main issue is that now Mr. Trump’s advisers and ministers are going to meet with the Russians. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov has also confirmed that representatives from the Russian Federation are going to be present. This will be the first stage, so that the two sides can sit down and work out their differences. Mr. Keith Kluge, who is Trump’s special envoy for Ukraine, told Zelensky that the last time that efforts for peace did not work out, Mr. Keith Kluge told Zelensky that the reason was that there were too many parties involved. There were so many parties at the table. The issue has become confused, and now Mr. Keith Klatt has said that it is in Ukraine’s interest, in your interest, and in Europe’s interest, to sit this part out for now, let the US and Russia have the initial talks, and then get into the details and maybe be able to have an impact on the negotiations between the US and Russia. My colleague, thank you from the US Congress, Arash. Today we reach the end of the first headline, Monday, February 29, at this moment, until tomorrow at the same level, right here.
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