This news segment from Iran International covers a range of pressing issues. It reports on peace talks in Riyadh between US and Russian officials regarding the war in Ukraine and the Iranian nuclear program, alongside European nations struggling to form a unified support strategy for Ukraine. Domestically, Iran faces economic turmoil, marked by a currency crisis, rising medicine costs and shortages, and labor strikes. The report also touches on human rights concerns, including the imprisonment of activists, restrictions on gatherings, and a human rights conference in Geneva addressing these issues. Additionally, the segment reviews Iranian newspapers, noting diverse opinions on potential negotiations with the US amid internal political tensions.

Iran International News Review Study Guide

Quiz

Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.

1. What is the main topic of discussion between the White House and Kremlin representatives in Riyadh?
2. Why are Iranian officials reportedly concerned about the talks between Putin and Trump?
3. What was the primary outcome of the informal meeting of European leaders regarding Ukraine?
4. What specific charges were brought against the poet Faramarz Sedehi?
5. Why was the artist Khosro Azarbeh arrested?
6. What was the stated reason for Alireza Nassari’s opposition to the impeachment of the Minister of Economy?
7. What is the current status of Ahmad Reza Jalali, and what symbolic action was taken in Geneva regarding his situation?
8. According to the news report, how has the economic crisis impacted Iranian pharmacies and pharmacists?
9. What are some of the key issues raised by Iranian nurses that have led many to leave their jobs?
10. What is the general sentiment of Iranian newspapers regarding the possibility of negotiations with the United States, as discussed in the news segment?

Quiz Answer Key

1. The main topic of discussion is ending the war in Ukraine, with Russian and American foreign ministers engaging in negotiations. The meetings are being held in Riyadh.
2. Iranian officials are concerned that Russia, particularly Putin, may sacrifice Iran’s interests in discussions with Trump regarding Iran’s nuclear program. This concern stems from a perceived history of Russia prioritizing its own interests over those of Iran.
3. The meeting ended without any tangible results, though they agreed to increase defense spending and reduce dependence on the United States. The leaders failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine.
4. Faramarz Sedehi was charged with three counts: insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime. These charges were made without a lawyer present.
5. Khosro Azarbeh was arrested for allegedly insulting former Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. This accusation stemmed from a video critical of the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Assad.
6. Alireza Nassari opposed the impeachment of the Minister of Economy because he believed that it would cause the dollar to immediately surge to 100,000 Tomans. This was due to the fragile state of the economy.
7. Ahmad Reza Jalali is an Iranian researcher imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years. An empty seat was reserved for him at the Geneva conference as a symbol of his unjust imprisonment.
8. Iranian pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance claims and the high cost of medicine, leading to shortages. This is also contributing to increased violence between patients and staff.
9. Key issues include low salaries and difficult working conditions, including long hours and mental stress. Many nurses prefer to stay home rather than continue working under these conditions.
10. Many newspapers are reporting the necessity of negotiations with the US under any circumstance, while others repeat Khamenei’s position and consider it irrational and dishonorable. The discussion is still a key topic in the news.

Essay Questions

1. Analyze the potential roles of Saudi Arabia in facilitating negotiations between Russia, the United States, and Iran, as suggested by the news report. What factors might contribute to Saudi Arabia’s influence, and what challenges might it face in this role?
2. Discuss the interconnectedness of the Iranian nuclear program, the war in Ukraine, and international relations, as portrayed in the news segment. How do these issues influence one another, and what are the potential implications for Iran?
3. Evaluate the reporting on the economic crisis in Iran, focusing on the causes and consequences. How is the crisis affecting the lives of ordinary Iranians, and what solutions are proposed or considered in the news segment?
4. Analyze the significance of the Geneva Human Rights Conference, focusing on Iran. What issues are being raised, who are the key participants, and what impact might the conference have on human rights in Iran?
5. Discuss the challenges facing healthcare professionals in Iran, as depicted in the news segment. What are the primary issues affecting pharmacists, nurses, and other medical staff, and what are the potential consequences for the Iranian healthcare system?

Glossary of Key Terms

• Kremlin: The official residence of the President of the Russian Federation, often used as a shorthand term for the Russian government.
• Riyal (Toman): The official currency of Iran. The Toman is a unit equal to 10 rials.
• Islamic Republic: The official name of the government in Iran, established after the 1979 revolution.
• IRNA: The Islamic Republic News Agency, the official news agency of Iran.
• Evin Prison: A prison located in Tehran, Iran, known for housing political prisoners and prisoners of conscience.
• Geneva Conference: Refers to the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy.
• National Development Fund (of Iran): A sovereign wealth fund established in Iran to invest surplus oil revenues.
• Bakhtar Petrochemical: A petrochemical company in Iran.
• Kayhan: A conservative Iranian newspaper known for its hardline political views and support of the Supreme Leader.
• Setareh Sobh: An Iranian reformist newspaper.
• Central Bank (of Iran): The central bank of Iran responsible for maintaining the value of the Iranian currency.
• Dirham: The currency of the United Arab Emirates. It is an important currency in Iran because of its role as a stable currency for trade.
• UN Human Rights Council: An inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe.
• Prince Reza Pahlavi: The son of the last Shah of Iran, often seen as a figurehead for the Iranian opposition movement.

Iran International News: Crisis and Geopolitics

Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the main themes and ideas from the provided Iran International news excerpts:

Briefing Document: Iran International News Analysis

Date: October 26, 2023 (Based on context clues within the text)

Source: Excerpts from Iran International News Broadcast (Pasted Text)

Overall Themes:

• Geopolitical Tensions and Negotiations: The news heavily focuses on international negotiations involving Russia, the US, and Iran, particularly concerning the war in Ukraine and Iran’s nuclear program. There is a sense of anxiety within Iran regarding these negotiations and the potential for Iran to be “victimized” or sidelined.
• Economic Crisis in Iran: The Iranian economy is portrayed as being in deep crisis, with a rapidly devaluing currency, soaring prices (especially for medicine), and widespread hardship. Public dissatisfaction and anger are evident, along with criticism of the government’s economic policies.
• Human Rights Concerns: The broadcast highlights human rights issues in Iran, including the imprisonment of activists, restrictions on freedom of expression, and the suppression of dissent. The Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy serves as a platform for these concerns to be voiced.
• Domestic Unrest and Discontent: Reports of strikes, protests, and growing tensions between the public and authorities paint a picture of widespread discontent within Iran.

Key Ideas and Facts:

1. Riyadh Negotiations:

• US and Russian officials (including Sergei Lavrov and Marco Rubio) are meeting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to discuss ending the war in Ukraine. Saudi Arabia is attempting to play a “trans-regional role” as a mediator due to its good relations with both countries.
• These talks also encompass the Iranian nuclear program. Russia has stated its willingness to help resolve the issue diplomatically, causing concern within the Iranian government.
• Quote: “US and Russian officials began peace talks with Ukraine in Saudi Arabia an hour ago. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, have been in Riyadh to conduct these talks since yesterday. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are also representatives of the US government who traveled to the Saudi capital for these talks.”

1. Iran’s Nuclear Program and International Pressure:

• There’s a fear that Russia might prioritize its own interests over Iran’s in these negotiations, potentially leading to unfavorable outcomes for Iran.
• The Iranian government is worried about a repeat of the situation in February 2022, when Russia’s invasion of Ukraine disrupted nuclear negotiations in Vienna.
• Quote: “These talks that are currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions. One of its dimensions will naturally be the issue of Iran’s nuclear program… it seems that now they are worried that the Russian officials and Mr. Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them.”

1. European Disunity on Ukraine:

• European leaders failed to reach a consensus on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine.
• They are increasing defense spending to gain “some independence from the United States,” but ultimately need US military and air support.
• There are internal divisions within the EU regarding the approach to the conflict.
• Quote: “Yes, exactly after eight and a half hours, we can say that they did not reach the desired result. The only thing they can say now is that they have agreed to increase their defense spending so that they can be stronger than before and have some independence from the United States and reduce their dependence on this country.”

1. Iranian Economic Crisis:

• The Iranian currency is in freefall, with the dollar exceeding 92,600 Tomans (and potentially rising to 95,000 Tomans).
• The government’s attempts to manage the economic crisis are seen as ineffective and lacking a clear plan.
• Rising medicine costs and shortages are causing severe hardship, with some people unable to afford essential treatments. Pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to unpaid insurance claims.
• Quote: “Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament meeting to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 Tomans more expensive. People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.”

1. Human Rights Abuses and Political Repression:

• Poet Faramarz Sedehi was temporarily released on bail after being charged with “insulting the leadership,” “insulting the sanctities of Islam,” and “propagandizing against the regime.”
• Artist Khosro Azarbeh was arrested for criticizing the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Bashar al-Assad.
• Ahmad Reza Jalali, an Iranian researcher imprisoned in Iran, was commemorated at the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy.
• Quote: “Faramarz Sedehi, a poet from Khuzestan and a member of the Iranian Writers’ Association, was temporarily released after being charged with 800 million tomans of bail. The Iranian Writers’ Association announced this news by writing that Sedehi was charged with three counts of insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime without a lawyer present.”

1. Growing Social Unrest:

• Employees of several petrochemical companies are on strike due to unpaid wages.
• Nurses are quitting their jobs due to low salaries and difficult working conditions.
• There are reports of increased violence between patients and pharmacy staff due to medicine shortages and high costs.
• Quote: “Today, the employees of the Kimia Sanat-e-Mabna Company, affiliated with Bakhtar Petrochemical, went on strike and gathered in the compound of this complex in protest against the disregard for their five months of back wages.”

1. Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy:

• The summit addresses human rights violations and struggles for freedom and democracy worldwide, with a particular focus on Iran.
• Prince Reza Pahlavi was a key speaker, addressing the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran.
• The summit awarded prizes to human rights activists, including two women from Afghanistan.
• Quote: “This conference for human rights and democracy is being held today in Geneva with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. This conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting. It will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy.”

1. Debate over Negotiations with the US:

• Despite the Supreme Leader’s opposition, there is a growing discussion in Iranian newspapers about the necessity of negotiations with the United States.
• Some analysts believe that negotiations are unavoidable, while others (like Kayhan newspaper) accuse proponents of being “the fifth column of America.”
• Quote: “While the Leader of the Islamic Republic has denied any negotiations with the United States and considered it irrational and dishonorable, the discussion of America and negotiations in the newspapers is still hot, and some analysts consider negotiations a necessity from which there is no group that can avoid them. On the other hand, the government newspapers are repeating Khamenei’s position”

Conclusion:

The Iran International news excerpts paint a concerning picture of Iran facing a confluence of internal and external pressures. The country is grappling with a severe economic crisis, human rights abuses, and growing social unrest, all while navigating a complex geopolitical landscape with high-stakes negotiations involving key global powers. There is internal division about the appropriate response to these challenges, making unified action even more difficult. The broadcast suggests a potentially volatile situation with significant challenges ahead for the Iranian government and its people.

Global Affairs: Ukraine, Iran, and Human Rights

Here is an 8-question FAQ based on the provided text:

1. What are the key topics being discussed in international news?

The main topics include negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin in Riyadh regarding the war in Ukraine, the turmoil in the Iranian land market due to the currency crisis, medicine shortages and rising prices in Iran, and the Geneva Conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025. Discussions also revolve around Iran’s nuclear program and the potential for a resolution through diplomacy.

2. What is Saudi Arabia’s role in the Russia-Ukraine conflict?

Saudi Arabia is attempting to play a trans-regional role by facilitating dialogue between Moscow and Washington to end the war in Ukraine. It leverages its good relations with both Ukraine and Russia, built on its position as an influential international economic power and its Arab and Islamic importance. They have used this relationship in the past for prisoner exchanges.

3. What is the concern of Iranian officials regarding the talks between Russia and the United States?

Iranian officials are concerned that Russia might sacrifice Iran’s interests during negotiations with the US, particularly concerning Iran’s nuclear program. They fear a repeat of the events in February 2022, when Russia’s war in Ukraine disrupted potential sanctions relief for Iran. They are concerned that they will once again be “victimized.”

4. What are the challenges faced by European countries in supporting Ukraine?

European countries are facing internal divisions regarding the deployment of peacekeeping forces to Ukraine and are heavily reliant on the United States and NATO for military and air support. While they have provided more aid than the US so far, they worry about a ceasefire without a peace agreement. Differences among EU member states also hinder a unified approach.

5. What are the main economic problems facing Iran, according to the source?

The Iranian economy is experiencing turmoil due to a currency crisis, with the dollar becoming increasingly expensive. This is leading to soaring prices, shortages of medicine, and potential bankruptcy for pharmacies due to non-payment of insurance. There’s inflation despite government claims, and temporary government policies are criticized for their ineffectiveness.

6. What are some of the human rights issues highlighted in the news from Iran?

The human rights issues include the temporary release of a poet from Khuzestan after being charged with insulting leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime, the arrest of an artist for criticizing economic aid to Bashar al-Assad, and concerns over the imprisonment of Iranian researcher Ahmad Reza Jalali. The Geneva Human Rights Conference addresses these and other violations.

7. What is the state of healthcare and the medical system in Iran?

The Iranian healthcare system is facing severe challenges. People’s share of treatment costs has risen dramatically, medicines are increasingly expensive, and shortages are prevalent. Many nurses are quitting due to low salaries and difficult working conditions. Pharmacies are facing bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance, and some require police presence due to patient frustration over medicine shortages and high costs.

8. What are the conflicting views on negotiations with the United States within Iran?

While the Supreme Leader has publicly opposed negotiations with the United States, considering them irrational and dishonorable, many Iranian newspapers are actively discussing the necessity of such negotiations. Some analysts believe negotiations are unavoidable. This conflict in viewpoints is reflected in the press, with some outlets accusing others of being pro-American.

Ukraine War: US-Russia Talks in Riyadh

The sources discuss talks related to the war in Ukraine in the following ways:

• Negotiations between White House and Kremlin representatives are beginning in Riyadh to discuss ending the war in Ukraine. Russian and American foreign ministers are participating in these discussions.
• Saudi Arabia is trying to play an influential role in ending the war by creating “bridges of contact and dialogue” between Moscow and Washington. The Saudi kingdom has maintained good relations with both Ukraine and Russia and was able to use these relations even in the field of prisoner exchanges between the two sides.
• US and Russian officials began peace talks regarding Ukraine in Saudi Arabia. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, is conducting these talks. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are representing the US government.
• An informal meeting of European leaders to create a united front to support Ukraine ended without any tangible results. The heads of seven European countries failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine. Some leaders say that security guarantees for Ukraine depend on the level of US support.
• Europeans are worried that a ceasefire will be formed without a peace agreement being reached, and they want a peace agreement and a ceasefire at the same time. However, the Europeans are not present at the Riyadh talks between the US and Russia and do not know the conditions. There are many differences among the European countries themselves.
• The US Secretary of State and the Russian Foreign Minister are engaged in talks that will last for 15 days after a short break.

Iran Nuclear Program: Russian Perspective and Diplomatic Efforts

The sources address the Iran nuclear program in the following ways:

• Moscow is seeking to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue, according to the Russian government spokesman. Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin spokesman, told the IRNA news agency that the issue of Iran’s nuclear program can and should be resolved diplomatically if there is political will from all parties involved.
• These talks currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions, and one of them is naturally the issue of Iran’s nuclear program.
• Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump discussed the issue of Iran’s nuclear program in a telephone conversation. After this news was published, officials of the Islamic Republic became concerned about their own situation and are worried that Russian officials and Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them.
• The Islamic Republic News Agency asked Mr. Peskov if Mr. Trump had a specific request in the telephone conversation that took place between Mr. Trump and Mr. Putin. Trump and the White House officials have clearly stated that they are ready to discuss the Iranian nuclear issue if the Islamic Republic abandons its entire nuclear program.
• Mr. Peskov stated that Russia is ready to help diplomatically resolve the Iranian nuclear program, and this shows that it seems that a new smell is coming, like what happened in February 2022, while the Islamic Republic officials were reaching an agreement with Western officials in Vienna and it was about time that the sanctions were lifted to a large extent and the Iranian people could at least breathe.
• The Islamic Republic officials are concerned that talks with Moscow, namely between Putin and Trump, will lead to Moscow separating from its friends with whom it has had difficult times and with whom it has strategic relations.
• Mr. Peskov believes that Moscow is willing and wants to continue its comprehensive relations with Iran but does not talk about the Islamic Republic being a strategic partner. He believes that the Iranian nuclear issue will be resolved if all parties have the political will to resolve it.

Iran Economic Crisis: Currency, Medicine Shortages, and Market Turmoil

The sources discuss the economic crisis in Iran in the following ways:

• Turmoil in the Iranian land market followed a meeting between the government and parliament convened to review the currency crisis.
• The price of the US dollar increased by more than 100 tomans. Reports from Tehran exchange offices indicated the price of the US dollar in the open market reached 92,600 tomans. Later, the dollar approached 93,000 tomans, with buying and selling rates around 92,900 tomans. At one point, the dollar exchange rate exceeded 95,000 tomans.
• People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.
• The people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%. There has been a staggering increase in medicine prices, up to five times the previous price, with saline solution prices tripling. People are falling below the poverty line with a simple illness.
• Following a closed-door meeting between the parliament and the government, Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf announced that “good decisions” had been made regarding land. However, a member of the parliament’s civil engineering commission noted the government is aware that the conditions are not suitable and that the situation and its fluctuations must be addressed.
• Ali Reza Nassari commented on the possible impeachment of the Minister of Economy, stating that the dollar will immediately become 100,000 Tomans if Hemmati is impeached.
• Farshad Momeni, a faculty member at Allameh Tabatabaei University, criticized the government’s temporary policies.
• The focus of a recent meeting was the inflammation in the markets, specifically the food market, which has had consequences for other markets and food products. No specific outcome was announced from this meeting.
• The market and the people have moved past news therapy and speech therapy, and experience has shown that if the officials of the Islamic Republic, the government, and the parliament each have a specific plan, they will clearly announce it so that they can control prices with the psychological burden they create. Announcing vague news and a sentence that good decisions have been made shows that the government has lost control and there is no specific plan. The market is receiving this message, understanding it, and acting naturally.
• The government basically does not have the complete and necessary tools to control and manage the market and plan. The Pezdikian government has not announced any other specific plan for the economy, except for the single exchange rate, which it has repeatedly insisted on.
• Pharmacists are facing problems due to the high cost and shortage of medicines, and they are in debt to insurance companies. The debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans. Some pharmacies are requesting to change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay.
• There are increasing reports and criticisms of the high cost and shortage of medicines. Some pharmacists have asked for police presence to protect their safety and their employees’ safety.
• At least 50,000 nurses have quit their jobs and are staying home due to low salaries and hardships.
• Market activists are considering foreign policy, international pressures, and news coming from all corners of the region about Iran and are concluding that there is no bright future, and some people who are looking to preserve the value of their assets will naturally tend to convert their rial assets into gold and foreign currency.

Geneva Human Rights Conference: Freedom and Democracy Summit, 2025

The sources discuss a human rights conference in Geneva in the following ways:

• A Geneva conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025 is being held with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world.
• The conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting and will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy.
• Prince Reza Pahlavi is one of the main speakers at this conference and will speak, along with other Iranian activists, about the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran.
• The summit started with a speech by Garry Kasparov, a political activist against the Putin regime. The part after the session of this summit is dedicated to Iran. Prince Reza Pahlavi’s speech is named the struggle for the freedom of Iran.
• There will be a panel about Iranian protesters and the inappropriate treatment of protesters in Iran by the Islamic Republic government.
• Iranians from all over the world came to Geneva to celebrate the prince’s presence at this conference and held a rally in front of the UN headquarters in Europe.
• An empty seat has been reserved for Ahmad Reza Jalali at this conference. Jalali is an Iranian researcher who has been imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years.
• Two women from Afghanistan received human rights awards at the conference.
• The most important award is the Courage Award, which was given to Iran International last year. This year, it will be given to two Venezuelan opposition leaders.

Iran: Medicine Costs and Shortages

The sources discuss medicine costs and shortages in Iran in the following ways:

• People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices.
• Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance.
• The people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%.
• There has been a staggering increase in medicine prices, up to five times the previous price, with saline solution prices tripling.
• People are falling below the poverty line with a simple illness.
• Pharmacists are facing problems due to the high cost and shortage of medicines, and they are in debt to insurance companies.
• The debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans. Some pharmacies are requesting to change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay.
• There are increasing reports and criticisms of the high cost and shortage of medicines.
• Some pharmacists have asked for a police presence to protect their safety and their employees’ safety.
• One Iranian citizen reported having to pay 30 million tomans a month for chemotherapy and injections for their fiancé who has cancer, and every three months, 17 million tomans for the treatment package, which they are unable to afford.
• Another Iranian citizen reported that four types of medicine cost 290,000 tomans, with one medicine alone costing 43,000 tomans.
• The spokesman for the Iranian Medical System Organization described the absolute recklessness of health system officials as the reason for the critical situation in the drug market.

The Original Text

Greetings to you, I am Elnaz Kiani. Welcome to this news section of Iran International. Headlines of news. Negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin begin in Riyadh. Russian and American foreign ministers are discussing ending the war in Ukraine. Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament met to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 Tomans more expensive. People are unable to buy medicine due to shortages and skyrocketing prices. Many Iranian pharmacies are on the verge of bankruptcy due to non-payment of insurance. The Geneva Conference for Human Rights and Democracy in 2025. The International Prize for Women’s Rights will be awarded to two Afghan political activists. Also, in the continuation of this news section, negotiations or not negotiations with the United States are the main topics of the newspapers. Kayhan wrote that supporters of negotiations with Trump, the blackmailer, reached out to bin Salman. Setareh Sobh called for direct talks with Washington. US and Russian officials began peace talks with Ukraine in Saudi Arabia an hour ago. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, along with Vladimir Putin’s assistant for foreign affairs, have been in Riyadh to conduct these talks since yesterday. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Steve Votka, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, are also representatives of the US government who traveled to the Saudi capital for these talks. Masoud Al-Fak, an expert on Middle East affairs, says that the Saudi kingdom has always had very good relations with Ukraine and Russia and is now trying to play an influential role. The Saudi kingdom is playing a trans-regional role based on its capabilities as an effective international economic power on the one hand and the Arab and Islamic importance that this country has. Let’s not forget that the Saudi king maintained good relations with both Moscow and Kiev in relation to the Ukrainian war and was able to use these relations even in the field of prisoner exchanges between the two sides. Today, he is trying to expand this role on the international level to end this war by creating bridges of contact and dialogue between Moscow and Washington and at the same time, he can present its role as an influential international country. The Russian government spokesman said that Moscow is seeking to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue. Dmitry Peskov told the IRNA news agency that we believe If there is political will from all parties involved, the issue of Iran’s nuclear program can and should be resolved diplomatically. My colleague Ahmad Samadi from Berlin has joined me in the conversation. Let’s hear more about the details of the Kremlin spokesman’s statements from you. Ahmad, well, Elnaz. These talks that are currently underway in Riyadh have various dimensions. One of its dimensions will naturally be the issue of Iran’s nuclear program, because according to the news that was published a few days ago, Mr. Vladimir Putin and Mr. Donald Trump, the Presidents of Russia and the United States, discussed the issue of Iran’s nuclear program in a telephone conversation. After this news was published, the officials of the Islamic Republic naturally became concerned about their own situation and it seems that now they are worried that the Russian officials and Mr. Vladimir Putin personally will once again victimize them. The questions that the IRNA news agency, the Islamic Republic News Agency affiliated with the government of the Islamic Republic, asked the Kremlin spokesman show that I am very concerned and the type of questions also show this. For example, they asked Mr. Peskov, well, in the telephone conversation that took place between Mr. Trump and Mr. Putin, did Mr. Trump have a specific request? We know that Mr. Trump and the White House officials have clearly stated that they are ready to discuss the Iranian nuclear issue if the Islamic Republic abandons its entire nuclear program, and Mr. Peskov has stated that we are ready to help diplomatically resolve the Iranian nuclear program, and this shows that it seems that a new smell is coming, like what happened in February 2022, while the Islamic Republic officials were reaching an agreement with Western officials in Vienna and it was about time that the sanctions were lifted to a large extent and the Iranian people could at least breathe, then Russia started its war with Ukraine and forced the Tehran officials to side with them and even came out of that difficult winter in order to calm the people down. And we saw that 3 years have passed and what happened was difficult for the Iranian people and the continuation of the sanctions and the current economic situation where the prices are clear. The next question that has been clarified is that it again shows the concern of the Islamic Republic officials and that they raised this issue that some thought They ask, “Who are these people? It is obvious who are the officials of the Islamic Republic whose talks with Moscow, namely Mr. Putin and Mr. Trump, will lead to Moscow separating from its friends with whom it has had difficult times and with whom it has strategic relations. Again, Mr. Pasgaf is right in his response and believes that Moscow is willing and wants to continue its comprehensive relations with Iran. He does not talk about the Islamic Republic being a strategic partner and believes that the Iranian nuclear issue will be resolved if all parties have the political will to resolve it. Thank you, Ahmad Samadi from Berlin with me. The informal meeting of the leaders of European countries to create a united front to support Ukraine ended without any tangible results. The heads of the seven European countries at the Elysee Palace yesterday failed to reach an agreement on sending peacekeeping forces to Ukraine. Some of these leaders say that security guarantees for Ukraine depend on the level of US support. My colleague Nirufar Pour-Ebrahim joined us in Paris in this regard. The Europeans were hoping that a They came together to support Ukraine, but it seems that the differences between them have become more prominent. Let’s hear more from you. Yes, exactly after eight and a half hours, we can say that they did not reach the desired result. The only thing they can say now is that they have agreed to increase their defense spending so that they can be stronger than before and have some independence from the United States and reduce their dependence on this country. However, they did not reach a conclusion regarding the deployment of peacekeeping forces, which they had been talking about before. Before the meeting, some countries, including Germany, had criticized it, saying that when peace has not yet been achieved and the conditions are not clear, it is not the right place to talk about deploying peacekeeping forces. We also had the same conversation with Italian Prime Minister George Melanie, who also mentioned the same issue and said that he does not agree with such an initiative that is now being proposed by Britain or France. Britain itself announced after this meeting that the deployment of forces will be subject to guarantees. There is security that the United States is providing. We know that the European Union and Canada have provided more aid to Ukraine than the United States so far. Now they say they will provide even more. But the truth is that they cannot do much without the United States. The NATO Secretary General and the British Prime Minister have mentioned this issue. Without the military and air support of NATO, which is led by the United States in a way, they will not be able to achieve anything even if they send forces. Another issue that seems to have been discussed in this meeting that was less discussed before, Reuters quoted a European official as saying, was the issue of ceasefire and peace. They say that they are worried that a ceasefire will be formed without a peace agreement being reached, and they want a peace agreement and a ceasefire to be at the same time, and they cannot accept that. But the thing is, they are not at the negotiating table right now. We see that right now in Riyadh, the US Secretary of State and the Russian Foreign Minister are talking to each other. Their talks, after a short break, will last for 15 days. It has resumed for a minute and the Europeans are not present at this meeting and do not know the conditions, so it is very difficult for them. Another issue is that there are many differences among the European countries themselves. Many of them, such as the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and other countries, criticized that they were not invited to this meeting. Even Italy, which was present, said why other countries were not invited, and Hungary, for example, is completely against it. Therefore, the differences within the European Union itself are becoming more and more. Thank you. Nino Farpour Ibrahim, my colleague from Paris, joins us here. Let’s look at some short news from Iran. [Music] Faramarz Sedehi, a poet from Khuzestan and a member of the Iranian Writers’ Association, was temporarily released after being charged with 800 million tomans of bail. The Iranian Writers’ Association announced this news by writing that Sedehi was charged with three counts of insulting the leadership, insulting the sanctities of Islam, and propagandizing against the regime without a lawyer present. Iran’s Deputy Minister of Health has warned of the increasing risk of the polio virus entering the country. Alireza Raisi has warned that the number of people infected with the polio virus is multiplying. Children in Afghanistan and Pakistan in recent years and official and unofficial contacts with these two countries have been cited as the reason for the increased risk of the virus entering Iran. Protesting artist Khosro Azarbeh was arrested in Tehran on Monday evening. Attorney Amir Raisian wrote on X Network that the accusation of this tambourine player insulting former Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has been made. A video critical of Khosro Azarpeik regarding the Islamic Republic’s economic aid to Bashar al-Assad was previously released. Following the turmoil in the Iranian land and gold markets, a closed-door meeting was held between the parliament and the government today to examine the country’s economic and livelihood crisis, and at the same time, the price of the US dollar in the open market increased by more than 100 tomans. According to reports from Tehran’s exchange offices, the price of the US dollar in the open market reached 92,600 tomans in this morning’s trading. Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf announced after today’s meeting that we have made good decisions regarding land. A member of the parliament’s civil engineering commission also said about today’s parliament meeting with doctors that the government is aware that the conditions are not suitable and we must deal with this situation and its fluctuations. Ali Reza Nassari on The possible impeachment of the Minister of Economy also said that with Hemmati’s impeachment, the dollar will immediately become 100,000 Tomans, and that is why we are against impeachment. He added that the head of the Central Bank claimed in this meeting that inflation has decreased, but people do not feel this issue at their desks. Farshad Momeni, a member of the faculty of Allameh Tabatabaei University, also strongly criticized the government’s temporary policies, saying that with this situation, the reputation of the government and the government is at stake. Look at the words of the current Minister of Economy during the Raisi administration and see what he said about the affair of playing with the exchange rate. So if you understand these things and then raise vulgar words like he said, “We are doing this to control inflation and control it,” it is very shameful, God is witness. You want to control inflation by increasing the land rate. You were born in this country yesterday. You do not have the experience of the past 35 years in front of you. Now you do not know those experiences or do not want to know. At least go and review your own words. They really talk so much nonsense. They did not give the government institution any credit. With all this contradiction, irregularity, and nonsense, Reza Qobi, an economic journalist, joined us. Mr. Ghaibi, let’s hear more about the latest news from today’s events in the parliament and the market from you. Yes, the meeting that was held was the focus of the same inflammation that has occurred in the markets, specifically the food market, whose consequences have reached other markets and food products. However, no specific outcome has been announced from this meeting. Only the one sentence that Ghalibaf said, good decisions have been made and we saw the backstop. The inflammation in the market is still ongoing. The dollar is approaching 93,000 tomans as we speak. 92,900 tomans were also bought and sold. A few minutes ago, the dollar exchange rate exceeded 95,000 tomans. And when we look back at the dirham rate, which is also considered the basis for pricing the dollar in Iran, we see that there has been an increase in prices in that sector as well. Based on the parity of the dirham and the dollar, if we want to estimate the dollar rate in the Iranian market right now, Let’s say it’s around 93,500 tomans, and given this rate, it can be predicted that the dollar will surpass 93,000 tomans today and reach new records today. Mr. Ghaibi, how can we evaluate this price increase in the land market? Why, despite the statements of officials, including Ghalibaf, that the government has made good decisions to manage the market, we are still witnessing a price increase? See, the market and the people have basically moved past that news therapy and speech therapy discussion, and experience has shown that if the officials of the Islamic Republic, the government, and the parliament each have a specific plan, they will clearly announce it so that they can control prices with the psychological burden they create. Just announcing vague news and a sentence that good decisions have been made shows that the government has basically lost control and there is no specific plan. The market is receiving this message well, understanding it, and acting naturally. We are now witnessing a price increase of more than 100 tomans immediately after Ghalibaf’s speech in the market. So, the talks This is unsupported and shows the lack of a plan. If there was a plan, the government today basically does not have the complete and necessary tools to control and manage the market and plan. The Pezdikian government has not announced any other specific plan for the economy, except for the single exchange rate, which it has repeatedly insisted on. Market activists put all of this together. Foreign policy, international pressures, and news coming from all corners of the region about Iran put all of this together and come to the conclusion that there is no bright future, and some people who are looking to preserve the value of their assets will naturally tend to convert their rial assets into gold and foreign currency. Thank you, Reza Ghaibi, an economic journalist with us. Well, we have live images from the Geneva conference, which is a human rights conference. We know that an empty seat has been reserved for Ahmad Reza Jalali at this conference. Ahmad Reza Jalali is an Iranian researcher named Saadi, who has been imprisoned in Evin Prison in Iran for about 9 years. These images you see are live images from the conference. Geneva A moment ago, you saw an empty chair in the corner of these pictures. A student is also speaking at this meeting [music]. Mohammad Hossein Azizi, the head of the judicial district of Mehdi Shahr, called on Semnan province to stop any gatherings in connection with the killing of a resident of this city. Azizi explained that the four main suspects in connection with the killing of Maziar Turanian are in temporary detention. After the news of the killing of this young man was published by the police chief of Semnan province, some people gathered in front of the governorate and the city level to demand their expulsion. The police support the enemy of the Yuri tribes, the enemy of the Haruri tribes, the enemy of the Hururi tribes, the enemy of the Free Buzuri, the enemy of the army The score is in Mahdi Night, the second is that those whose census cards expire at the end of 1403, we have reflected this, we will reflect it, Tehran, the Ministry of Interior is following me, the governor is not the one who so-called bans this, but we are following that in the first step, let’s end it, we ban some of these. The third issue, the third issue, whoever the law, whoever rents a house to a foreigner, must introduce Flaco to the police. God forbid, how many of us now have doctors in our own neighborhoods, so to speak, buying a house, renting a house, and whether we were aware of it or not, from now on we must implement this law. You are the viewers and listeners of Iran National. Let’s take a look again at the headlines. The beginning of negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin representatives in Riyadh. The Russian and American foreign ministers are discussing ending the war in Ukraine. Turmoil in the Iranian land market after the government and parliament meeting to review the currency crisis. The dollar became 00 tomans more expensive. Reports received by Iran International show that non-payment of insurance and the high cost of medicine are causing problems for pharmacists. Many pharmacies in Tehran are on the verge of bankruptcy. Pharmacists also expressed concern about the increase in violence between patients and staff due to the lack of medicine. Some pharmacists have asked the police and law enforcement officers to appear in front of their workplace pharmacies to protect their own and their employees’ safety. At the same time, the spokesman for the Iranian Medical System Organization announced that the people’s share of treatment costs has reached 70%. Reza Laripour also said that the staggering increase in medicine, up to 5 times the previous price. Referring to the tripling of the price of saline solution, he described the absolute recklessness of health system officials as the reason for the critical situation in the drug market. The spokesman for the Medical System Organization also said that people fall below the poverty line with a simple illness. The Secretary General of the Nursing Home reported that at least 50,000 nurses have quit their jobs and are staying home. Mohammad Sharifi Moghadam said that 4,000 nurses prefer to stay home and not work due to the low salaries and hardships of this job. Sharif Moghadam also added that officials withdrew money from the National Development Fund in the name of nurses, but the money went elsewhere. A large number of Iranian audiences International has been reporting and criticizing the high cost and shortage of medicines in the country by sending messages. Greetings to Iran International TV. I am an Iranian citizen calling from Iran. I wanted to talk about the issue of medicines. Unfortunately, my fiancé has cancer and has to pay 30 million tomans a month for chemotherapy and injections. And every three months, 17 million tomans for the treatment package, which unfortunately, we are not doing now. This is due to lack of finances. Death to the Islamic Republic. Death to Ali Khamenei. Curse on Khomeini. I hope that the Iranian people will one day be free from the hands of these executioners and these demons. Greetings to the officials of the International Network. Today, we went to buy 4 types of medicine. It cost 290,000 tomans. Taking one medicine alone cost 43,000 tomans. We, the disabled people of the society, are spending this money on us. When we ask for financial assistance to purchase medicines, they say that we do not have a budget and that the budget does not apply to life at all. And the help of donors. It’s been a long time, God willing, that we will see your death one of these days, Ali Khamenei, and we will hold a big celebration for your death. My colleague Niki Mahjoub is here with me in the studio. Niki, I know that the videos that you send to us, the audience, especially now regarding pharmacies and what you are following, say what the situation of pharmacies is like in Iran. Look at what has happened now, considering that there are problems with the high cost of medicines and the shortage of medicines. On the other hand, pharmacies are in debt to insurance companies and they expect to be paid because they are also working. According to official statistics, the debt of pharmacies is more than 30 trillion tomans, which means that these pharmacies throughout Iran have debts, but these debts have not been paid to them. These pharmacies are not Aban 13 and the Red Crescent. They are private pharmacies that have been requesting since the beginning of the year to either change their use or close down because they cannot afford to pay. This continues. On the other hand, pharmacists say that due to the high cost of medicine, on the one hand, insurance is a problem. On the other hand, people are patients. They get angry and upset. Not only do they want to fight or get into a fight with the pharmacists, but because the medicine they want is not available because they do not have the financial means to pay for it. This psychological pressure sometimes causes them to take measures, such as calling the police in some pharmacies in Tehran. In some cases, they have to take responsibility for the security of the pharmacy so that these conflicts can be minimized. On the other hand, we know that nurses and medical staff are facing various problems. We know that the protests of nurses are nothing new. On the one hand, the salaries are very low, and on the other hand, the working hours are very long. What more can you say about nurses? Look at what they say about nurses, and it is painful that according to the nursing home itself, there are more than thousands of nurses who prefer not to work and stay at home because of both their low salaries and difficult working conditions . The same thing we say about pharmacists applies to nurses and medical staff. When a patient is in the hospital, they need a number of facilities anyway. They may not be able to afford them or the nurse may be tired at all. A nurse who works 72 hours a day with very short breaks and low pay is both mentally and physically damaged. A percentage of these nurses, if they can, will emigrate. A percentage are forced to work in these conditions. And what happens is that the nurses’ protests have not gotten anywhere so far. They promise them that their salaries will increase. In any case, they reduce their benefits and protests. Then they don’t keep this promise. They say we don’t have the budget. The nurse has to go to work under the same conditions. The patient may be angry. We saw the news that the medical staff has been attacked. The mental stress of these nurses is not controlled by anyone. The Ministry of Health is not responsible. My home is a nursing home, and all it does is give statistics about the poor condition of nurses. Thank you. Where is Nikah Mahjoob in the studio with me? Thank you. We have live images from the Geneva conference, which is a human rights conference. You are watching these live images. Minutes ago, two women from Afghanistan received human rights awards. One of the women is speaking at this conference. We know that an empty prison for Ahmad Reza Jalali, an Iranian researcher. Saadi, who has been imprisoned in Iran for about 9 years, has also been considered at this conference. [Music] This conference for human rights and democracy is being held today in Geneva with the presence of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. This conference is taking place at the same time as the United Nations Human Rights Council meeting. It will examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy. We know that Prince Reza Pahlavi is also one of the main speakers at this conference and will speak, along with other Iranian activists, about the suppression of protests, the situation of political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran. You are watching live images from the Geneva Human Rights Conference, where one of the women, who is a human rights activist and received an award minutes ago, along with another woman from Afghanistan, is speaking at this conference. [Music] There are live images that you were watching from the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy, which is being held today with the participation of activists, political figures, and victims of repression from all over the world. As I said, this summit will be held simultaneously with the United Nations Human Rights Council to examine human rights violations and people’s struggles for freedom and democracy. Prince Reza Pahlavi is one of the main speakers of this summit. Along with other Iranian activists, he will discuss and deliver speeches on the suppression of protests, the human rights situation, political prisoners, and the future of democracy in Iran. My colleague Mehran Abbassian has joined me from the summit in Geneva. Mehran, let’s hear more from you. This is the 17th session of this summit. Let’s hear more about the programs of this session. And we know that every session of the Geneva summit also receives awards, meaning that someone does. Will the winners be announced now or not? Well, I must say that the summit started at 10:00 AM with a speech by the famous chess player Garry Kasparov, who is a political activist and against the Putin regime. Well, the part after the session of this summit is entirely dedicated to Iran. Prince Reza Pahlavi as the main speech of the struggle for the freedom of Iran is the name of his speech. He is going to give a speech after that. There will be a panel about Iranian protesters and the inappropriate treatment of protesters in Iran by the Islamic Republic government. Four people from the Women’s Uprising of Freedom are present on this panel. They say that they are concerned about the poor human rights situation in Iran. Iranians from all over the world came to Geneva to celebrate the prince’s presence at this conference. Except that they are now registering in the conference hall. They want to be there when Prince Reza Pahlavi speaks. They also held a rally in front of the UN headquarters in Europe. I was inside the rally, but because of the loud noise and the songs that were being sung, the slogans that were being raised, and we could not properly interview our guest, I actually came to the back of the rally. Next to me is Ms. Tabatabaei, who came here from Denmark. Ms. Tabatabaei. How much impact can such meetings in human rights organizations in the world have on the process of the Iranian people’s struggles? Greetings to my compatriots in Iran in the next 46 years after we lost our late Shah, unfortunately. Our people have suffered 46 years of oppression, torture, poverty, and lack of political freedom. Therefore, we can be your voice. Wherever there is talk about Iran and oppression of our compatriots, it is our national and patriotic duty, as the leader of our national movement, Reza Shah II, declared and we elected him. For this leadership, we consider it our duty to always and everywhere be present where human rights and the rights of the Iranian people are discussed, and to try to be the voice of the voiceless. Ms. Tabatabaei, please be very brief. You said that you also went to Munich. When you are present, you see your compatriots who have come from all over the world and are chanting slogans for freedom and democracy. How do you feel? Mr. Abbassian. I have been forced to emigrate for many years because of what happened in Iran in 1979. I lost my homeland, I lost my people, I lost my culture, but I tried to carry all these things in my heart until the day we return the leader of our national movement to Iran, and we return our identity to Iran. We will return and certainly these movements, although we still have shortcomings and shortcomings, we must practice democracy, we must respect all the movements that are active, and the only way to save Iran is unity under the leadership of Reza Shah II, or as they like to call him, our father, because I really consider him a father. We, the female soldiers of Elnaz, will continue from noon to noon. The program section related to Iran will continue in the afternoon. There will be awards at this summit for the winners. The most important award is the Courage Award, which was given to Iran International last year. This year, it will be given to two Venezuelan opposition leaders, Machado, who has been expelled from Venezuela and is participating in this summit via video conference. My dear Mehran Abbasian from the Geneva summit, my colleague, with us. Today, the employees of the Kimia Sanat-e-Mabna Company, affiliated with Bakhtar Petrochemical, went on strike and gathered in the compound of this complex in protest against the disregard for their five months of back wages. The Bandar Petrochemical personnel Imam also held a strike and protest rally today regarding his temporary wages and demands. Today, 30 Today, Tuesday, 30 Tower 11 403 Counting the personnel of the Brenner Imam Holding to realize their rights for their demands. The zealous personnel of the Bandar Mam Petrochemical Complex to realize their rights for their demands. While the Leader of the Islamic Republic has denied any negotiations with the United States and considered it irrational and dishonorable, the discussion of America and negotiations in the newspapers is still hot, and some analysts consider negotiations a necessity from which there is no group that can avoid them. On the other hand, the government newspapers are repeating Khamenei’s position [music]. Here in the studio to review the newspapers, we are with my colleague Mohammad Rahbar Mohammad. We know that negotiations have now become the keyword in all speeches of all officials, and this has continued in the newspapers in the same way. Many newspapers are now talking about the fact that negotiations must take place under any circumstances. Of course, Kayhan can also have a different position. They say, “What’s the fuss about? This shameless debate is still going on. Let’s look at the first of our days. The newspaper Setareh Sobh, which very openly and bluntly said that we should negotiate directly with America because Trump and Putin are becoming friends with each other anyway. And this statement will definitely be a lie to us. Nothing is a trump card in Iran’s game. A very important point is what Rome said. Look, you have left Ukraine and Europe out of your business and are making decisions about Ukraine without Ukraine being there and the Europeans who supported Ukraine being in those meetings. The same thing will happen to Iran. That is, we have found a situation where others sit and decide on the fate of another country without us being present. With all this arguing about America, I am reminded of the situation at the end of the Safavid era. When Mahmud the Afghan attacked, he had reached Isfahan. The fight in the court was about who could have the honor of going and defeating Mahmud the Affan and so on. They threw this honor at each other and did not let each other go. In any case, there was no coordination at all. The other side came and occupied Isfahan and that was it. The next newspaper is Kayhan. Today, Kayhan has accused all the other newspapers, almost all the newspapers that are part of the chain, of being the fifth column of America. And yesterday, they fell for the rumor that Saudi Arabia wanted to come and mediate between Iran and America. So they all came to the front page. Yesterday, several newspapers were talking about this. Today, Kayhan has come to their senses and said that they are going to find a middleman and pay him a ransom. With such topics and the current situation, how can an agreement be formed in Iran or can there be any coordination in governance at all? Because those other newspapers also came from Mars. They are from different political factions that play a role in governance and it shows what kind of blue-washing is going on behind the scenes and that is reflected in the newspapers in this way. But Kayhan’s job is to come and see what the newspapers said the other day, come and take care of them, as you said, so the next newspaper will also focus on America, but I won’t focus on America anymore. Everyone, the main topic of Iran right now is America. That is, really, as much as the Iranian newspapers talk about this, there is no talk in America itself about what Trump wants to do in the world and all that. And as you can see, how well they did the picture of the US Secretary of State on the front page. But the article that Amy wrote is interesting. Yesterday, Ashei said that the murderer of that young student in Tehran should be identified as soon as possible, and they certainly didn’t know about it yesterday. Today, it seems that he has been identified, several people have been arrested, and we can say that he will probably be executed in the next ten months, and it will be over. Well, today, he has come to my country and said that these are criminals or victims. These are the ones you arrested, meaning that the government has no responsibility for someone committing a crime. All crimes are the responsibility of the party that committed the crime. For example, you have forces to suppress the people, that’s what you wrote about suppression. The students are doing it, but there is no force around for their safety. And he said, “This time, if you want to continue, let these psychologists and sociologists and all that, let’s see what’s happening in society. And let’s look at the last one, the Jahan Sanat newspaper, where Mr. Jen Safad wrote a note and completely ignored the idea that anyone can fix the dollar situation and prevent the collapse of the rial. He said, “Anyone else can come and fix the dollar situation and prevent the collapse of the rial.” Yes, yes, nothing will happen and it will get worse. As one of the members of parliament had said, if you do this, the dollar price will go to 100,000 tomans. Very good. Thank you, Mohammad Rahbar, my colleague, here in the studio with me reviewing the press this morning in Tehran. And thank you for being a viewer of Iran International up until this moment. Good evening.

By Amjad Izhar
Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
https://amjadizhar.blog

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