Amjad Izhar Blog

Month: June 2025

  • Unforgettable Looks From The 1990s, Colored Hair and Jean Jackets, Pop Singing

    Unforgettable Looks From The 1990s, Colored Hair and Jean Jackets, Pop Singing

    Few decades have left as lasting a sartorial and cultural imprint as the 1990s—a time when fashion, music, and self-expression collided with unapologetic flair. From the kaleidoscope of colored hair to the rebellious denim jackets and iconic pop music acts, the ’90s weren’t just a decade; they were a vibe. This era’s eclectic aesthetics reflected the mood of a generation caught between analog nostalgia and digital awakening.

    Fueled by economic optimism and cultural revolution, the 1990s served as a playground for style experimentation. The boldness of dyed hair in vivid blues and purples wasn’t merely cosmetic—it was a statement, a personal manifesto. Jean jackets, once symbols of rugged Americana, were reimagined with patches, graffiti, and a flair for rebellion. In parallel, pop music became a global language, giving rise to stars whose influence extended far beyond their lyrics.

    As cultural critic Malcolm Gladwell once noted, “Trends are not just about fashion; they’re about context.” To understand the signature looks and sounds of the 1990s is to delve into a moment in time where identity and expression were paramount. This blog takes you on a journey through the unforgettable style signatures of that era, enriched with commentary from scholars and relevant literature for a deeper appreciation.

    1- Colored Hair Revolution

    The 1990s marked a seismic shift in hair trends with the mainstreaming of vividly colored hair. Once confined to subcultures like punk and goth, bright blue, fiery red, and electric green locks became fashion-forward choices for mainstream audiences. This evolution was partly driven by the decade’s growing emphasis on personal identity and self-expression. Influential celebrities like Gwen Stefani and Dennis Rodman sported bold hues, turning unconventional hair color into a badge of creativity and rebellion. The democratization of hair dye products also meant that this trend was accessible beyond the elite or fringe groups.

    According to sociologist Dick Hebdige in Subculture: The Meaning of Style, style choices like colored hair are “deliberate forms of resistance.” In this light, the dyed hair phenomenon of the ’90s was not simply aesthetic but deeply cultural. It challenged societal norms of beauty and gender, laying the groundwork for today’s inclusive views on personal appearance. For further study, Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America by Ayana D. Byrd and Lori L. Tharps provides a broader cultural context for hair as identity.

    2- Jean Jackets as Statements

    Jean jackets in the 1990s were no longer mere utilitarian apparel; they became canvases for political messages, pop culture references, and personal storytelling. Oversized, acid-washed, or ripped, these jackets were customized with pins, patches, and spray paint. This level of personalization reflected a desire to stand out in a homogenized media landscape. The garment served as a wearable billboard, broadcasting one’s affiliations, opinions, and attitudes.

    Historian Valerie Steele, in her book The Berg Companion to Fashion, notes that denim’s evolution parallels cultural shifts in rebellion and youth movements. The jean jacket’s reinvention in the ’90s mirrored the era’s shift towards authenticity and anti-corporate sentiment. Wearing a jean jacket meant aligning with a larger cultural narrative—be it grunge, hip-hop, or DIY ethos.

    3- The Rise of Pop Icons

    The ’90s was a golden era for pop music, birthing mega-icons like Britney Spears, the Backstreet Boys, and NSYNC. These performers didn’t just sing—they packaged aspirational lifestyles. Their stylistic choices, from belly-baring tops to glittering accessories, were copied en masse by fans. The pop star look became a cultural template, defining a generation’s fashion sensibilities.

    Cultural theorist Simon Frith, in Performing Rites: On the Value of Popular Music, argues that pop stars create “imagined communities” through their appeal. Their wardrobes, stage personas, and even hairstyles offered fans a way to affiliate with a broader cultural tribe. For those interested in exploring this further, Pop Music and the Press by Steve Jones provides a nuanced look at the intersection of media, fashion, and music.

    4- Grunge Fashion Impact

    Emerging from Seattle’s underground, grunge fashion epitomized a disheveled cool that was as much a political statement as a style. Flannel shirts, combat boots, and thrifted cardigans were worn by stars like Kurt Cobain, whose style rejected the glitz of 1980s glam rock. The grunge look symbolized a backlash against consumerism and corporate conformity.

    Author Gina Arnold, in Route 666: On the Road to Nirvana, describes grunge fashion as “anti-fashion,” noting its deliberate refusal to please. This aesthetic resonated with youth disillusioned by polished media images. Today, grunge’s legacy lives on in streetwear and luxury fashion alike, its authenticity still influencing how rebellion is styled.

    5- Minimalist Chic

    Contrary to the maximalism of other trends, minimalist chic also defined the ’90s. Think slip dresses, muted palettes, and clean lines popularized by designers like Calvin Klein and celebrities such as Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy. This style was rooted in sophistication and a rejection of flamboyance, reflecting a quiet confidence.

    In The Power of Style, Annette Tapert notes that minimalist fashion is about “editing rather than embellishing,” making it the perfect antidote to a decade teeming with competing aesthetics. The appeal lay in its universality and timelessness—principles that continue to influence contemporary fashion.

    6- Hip-Hop Style Influence

    Hip-hop culture exploded into mainstream consciousness during the ’90s, bringing with it a distinctive fashion language. Baggy jeans, oversized jerseys, and Timberland boots became iconic, as artists like Tupac Shakur and TLC used fashion to assert identity and cultural pride. These styles were both a reflection of and a response to the socio-political realities faced by Black communities.

    Fashion scholar Monica L. Miller in Slaves to Fashion asserts that clothing in hip-hop acts as “a form of armor and self-definition.” The influence of ’90s hip-hop style is still palpable today, with luxury brands now collaborating with artists who were once considered outsiders to the fashion world.

    7- Punk Revival

    The 1990s witnessed a brief but impactful revival of punk aesthetics. Mohawks, studded leather jackets, and band tees resurfaced, especially among youth disillusioned by mainstream pop culture. This resurgence was less about pure rebellion and more about curating a vintage edge that signified authenticity.

    In Lipstick Traces, Greil Marcus explores how punk refuses to die because “its spirit mutates.” The ’90s punk revival underscored the decade’s fluid relationship with the past—resurrecting subversive styles to critique contemporary issues like consumerism and conformity.

    8- Platform Shoes Craze

    The platform shoe craze gripped the 1990s, thanks in large part to the Spice Girls and club culture. These shoes were bold, fun, and defiant—serving as both fashion and performance. They became synonymous with female empowerment and pop bravado.

    Catherine Horwood, in Keeping Up Appearances: Fashion and Class Between the Wars, argues that shoes have always been indicators of identity. Platform shoes in the ’90s exaggerated presence and visibility—literally elevating their wearers in both stature and cultural importance.

    9- Crop Tops and Midriff Mania

    Crop tops were a defining trend of ’90s pop fashion, showcased by stars like Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera. Often paired with low-rise jeans, this look was daring and youthful, breaking traditional norms around modesty in mainstream fashion.

    As discussed in Fashion and Its Social Agendas by Diana Crane, the crop top movement was emblematic of shifting gender norms and body positivity. It turned the female midriff into a space of power rather than vulnerability, changing how the female form was represented in pop culture.

    10- Tattoos and Body Art Acceptance

    Body art gained immense popularity during the ’90s, transitioning from taboo to trend. Influencers and musicians flaunted tattoos as extensions of their identity, while body piercings gained mainstream acceptance.

    Victoria Pitts-Taylor, in In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification, notes that body art serves as a medium for social commentary and personal narrative. In the ’90s, tattoos became a visual diary—documenting everything from rebellion to belonging.

    11- Gender Fluidity in Fashion

    The 1990s saw early steps toward gender-fluid fashion. Designers like Jean Paul Gaultier and stars like Prince blurred the lines between traditionally male and female attire, opening space for more inclusive expressions of self.

    Judith Butler’s Gender Trouble offers a theoretical framework, positing that gender is a performance rather than a fixed identity. The androgynous fashion of the ’90s wasn’t just avant-garde; it was revolutionary in its refusal to conform.

    12- Velvet and Sensory Textures

    Velvet surged in popularity during the ’90s, appearing in everything from chokers to gowns. The fabric’s tactile appeal added a layer of sensuality and depth to otherwise simple outfits. It became the material of choice for both luxury and grunge aesthetics.

    In The Fabric of Civilization, Virginia Postrel explores how materials shape human experience. Velvet in the ’90s symbolized both decadence and nostalgia—a reminder that fashion is as much about feel as it is about look.

    13- The Accessory Boom

    From butterfly clips to slap bracelets, accessories in the ’90s were whimsical and abundant. They offered a low-commitment way to express individuality and often carried cultural or emotional significance.

    As noted in Adornment: The Art of Barbara Natoli Witt, accessories are “portable symbols of selfhood.” In the ’90s, these small additions often held big meanings, helping individuals navigate identity in a media-saturated world.

    14- TV Shows Setting Trends

    TV shows like Friends, Beverly Hills 90210, and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air didn’t just entertain—they dictated fashion trends. What characters wore became almost as influential as the plotlines themselves.

    Douglas Kellner, in Media Culture, emphasizes that media “produces and circulates cultural meanings.” The ’90s TV landscape acted as a real-time runway, shaping how viewers dressed, behaved, and perceived themselves.

    15- Influence of Supermodels

    Supermodels like Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss, and Cindy Crawford weren’t just runway fixtures—they were cultural icons. Their off-duty style, gracing tabloids and commercials, became templates for aspirational fashion.

    As Susan Bordo writes in Unbearable Weight, the body becomes a site of cultural inscription. The supermodel ideal of the ’90s carved out a new aesthetic standard that merged high fashion with everyday influence.

    16- The Club Kid Aesthetic

    The Club Kids of New York brought theatricality to fashion with outrageous makeup, glitter, and exaggerated silhouettes. This scene, led by figures like Michael Alig, turned nightlife into an avant-garde fashion runway.

    In Fashion and Its Social Agendas, Diana Crane describes club fashion as “subcultural armor.” The Club Kid look was a defiant celebration of queerness, creativity, and community in a world still wrestling with conservatism.

    17- Baggy Clothes and Streetwear

    Baggy clothing, championed by hip-hop artists and skaters, defined the ’90s urban fashion landscape. This look communicated ease, defiance, and cultural allegiance.

    Jeff Chang’s Can’t Stop Won’t Stop documents how streetwear was both a product and producer of cultural change. The oversized aesthetic wasn’t just comfort-driven—it was political, challenging norms around class and respectability.

    18- The Goth and Dark Glam Movement

    The goth subculture in the ’90s embraced dark lace, corsets, and heavy eyeliner, drawing inspiration from Victorian mourning fashion and punk. It was expressive, dramatic, and deeply symbolic.

    Carol Dyhouse in Glamour: Women, History, Feminism notes that gothic style captures the tension between attraction and fear. In the ’90s, goth aesthetics created a space for emotional expression and philosophical exploration.

    19- Tech-Inspired Futurism

    As the millennium approached, fashion turned to the future. Metallics, synthetic fabrics, and alien silhouettes reflected cultural anxieties and hopes about technology. Designers like Alexander McQueen fused the digital with the corporeal.

    In Fashion Futures, Bradley Quinn discusses how tech trends mirror cultural transitions. The ’90s futurism wasn’t about practicality—it was about vision, dreaming of what humanity could become.

    20- DIY Culture and Customization

    From handmade chokers to reworked thrift finds, DIY fashion thrived in the ’90s. This movement reflected a rejection of mass-produced fashion and a yearning for authenticity.

    In No Logo, Naomi Klein connects DIY culture with anti-globalization sentiment. Customizing clothing was a way to resist consumer culture and reclaim personal agency in a commodified world.

    21- 1990 Trends

    The 1990s were a melting pot of styles, where minimalism collided with maximalist pop and grunge aesthetics. The decade was characterized by a range of influences: from rave culture’s vibrant colors to the pared-down monochrome palettes of Calvin Klein. This fluidity made the era especially exciting, encouraging freedom of self-expression.

    Fashion theorist Elizabeth Wilson, in Adorned in Dreams, states that “fashion thrives on contradiction.” The 1990s embodied this contradiction beautifully, with clean lines coexisting with chaotic prints and oversized silhouettes. Understanding these trends is essential for decoding the modern vintage renaissance, where ’90s looks dominate streetwear and high fashion alike.

    22- Beautiful Era – Will Smith

    Will Smith’s fashion in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air became synonymous with bold prints, inverted baseball caps, and a joyful disregard for conformity. His style celebrated individuality and charisma, blending hip-hop influences with suburban cool.

    Smith’s wardrobe choices were more than aesthetic—they symbolized a cultural shift. According to bell hooks in Black Looks: Race and Representation, visibility and fashion are key tools in cultural empowerment. Will Smith used this platform to redefine Black male style for a new generation.

    23- Jeans Wear – Brad Pitt

    Brad Pitt’s off-screen style in the ’90s embodied effortless cool. His rugged denim choices, often paired with plain white tees or leather jackets, projected masculinity with minimalist elegance. These looks helped cement denim as a staple of contemporary menswear.

    In Men and Style by David Coggins, the actor’s style is cited as “an evolution of the James Dean archetype.” Pitt’s jeans weren’t just clothing—they were cultural symbols of laid-back rebellion, making denim central to aspirational masculinity in the 1990s.

    24- Denim à la Beverly Hills

    The cast of Beverly Hills, 90210 brought high-end polish to casual denim, mixing it with crop tops, suede boots, and blazers. This show redefined denim as a versatile canvas for youth culture and aspirational glamour.

    Cultural analyst Henry Jenkins notes in Textual Poachers that TV characters become “style influencers through narrative immersion.” Beverly Hills’ version of denim helped elevate casualwear into mainstream fashion consciousness, blending Hollywood gloss with mall accessibility.

    25- Jeans, Jeans, Jeans – Julia Roberts

    Julia Roberts made denim a red carpet contender. Whether in distressed jeans or tailored jackets, she embodied an Americana that was confident, casual, and charismatic. Her look made denim aspirational, but relatable.

    In Women and Fashion by Valerie Steele, Roberts is described as someone who “democratized glamour.” Her approach to jeans reflected the decade’s ethos—comfortable enough for everyday wear, yet polished enough for high fashion moments.

    26- A Thousand and One Jeans – Keith Richards and Johnny Depp

    Keith Richards and Johnny Depp channeled rock ‘n’ roll mystique through layered denim—patchy, worn-in, and full of character. Their aesthetic was less about trend and more about lived experience, making each jean a biographical artifact.

    As explored in Fashion and Music by Janice Miller, rock icons often use clothing to “externalize inner rebellion.” Richards and Depp wore jeans not just for fashion, but as symbols of rugged nonconformity and creative freedom.

    27- Crazy Dungarees – NSYNC

    NSYNC turned overalls into pop performance gear. Their brightly colored dungarees, worn with cropped tops or baggy shirts, embodied the cheerful energy of ’90s boy bands and their massive youth appeal.

    Scholar Tricia Rose in Black Noise suggests pop fashion uses exaggeration to reflect emotional vitality. NSYNC’s “crazy dungarees” amplified their playful identity, making utilitarian fashion joyful and theatrical.

    28- XXL Jeans – Drew Barrymore

    Drew Barrymore embraced oversized jeans as a form of personal rebellion and comfort. Paired with tight tops and layers, this look was distinctly ’90s—a pushback against hyper-feminine fashion.

    As Camille Paglia wrote in Sex, Art, and American Culture, Barrymore symbolized a “cultural hinge” between innocence and rebellion. Her fashion, especially her baggy jeans, reflected a spirit of self-definition amidst public scrutiny.

    29- 1993 Style – Tupac and Freedom Williams

    Tupac and Freedom Williams defined the style of 1993 with bandanas, leather vests, and streetwear silhouettes. Their looks were both street-tough and spiritually charged, symbolizing defiance and resilience.

    Bakari Kitwana’s Why White Kids Love Hip-Hop argues that artists like Tupac became “cultural translators,” using style to bridge art, politics, and fashion. The 1993 look they championed remains a blueprint for street credibility.

    30- Baggy – Eminem

    Eminem’s look—oversized hoodies, cargo pants, and white tees—was gritty and accessible. His fashion emphasized movement, functionality, and anonymity, paralleling his rise from obscurity to fame.

    In The Hip Hop Wars by Tricia Rose, such aesthetics are described as “armor against institutional invisibility.” Eminem’s baggy look captured both vulnerability and resilience, now iconic in hip-hop fashion lore.

    31- Baggy for All – Leonardo DiCaprio

    Leonardo DiCaprio’s early ’90s style mirrored the baggy trend, combining youthful awkwardness with heartthrob appeal. His use of loose denim and oversized shirts made the trend mainstream across gender and age divides.

    As noted by fashion historian Charlie Porter in What Artists Wear, clothing can signify an era’s energy. DiCaprio’s fashion was that of a young man balancing global fame with a deeply casual aesthetic.

    32- Trending – Aaliyah

    Aaliyah revolutionized fashion with her blend of menswear silhouettes and feminine allure. Baggy jeans with crop tops, bandanas, and sunglasses defined her signature look—elevated, edgy, and enigmatic.

    Mimi Thi Nguyen, in The Gift of Freedom, describes Aaliyah as a “visual futurist.” Her trends forecasted a new archetype of empowered femininity and influenced everything from streetwear to red carpet attire.

    33- Pop Culture – Backstreet Boys

    The Backstreet Boys merged coordinated outfits with individual flair, often combining denim with metallics, leather, or sporty elements. Their music videos set fashion templates for millions of fans globally.

    As discussed in Fashion and Celebrity Culture by Pamela Church Gibson, pop bands functioned as “cultural export models.” Their fashion spread American pop ideals and defined the global language of ’90s pop culture.

    34- Eccentricity and Fashion – The Spice Girls

    The Spice Girls each represented a fashion persona—from Scary’s animal prints to Posh’s bodycon chic. Their platform shoes and playful outfits broke rules and created a new standard for pop star branding.

    In The Fashioned Body, Joanne Entwistle explores how celebrity fashion acts as both performance and commodity. The Spice Girls’ eccentric looks symbolized empowerment and diversity in identity.

    35- Mid-Length Hair – Oasis

    Oasis’s Liam and Noel Gallagher made mid-length, shaggy hair a rock staple. This understated style became part of Britpop’s DNA—unpolished yet intentional, anti-glam yet iconic.

    David Buckley in Strange Fascination: David Bowie links hair with identity. The Gallaghers’ hair became visual shorthand for rebellion with an English twist, influencing a whole generation of fans.

    36- Rock and Grungy – Keanu Reeves and Patrick Swayze

    Both actors embraced a grungy rock style with layered flannels, worn-in jeans, and long hair. Their fashion choices echoed the era’s disillusionment with polished celebrity aesthetics.

    As theorized by Susan Sontag in On Style, grunge symbolized “a collapse of the surface.” Reeves and Swayze wore clothing that defied polish, favoring depth and authenticity.

    37- 1990 Rebels – Mickey Rourke and Johnny Depp

    Rourke and Depp’s fashion was rugged, moody, and defiant. With leather, rings, and bohemian layers, they cultivated an image of controlled chaos that made rebellion stylish.

    According to Fashion and Cultural Studies by Susan Kaiser, rebellion is not just opposition but “a construction of alternate realities.” These actors dressed in ways that resisted Hollywood’s aesthetic norms.

    38- Colored Hair – Angelina Jolie and Ryan Phillippe

    Both actors experimented with hair color, tapping into the trend of individuality through visual transformation. Their choices enhanced their alternative appeal, making them youth icons.

    Victoria Sherrow in Encyclopedia of Hair explains that “hair color acts as a cultural signifier.” Jolie and Phillippe’s dyed hair became a tool for crafting an identity beyond mainstream Hollywood.

    39- Ultra Stylish – No Doubt

    Gwen Stefani and No Doubt redefined punk-inspired glam with plaid skirts, mesh tops, and red lips. Their style was genre-bending, merging ska, punk, and streetwear into a coherent look.

    Gwen Stefani’s approach reflected what Roland Barthes would call “style as language.” Their wardrobe told stories of feminism, rebellion, and creativity that complemented their music.

    40- Kilt Mania – Jennifer Aniston

    Jennifer Aniston occasionally donned plaid skirts reminiscent of kilts, blending schoolgirl innocence with urban edge. This style flitted between classic and contemporary, making it a popular casual look.

    In Dressed: A Philosophy of Clothes, Shahidha Bari discusses how garments like kilts carry cultural echoes. Aniston’s modern take on them helped repackage tradition as trend.

    41- Bandana Deadband – Jennifer Lopez

    Jennifer Lopez used bandanas not just as accessories but as defining statements. Whether on her head or around her wrist, the bandana became part of her Latin pop identity and street glam style.

    Lopez exemplified what cultural theorist Stuart Hall calls “new ethnicities” in fashion—symbols that both reflect and shape diasporic identities through aesthetic choice.

    42- The Bandana Top – Beyoncé

    Beyoncé popularized the bandana top, making DIY fashion chic. Her look bridged the gap between hip-hop and high glamour, empowering young women to dress boldly yet creatively.

    In Black Fashion: A Cultural History, Richard Thompson Ford explores how accessories like bandanas became part of “fashion rebellion.” Beyoncé’s styling turned humble cloth into high art.

    43- Nirvana of Style

    Nirvana defined anti-fashion: ripped jeans, thrifted sweaters, and an intentional disdain for commercial aesthetics. Kurt Cobain’s wardrobe wasn’t just style—it was protest.

    In Fashion and Its Social Agendas, Diana Crane analyzes Nirvana’s impact as a “cultural correction” to consumer excess. Their grunge ethic still reverberates in fashion’s love of the unpolished.

    44- For Young and Old – The Olsen Sisters

    Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen blended youth fashion with maturity, often sporting minimalist, oversized silhouettes that echoed adult sophistication with youthful undertones.

    As covered in The Olsen Twins: Style File, their approach was a “bridge between eras.” Their influence laid the groundwork for today’s youth embracing and redefining classic fashion.

    45- Matching Prints, Mom’s Design – Destiny’s Child

    Destiny’s Child, often dressed in coordinated prints designed by Beyoncé’s mother, Tina Knowles, celebrated Black familial creativity and group identity through fashion.

    In Stylin’ by Shane White, coordinated fashion is seen as “a strategy of unity.” These designs told a story of collaboration, community, and pride in cultural aesthetics.

    46- Rap and R’n’B – Missy Elliott

    Missy Elliott brought Afrofuturism into fashion, wearing inflated suits, metallics, and surreal silhouettes. Her look was as inventive as her music, making her a fashion pioneer.

    Cultural critic Alondra Nelson in Afrofuturism cites Elliott as “a visual poet of Black futures.” Her wardrobe disrupted conventions and redefined what women in hip-hop could look like.

    47- Jacket – Winona Ryder

    Winona Ryder’s iconic black leather jacket became a symbol of ’90s alt-cool. Whether worn with dresses or jeans, it was the epitome of “grunge chic.”

    In Fashioning the Bourgeoisie, Philippe Perrot argues jackets often denote power. Ryder’s leather look was understated yet commanding—a perfect emblem of her enigmatic persona.

    48- The Tuxedo – Snoop Dogg and Tupac

    Snoop Dogg and Tupac redefined the tuxedo, wearing it with swagger and defiance. These looks weren’t just formal—they were statements of dominance and respect.

    As noted in The Tuxedo: A Cultural History by Deborah Nadoolman Landis, when rappers wear tuxedos, they subvert elite codes. Snoop and Tupac’s tuxedo looks were both homage and protest.

    49- Mixed – Julia Roberts

    Julia Roberts blended boho, business, and casual looks in ways that defied categorization. She wore what she wanted, creating a collage of style that felt organic and powerful.

    In Fashion as Communication by Malcolm Barnard, mixed styles are “semiotic hybridity.” Roberts’ wardrobe was a mirror of the decade’s mix-and-match ethos.

    50- XXL Tuxedo – Patrick Richard Grieco, Patrick Dempsey, Christian Slater and Costas Mandylor

    This ensemble of stars made the oversized tuxedo a high-profile fashion moment. By loosening the fit, they turned formality into fluidity and masculinity into elegance.

    Anne Hollander, in Sex and Suits, suggests the suit is a “code-switcher between power and play.” The XXL tuxedo gave the classic look a youthful, anti-authoritarian twist.

    Conclusion

    The 1990s were an era where fashion did more than clothe the body—it amplified identity, challenged norms, and echoed the rhythm of social transformation. Through oversized tuxedos, colored hair, denim revolutions, and pop couture, this decade crafted a visual language of freedom. Whether through the grunge of Nirvana, the glam of Destiny’s Child, or the quiet power of Julia Roberts, the 1990s remain a fashion epoch where everyone—from rockstars to rebels—had a voice, and style was its most eloquent expression.

    As historian Christopher Breward once wrote, “Fashion is history’s mirror.” And in the 1990s, the mirror showed a society unapologetically exploring who it was—and who it could become.

    The 1990s were more than just a decade of trends—they were a cultural crucible where fashion, music, and identity converged. From technicolor hair to subversive streetwear, each style offered a glimpse into a society undergoing rapid change. As we look back, it’s evident that the era’s aesthetic choices continue to resonate today, not merely as nostalgia but as enduring statements of self-expression.

    In the words of Roland Barthes, “Clothing is an indirect language.” And in the 1990s, that language was rich, rebellious, and refreshingly real. For those seeking to understand the interplay between fashion and cultural identity, the ’90s remain an essential chapter.

    Bibliography

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    2. Steele, Valerie. Women and Fashion: A New Look. Yale University Press, 1998.

    3. Jenkins, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. Routledge, 1992.

    4. Coggins, David. Men and Style: Essays, Interviews and Considerations. Abrams Image, 2016.

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    6. Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Wesleyan University Press, 1994.

    7. Paglia, Camille. Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays. Vintage, 1992.

    8. Kitwana, Bakari. Why White Kids Love Hip-Hop: Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes, and the New Reality of Race in America. Basic Civitas Books, 2005.

    9. Gibson, Pamela Church. Fashion and Celebrity Culture. Berg, 2012.

    10. Entwistle, Joanne. The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress and Modern Social Theory. Polity Press, 2000.

    11. Buckley, David. Strange Fascination: David Bowie – The Definitive Story. Virgin Books, 2005.

    12. Sontag, Susan. On Style. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.

    13. Kaiser, Susan B. Fashion and Cultural Studies. Berg, 2012.

    14. Sherrow, Victoria. Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History. Greenwood, 2006.

    15. Barthes, Roland. The Language of Fashion. Berg, 2006.

    16. Bari, Shahidha. Dressed: A Philosophy of Clothes. Jonathan Cape, 2019.

    17. Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Sage Publications, 1997.

    18. Ford, Richard Thompson. Dress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made History. Simon & Schuster, 2021.

    19. Nelson, Alondra. Afrofuturism: A Special Issue of Social Text. Duke University Press, 2002.

    20. Perrot, Philippe. Fashioning the Bourgeoisie: A History of Clothing in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton University Press, 1994.

    21. Landis, Deborah Nadoolman. Hollywood Costume. V&A Publishing, 2012.

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    25. Nguyen, Mimi Thi. The Gift of Freedom: War, Debt, and Other Refugee Passages. Duke University Press, 2012.

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    27. Breward, Christopher. The Culture of Fashion: A New History of Fashionable Dress. Manchester University Press, 1995.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

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  • Easy Ways To Eat Healthy Food Having Desirable Ingredients for Yourself and Be Happy

    Easy Ways To Eat Healthy Food Having Desirable Ingredients for Yourself and Be Happy

    What if the key to happiness was sitting right on your plate? In a world flooded with fast food, restrictive diets, and an overload of conflicting health advice, the art of eating well has become both confusing and stressful. But healthy eating doesn’t need to feel like a chore—it can be a joyful, personalized experience that nourishes both body and soul.

    The secret lies in understanding your unique nutritional needs and embracing foods that not only benefit your health but also delight your senses. Rather than conforming to a rigid template, the path to wholesome living involves finding ingredients that suit your taste, lifestyle, and cultural background. “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food,” Hippocrates once said—a quote more relevant today than ever.

    This article outlines twenty thoughtful, practical ways to integrate healthy eating into your life without sacrificing flavor or joy. Drawing from nutritional science, expert opinions, and timeless wisdom, you’ll learn how to create a balanced relationship with food that enhances your well-being and leaves you truly satisfied.

    1- Know Your Body’s Nutritional Needs

    Understanding your body’s specific dietary requirements is the cornerstone of healthy eating. Each individual has unique needs influenced by age, gender, activity level, health conditions, and even genetic predispositions. It’s vital to listen to your body’s signals and, where necessary, seek guidance from a registered dietitian. Nutrient deficiencies or excesses can lead to mood imbalances, energy crashes, or chronic health issues.

    As Dr. Mark Hyman notes in Food: What the Heck Should I Eat?, “There’s no one-size-fits-all diet.” By learning what your body thrives on—whether it’s higher protein intake, more fiber, or fewer processed sugars—you set yourself up for long-term health and happiness. Tailored nutrition not only enhances physical vitality but also sharpens mental clarity and emotional resilience.

    2- Choose Whole Over Processed

    Whole foods—like fresh fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and lean meats—retain their natural nutrients and are free from artificial additives. These foods are your allies in the quest for a vibrant, disease-free life. Processed foods, on the other hand, often contain high levels of salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats that can sabotage your wellness goals.

    Research from The China Study by T. Colin Campbell underscores that diets rich in whole foods are linked to lower incidences of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Prioritizing whole foods not only boosts your health but also helps retrain your palate to appreciate natural flavors, making healthy eating more enjoyable and sustainable.

    3- Opt for Seasonal and Local Produce

    Seasonal eating aligns your diet with nature’s rhythms and ensures maximum nutrient density. Foods harvested at their peak contain more vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants than those grown out of season and shipped long distances. This practice also supports local farmers and reduces your carbon footprint.

    Michael Pollan, in In Defense of Food, emphasizes, “Don’t eat anything your great-grandmother wouldn’t recognize as food.” Eating seasonally reinforces this principle. For example, enjoying fresh berries in summer or root vegetables in winter enhances both the taste and health benefits of your meals.

    4- Make Meal Prep a Habit

    Planning and preparing meals in advance empowers you to make intentional food choices rather than relying on convenience or impulse. Meal prep reduces stress, saves time, and ensures you always have healthy options within reach—even on your busiest days.

    Dr. Rangan Chatterjee, author of The 4 Pillar Plan, suggests that preparing meals in batches and storing them properly helps avoid the trap of ultra-processed convenience food. It also encourages mindfulness about portion control, ingredient quality, and overall dietary balance.

    5- Balance Your Plate

    A balanced plate should include a variety of macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats—along with essential vitamins and minerals. This not only supports your physical health but also keeps you feeling satisfied and energized throughout the day.

    The Harvard School of Public Health’s Healthy Eating Plate model recommends filling half your plate with vegetables and fruits, a quarter with whole grains, and the remaining quarter with protein. Such a framework helps prevent nutritional gaps and promotes metabolic harmony.

    6- Mindful Eating Matters

    Mindful eating involves paying full attention to the experience of eating—savoring each bite, recognizing hunger and satiety cues, and eliminating distractions. This practice enhances digestion, reduces overeating, and fosters a healthier relationship with food.

    Jon Kabat-Zinn, a pioneer in mindfulness-based stress reduction, explains that mindfulness in eating helps us “taste life fully.” By slowing down and truly engaging with our meals, we reconnect with the joy and gratitude that should accompany nourishing ourselves.

    7- Hydrate with Purpose

    Water is essential for every cellular function in the body, yet it’s often neglected in favor of sugary or caffeinated drinks. Staying well-hydrated aids digestion, improves skin health, and boosts cognitive performance.

    According to Dr. F. Batmanghelidj in Your Body’s Many Cries for Water, many symptoms like fatigue and headaches are actually signs of chronic dehydration. Aim for filtered water and enhance it naturally with slices of lemon, cucumber, or mint for a flavorful twist.

    8- Practice Portion Control

    Even healthy foods can lead to weight gain and metabolic imbalances if consumed in excess. Portion control teaches you to recognize true hunger and avoid mindless eating, especially in social or stressful situations.

    Using smaller plates, avoiding second helpings, and listening to your body’s hunger cues are simple yet effective strategies. As nutritionist Marion Nestle explains in What to Eat, portion sizes in restaurants and homes have ballooned over the years, subtly encouraging overeating.

    9- Don’t Demonize Fats

    Healthy fats are vital for hormone production, brain health, and nutrient absorption. Monounsaturated fats (from avocados, nuts, and olive oil) and omega-3s (from fatty fish and flaxseed) offer anti-inflammatory benefits and help regulate mood.

    Walter Willett, a professor at Harvard, clarifies in Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy that “not all fats are created equal.” The key is to replace trans and saturated fats with healthier alternatives rather than eliminating fats altogether.

    10- Limit Added Sugars

    Excessive sugar intake is a major contributor to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and even depression. The problem often lies not in natural sugars from fruits, but in hidden sugars found in processed foods, sauces, and drinks.

    Dr. Robert Lustig, in Fat Chance, details how added sugars disrupt insulin function and foster addictive eating patterns. Reading labels, cooking at home, and opting for natural sweeteners like dates or stevia can drastically reduce your sugar load.

    11- Cultivate a Positive Food Culture

    Food is not just fuel; it’s a cultural and emotional experience. Cultivating a positive food culture—where meals are shared, celebrated, and respected—improves mental and emotional well-being.

    Dan Buettner’s research in The Blue Zones reveals that people in longevity hotspots often eat in social settings, strengthening community bonds. Food traditions rooted in gratitude and togetherness enhance both nutritional value and life satisfaction.

    12- Avoid Emotional Eating

    Eating out of boredom, stress, or sadness can lead to unhealthy habits and emotional dependency on food. Identifying emotional triggers and finding alternative coping strategies—like journaling, walking, or meditation—can break the cycle.

    Dr. Susan Albers, author of Eating Mindfully, argues that “emotional hunger cannot be satisfied with food.” Developing emotional intelligence around eating is crucial for sustainable health and happiness.

    13- Diversify Your Diet

    Eating a wide range of foods ensures a broader intake of nutrients and supports a healthy gut microbiome. Diversity in diet also prevents palate fatigue and introduces you to new flavors and cultures.

    The book The Good Gut by Justin and Erica Sonnenburg highlights how dietary variety increases microbial diversity in the gut, improving digestion, immunity, and even mental health. Incorporate global cuisines, spices, and seasonal produce to keep meals exciting and nutritious.

    14- Learn Basic Nutrition

    Having foundational knowledge of macronutrients, micronutrients, and how food interacts with the body empowers you to make informed choices. You don’t need a degree in biochemistry—just a willingness to learn.

    Reading accessible texts like Nutrition for Dummies or enrolling in an online course can demystify the science behind food. With greater understanding comes greater autonomy over your health decisions.

    15- Shop Smart

    Navigating grocery stores with a plan helps you avoid impulse purchases and focus on nutrient-dense items. Shop the perimeter—where fresh produce, meats, and dairy are typically found—and minimize processed food purchases from the center aisles.

    Budgeting and reading nutrition labels are vital skills. Michael Greger, in How Not to Die, encourages consumers to “treat grocery shopping as the first step of cooking.” Strategic shopping sets the foundation for nutritious meals throughout the week.

    16- Cook at Home More Often

    Home cooking gives you complete control over ingredients, portion sizes, and cooking methods. It’s also a meaningful way to bond with family or engage in a creative, meditative process.

    Julia Child once said, “You don’t have to cook fancy or complicated masterpieces—just good food from fresh ingredients.” Cooking at home reduces reliance on restaurant food and allows for healthier, cost-effective meals tailored to your preferences.

    17- Educate Yourself on Food Labels

    Understanding food labels is essential for avoiding hidden sugars, trans fats, and artificial additives. Many marketing terms like “natural” or “low-fat” are misleading and require deeper scrutiny.

    Books like Salt, Sugar, Fat by Michael Moss unveil the tactics food companies use to manipulate consumer choices. Being an informed shopper means reading ingredient lists, not just front-label claims.

    18- Be Flexible, Not Rigid

    Rigid diets often lead to burnout, guilt, and disordered eating. A flexible approach allows room for occasional indulgences without derailing your progress, promoting a sustainable lifestyle.

    Registered dietitian Evelyn Tribole, co-author of Intuitive Eating, advises that “all foods fit” within a balanced life. Flexibility fosters a healthy mindset where food is neither feared nor idolized but appreciated in its proper place.

    19- Monitor Progress Without Obsession

    Tracking your eating habits, energy levels, and emotional well-being can provide insights into what’s working. However, becoming overly fixated can lead to anxiety or obsessive behaviors.

    Using apps or journals mindfully—not religiously—strikes the right balance. As behavior scientist BJ Fogg suggests in Tiny Habits, consistency in small steps builds long-term success without the need for perfectionism.

    20- Stay Inspired and Keep Learning

    Health and nutrition are evolving fields. Staying inspired through books, podcasts, or following credible experts helps reinforce good habits and introduces new ideas.

    Some excellent reads include The Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan and Brain Maker by Dr. David Perlmutter. A lifelong learning attitude ensures your approach to healthy eating evolves as your life circumstances and scientific understanding change.

    21- Good Mood Food

    The relationship between food and mood is profound. Certain foods contain compounds that stimulate the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which regulate happiness and relaxation. Incorporating complex carbohydrates, omega-3 fatty acids, and leafy greens can make a significant difference in your emotional well-being.

    Dr. Drew Ramsey, author of Eat Complete, states that “food is the most powerful tool to help prevent and treat depression.” Foods rich in tryptophan, magnesium, and antioxidants—such as spinach, eggs, and fatty fish—can naturally lift your spirits and reduce anxiety.

    22- Have a Cup of Tea

    Tea, especially varieties like green, chamomile, and matcha, has been shown to reduce stress and enhance alertness without the jittery side effects of coffee. Green tea, in particular, contains L-theanine, an amino acid that promotes relaxation while maintaining mental clarity.

    According to The Book of Tea by Okakura Kakuzō, tea drinking is not merely a habit but a ceremony of tranquility and focus. Whether you’re sipping black tea for a caffeine boost or chamomile for calm, incorporating tea into your daily routine can enhance both mood and metabolic function.

    23- Load Up on Turmeric

    Turmeric contains curcumin, a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound that has been linked to improved brain function and mood stability. Regular consumption of turmeric may help alleviate symptoms of depression and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

    A study published in Phytotherapy Research revealed that curcumin had similar efficacy to Prozac in treating major depressive disorder, with fewer side effects. Adding turmeric to curries, smoothies, or even tea can be a flavorful and healing ritual.

    24- Eat Some Asparagus

    Asparagus is a natural source of folate, a B vitamin essential for the production of mood-regulating neurotransmitters. Low levels of folate have been associated with depressive symptoms, making asparagus a valuable addition to a mood-boosting diet.

    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition outlines the role of folate-rich vegetables in supporting mental health. With its detoxifying properties and prebiotic content, asparagus also supports digestive health, which is intrinsically linked to emotional balance.

    25- Turn to Turkey

    Turkey is a lean protein rich in tryptophan, the precursor to serotonin. Including turkey in your diet, especially in the evening, can promote relaxation and better sleep quality—both vital for mental resilience.

    In Nutrition Essentials for Mental Health by Leslie Korn, turkey is cited as an ideal food for those dealing with mood swings or anxiety. Pairing it with complex carbs like sweet potatoes can enhance the tryptophan uptake, making meals both satisfying and therapeutic.

    26- Nibble on Brazil Nuts

    Brazil nuts are among the richest dietary sources of selenium, a mineral crucial for thyroid health and mood regulation. Just one to two nuts a day can meet your daily selenium requirement.

    Dr. David Perlmutter, in Grain Brain, emphasizes that selenium deficiency is often overlooked but can contribute to fatigue, irritability, and foggy thinking. Brazil nuts also contain healthy fats and protein, making them an ideal snack for brain support.

    27- Sip on Some Cocoa

    Dark cocoa is high in flavonoids, which are known to enhance cognitive function and increase blood flow to the brain. It also stimulates the production of endorphins and serotonin, natural mood elevators.

    The Happiness Diet by Tyler Graham and Drew Ramsey highlights cocoa as a “feel-good food” that satisfies chocolate cravings while supporting neurological health. Opt for unsweetened or minimally processed dark chocolate for maximum benefits.

    28- Reach for a Banana

    Bananas are a quick and effective energy booster, rich in vitamin B6, potassium, and tryptophan. They support neurotransmitter function and help regulate blood sugar levels, preventing mood dips.

    According to Superfoods: The Flexible Approach to Eating More Superfoods by Julie Montagu, bananas are nature’s fast food with mood-enhancing properties. Whether eaten alone or added to oatmeal or smoothies, they’re a convenient ally for emotional balance.

    29- Boost Your Vitamin D Levels

    Vitamin D plays a critical role in mental health. Deficiencies have been linked to depression, fatigue, and cognitive decline. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D-rich foods such as fatty fish, eggs, and fortified dairy can significantly impact your emotional state.

    The Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience has published multiple studies connecting low vitamin D levels with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Supplementation may be necessary in winter months or for those with limited sun exposure.

    30- Curb Your Sugar Intake

    Excessive sugar intake disrupts blood glucose levels, leading to mood swings, fatigue, and long-term metabolic issues. Overconsumption is also tied to increased inflammation, which is associated with depression.

    In The Case Against Sugar, Gary Taubes outlines how sugar acts like a drug in the brain, leading to cycles of craving and withdrawal. Reducing added sugars and choosing natural alternatives can stabilize both mood and energy levels.

    31- Be Careful with Caffeine

    While caffeine can enhance focus and performance, overconsumption can lead to anxiety, insomnia, and adrenal fatigue. Sensitivity varies by individual, so it’s crucial to observe how your body responds.

    Dr. Sara Gottfried in The Hormone Cure recommends limiting caffeine to earlier in the day and pairing it with protein to slow absorption. Moderation is key—too much caffeine can hijack your hormonal balance and elevate cortisol.

    32- Bulk Up on Beans and Pulses

    Beans and pulses like lentils, chickpeas, and black beans are rich in plant-based protein, fiber, and slow-digesting carbs. These nutrients help maintain stable blood sugar, support gut health, and keep you full longer.

    The Blue Zones Kitchen showcases how centenarians regularly consume legumes, which contribute to longevity and cognitive health. Pulses also contain folate and magnesium—critical nutrients for brain function and mood regulation.

    33- Get Enough Protein

    Protein provides the amino acids needed to build neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. It also supports muscle repair, hormone production, and satiety, making it essential in any balanced diet.

    In Protein Power by Drs. Michael and Mary Dan Eades, the authors stress how adequate protein intake supports metabolic health and mental acuity. Sources include lean meats, dairy, legumes, tofu, and eggs—adaptable to various dietary needs.

    34- Give Your Brain a Dose of Healthy Fats

    Healthy fats nourish the brain, which is composed of about 60% fat. Omega-3s, in particular, support cognitive function, emotional stability, and protection against neurodegenerative diseases.

    According to Brain Food by Lisa Mosconi, regular intake of foods like walnuts, flaxseed, olive oil, and fatty fish boosts memory and focus. Avoiding trans fats is equally important to maintain neurological integrity.

    35- Try Some Probiotics

    A healthy gut microbiome is directly linked to mood and brain health via the gut-brain axis. Fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, kimchi, and sauerkraut provide beneficial bacteria that support digestion and emotional balance.

    Dr. Emeran Mayer, in The Mind-Gut Connection, explains how gut flora influence everything from anxiety to decision-making. Regularly incorporating probiotics can improve not only your digestion but also your resilience to stress.

    36- Don’t Ditch Red Meat Completely

    Red meat, when consumed in moderation and from quality sources, provides heme iron, zinc, and vitamin B12—nutrients vital for brain health and energy production. Over-restriction may lead to deficiencies, especially in women.

    In Real Food for Pregnancy by Lily Nichols, the role of red meat in balanced nutrition is discussed at length. The key lies in choosing grass-fed, unprocessed varieties and pairing with plant-based foods for synergy.

    37- Give Your Brain a Berry Boost

    Berries like blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries are rich in antioxidants that protect the brain from oxidative stress and inflammation. Regular consumption is linked to improved memory and slower cognitive aging.

    The Annals of Neurology published a study showing that women who consumed berries frequently delayed cognitive decline by up to 2.5 years. Berries are also naturally low in sugar and make a vibrant addition to any meal.

    38- Consume Zinc for More Zen

    Zinc plays a vital role in neurotransmitter function, immune response, and stress regulation. Deficiency has been associated with increased anxiety and depression, especially in older adults.

    The Zinc Solution by Dr. Bryce Wylde highlights zinc’s effect on mood and cognition. Foods like pumpkin seeds, shellfish, and whole grains are excellent sources to maintain adequate levels.

    39- Get More Magnesium

    Magnesium supports over 300 biochemical reactions in the body, including those that regulate mood, sleep, and muscle function. It also has a calming effect on the nervous system.

    Dr. Carolyn Dean’s The Magnesium Miracle argues that magnesium deficiency is widespread and often overlooked in anxiety-related disorders. Include leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and dark chocolate to ensure daily intake.

    40- Up Your Omega-3

    Omega-3 fatty acids, found in flaxseed, chia seeds, walnuts, and fatty fish, are crucial for brain health. They help reduce inflammation, improve cognition, and stabilize mood.

    In The Omega-3 Effect, Dr. William Sears illustrates how these fats are essential for both heart and mental health. Supplementing with high-quality fish oil may be beneficial, especially for those on plant-based diets.

    41- Enjoy a Sunshine Diet

    Eating foods rich in vitamin D, bright-colored fruits and vegetables, and hydrating options supports circadian rhythms and seasonal mood balance. Sunlight itself enhances vitamin D synthesis, while fresh produce boosts vitality.

    “Let your food be the sunshine you can hold in your hand,” says Ayurvedic teacher Maya Tiwari in The Path of Practice. A diet that mimics the lightness and brightness of the sun can uplift your mood and improve energy levels.

    42- Stay Hydrated

    Chronic dehydration impairs concentration, increases fatigue, and even affects mood regulation. Water facilitates nearly every bodily function, including those related to cognition and metabolism.

    Dr. Dana Cohen’s Quench explores how hydration influences everything from joint health to emotional resilience. Aim to sip water regularly throughout the day and consider hydrating foods like cucumber, melon, and citrus.

    43- Have an Occasional Treat

    Indulgence, when done mindfully, supports mental and emotional well-being. Completely restricting comfort foods can lead to guilt, bingeing, or disordered eating patterns.

    “Deprivation is not sustainable,” notes Evelyn Tribole in Intuitive Eating. Allow yourself occasional treats to create a balanced, realistic approach that honors both discipline and delight.

    44- Avoid Diets That Are Very Low in Carbs

    While low-carb diets may promote weight loss, extremely low levels can negatively affect mood, energy, and thyroid function. The brain needs glucose, especially from complex carbohydrates, for optimal performance.

    The Glucose Revolution highlights the importance of slow-releasing carbs for brain fuel and emotional stability. Choose whole grains, legumes, and starchy vegetables over refined carbs for sustainable energy.

    45- Get Your Fibre Fix

    Fiber supports digestion, regulates blood sugar, and promotes a diverse microbiome—all of which are linked to better mood and mental clarity. Most people fall short of the recommended daily intake.

    Dr. Michael Greger recommends “filling your plate with plants” in How Not to Die. Include oats, beans, fruits, and vegetables to meet fiber goals and enjoy long-term benefits.

    46- Pack in Plenty of B Vitamins

    B vitamins, especially B6, B12, and folate, are essential for energy metabolism, nerve function, and mood regulation. Deficiencies can lead to fatigue, confusion, and depressive symptoms.

    The Mood Cure by Julia Ross delves into how B vitamins restore neurotransmitter balance. Include eggs, whole grains, leafy greens, and legumes to keep your levels optimal.

    47- Pile on the Vegetables

    Vegetables are low in calories but high in nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants. Regular consumption reduces inflammation and supports detoxification, cardiovascular health, and brain function.

    Dr. Joel Fuhrman, in Eat to Live, advocates a “nutritarian” diet rich in greens and cruciferous vegetables. The more diverse and colorful your plate, the better your overall health.

    48- Get Your Carbs Right

    Carbohydrates are not the enemy—refined ones are. Choosing complex carbohydrates ensures slow digestion, steady glucose release, and sustained energy.

    As David Ludwig points out in Always Hungry?, insulin spikes from refined carbs can lead to hunger, mood swings, and weight gain. Whole grains, legumes, and root vegetables are smart carb choices.

    49- Ditch the Fads

    Fad diets promise quick fixes but often ignore long-term health and sustainability. Most are unsustainable, unbalanced, and may lead to nutrient deficiencies.

    Dr. T. Colin Campbell criticizes such trends in Whole: Rethinking the Science of Nutrition. True wellness comes from consistent, evidence-based eating habits, not dietary extremes.

    50- Think Long-Term

    Healthy eating is a lifelong journey, not a short-term project. It’s about building habits that you can maintain and adapt as your life evolves.

    James Clear, in Atomic Habits, reminds us that small, consistent changes compound over time. Prioritize sustainability, balance, and joy in your diet, and you’ll build a lifestyle that supports both your health and happiness.

    Conclusion

    Nourishing your body with healthy, desirable ingredients isn’t about discipline alone—it’s about insight, intention, and joy. From mood-enhancing foods to long-term eating habits, each step you take can profoundly transform your relationship with food and, by extension, with yourself.

    As you embark or continue on this journey, remember: the ultimate goal is not perfection but progress—mindful, meaningful progress that honors both your health and your happiness.

    Eating healthily doesn’t require self-deprivation or bland meals—it’s about aligning your dietary habits with your values, goals, and preferences. When you choose nourishing, desirable ingredients tailored to your body’s needs, food transforms from a source of stress to a source of joy.

    By incorporating these 20 practical steps, you empower yourself to make mindful, informed decisions that enhance not only your physical health but also your emotional and social well-being. As you evolve in your journey, remember the words of Wendell Berry: “Eating is an agricultural act.” It’s also an act of self-care, empowerment, and happiness.

    Bibliography

    1. Ramsey, Drew. Eat Complete: The 21 Nutrients That Fuel Brainpower, Boost Weight Loss, and Transform Your Health. Harper Wave, 2016.

    2. Graham, Tyler and Ramsey, Drew. The Happiness Diet: A Nutritional Prescription for a Sharp Brain, Balanced Mood, and Lean, Energized Body. Rodale Books, 2011.

    3. Taubes, Gary. The Case Against Sugar. Anchor, 2017.

    4. Korn, Leslie. Nutrition Essentials for Mental Health: A Complete Guide to the Food-Mood Connection. W. W. Norton & Company, 2016.

    5. Mosconi, Lisa. Brain Food: The Surprising Science of Eating for Cognitive Power. Avery, 2018.

    6. Perlmutter, David. Grain Brain: The Surprising Truth about Wheat, Carbs, and Sugar – Your Brain’s Silent Killers. Little, Brown Spark, 2013.

    7. Montagu, Julie. Superfoods: The Flexible Approach to Eating More Superfoods. Quadrille Publishing, 2016.

    8. Cohen, Dana and Pham, Gina Bria. Quench: Beat Fatigue, Drop Weight, and Heal Your Body Through the New Science of Optimum Hydration. Hachette Books, 2018.

    9. Dean, Carolyn. The Magnesium Miracle. Ballantine Books, 2017.

    10. Wylde, Bryce. The Antioxidant Prescription: How to Use the Power of Antioxidants to Prevent Disease and Stay Healthy for Life. Random House Canada, 2008.

    11. Mayer, Emeran. The Mind-Gut Connection: How the Hidden Conversation Within Our Bodies Impacts Our Mood, Our Choices, and Our Overall Health. Harper Wave, 2016.

    12. Nichols, Lily. Real Food for Pregnancy: The Science and Wisdom of Optimal Prenatal Nutrition. Pilates Nutritionist, 2018.

    13. Greger, Michael. How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease. Flatiron Books, 2015.

    14. Fuhrman, Joel. Eat to Live: The Amazing Nutrient-Rich Program for Fast and Sustained Weight Loss. Little, Brown Spark, 2011.

    15. Ross, Julia. The Mood Cure: The 4-Step Program to Take Charge of Your Emotions–Today. Penguin Books, 2004.

    16. Sears, William. The Omega-3 Effect: Everything You Need to Know About the Supernutrient for Living Longer, Happier, and Healthier. Little, Brown Spark, 2012.

    17. Ludwig, David. Always Hungry?: Conquer Cravings, Retrain Your Fat Cells, and Lose Weight Permanently. Grand Central Life & Style, 2016.

    18. Clear, James. Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones. Avery, 2018.

    19. Campbell, T. Colin and Campbell, Thomas M. The China Study: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted. BenBella Books, 2006.

    20. Tiwari, Maya. The Path of Practice: A Woman’s Book of Ayurvedic Healing. Ballantine Books, 2000.

    21. Okakura, Kakuzō. The Book of Tea. Dover Publications, 1964 (originally published in 1906).

    22. Tribole, Evelyn and Resch, Elyse. Intuitive Eating: A Revolutionary Anti-Diet Approach. St. Martin’s Essentials, 2020.

    23. Eades, Michael R. and Eades, Mary Dan. Protein Power: The High-Protein/Low-Carbohydrate Way to Lose Weight, Feel Fit, and Boost Your Health. Bantam, 2000.

    24. Blue Zones LLC. The Blue Zones Kitchen: 100 Recipes to Live to 100. National Geographic, 2019.

    25. Julie, Julie. Superfoods Superfast: 100 Energizing Recipes to Make in 20 Minutes or Less. Quadrille Publishing, 2017.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 23, 2025: Saudi Arabia: Stability Amidst Regional Tensions

    Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 23, 2025: Saudi Arabia: Stability Amidst Regional Tensions

    This source is a daily newspaper from Saudi Arabia, Al Riyadh, published on Monday, June 23, 2025, as Issue No. 20801. It features various articles covering a range of topics, including Saudi Arabian domestic affairs, such as economic development under Vision 2030, healthcare initiatives, tourism growth, and cultural events. The newspaper also reports on international relations, focusing on the Israeli-Iranian conflict and its regional implications, as well as global discussions on defense spending. Sports news, particularly football, is also highlighted.

    Saudi Arabia’s Record-Breaking Tourism Transformation in 2024

    Saudi Arabia’s tourism sector has experienced unprecedented qualitative transformation during 2024, solidifying the Kingdom’s position as a prominent global and regional tourist destination. This growth is a continuation of the momentum achieved in previous years but is particularly distinguished by reaching record-breaking levels.

    Key figures and achievements in 2024 include:

    • Total Tourists: The total number of tourists, encompassing both international arrivals and domestic citizens and residents, reached 115.9 million. Another source specifies this as 116 million tourists.
    • Total Tourist Spending: Overall tourism expenditure from both domestic and international visitors amounted to approximately 284 billion Saudi Riyals, marking an 11% growth compared to 2023.
    • International Tourists (Inbound Tourism):The number of inbound tourists (overnight stays) reached 29.7 million in 2024, an 8% increase from 2023. This figure surpasses 2019 levels by over 70%.
    • Total spending by international tourists reached 168.5 billion Saudi Riyals (approximately $45 billion), an increase of 19% compared to 2023.
    • March 2024 saw the peak of inbound tourism, with 3.2 million international visitors.
    • The average international tourist spent approximately 5,669 Riyals per trip and stayed for about 19 nights, contributing significantly to the national tourism economy.
    • Egypt was the largest source market for tourists, with 3.2 million visitors. Other significant source markets included Pakistan (2.8 million), Bahrain (2.6 million), and Turkey (0.9 million).
    • Hajj and Umrah trips accounted for the largest share of inbound journeys, representing 41% (around 12.3 million trips). Makkah remained the most attractive destination for inbound tourists, hosting approximately 17 million visitor nights in 2024.
    • Domestic Tourists (Local Tourism):Domestic tourism also saw significant growth, with 86.2 million overnight trips in 2024, a 5% increase from 2023. This is the highest historical number for domestic tourism, exceeding 2019 levels by about 80%.
    • Total spending by domestic tourists reached 115.3 billion Saudi Riyals.
    • The peak for domestic tourism was in June (9.6 million trips) and July (7.9 million trips), coinciding with summer vacations and Eid al-Adha.
    • Makkah Province (including Makkah, Jeddah, and Taif) was the most popular domestic destination, attracting 27% of all local trips (23.5 million visitors). Riyadh followed with 20%, and the Eastern Province with 16%.

    Factors Driving Tourism Growth:

    • Vision 2030: The Kingdom’s ambitious Vision 2030 has been a primary driver, with tourism now recognized as a fundamental economic pillar for non-oil growth. The success is attributed to the wise leadership’s directives and support.
    • National Strategy and Initiatives: The growth is a direct result of a comprehensive national strategy that included:
    • Launching dozens of initiatives and promotional programs across various regions.
    • Developing new infrastructure and enhancing the readiness of major international events.
    • Simplifying entry and exit procedures and visa issuance for tourists from source countries.
    • Diversification of Tourism Offerings: Significant transformations in the quality of tourism, entertainment, cultural, and environmental offerings have attracted a wide range of new visitors. Examples include:
    • Exploring diverse geographical and cultural attractions such as the green mountains of Asir, the Red Sea coasts in Tabuk and Umluj, and historical experiences in AlUla and Diriyah.
    • Domestic Awareness: Increased community awareness of the importance of exploring internal destinations and improved service levels have fostered family tourism.

    Future Outlook and Strategic Goals:

    • The annual statistical report serves as a faithful mirror of the tourism sector’s reality in the Kingdom, providing accurate indicators that reflect the interaction between the state’s vision and the global tourism market’s response.
    • This strong performance reinforces investor confidence in the continued tourism momentum in the coming years.
    • The Kingdom aims to be a global tourism destination known for its unique attributes and diverse offerings.
    • The Ministry of Tourism encourages investors and interested parties to review the full annual statistical report for 2024 on its official website.
    • Initiatives such as the “Saudi Hospitality Journey” project, recently launched by “Elaf” group, are building a unique hospitality model rooted in Saudi culture, combining local taste with global quality standards. This project aims to establish a clear “Saudi Hospitality Identity” globally, serving as a soft power to introduce the world to the deep cultural and civilizational heritage of the Kingdom.

    Overall, the sources indicate that Saudi Arabia is actively pursuing and achieving significant growth in its tourism sector, driven by strategic initiatives and a focus on both international and domestic markets.

    Middle East Turmoil: De-escalation and Diplomacy Urged

    The regional landscape is currently marked by significant instability and escalating tensions, primarily fueled by the direct military confrontations between Israel and Iran. This volatile situation is perceived as a “dangerous escalation” that could have “catastrophic repercussions” for both regional and international peace and security.

    Several factors are identified as driving this regional instability:

    • Direct Military Action: The recent targeting of Iranian nuclear facilities by the United States and Israel, met with retaliatory missile strikes from Iran, represents a crucial shift from proxy conflicts to direct military engagement, dramatically intensifying the crisis.
    • Strategic Ambitions and Global Repercussions: The conflict is seen as more than just a dispute over Iran’s nuclear program; it is deeply intertwined with broader geopolitical struggles to reshape the global order. Indications suggest the US is involved in the Israeli strikes, providing advanced interception systems and logistical/informational support, raising questions about whether this escalation aims to counter China’s expansion and Russia’s influence in the Middle East. This conflict impacts global markets, leading to increased oil prices, shipping costs, and insurance premiums.
    • Miscalculations and Attrition: Analyses suggest that both Israel and Iran are engaging in this conflict based on miscalculations, leading to a mutually draining military and economic attrition. The use of expensive interception systems by Israel, and Iran’s reliance on lower-cost, locally manufactured missiles and drones, creates a dynamic of sustained pressure on both sides.
    • Absence of Effective Regional Mechanisms: A critical contributing factor to the persistence and exacerbation of conflicts in the Middle East is the lack of robust and effective regional organizations for security coordination and conflict prevention, a contrast highlighted when compared to regions like Europe.
    • Israel’s Role: Sources specifically point to Israel’s actions as a primary driver of instability, stating that its behavior contributes to the concept of instability and the absence of security, hindering diplomatic efforts and fostering division within the region.

    In response to this growing instability, there is a widespread international call for de-escalation:

    • Global Appeals for Restraint: Numerous countries, including GCC states, France, Italy, Egypt, Kuwait, Turkey, and Switzerland, alongside the UN Secretary-General, have urged all parties to exercise “utmost self-restraint” and to “avoid escalation”. The UN Secretary-General explicitly stated “grave concern” over the use of force, emphasizing the region is “already on the verge of abyss”.
    • Emphasis on Diplomacy: Diplomatic solutions are consistently advocated as the “only way” to resolve disputes and ensure security and stability. There is a call for the international community to “redouble efforts” in these critical times to achieve a political resolution.
    • Saudi Arabia’s Proactive Stance: Saudi Arabia consistently positions itself as a pillar of stability, advocating for wisdom, calm, and diplomatic resolutions. The Kingdom actively works to strengthen security and peace, rejecting violence, extremism, and the use of the region for settling international scores. Its strategic approach focuses on long-term development and building a future based on stability, rather than engaging in immediate reactive conflict.
    • Call for Investment in Peace: The ongoing crisis underscores the need for international powers to re-invest in peace-making initiatives rather than abandoning them. The Middle East is described as needing “effective peaceful solutions for wars and conflicts”.

    Overall, the sources indicate that regional stability is under severe threat due to ongoing conflicts and the lack of robust mechanisms for managing them. The international community, with Saudi Arabia playing a proactive role, is emphasizing the urgent need for de-escalation and a return to diplomatic pathways to avoid further catastrophe and build a more secure future.

    Saudi Arabia’s Healthcare Transformation: Vision 2030 in Action

    Saudi Arabia’s healthcare sector is undergoing a significant qualitative transformation, aligning with Vision 2030, which recognizes tourism and other non-oil sectors as fundamental economic pillars. This transformation is driven by strategic investments, competency development, and improved legislation.

    Key aspects of healthcare development in Saudi Arabia include:

    • Pioneering Institutions and Innovation:
    • King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (Takhassusi) is a prominent example of this development. It participated in the BIO 2025 international conference in Boston, showcasing its expertise in utilizing biotechnology and genomic data in healthcare. The hospital explores opportunities for global collaboration and knowledge exchange in biotechnology.
    • Takhassusi integrates its research center within the clinical care value chain, utilizing extensive patient electronic data to link genomic information with phenotypic patterns. This approach aims to accelerate the development of personalized treatments and innovative diagnostic models.
    • The hospital contributes approximately 10% of global entries to the OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) genetic mutations database, highlighting its leading role in research on rare genetic diseases and genomic sciences worldwide.
    • Its significant standing is underscored by its ranking as the first in the Middle East and Africa and among the top 250 healthcare institutions globally for 2024 by Brand Finance. It was also listed among the best smart hospitals worldwide for 2025 by Newsweek. Takhassusi’s participation in international forums like BIO 2025 aligns with its role in medical innovation and strengthening global partnerships, in line with Vision 2030 and the National Biotechnology Strategy.
    • Regional Healthcare Infrastructure and Services:
    • The Qassim Health Cluster is actively expanding its services. It recently announced a community partnership for the establishment of the “Badr Abdullah Al-Hamid for Urgent Care Center (UCC)” in Buraidah. This center is designed to meet Level Two urgent care standards, with a capacity of up to 30 beds (20 for observation and 10 for rapid treatment), in addition to a mini-operating room, pharmacy, radiology, and comprehensive medical and administrative facilities. This initiative aims to alleviate pressure on hospital emergency departments and enhance rapid response medical services, reflecting Vision 2030 goals for developing and improving healthcare system efficiency.
    • Al-Muthnab General Hospital, part of the Qassim Health Cluster, successfully renewed its accreditation from the Saudi Center for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions (CBAHI, or “Spahi”). This renewal confirms its adherence to fundamental standards and commitment to applying quality specifications for safe medical care, aiming to enhance patient trust in the quality of services provided.
    • King Fahd Specialist Hospital in Buraidah (also within Qassim Health Cluster) showcased a notable medical achievement by successfully performing a minimally invasive thoracic surgery to save a pregnant woman and her fetus. This complex intervention utilized flexible bronchoscopy with balloon dilation under local anesthesia, specifically to avoid traditional surgery or general anesthesia, prioritizing fetal safety. The success was attributed to the integrated efforts of various medical specialties.
    • Public Health Initiatives and Community Engagement:
    • King Saud Medical City in Riyadh organized a voluntary blood donation drive in conjunction with World Blood Donor Day. This initiative not only supports hospitalized patients and boosts the blood bank’s reserves but also embodies the center’s commitment to community responsibility and the humanitarian spirit of healthcare professionals. It aligns with Riyadh Health Cluster One’s vision to cultivate a culture of blood donation and sustainable humanitarian practices, contributing to Vision 2030’s objectives for health and quality of life.
    • The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development recognized entities, including the Ministry of Health, for achieving high levels of employee engagement, emphasizing the enhancement of human capital in various sectors, including health.
    • Governmental efforts to improve the overall quality of life also indirectly support health. For instance, the “Behja Al Watani” project in the Jazan region led to a significant increase in public spaces, recreational, cultural, and sports facilities, enhancing the living environment. Similarly, the Asir region refurbished and maintained over 100 parks and gardens, improving public spaces and contributing to a healthier environment.
    • Strategic Oversight and Goals:
    • The Shura Council reviews annual reports from governmental bodies, including the Ministry of Health, demonstrating ongoing governmental oversight and commitment to improving public services.
    • The King Abdulaziz Quality Award honors institutions, including those in the health sector, that demonstrate excellence, innovation, and continuous improvement, supporting the broader Vision 2030 objective of developing government and private sector performance to enhance productivity and quality of outcomes.

    These developments illustrate Saudi Arabia’s comprehensive and sustained approach to enhancing its healthcare infrastructure, services, and overall public health outcomes in line with its national transformation goals.

    Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030: Economic Diversification and Growth

    Saudi Arabia is actively engaged in a comprehensive and multi-faceted economic diversification strategy as a central pillar of Vision 2030, with the primary goal of reducing its reliance on oil and fostering a more prosperous and sustainable economy. This transformation is supported by strategic investments, human capital development, and enhanced legislative frameworks.

    Key areas demonstrating this diversification include:

    • Tourism Development:
    • The Kingdom’s tourism sector experienced an “unprecedented qualitative transformation” in 2024, solidifying its position as a leading regional and international tourist destination.
    • It has achieved “historical figures” since the launch of Vision 2030, recording 115.9 million tourists and a total tourism expenditure exceeding 284 billion riyals in 2024.
    • This makes tourism an “essential economic pillar in the non-oil growth structure”.
    • This growth is attributed to a “comprehensive national strategy” involving new infrastructure development, promotional programs, and streamlined entry procedures. Specific initiatives like the “Behja Al Watani” project in Jazan and the “Saudi Hospitality Journey” further support this sector by enhancing public spaces and establishing a unique Saudi hospitality identity that blends local culture with global quality standards.
    • Startup Ecosystem and Innovation:
    • Saudi Arabia has made remarkable progress in developing its startup environment, ascending to 23rd globally among the top 100 startup ecosystems in 2025.
    • The Kingdom ranks 2nd globally in the performance of its startup ecosystem, 3rd in funding volume, and 4th in the availability of skills and expertise.
    • This reflects a “flexible regulatory system” that fosters innovation and reduces barriers for new businesses.
    • The Kingdom is establishing itself as a “regional center for startups,” particularly in FinTech, digital commerce, and smart health.
    • Financial Sector Growth (Banking Credit):
    • Banking credit is identified as a “vital axis” for building a prosperous and sustainable economy in line with Vision 2030.
    • It witnessed a significant annual growth of 16.5% for both public and private sectors, reaching over 3.126 trillion riyals by April 2025.
    • This expansion directly “stimulates economic growth” by facilitating access to finance, especially for small and medium-sized companies.
    • The Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) has enhanced its regulatory frameworks and implemented digital advancements to improve lending transparency and efficiency. Banking credit has been distributed across 17 economic activities, contributing to inclusive and sustainable growth targets.
    • Healthcare and Biotechnology Advancement:
    • Leading institutions, such as King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH&RC), are at the forefront of healthcare innovation, utilizing biotechnology and genomic data to develop personalized treatments.
    • KFSH&RC’s significant contributions to global genetic research and its participation in international conferences like BIO 2025 underscore the Kingdom’s commitment to advanced, knowledge-based industries, aligning with the National Biotechnology Strategy and Vision 2030.
    • Local initiatives, like the Qassim Health Cluster’s urgent care center, also aim to enhance healthcare efficiency as part of Vision 2030’s goals.
    • Human Capital Development and Workforce Localization:
    • Efforts to enhance human capital and foster employee engagement are recognized by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development.
    • The “Nitaqat” program and minimum wage policies are examples of ongoing initiatives aimed at localizing jobs (Saudization) and building a skilled national workforce, which is crucial for sustainable economic growth.
    • Sports and Cultural Industries:
    • The professionalization of sports clubs and Saudi Arabia’s successful bid to host the 2034 FIFA Club World Cup are highlighted as “pivotal steps towards enhancing Saudi Arabia’s position in sports globally” and a “strategic opportunity” aligned with Vision 2030.
    • Investment in the creative economy is also evident through extensions for film project submissions at the Red Sea International Film Festival.
    • Cultural heritage is promoted through campaigns like “Adat” by the Heritage Authority, which raises awareness about archaeological sites to foster cultural tourism.
    • Strategic Partnerships:
    • The Kingdom emphasizes the importance of strategic partnerships, particularly between the public and private sectors, as a “key and influential driver” for economic development.
    • Vision 2030 and national strategies are credited with creating “golden opportunities for effective and influential international partnerships” that significantly benefit the national economy.

    In sum, the sources demonstrate Saudi Arabia’s deliberate and sustained drive towards economic diversification by investing heavily in non-oil sectors such as tourism, technology, finance, healthcare, sports, and culture, all underpinned by robust strategic planning and a focus on developing its human capital. The stability of the Saudi stock market despite regional tensions further highlights the Kingdom’s confident approach to its economic transformation.

    Saudi Arabia’s Cultural Heritage: Vision 2030 and Beyond

    Saudi Arabia is actively engaged in the preservation and promotion of its cultural heritage as a vital component of its national identity and a key driver for economic diversification under Vision 2030. This multifaceted approach aims to enhance public awareness, foster tourism, and integrate cultural elements into the Kingdom’s broader developmental goals.

    Key initiatives and aspects of cultural heritage development include:

    • “Adat” Campaign by the Heritage Authority:
    • The Heritage Authority launched the national awareness campaign “Adat”.
    • This campaign aims to enhance public awareness about the significance of Saudi archaeological sites.
    • It emphasizes the crucial role of these sites in solidifying the cultural identity of the Kingdom and serving as a testament to historical civilizations that have spanned thousands of years on its land.
    • “Adat” also addresses threats to archaeological sites, such as encroachments and illegal trafficking of artifacts, promoting the concept of community responsibility for protecting these assets.
    • The campaign employs a comprehensive set of media tools, including field campaigns in public places, markets, commercial complexes, and universities across various regions of the Kingdom. It also leverages digital media platforms to ensure wide reach and effectiveness of its messages.
    • The Heritage Authority highlights that each artifact embodies a story from the past, making its preservation a fundamental pillar in safeguarding the national memory for future generations.
    • Promoting Traditional Crafts and Arts:
    • Al-Ahsa Creative City is actively participating in international forums, such as the 17th Annual Conference of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in Paris.
    • Al-Ahsa’s membership in the network is focused on the crafts and folk arts domain, underscoring its leading position in this sector globally.
    • This participation aims to strengthen international partnerships, exchange expertise and experiences with other member cities, and develop sustainable programs in traditional crafts. This also includes empowering artisans to reach global platforms.
    • The Northern Borders Literary Club is organizing a specialized training course titled “Arabic Calligraphy (Part One),” as part of its annual programs and events supporting traditional handicrafts.
    • This initiative aims to enhance national cultural heritage and celebrate the creative legacy in traditional crafts and arts. The course focuses on the practical aspects of Arabic calligraphy and the foundations of modern Saudi calligraphy, reflecting the Kingdom’s cultural identity and the evolution of written arts within its national visual landscape.
    • Integration with Tourism and Local Identity:
    • The Kingdom’s tourism strategy recognizes tourism as an “essential economic pillar in the non-oil growth structure”. The “Saudi Hospitality Journey” aims to establish a unique Saudi hospitality identity that blends local culture with global quality standards.
    • The concept of Saudi hospitality (Diafah) is deeply rooted in history, particularly in the desert where generosity to guests is a core value, and in cities where hospitality is part of daily life.
    • This goes beyond mere service; it’s about creating a “Saudi experience” that embodies cultural symbols and traditions, offering something unique that cannot be found elsewhere.
    • This aligns with Vision 2030’s goal of enhancing culture as a driver for development and diversifying income sources through promising sectors like tourism and hospitality.
    • The aim is to train national cadres to embody this identity with pride and effectively communicate cultural nuances to international visitors, transforming them into cultural ambassadors.
    • The Jeddah Historic Area is a testament to this, attracting pilgrims from various nationalities who visit its economic and historical landmarks before returning to their home countries. Pilgrims are keen to acquire heritage souvenirs, such as carpets, prayer beads, precious stones with images of the Kaaba, and traditional textiles, as cherished memories of their spiritual journey.
    • Creative Industries and Film:
    • The Red Sea Film Market has extended the submission period for film projects under development or production as part of the Red Sea International Film Festival.
    • This program offers substantial cash prizes and opportunities for selected projects to win additional awards from festival partners, serving as a leading platform to support cinematic projects in their early stages, expand their production scope, and connect them with regional and international funding and distribution networks.
    • This highlights an investment in the creative economy and cultural production as part of economic diversification efforts.

    These initiatives collectively demonstrate Saudi Arabia’s commitment to leveraging its rich cultural heritage not only as a source of national pride but also as a significant contributor to its economic future and global standing.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

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  • Prompt Engineering with Large Language Models

    Prompt Engineering with Large Language Models

    This course material focuses on prompt engineering, a technique for effectively interacting with large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. It explores various prompt patterns and strategies to achieve specific outputs, including techniques for refining prompts, providing context, and incorporating information LLMs may lack. The course emphasizes iterative refinement through conversation with the LLM, treating the prompt as a tool for problem-solving and creativity. Instruction includes leveraging few-shot examples to teach LLMs new tasks and techniques for evaluating and improving prompt effectiveness. Finally, it introduces methods for integrating LLMs with external tools and managing the limitations of prompt size and LLM capabilities.

    Prompt Engineering Study Guide

    Quiz

    Instructions: Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each.

    1. According to the speaker, what is a primary misconception about tools like ChatGPT?
    2. In the speaker’s example, what was the initial problem he used ChatGPT to solve?
    3. How did the speaker modify the initial meal plan created by ChatGPT?
    4. What method did the speaker use to attempt to get his son interested in the meal plan?
    5. Besides meal planning and stories, what other element was added to this interactive experiment?
    6. What does it mean to say that large language models do “next word prediction”?
    7. Explain the difference between a prompt as a verb and a prompt as an adjective in the context of large language models.
    8. How can a prompt’s effects span time?
    9. How can patterns within prompts influence the responses of large language models?
    10. What is the main idea behind using “few-shot” examples in prompting?

    Answer Key

    1. The primary misconception is that these tools are solely for writing essays or answering questions. The speaker argues that this misunderstands the true potential, which is to give form to ideas, explore concepts, and refine thoughts.
    2. The speaker wanted to create a keto-friendly meal plan that was a fusion of Uzbekistani and Ethiopian cuisine, using ingredients easily found in a typical US grocery store.
    3. He modified the meal plan by asking for approximate serving sizes for each dish to fit within a 2,000-calorie daily limit.
    4. He created short Pokémon battle stories with cliffhangers to engage his son’s interest and encourage him to try the new food.
    5. In addition to meal plans and stories, the speaker incorporated a math game focused on division with fractions related to nutrition and the Pokémon theme.
    6. Large language models work by predicting the next word or token in a sequence based on the prompt and the patterns they have learned from training data. They generate output word by word based on these predictions.
    7. As a verb, a prompt is a call to action, causing the language model to begin generating output. As an adjective, a prompt describes something that is done without delay or on time, indicating the immediacy of the model’s response.
    8. Prompts can have effects that span time by setting rules or contexts that the language model will remember and apply to future interactions. For example, setting a rule that the language model must ask for a better version of every question before answering it will apply throughout a conversation.
    9. Strong patterns in prompts can lead to consistent and predictable responses, as the language model will recognize and draw from patterns in its training data. Weaker patterns can rely more on specific words, and will result in more varied outputs, since the model is not immediately aware of which patterns to apply.
    10. “Few-shot” examples provide a language model with input/output pairs that demonstrate how to perform a desired task. This allows it to understand and apply the pattern to new inputs, without needing explicit instruction.

    Essay Questions

    1. Discuss the speaker’s approach to using ChatGPT as a creative tool rather than simply a question-answering system. How does the speaker’s use of the tool reveal an understanding of its capabilities?
    2. Describe and analyze the key elements of effective prompt engineering that are highlighted by the speaker’s various experiments. How does the speaker’s approach help to illustrate effective methods?
    3. Explain the role of pattern recognition in how large language models respond to prompts. Use examples from the speaker’s analysis to support your argument.
    4. Compare and contrast the different prompt patterns explored by the speaker, such as the Persona pattern, the Few Shot example pattern, the Tail Generation Pattern, and the Cognitive Verifier pattern. How do these different prompt patterns help us to make the most of large language model capabilities?
    5. Synthesize the speaker’s discussion to create a guide for users on how to best interact with and refine their prompts when using a large language model. What are the most important lessons you have learned?

    Glossary

    Large Language Model (LLM): A type of artificial intelligence model trained on massive amounts of text data to generate human-like text. Tools like ChatGPT are examples of LLMs.

    Prompt: A text input provided to a large language model to elicit a specific response. Prompts can range from simple questions to complex instructions.

    Prompt Engineering: The art and science of designing effective prompts to achieve desired outcomes from large language models. It involves understanding how LLMs interpret language and structure responses.

    Next Word Prediction: The core process by which large language models generate text, predicting the most likely next word or token in a sequence based on the preceding input.

    Few-Shot Examples: A technique for prompting a large language model by providing a few examples of inputs and their corresponding outputs, enabling it to perform similar tasks with new inputs.

    Persona Pattern: A technique in prompt engineering where you direct a large language model to act as a particular character or entity (e.g., a skeptic, a scientist) to shape its responses.

    Audience Persona Pattern: A technique in prompt engineering where the prompt defines who the intended audience is, so the LLM can tailor output.

    Tail Generation Pattern: A prompt that includes an instruction or reminder at the end, which causes that text to be appended to all responses, and can also include rules of the conversation.

    Cognitive Verifier Pattern: A technique that instructs the model to first break down the question or problem into sub-questions or sub-problems, then to combine the answers into a final overall answer.

    Outline Expansion Pattern: A technique where a prompt is structured around an outline that the LLM can generate and then expand upon, focusing the conversation and making it easier to fit together the different parts of the output.

    Menu Actions Pattern: A technique in prompt engineering where you define a set of actions (a menu of instructions) that you can trigger, by name, in later interactions with the LLM, thus setting up an operational mode for the conversation.

    Metal Language Creation Pattern: A technique in prompt engineering that lets you define or explain a new language or shorthand notation to an LLM, which it will use to interpret prompts moving forward in the conversation.

    Recipe Pattern: A technique in prompt engineering where the prompt contains placeholders for elements you want the LLM to fill in, to generate complete output. This pattern is often used to complete steps of a process or itinerary.

    Prompt Engineering with Large Language Models

    Okay, here is a detailed briefing document reviewing the main themes and most important ideas from the provided sources.

    Briefing Document: Prompt Engineering and Large Language Models

    Overall Theme: The provided text is an introductory course on prompt engineering for large language models (LLMs), with a focus on how to effectively interact with and leverage the power of tools like ChatGPT. The course emphasizes shifting perspective on LLMs from simple question-answering tools to creative partners that can rapidly prototype and give form to complex ideas. The text also dives into the technical aspects of how LLMs function, the importance of pattern recognition, and provides actionable strategies for prompt design through various patterns.

    Key Concepts and Ideas:

    • LLMs as Tools for Creativity & Prototyping:The course challenges the perception of LLMs as mere essay writers or exam cheaters. Instead, they should be viewed as tools that unlock creativity and allow for rapid prototyping.
    • Quote: “I don’t want you to think of these tools as something that you use to um just write essays or answer questions that’s really missing the capabilities of the tools these are tools that really allow you to do fascinating um things… these are tools that allow me to do things faster and better than I could before.”
    • The instructor uses an example of creating a complex meal plan, complete with stories and math games for his son, to showcase the versatile capabilities of LLMs.
    • Prompt Engineering:The course focuses on “prompt engineering” which is the art and science of crafting inputs to LLMs to achieve the desired output.
    • A prompt is more than just a question; it’s a “call to action” that initiates output, can span time, and may affect future responses.
    • Quote: “Part of what a prompt is it is a call to action to the large language model. It is something that is getting the large language model to start um generating output for us.”
    • Prompts can be immediate, affecting an instant response, or can create rules that affect future interactions.
    • How LLMs Work:LLMs operate by predicting the next word in a sequence, based on the training data they’ve been exposed to.
    • LLMs are based on next-word prediction, completing text based on patterns identified from training data.
    • Quote: “…your prompt is they’re just going to try to generate word by word the next um um word that’s going to be in the output until it gets to a point that it thinks it’s ated enough…”
    • This involves recognizing and leveraging patterns within the prompt to get specific and consistent results.
    • The Importance of Patterns:Strong patterns within prompts trigger specific responses due to the large amount of times those patterns have been seen in the training data.
    • Quote: “if we know the right pattern if we can tap into things that the the model has been trained on and seen over and over and over again we’ll be more likely to to not only get a consistent response…”
    • Specific words can act as “strong patterns” that influence the output, but patterns themselves play a more powerful role than just individual words.
    • Iterative Refinement & Conversations:Prompt engineering should be viewed as an iterative process rather than a one-shot interaction.
    • The most effective use of LLMs involves having a conversation with the model, using the output of each prompt to inform the next.
    • Quote: “a lot of what we need to do with large language models is think in that Mo in that mindset of it’s not about getting the perfect answer right now from this prompt it’s about going through an entire conversation with the large language model that may involving a series of prompts…”
    • The conversation style interaction allows you to explore and gradually refine the output toward your objective.
    • Prompt Patterns: The text introduces several “prompt patterns,” which are reusable strategies for interacting with LLMs:
    • Persona Pattern: Telling the LLM to act “as” a particular persona (e.g., a skeptic, a computer, or a character) to shape the tone and style of the output.
    • Audience Persona Pattern: Instructing the LLM to produce output for a specific audience persona, tailoring the content to the intended recipient.
    • Flipped Interaction Pattern: Having the LLM ask you questions until it has enough information to complete a task, instead of you providing all the details upfront.
    • Few-Shot Examples: Providing the LLM with examples of how to perform a task to guide the output. Care must be taken to provide meaningful examples that are specific and detailed, and give the LLM enough context to complete the given task.
    • Chain of Thought Prompting: Provides reasoning behind the examples and requests the model to think through its reasoning process, resulting in more accurate answers for more complex questions.
    • Grading Pattern: Uses the LLM to grade a task output based on defined criteria and guidelines.
    • Template Pattern: Utilizing placeholders in a structured output to control content and formatting.
    • Meta-Language Creation Pattern: Teaching the LLM a shorthand notation to accomplish tasks, and have the language model work within this custom language.
    • Recipe Pattern: Provide the LLM a goal to accomplish along with key pieces of information to include in the result. The LLM then fills in the missing steps to complete the recipe.
    • Outline Expansion Pattern: Start with an outline of the desired topic and expand different sections of the outline to generate more detailed content and organize the content of the prompt.
    • Menu Actions Pattern: Defining a set of actions (like commands on a menu) that the LLM can perform to facilitate complex or repeating interactions within the conversation.
    • Tail Generation Pattern: Instruct the LLM to include specific output at the end of its response, to facilitate further interactions.
    • Cognitive Verifier Pattern: Instruct the LLM to break a question or problem into smaller pieces to facilitate better analysis.
    • Important Considerations:LLMs are limited by the data they were trained on.
    • LLMs can sometimes create errors.
    • It’s important to fact-check and verify the output provided by LLMs.
    • Users must be cognizant of sending data to servers and ensure that they are comfortable doing so, particularly when private information is involved.
    • When building tools around LLMs, you can use root prompts to affect subsequent conversations.

    Conclusion:

    The material presents a comprehensive introduction to the field of prompt engineering, emphasizing the importance of understanding how LLMs function to take full advantage of their capabilities. The course underscores the necessity of shifting mindset from passive user to active designer in the user experience of the LLM. By providing a series of practical patterns and examples, it empowers users to rapidly prototype ideas, refine outputs, and create a more interactive and creative dialogue with LLMs. The course also emphasizes the need for careful use, as with any powerful tool, underscoring the need for ethical and responsible use of LLMs.

    Prompt Engineering with Large Language Models

    What is prompt engineering and why is it important?

    Prompt engineering is the process of designing effective inputs, or prompts, for large language models (LLMs) to elicit desired outputs. It is important because the quality of a prompt greatly influences the quality and relevance of the LLM’s response. Well-crafted prompts can unlock the LLMs potential for creativity, problem-solving, and information generation, whereas poorly designed prompts can lead to inaccurate, unhelpful, or undesirable outputs. It’s crucial to understand that these models are fundamentally predicting the next word based on patterns they have learned from massive datasets, and prompt engineering allows us to guide this process.

    How can large language models like ChatGPT be used as more than just question answering tools?

    Large language models are incredibly versatile tools that go far beyond simple question answering. They can be used to prototype ideas, explore different concepts, refine thoughts, generate creative content, act as different personas or tools, and even write code. For example, in one case, ChatGPT was used to create a keto-friendly meal plan fusing Ethiopian and Uzbek cuisine, provide serving sizes, develop Pokemon battle stories with cliffhangers for a child, create a math game related to the meal plan for the child, and then generate code for the math game in the form of a web application. This demonstrates the capacity for LLMs to be used as dynamic, interactive partners in the creative and problem-solving processes, rather than static repositories of information.

    What are the key components of an effective prompt?

    Effective prompts involve several dimensions, including not only the immediate question but also a call to action, an implied time element, and the context that the LLM is operating under. A prompt is not just a simple question, but a method of eliciting an output. This might involve having a goal the model should always keep in mind, or setting up constraints. Additionally, effective prompts include clear instructions on the desired format of the output, and might involve defining the role the LLM should adopt, or the persona of the intended audience. Well-defined prompts tap into patterns the model was trained on, which increase consistency and predictability of output.

    How do prompts tap into the patterns that large language models were trained on?

    LLMs are trained on massive datasets and learn to predict the next word in a sequence based on these patterns. When we craft prompts, we’re often tapping into patterns that the model has seen many times in its training data. The more strongly a pattern in your prompt resonates with the training data the more consistent a response will be. For example, the phrase “Mary had a little” triggers a very specific pattern in the model, resulting in a consistent continuation of the nursery rhyme. In contrast, more novel patterns require more specific words to shape the output, due to weaker patterns of the prompt itself, even though specific words themselves can be tied to various patterns. Understanding how specific words and overall patterns influence outputs is critical to effective prompt engineering.

    What is the persona pattern, and how does it affect the output of an LLM?

    The persona pattern involves instructing the LLM to “act as” a specific person, role, or even an inanimate object. This triggers the LLM to generate output consistent with the known attributes and characteristics of that persona. For example, using “act as a skeptic” can cause the LLM to generate skeptical opinions. Similarly, “act as the Linux terminal for a computer that has been hacked” elicits a computer terminal-like output, using commands a terminal would respond to. This pattern allows users to tailor the LLM’s tone, style, and the type of content it generates, without having to provide detailed instructions, as the LLM leverages its pre-existing knowledge of the persona. This shows that a prompt is often not just about the question, it’s about the approach or character.

    How does a conversational approach to prompt engineering help generate better outputs?

    Instead of a one-off question-and-answer approach, a conversational prompt engineering approach treats the LLM like a collaborative partner, using iterative refinement and feedback to achieve a desired outcome. In this case, the user interacts with the LLM over multiple turns of conversation, using the output from one prompt to inform the subsequent prompt. By progressively working through the details of the task or problem at hand, the user can guide the LLM to create more relevant, higher-quality outputs, such as designing a robot from scratch through several turns of discussion and brainstorming. The conversation helps refine both the LLM’s output and the user’s understanding of the problem.

    How can “few-shot” learning be used to teach an LLM a specific task?

    Few-shot learning involves giving an LLM a few examples of inputs and their corresponding outputs, which enable it to understand and apply a pattern to new inputs. For example, providing a few examples of text snippets paired with a sentiment label can teach an LLM to perform sentiment analysis on new text. Few-shot learning shows the model what is expected without specifying a lot of complicated instructions, teaching through demonstrated examples instead. Providing a few correct and incorrect examples can be helpful to further specify output expectations.

    What are some advanced prompting patterns, such as the cognitive verifier, the template pattern, and metalanguage creation?

    Several advanced patterns further demonstrate the power of prompt engineering. The cognitive verifier instructs the LLM to break down a complex problem into smaller questions before attempting a final answer. The template pattern involves using placeholders to structure output into specific formats, which might use semantically rich terms. The metalanguage creation pattern allows users to create a new shorthand or language, then use that newly created language with the LLM. These patterns enable users to use the LLMs in more dynamic and creative ways, and build prompts that are very useful for solving complex problems. There are a variety of advanced prompting patterns which provide a range of approaches to solving problems, based on a particular technique.

    Prompt Engineering with LLMs

    Prompt engineering is a field focused on creating effective prompts to interact with large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, to produce high-quality outputs [1, 2]. It involves understanding how to write prompts that can program these models to perform various tasks [2, 3].

    Key concepts in prompt engineering include:

    • Understanding Prompts: A prompt is more than just a question; it is a call to action that encourages the LLM to generate output in different forms, such as text, code, or structured data [4]. Prompts can have a time dimension and can affect the LLM’s behavior in the present and future [5, 6].
    • Prompt Patterns: These are ways to structure phrases and statements in a prompt to solve particular problems with an LLM [7, 8]. Patterns tap into the LLM’s training, making it more likely to produce desired behavior [9]. Examples of patterns include the persona pattern [7], question refinement [7, 10], and the use of few-shot examples [7, 11].
    • Specificity and Context: Providing specific words and context in a prompt helps elicit a targeted output [12]. LLMs are not mind readers, so clear instructions are crucial [12].
    • Iterative Refinement: Prompt engineering is an iterative process, where you refine your prompts through a series of conversations with the LLM [13, 14].
    • Programming with Prompts: Prompts can be used to program LLMs by giving them rules and instructions [15]. By providing a series of instructions, you can build up a program that the LLM follows [8, 16].
    • Limitations: There are limits on the amount of information that can be included in a prompt [17]. Therefore, it’s important to select and use only the necessary information [17]. LLMs also have inherent randomness, meaning they may not produce the same output every time [18, 19]. They are trained on a vast amount of data up to a certain cut-off date, so new information must be provided as part of the prompt [20].
    • Root Prompts: Some tools have root prompts that are hidden from the user that provide rules and boundaries for the interaction with the LLM [21]. These root prompts can be overridden by a user [22, 23].
    • Evaluation: Large language models can be used to evaluate other models or their own outputs [24]. This can help ensure that the output is high quality and consistent with the desired results [25].
    • Experimentation: It is important to be open to experimentation, creativity, and trying out different things to find the best ways to use LLMs [3].
    • Prompt Engineering as a Game: You can create a game using a LLM to improve your own skills [26]. By giving the LLM rules for the game you can have it generate tasks that can be accomplished through prompting [26].
    • Chain of Thought Prompting: This is a technique that can be used to get better reasoning from a LLM by explaining the reasoning behind the examples [27, 28].
    • Tools: Prompts can be used to help a LLM to access and use external tools [29].
    • Combining Patterns: You can apply multiple patterns together to create sophisticated prompts [30].
    • Outlines: You can use the outline pattern to rapidly create a sophisticated outline by starting with a high-level outline and then expanding sections of the outline in turn [31].
    • Menu Actions: The menu actions pattern allows you to develop a series of actions within a prompt that you can trigger [32].
    • Tail Generation: The tail generation pattern can be used to remind the LLM of rules and maintain the rules of conversation [33].

    Ultimately, prompt engineering is about leveraging the power of LLMs to unlock human creativity and enable users to express themselves and explore new ideas [1, 2]. It is an evolving field and so staying up to date with the latest research and collaborating with others is important [34].

    Large Language Models: Capabilities and Limitations

    Large language models (LLMs) are a type of computer program designed to understand and generate human language [1]. They are trained on vast amounts of text data from the internet [2]. These models learn patterns in language, allowing them to predict the next word in a sequence, and generate coherent and contextually relevant text [2-4].

    Here are some key aspects of how LLMs work and their capabilities:

    • Training: LLMs are trained by being given a series of words and predicting the next word in the sequence [2]. When the prediction is wrong, the model is tweaked [2]. This process is repeated over and over again with large datasets [2].
    • Word Prediction: The fundamental thing that LLMs do is take an input and try to generate the next word [3]. They then add that word to the input and try to predict the next word, continuing the process to form sentences and paragraphs [3].
    • Context: LLMs pay attention to the words, relationships, and context of the text to predict the next word [2]. This allows them to learn patterns in language [2].
    • Capabilities: LLMs can be used for various tasks such as:
    • Text generation [5-8].
    • Programming [5, 6].
    • Creative writing [5, 6].
    • Art creation [5, 6].
    • Knowledge exploration [6, 9].
    • Prototyping [6, 9].
    • Content production [6, 9].
    • Assessment [6, 9].
    • Reasoning [10, 11].
    • Summarization [12-14].
    • Translation [1].
    • Sentiment analysis [15].
    • Planning [16].
    • Use of external tools [17].
    • Prompt interaction: LLMs require a prompt to initiate output. A prompt is more than just a question it is a call to action for the LLM [7]. Prompts can be used to program the LLM by providing rules and instructions [18].
    • Randomness and Unpredictability: LLMs have some degree of randomness which can lead to variations in output even with the same prompt [10]. This can be good for creative tasks, but it requires careful prompt engineering to control when a specific output is needed [10].
    • Limitations: LLMs have limitations such as:
    • Cut-off dates: They are trained on data up to a specific cut-off date and do not know what has happened after that date [19, 20].
    • Prompt length: There is a limit on how large a prompt can be [21, 22].
    • Lack of access to external data: LLMs may not have access to specific data or private information [20].
    • Inability to perceive the physical world: They cannot perceive the physical world on their own [20].
    • Unpredictability: LLMs have a degree of randomness [10].
    • Inability to perform complex computation on their own [17].
    • Overcoming limitations:
    • Provide new information: New information can be provided to the LLM in the prompt [19, 20].
    • Use tools: LLMs can be prompted to use external tools to perform specific tasks [17].
    • Use an outline: An outline can be used to plan and organize a large response [23].
    • Break down tasks: Problems can be broken down into smaller tasks to improve the LLM’s reasoning ability [11].
    • Conversational approach: By engaging in a conversation with the LLM you can iteratively refine a prompt to get the desired output [24].
    • Prompt Engineering: This is a crucial skill for interacting with LLMs. It involves creating effective prompts using techniques like [5]:
    • Prompt patterns: These are ways of structuring a prompt to elicit specific behavior [9, 12].
    • Specificity: Providing specific details in the prompt [25, 26].
    • Context: Giving the LLM enough context [25, 26].
    • Few-shot examples: Showing the LLM examples of inputs and outputs [15].
    • Chain of thought prompting: Explicitly stating the reasoning behind examples [17].
    • Providing a Persona: Prompting the LLM to adopt a certain persona [27].
    • Defining an audience persona: Defining a specific audience for the output [28].
    • Using a meta language: Creating a custom language to communicate with the LLM [29].
    • Using recipes: Providing the LLM with partial information or instructions [30].
    • Using tail generation: Adding a reminder at the end of each turn of a conversation [31].
    • Importance of experimentation: It’s important to experiment with different approaches to understand how LLMs respond and learn how to use them effectively [32].

    Prompt Patterns for Large Language Models

    Prompt patterns are specific ways to structure phrases and statements in a prompt to solve particular problems with a large language model (LLM) [1, 2]. They are a key aspect of prompt engineering and tap into the LLM’s training data, making it more likely to produce the desired behavior [1-3].

    Here are some of the key ideas related to prompt patterns:

    • Purpose: Prompt patterns provide a documented way to structure language and wording to achieve a specific behavior or solve a problem when interacting with an LLM [2]. They help elicit a consistent and predictable output from an LLM [2, 4].
    • Tapping into training: LLMs are trained to predict the next word based on patterns they’ve learned [3, 5]. By using specific patterns in a prompt, you can tap into these learned associations [2].
    • Consistency: When a prompt follows a strong pattern, it is more likely to get a consistent response [3, 6].
    • Creativity: Sometimes you want to avoid a strong pattern and use specific words or phrases to break out of a pattern and get more creative output [7].
    • Programming: Prompt patterns can be used to essentially program an LLM by giving it rules and instructions [4, 8].
    • Flexibility: You can combine multiple patterns together to create sophisticated prompts [9].
    • Experimentation: Prompt patterns are not always perfect and you may need to experiment with the wording to find the best pattern for a particular problem [1].

    Here are some specific prompt patterns that can be used when interacting with LLMs:

    • Persona Pattern: This involves asking the LLM to act as a particular person, object, or system [10-12]. This can be used to tap into a rich understanding of a particular role and get output from that point of view [12]. By giving the LLM a specific persona to adopt, you are giving it a set of rules that it should follow during the interaction [13].
    • Audience Persona Pattern: This pattern involves prompting the LLM to produce output for a specific audience or type of person [14].
    • Question Refinement Pattern: This pattern involves having the LLM improve or rephrase a question before answering it. [10, 15]. The LLM uses its training to infer better questions and wording [15].
    • Few-shot examples or few-shot prompting: This involves giving the LLM examples of the input and the desired output, so it can learn the pattern and apply it to new input [10, 16]. By giving a few examples the LLM can learn a new task. The examples can show intermediate steps to a solution [17].
    • Flipped Interaction Pattern: In this pattern, you ask the LLM to ask you questions to get more information on a topic before taking an action [18].
    • Template Pattern: This pattern involves giving the LLM a template for its output including placeholders for specific values [19, 20].
    • Alternative Approaches Pattern: In this pattern you ask the LLM to suggest multiple ways of accomplishing a task [21-23]. This can be combined with a prompt where you ask the LLM to write prompts for each alternative [21].
    • Ask for Input Pattern: This pattern involves adding a statement to a prompt that asks for the first input and prevents the LLM from generating a large amount of output initially [24, 25].
    • Outline Expansion Pattern: This involves prompting the LLM to create an outline, and then expanding certain parts of the outline to progressively create a detailed document [26, 27].
    • Menu Actions Pattern: This allows you to define a set of actions with a trigger that you can run within a conversation [28, 29]. This allows you to reuse prompts and share prompts with others [29].
    • Tail Generation Pattern: This pattern involves having the LLM generate a tail at the end of its output that reminds it what the rules of the game are and provides the context for the next interaction [30-32].

    By understanding and applying these prompt patterns, you can improve your ability to interact with LLMs and get the results you are looking for [2, 9, 10].

    Few-Shot Learning with Large Language Models

    Few-shot examples, also known as few-shot prompting, is a prompt pattern that involves providing a large language model (LLM) with a few examples of the input and the corresponding desired output [1, 2]. By showing the LLM a few examples, you are essentially teaching it a new task or pattern [1]. Instead of explicitly describing the steps the LLM needs to take, you demonstrate the desired behavior through examples [1]. The goal is for the LLM to learn from these examples and apply the learned pattern to new, unseen inputs [1].

    Here are some key aspects of using few-shot examples:

    • Learning by example: Instead of describing a task or process, you are showing the LLM what to do and how to format its output [1]. This is particularly useful when the task is complex or hard to describe with simple instructions [3].
    • Pattern recognition: LLMs are trained to predict the next word by learning patterns in language [4]. Few-shot examples provide a pattern that the LLM can recognize and follow [4]. The LLM learns to predict the next word or output based on the examples [4].
    • Input-output pairs: The examples you provide usually consist of pairs of inputs and corresponding outputs [1]. The input is what the LLM will use to generate a response and the output demonstrates what the response should look like [1].
    • Prefixes: You can add a prefix to the input and output in your examples that give the LLM more information about what you want it to do [1, 2]. However, the LLM can learn from patterns even without prefixes [2]. For example, in sentiment analysis you could use the prefixes “input:” and “sentiment:” [1].
    • Intermediate steps: The examples can show intermediate steps to a solution. This allows the LLM to learn how to apply a series of steps to reach a goal [5, 6]. For example, with a driving task, the examples can show a sequence of actions such as “look in the mirror,” then “signal,” then “back up” [6].
    • Constraining Output: Few-shot examples can help constrain the output, meaning the LLM is more likely to generate responses that fit within the format of the examples you provide [4]. If you have an example where the output is a specific label such as positive, negative or neutral, the LLM is more likely to use those labels in its response [4].
    • Teaching new tricks: By using few-shot examples, you are teaching the LLM a new trick or task [1]. The LLM learns a new process by following the patterns it observes in the examples [4].
    • Generating examples: One interesting capability is that the LLM can use the patterns from the few shot examples to generate more examples, which can then be curated by a human to improve future prompts [5, 7]. LLMs can even use few-shot examples to generate examples for other models [5].
    • Not limited to classification: Few-shot examples are not limited to simple classification tasks, such as sentiment analysis. They can also be used for more complex tasks such as planning, and generating action sequences [4, 8].
    • Flexibility: Few-shot prompting is flexible and can be applied to all kinds of situations. You can use any pattern that has examples with an input and a corresponding output [8].
    • Mistakes: When creating few-shot examples you should be sure that the prefixes you are using are meaningful and provide context to the LLM [9, 10]. You should make sure that you are providing enough information in each example to derive the underlying process from the input to the output [10, 11]. You also need to make sure that your examples have enough detail and rich information so that the LLM can learn from them [12].

    By using few-shot examples, you are effectively leveraging the LLM’s ability to recognize and reproduce patterns in language [4]. You can teach it new tasks and get a structured output from the LLM without having to explicitly define all of the steps needed to solve a problem [1].

    Effective Prompt Engineering for Large Language Models

    Effective prompts are essential for leveraging the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and getting desired results [1, 2]. They go beyond simply asking a question; they involve using specific techniques, patterns, and structures to elicit specific behaviors from the LLM [3].

    Here are some key aspects of creating effective prompts, based on the provided sources:

    • Understanding the Prompt’s Role: A prompt is not just a question, it is a call to action for the LLM to generate output [3]. It’s a way of getting the LLM to start generating words, code, or other types of output [3]. A prompt can also be a cue or reminder, that helps the LLM remember something or a previous instruction [4]. Prompts can also provide information to the LLM [5].
    • Specificity: The more specific a prompt is, the more specific the output will be [6]. You need to inject specific ideas and details into the prompt to get a specific response [6]. Generic questions often lead to generic answers [6].
    • Creativity: Effective prompts require creativity and an openness to explore [2]. You have to be a creative thinker and problem solver to use LLMs effectively, and the more creative you are, the better the outputs will be [2].
    • Patterns: Prompt patterns are a key aspect of prompt engineering [7, 8]. They are a way to structure phrases and statements in your prompt to solve particular problems with a LLM [8]. Patterns tap into the LLM’s training data [5]. and help elicit a consistent and predictable output [9]. You can use patterns to get into specific behaviors of the LLM [7].
    • Key Prompt Patterns Some key prompt patterns include:
    • Persona Pattern: Asking the LLM to act as a specific person, object, or system, which can tap into the LLM’s rich understanding of a particular role [7, 8]. This gives the LLM rules to follow [8].
    • Audience Persona Pattern: You can tell the LLM to produce an output for a specific audience or type of person [10].
    • Question Refinement Pattern: Asking the LLM to improve or rephrase a question before answering it, which can help generate better questions [11]. The LLM can use its training to infer better questions and wording [11].
    • Few-shot examples or few-shot prompting: Providing the LLM with a few examples of the input and the desired output, so it can learn the pattern and apply it to new input [12]. By giving a few examples the LLM can learn a new task [12]. The examples can show intermediate steps to a solution [12].
    • Flipped Interaction Pattern: Asking the LLM to ask you questions to get more information on a topic before taking an action [13].
    • Template Pattern: Providing a template for the LLM’s output including placeholders for specific values [14].
    • Alternative Approaches Pattern: Asking the LLM to suggest multiple ways of accomplishing a task [15]. This can be combined with a prompt where you ask the LLM to write prompts for each alternative [15].
    • Ask for Input Pattern: Adding a statement to a prompt that asks for the first input and prevents the LLM from generating a large amount of output initially [16].
    • Outline Expansion Pattern: Prompting the LLM to create an outline, and then expanding certain parts of the outline to progressively create a detailed document [17].
    • Menu Actions Pattern: Defining a set of actions with a trigger that you can run within a conversation, which allows you to reuse prompts and share prompts with others [18].
    • Tail Generation Pattern: Having the LLM generate a tail at the end of its output that reminds it what the rules of the game are and provides the context for the next interaction [19].
    • Iterative Refinement: Prompts can be refined through conversation with an LLM. Think of it as a process of iterative refinement, shaping and sculpting an output over time [20]. Instead of trying to get the perfect answer from the first prompt, it’s about guiding the LLM through a conversation to reach the desired goal [20, 21].
    • Conversational approach: Prompts are not just one-off questions or statements but can represent an entire conversation [21].
    • Programming: Prompts can be used to program an LLM by giving it rules and instructions [22]. You can give the LLM rules to follow and build a program through a series of instructions [8, 22].
    • Experimentation: You often need to try out different variations on prompts [2]. Be open to exploring and trying different things, and to running little experiments [2].
    • Context: Prompts should be specific and provide context, to get the desired output [5].
    • Structure: Use specific words and phrases to tap into specific information [6]. The structure of the prompt itself can influence the structure of the output [6, 23]. You can provide the structure of what you want the LLM to do by providing a pattern in the prompt itself [23].
    • Dealing with Randomness: LLMs have some unpredictability by design [24]. Effective prompt engineering is about learning to constrain this unpredictability [24]. There is some randomness in the output of LLMs because they are constantly trying to predict the next word [5, 9].

    By combining these techniques and patterns, you can create effective prompts that allow you to get the desired behavior from large language models. Effective prompts will also allow you to tap into the power of the LLM to create novel and creative outputs, and to use LLMs as tools for problem solving and accelerating your ideas [7].

    Nexus AI – Master Generative AI Prompt Engineering for ChatGPT: Unlock AI’s Full Potential

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Building a Full-Stack AI SaaS Platform

    Building a Full-Stack AI SaaS Platform

    This document provides a comprehensive tutorial on building a full-stack software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform powered by artificial intelligence. It guides users through integrating various AI models like conversation, code, image, music, and video generation using APIs such as OpenAI and Replicate AI. The tutorial also covers essential SaaS features, including implementing a free tier with usage limits, setting up subscription models with Stripe integration, handling authentication with Clerk, and developing a responsive user interface with Next.js, Tailwind CSS, and ChatCN UI components. Finally, it addresses deployment strategies to platforms like Vercel and optimizing API routes for performance.

    Genius: An AI SaaS Platform with Tiered Access

    The AI SaaS Platform described in the source is a full-stack, production-ready application built to offer various AI tools as a service. It is designed to include both a free tier and a monthly subscription tier, managed through Stripe.

    Key Features and AI Tools The platform, named “Genius,” provides five different AI tools:

    • Image Generation: Users can input a prompt (e.g., “a horse in Swiss Alps”) and specify the number of photos and resolution to generate images.
    • Video Generation: Users can provide a prompt (e.g., “clown fish swimming around a coral reef”) to generate videos. This feature uses Replicate AI, specifically the Zeroscope model, chosen for its faster generation time.
    • Conversation Model: This tool allows users to have conversations with an AI, such as asking questions like “What is the radius of the sun?”. This model utilizes OpenAI’s GPT-3.5-turbo.
    • Music Generation: Users can enter a prompt (e.g., “piano solo”) to generate audio files, which can then be played, have their volume or playback speed changed, or be downloaded. This tool also uses Replicate AI, specifically the Refusion model for audio generation.
    • Code Generation: Users can request code snippets using descriptive text (e.g., “a model using react Hooks and Tailwind” or “simple toggle button using react hooks”). The AI provides the code in markdown format with explanations and comments. Like the conversation model, this uses OpenAI but with a default instruction message to behave as a code generator.

    Monetization Model The platform implements a tiered access system:

    • Free Tier: Users on the free tier are limited to five generations across all AI models. Once this limit is reached, users are blocked from further AI usage.
    • Subscription Tier (Pro Plan): To continue using the AI tools after exhausting the free generations, users must upgrade to a monthly subscription, managed via Stripe. The Pro Plan provides unlimited AI generations. Subscribers can also manage or cancel their subscription from a dedicated billing page. The system differentiates between free and pro users to allow unlimited access for subscribed users and block free users once their limit is met. The subscription status is checked using Prisma and Stripe data, ensuring that only active subscriptions grant unlimited access.

    Technical Stack and Setup The platform is built with a modern web development stack:

    • Frameworks/Libraries: Next.js 13, React, and Tailwind CSS.
    • Styling: ChatCN UI is used as a styling library, providing pre-built components that are directly placed in the project’s components folder for full customization.
    • Backend & Database: Prisma is used as an ORM (Object-Relational Mapper) to interact with a MySQL database hosted on PlanetScale. A utility (Prisma db.ts) manages Prisma client instances to prevent issues during hot reloading in development.
    • Authentication: Clerk is integrated for user authentication (sign-in, sign-up). It supports various providers like Google and email. Clerk also provides UI components like the UserButton for logged-in users. Public routes are configured in middleware.ts to allow access for both logged-in and logged-out users to specific pages like the landing page and webhook endpoints.
    • Monetization Integration: Stripe is used for handling subscriptions, including checkout sessions and billing portals. Webhooks are configured to listen for Stripe events (e.g., checkout.session.completed, invoice.payment_succeeded) to manage user subscriptions in the database.
    • AI Integrations:
    • OpenAI: Used for conversation and code generation, accessed via API keys configured in the environment.
    • Replicate AI: Used for music and video generation, also requiring API keys.
    • Form Management: React Hook Form is utilized for form handling, with Zod for schema validation.
    • HTTP Requests: Axios is used for making HTTP requests to API routes.
    • Error Handling: React Hot Toast provides toast notifications for errors, offering better user feedback than just console logs.
    • Dynamic Text: Typewriter Effect library creates animated text for the landing page hero section.
    • Utilities: A cn utility (combining Tailwind Merge and CLSX) helps manage dynamic Tailwind CSS classes. An absoluteURL utility ensures Stripe redirects to the correct full URL.

    Customer Support The platform incorporates Crisp chat for customer support, allowing real-time communication between users and administrators.

    Deployment The application can be deployed using Vercel. During deployment, environment variables need to be correctly configured, including the NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL and Stripe webhook secrets. For hobby (free) Vercel plans, some AI models might experience timeouts due to longer cold starts or processing times, suggesting a need to upgrade to a larger plan or use Vercel AI SDK with Edge Network for better performance.

    Genius AI: Free Tier and Pro Upgrade System

    The AI SaaS platform, “Genius,” implements a free tier to allow users to experience its AI tools before requiring a paid subscription.

    Free Tier Limits:

    • Users on the free tier are limited to five generations across all AI models.
    • Once this limit of five free generations is reached, users are blocked from further AI usage. For example, if a user tries to generate another image after exhausting their five free generations, the system will block them.
    • The platform displays the user’s current usage, showing how many free generations they have used out of the total five (e.g., “two out of five of my three generations”). This counter is visible in the lower-left corner of the interface.
    • The number of free generations is configurable, set by a constant called Max_free_counts, which is initially set to five. This can be changed (e.g., to 100) if desired.

    Enforcement and Tracking:

    • The platform uses Prisma to track the user’s API limit. A UserAPIlimit model is created in the database, which includes an id, userId, and a count (defaulting to 0).
    • When a user makes an API call, the increaseAPIlimit function is triggered. This function checks if a UserAPIlimit entry exists for the user. If it does, the count is incremented. If not, a new entry is created with a count of one.
    • The checkAPIlimit function determines if a user has exceeded their free limit. It fetches the user’s UserAPIlimit from the database. If no record exists, or if the current count is less than Max_free_counts, it returns true (meaning they can still use the app). If the user has surpassed the free count, it returns false, indicating that the user should be blocked.
    • This check is implemented in the API routes for all AI models (conversation, code, image, music, video generation). Before processing a request, the system checks if the freeTrial has expired (i.e., checkAPIlimit returns false) and if the user is not a Pro subscriber. If both conditions are met, a 403 Forbidden status is returned, signaling that the free trial has expired. If the request proceeds successfully and the user is not a Pro subscriber, the increaseAPIlimit function is called.
    • The front-end detects the 403 error and triggers a “Pro Model” dialog, prompting the user to upgrade.

    User Interface for Limits:

    • A “Free Counter” component is displayed in the sidebar, showing the user’s current API limit count out of the Max_free_counts (e.g., “0 out of 5 free generations”).
    • This counter also includes a progress bar that visually represents the usage.
    • The counter dynamically updates by rehydrating server components when router.refresh() is called after an AI generation.
    • If a user is subscribed to a Pro Plan, this free counter is hidden, as they have unlimited generations.

    Upgrading to Pro Plan:

    • Users are prompted to upgrade to a monthly subscription (Pro Plan) via Stripe if they hit their free generation limit.
    • Clicking an “upgrade” button (found on the blocking message or directly in the sidebar) redirects them to the Stripe checkout page.
    • The Pro Plan grants unlimited AI generations.

    Genius AI Platform: Essential API Integrations

    The AI SaaS platform, “Genius,” integrates with several external APIs and services to provide its functionality, handle user authentication, manage subscriptions, and store data. These integrations are crucial for the platform’s full-stack and production-ready capabilities.

    Here’s a discussion of the key API integrations:

    1. OpenAI API

    • Purpose: OpenAI’s API is used for two of the platform’s core AI tools: the Conversation Model and Code Generation.
    • Integration Details:
    • Authentication: Users need to create an OpenAI account and obtain an API key. This API key is stored as an environment variable (OPENAI_API_KEY) in the project.
    • Usage Tracking: Users can monitor their OpenAI usage in their personal account dashboard, where a free tier (typically $5 for the first three months) is often available for new users. It’s recommended to set hard and soft spending limits to prevent overspending.
    • Conversation Model: This tool utilizes OpenAI’s GPT-3.5-turbo model. It is designed to allow free-form conversational queries.
    • Code Generation: This tool also uses OpenAI, but with a specific “instruction message” role set to “system”. This instructs the AI to behave as a code generator, responding only in markdown code snippets with comments for explanations.
    • API Route: A dedicated API route (/api/conversation and /api/code) handles requests to OpenAI, checking for user authentication, API key configuration, and the presence of messages/prompts before making the call. The response from OpenAI is then returned to the frontend.

    2. Replicate AI

    • Purpose: Replicate AI is integrated for the Video Generation and Music Generation tools.
    • Integration Details:
    • Authentication: Users need to create a Replicate account and obtain an API token, which is stored as REPLICATE_API_TOKEN in the environment variables. Like OpenAI, Replicate offers a free tier, but users should be mindful of usage to avoid exceeding limits. Spending limits can also be set for paid usage.
    • Music Generation: This tool uses the Refusion model from Replicate for audio generation. It accepts a text prompt (e.g., “piano solo”) and returns an audio file.
    • Video Generation: This tool uses the Zeroscope model, chosen for its faster generation time compared to other video models on Replicate. It converts a text prompt (e.g., “clown fish swimming around a coral reef”) into a video.
    • Cold Start/Performance: Replicate models can experience “cold starts,” meaning the first generation might take a long time (e.g., up to a minute or more for music generation, sometimes longer), but subsequent generations are typically faster.
    • API Route: Dedicated API routes (/api/music and /api/video) manage the interaction with Replicate, including passing prompts and handling responses.

    3. Clerk (Authentication)

    • Purpose: Clerk is used for handling user authentication, including sign-up and sign-in.
    • Integration Details:
    • Setup: Requires setting up NEXT_PUBLIC_CLERK_PUBLISHABLE_KEY and CLERK_SECRET_KEY environment variables.
    • Provider: The ClerkProvider wraps the entire application to enable authentication context.
    • Middleware: A middleware.ts file is configured to protect routes, automatically redirecting unauthenticated users to the sign-in page. Public routes (like the landing page and webhook endpoints) can be explicitly defined to be accessible by all users.
    • UI Components: Clerk provides ready-to-use UI components like UserButton for logged-in user actions (e.g., sign-out). It also offers pre-built sign-in and sign-up pages that can be integrated with minimal code.
    • User Data: User information, such as userId and emailAddresses, is accessible through Clerk’s auth() and currentUser() functions, which are used for API limit tracking and Stripe customer creation.

    4. Stripe (Subscription Management)

    • Purpose: Stripe is integrated to manage the platform’s monthly subscription tier, including processing payments and handling billing.
    • Integration Details:
    • API Key: Requires a STRIPE_API_KEY environment variable.
    • Prisma Model: A UserSubscription Prisma model tracks subscription details (Stripe customer ID, subscription ID, price ID, current period end) for each user.
    • Checkout Sessions: When a free user upgrades, Stripe’s checkout.sessions.create is used to generate a checkout page. This session includes product details (Genius Pro, unlimited AI generations, $20/month), return URLs, and crucial metadata to link the subscription back to the userId in the database after successful payment.
    • Billing Portal: For existing subscribers, Stripe’s billingPortal.sessions.create redirects them to a dedicated page where they can manage or cancel their subscription.
    • Webhooks: A critical part of the Stripe integration involves webhooks. The platform listens for specific Stripe events (e.g., checkout.session.completed and invoice.payment_succeeded). These events trigger updates to the UserSubscription model in the database, ensuring the user’s subscription status is accurately reflected.
    • Local Development: For local testing, the Stripe CLI is used to forward webhook events to the local API endpoint (/api/webhook), requiring a STRIPE_WEBHOOK_SECRET environment variable. This webhook route must be a public route in the application’s middleware.
    • Deployment: After deployment, the webhook endpoint must be updated in the Stripe dashboard to the live URL.

    5. Crisp (Customer Support)

    • Purpose: Crisp chat is integrated to provide real-time customer support.
    • Integration Details:
    • SDK: The crisp-sdk-web package is installed.
    • Configuration: The Crisp.configure function is used within a client-side useEffect hook to initialize Crisp with a specific CRISP_WEBSITE_ID.
    • Provider: A CrispProvider component wraps the Crisp chat initialization and is added to the application’s main layout. This ensures the chat widget is available on the platform’s interface. Messages sent from the front-end appear in the Crisp dashboard for administrators to respond.

    6. Prisma (ORM) & PlanetScale (Database)

    • Purpose: Prisma serves as an ORM to interact with a MySQL database hosted on PlanetScale, handling data storage for user API limits and subscriptions.
    • Integration Details:
    • Setup: Prisma is initialized in the project, creating a schema.prisma file. The database provider is set to MySQL, and the DATABASE_URL from PlanetScale is configured in the .env file.
    • Models: Custom Prisma models like UserAPIlimit and UserSubscription are defined in schema.prisma to structure the database tables.
    • Database Synchronization: npx prisma db push is used to synchronize the schema with the PlanetScale database, and npx prisma generate generates the Prisma client and types for use in the application. npx prisma studio can be run to view and manage data in the database locally.
    • API Limit Tracking: Prisma is used to track the number of API generations for free-tier users. Functions like increaseAPIlimit and checkAPIlimit interact with the UserAPIlimit model to update and retrieve usage counts.
    • Subscription Status: The checkSubscription utility uses Prisma to query the UserSubscription model and determine if a user has an active Pro plan.
    • Prisma db.ts Utility: A specific utility file (lib/Prisma db.ts) is created to manage Prisma client instances, preventing multiple initializations during hot reloading in development.

    These integrations collectively enable the AI SaaS platform to offer diverse AI tools, manage user access and payments, and provide customer support, all while maintaining a coherent and scalable architecture.

    Genius AI: Full-Stack UI Development with Next.js & React

    The AI SaaS platform, “Genius,” emphasizes a full-stack, production-ready approach to UI development, incorporating modern frameworks, responsive design, and component-based architecture.

    Here’s a comprehensive discussion of its UI development:

    1. Core Technologies and Design Principles:

    • Next.js 13 & React: The platform is built using Next.js 13 with React, leveraging its app router for efficient routing and server components for data fetching and performance.
    • Tailwind CSS: Tailwind CSS is used for styling, providing utility-first classes for rapid UI development and responsiveness.
    • Component-Based Architecture: The UI is structured into reusable components, promoting modularity and maintainability. Crucially, the chosen UI library, chat cnui, allows developers to “own” the components by keeping their code directly in the project’s components folder, enabling deep customization beyond typical component libraries.
    • Responsiveness: Tailwind’s responsive prefixes (e.g., md:, lg:, sm:, xl:) are extensively used to adapt layouts, text sizes, and component visibility across various screen sizes, ensuring a consistent user experience on both mobile and desktop devices.

    2. Key UI Components and Their Implementation:

    • Buttons: The Button component from chat cnui is used throughout the application. It supports various variants (e.g., default, destructive, outline, secondary, ghost, link) and sizes (e.g., large, icon). A custom premium variant is added for a distinct gradient appearance for upgrade actions.
    • Forms & Inputs: react-hook-form is integrated with chat cnui’s Form component for robust form management and validation using Zod schemas. This includes FormField, FormItem, FormControl, and Input components.
    • Cards: The Card component from chat cnui is used for displaying AI tools on the dashboard and for testimonials on the landing page, as well as for generated images. They include CardHeader, CardTitle, CardContent, and CardFooter elements.
    • Dialogs (Modals): The Dialog component from chat cnui is used for the “Pro Model” upgrade prompt. It includes DialogContent, DialogHeader, DialogTitle, DialogDescription, and DialogFooter.
    • Avatars: UserAvatar (showing user’s Clerk profile image or initials) and BotAvatar (showing the Genius logo) components are used in conversation and code generation UIs to distinguish speakers. They leverage chat cnui’s Avatar component.
    • Progress Bars: The Progress component from chat cnui visually represents the user’s free generation limit in the sidebar.
    • Badges: A Badge component from chat cnui is used in the Pro Model dialog, with a custom premium variant mimicking the gradient style.
    • Selects: For image generation, chat cnui’s Select component is used to choose the number of photos and resolution, including SelectTrigger, SelectValue, SelectContent, and SelectItem.
    • Headings: A reusable Heading component is created for all AI tools, accepting title, description, icon, iconColor, and bgColor props for consistent styling.
    • Empty and Loading States: Dedicated Empty and Loader components are displayed conditionally when there are no results or when an AI generation is in progress, improving user feedback. These include dynamic text and a spinning logo for loading.

    3. Styling and Theming:

    • Tailwind Merge & CLSX (CN Utility): The cn utility (from chat cnui’s lib/utils) is used to dynamically merge Tailwind CSS classes, preventing conflicts and allowing for conditional styling based on component props or state.
    • Global Styles: Basic HTML and body height are set in globals.css.
    • Theming: globals.css is also used to modify Tailwind’s –primary CSS variable, changing the accent color (e.g., from default to light purple) for elements like buttons and progress bars across the application.
    • Custom Fonts: The Montserrat font from next/font/google is used for specific UI elements like the app title, applied dynamically via the cn utility.
    • Icons: Lucid React is the primary icon library, integrated seamlessly with chat cnui and used for navigation, tool representation, and action buttons.

    4. Layout and Structure:

    • Next.js App Router & Route Groups: The application’s routes are organized using Next.js 13’s app router and route groups (folders enclosed in parentheses like (dashboard), (auth), (landing)) which help structure files without affecting the URL path. This allows for dedicated layouts for different sections of the app (e.g., (dashboard)/layout.tsx for protected routes, (auth)/layout.tsx for authentication pages, (landing)/layout.tsx for the public landing page).
    • Sidebar Navigation: A responsive sidebar is implemented with navigation links generated from an array of routes, displaying icons, labels, and dynamically highlighting the active page using usePathname.
    • Mobile Sidebar (Drawer): For smaller screens, the sidebar transforms into a “sheet” (drawer) component that slides out from the left, triggered by a menu icon in the navbar.
    • Navbar: A separate Navbar component is positioned at the top, containing the mobile sidebar toggle and the user profile button.
    • Global Layouts: ClerkProvider, ModelProvider, and ToasterProvider are wrapped around the main application layout (app/layout.tsx) to provide global authentication context, modal functionality, and toast notifications respectively.

    5. Dynamic UI and State Management:

    • Conditional Rendering: UI elements are dynamically rendered based on various conditions, such as user authentication status, subscription status (Pro vs. Free), presence of generated content, or loading states.
    • zustand for Global State: zustand is used for lightweight global state management, specifically for controlling the visibility (open/close) of the “Pro Model” dialog across different components.
    • Server Component Rehydration: The router.refresh() function (from next/navigation) is strategically called after successful API calls (e.g., AI generations) to rehydrate server components and update UI elements like the free generation counter, ensuring data consistency without full page reloads.

    6. Third-Party UI Integrations:

    • Clerk (Authentication UI): Clerk provides pre-built, customizable UI components and pages for sign-up, sign-in, and user management (UserButton). It handles redirects and integrates seamlessly with Next.js middleware for route protection.
    • Crisp (Customer Support Chat): The crisp-sdk-web is integrated to add a live chat widget for customer support, allowing real-time communication that appears in the Crisp dashboard.
    • react-hot-toast (Notifications): Used for displaying user-friendly toast notifications for errors or success messages throughout the application.
    • typewriter-effect (Landing Page Animation): Provides an animated typewriter effect for text on the landing page hero section, highlighting the different AI capabilities.

    7. Development Workflow and Customization:

    • The setup process involves npx create next app with Tailwind and TypeScript, followed by npx chat cn-ui init for chat cnui configuration.
    • The ability to directly modify chat cnui components (e.g., changing variant names in button.tsx) offers unparalleled customization and control over the UI.

    Genius AI SaaS: Stripe and Prisma Payments

    The “Genius” AI SaaS platform incorporates a comprehensive payment system using Stripe to manage free and monthly subscription tiers, along with API limits enforced via Prisma.

    Here’s a detailed discussion of its payment system:

    1. Subscription Tiers and Overview

    • The platform offers a free tier and a monthly subscription tier.
    • Users on the free tier are limited to five AI generations. After exceeding this limit, they are blocked from using the AI models and prompted to upgrade.
    • The subscription model enables unlimited AI generations.
    • The system uses Stripe for payment processing and Crisp for customer support.

    2. Core Technologies and Setup

    • Stripe: The platform integrates with Stripe for handling subscriptions and payments.
    • Stripe API keys (publishable and secret) are configured in the .env file (STRIPE_API_KEY).
    • The stripe npm package is installed and a stripe.ts utility file is created to initialize the Stripe client with the API key, 2022-11-15 API version, and TypeScript enabled.
    • Prisma: Used for database interaction, specifically for managing user subscriptions and API limits.
    • PlanetScale: A MySQL database service (PlanetScale) is used, with its connection string configured in .env (DATABASE_URL).
    • The Prisma schema (schema.prisma) is updated to define UserAPILimit and UserSubscription models.
    • npx Prisma generate and npx Prisma DB push commands are run to sync the schema with the database and generate client types.
    • Prisma Studio (npx Prisma Studio) can be used to view and manage database records.

    3. Database Models for Payment Logic

    • UserAPILimit Model: Tracks the number of AI generations for each user.
    • Fields include id, userId (unique), count (integer, default 0), createdAt, and updatedAt.
    • UserSubscription Model: Stores details about a user’s Stripe subscription.
    • Fields include id, userId (unique), stripeCustomerId (optional, unique), stripeSubscriptionId (optional, unique), stripePriceId (optional), and stripeCurrentPeriodEnd (optional datetime).
    • @map is used for stripe_customer_id, stripe_subscription_id, stripe_price_id, and stripe_current_period_end to match Stripe’s snake_case naming convention.

    4. API Limit Enforcement (Backend)

    • increaseAPILimit Utility (lib/api-limit.ts):Increments the count for a user in the UserAPILimit model.
    • If a user’s record doesn’t exist, it creates one with a count of 1.
    • This is called after a successful AI generation if the user is not a Pro subscriber.
    • checkAPILimit Utility (lib/api-limit.ts):Checks if a user has exceeded the MAX_FREE_COUNTS (set to 5).
    • Returns false if the limit is exceeded, otherwise true.
    • API Route Integration (/api/conversation, /api/image, etc.):Before processing an AI generation request, API routes check checkAPILimit and checkSubscription.
    • If the user is not a Pro subscriber (!isPro) AND checkAPILimit returns false (limit reached), the API returns a NextResponse with “Free trial has expired” message and a 403 Forbidden status. This 403 status is crucial for the frontend to trigger the “Pro Model” dialog.
    • increaseAPILimit is only called if the user is not a Pro subscriber.

    5. Stripe API Route (/api/stripe)

    • This is a GET endpoint that handles user redirection to Stripe’s billing portal or checkout page.
    • Functionality:Check existing subscription: It queries the UserSubscription model for the current user’s active subscription.
    • Billing Portal Redirection: If userSubscription and stripeCustomerId exist, it creates a Stripe Billing Portal session. The return_url is set to the application’s /settings page.
    • Checkout Session Creation: If no active subscription exists, it creates a new Stripe Checkout Session.
    • success_url and cancel_url are both set to the /settings page.
    • payment_method_types is set to card.
    • mode is subscription.
    • customer_email is taken from Clerk’s user.email_addresses.
    • line_items define the product: “Genius Pro”, “Unlimited AI Generations”, a unit amount of 2000 (for $20.00), and recurring set to monthly.
    • Crucially, metadata.userId is passed. This links the Stripe session to the user’s ID, which is vital for the webhook to identify the subscriber after successful payment.
    • Returns a JSON response containing the Stripe session url for client-side redirection.
    • absoluteURL Utility: A helper function absoluteURL constructs full URLs (e.g., http://localhost:3000/settings) because Stripe requires absolute URLs for redirects. This URL is configured via NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL in .env.

    6. Stripe Webhook (/api/webhook)

    • This is a POST endpoint designed to receive events from Stripe.
    • Security: Verifies the webhook signature using stripe.webhooks.constructEvent and a STRIPE_WEBHOOK_SECRET.
    • Local Testing: The Stripe CLI (stripe listen –forward-to localhost:3000/api/webhook) is used to forward webhook events during local development. The secret generated by stripe listen is then saved as STRIPE_WEBHOOK_SECRET in .env.
    • Public Route: The /api/webhook route must be marked as public in middleware.ts so Stripe can access it without authentication.
    • Event Handling: It listens for two main Stripe events:
    • checkout.session.completed: Triggered when a user successfully completes a checkout session (first-time subscription).
    • It retrieves the subscription details from Stripe.
    • It extracts the userId from the session’s metadata (emphasizing its importance).
    • A new UserSubscription record is created in Prisma with all relevant Stripe IDs and the subscription period end date.
    • invoice.payment_succeeded: Triggered when a recurring invoice payment is successful (subscription renewal/upgrade).
    • It retrieves the updated subscription details from Stripe.
    • It updates the existing UserSubscription record in Prisma, specifically updating stripePriceId and stripeCurrentPeriodEnd.
    • It returns a 200 OK status to Stripe after processing an event.

    7. Frontend Interaction

    • ProModel Component (components/Pro-model.tsx):The “Upgrade” button’s onClick handler makes an axios.get call to /api/stripe.
    • Upon receiving the Stripe session URL, it redirects the user using window.location.href.
    • Includes a loading state to prevent multiple clicks.
    • Opened when a 403 error is returned from AI API calls (due to free trial expiry).
    • SubscriptionButton Component (components/subscription-button.tsx):Used on the /settings page.
    • It checks the isPro status (using checkSubscription utility) to conditionally display “Manage Subscription” (if pro) or “Upgrade” (if not pro).
    • The button’s variant changes to premium (gradient style) if not pro.
    • Its onClick also calls /api/stripe, which intelligently redirects to either the billing portal or checkout based on the user’s subscription status.
    • Addresses a common Stripe test mode error by requiring activation of “customer portal settings” in the Stripe dashboard.

    8. Subscription Status Check (checkSubscription Utility)

    • lib/subscription.ts: An asynchronous utility function that determines if a user is currently a Pro subscriber.
    • Logic:Retrieves userId from Clerk.
    • Fetches the UserSubscription record from Prisma based on userId.
    • Checks if the stripePriceId exists and if stripeCurrentPeriodEnd (plus a day’s grace period) is greater than the current date (Date.now()).
    • Returns true if subscribed and valid, false otherwise.
    • This utility is used in server components (like the dashboard layout and settings page) to render UI elements conditionally.

    9. UI Indicators and Styling

    • Free Counter: A FreeCounter component displays “X out of 5 free generations” in the sidebar. This counter is dynamically updated by router.refresh() which rehydrates server components after an API call. It is hidden if the user is a Pro subscriber.
    • Progress Bar: A Progress component visually represents the free generation limit.
    • “Premium” Button Variant: A custom premium variant is added to the Button and Badge components in chat cnui to create a distinct gradient style for upgrade actions.
    • Theming: The primary accent color (e.g., light purple) for buttons and progress bars can be globally changed by modifying a CSS variable in globals.css.

    10. AI Model Costs and Limits

    • OpenAI and Replicate AI offer free tiers for their models.
    • During intensive testing, the total cost for using OpenAI and Replicate AI was around $14.
    • Stripe allows setting “hard limits” and “soft limits” on spending to prevent overspending.

    11. Deployment Considerations

    • When deploying, the Stripe webhook URL must be updated to the production URL (/api/webhook) and configured in the Stripe dashboard with relevant events (checkout.session.completed, invoice.payment.succeeded).
    • The STRIPE_WEBHOOK_SECRET environment variable needs to be updated with the production secret from Stripe.
    • The NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL must be updated to the deployed application’s URL.
    • The package.json includes a postinstall script (Prisma generate) for Vercel deployment.
    • On Vercel’s free hobby plan, some AI generations (especially video and music using Replicate AI) might experience timeouts due to cold starts or long processing times. Upgrading to a higher plan or using Vercel AI SDK (which uses edge networks for longer timeouts and streaming) is suggested for these cases.
    Build a SaaS AI Platform with Next.js 13, React, Tailwind, Prisma, Stripe Full Tutorial 2023

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Mastering UX Design: Principles, Practices, and Pathways

    Mastering UX Design: Principles, Practices, and Pathways

    This document provides an extensive introduction to User Experience (UX) design, outlining its foundational principles and practical applications. It covers what UX design is, its importance for both users and businesses, and the diverse roles and responsibilities within the field. The text also explains key UX frameworks like user-centered design, the five elements, and design thinking, alongside crucial concepts such as inclusive and equitable design and understanding the “next billion users.” Furthermore, it details the design sprint process, offers advice on building a professional portfolio and personal brand, and provides guidance on networking and overcoming imposter syndrome for aspiring UX designers.

    The Craft of User Experience Design

    User experience (UX) design is a field focused on making technology and products easier, more enjoyable, and more intuitive for people to use. It centers on how a person, or “user,” feels about interacting with or experiencing a product, which can be a good, service, or feature. The phrase “user experience” was first coined in the 1990s by cognitive psychologist Don Norman, though its underlying principles, like those of Feng Shui in ancient China, stretch back thousands of years.

    Core Concepts and Importance: UX designers aim to create products that are usable, equitable, enjoyable, and useful.

    • Usable: This means making something easy to use, with a clear design structure and purpose. A classic example is the evolution of the ketchup bottle from a glass bottle that was difficult to control to a squeezable plastic one that is much easier to use.
    • Equitable: Designs should be useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities and backgrounds, considering the unique needs of many different individuals, including those with disabilities or vastly different life experiences. This includes understanding and designing for traditionally excluded groups.
    • Enjoyable: Designs should foster a positive connection between the user and the product by taking their thoughts and feelings into account. For instance, seeing photos and reviews of dishes on a food ordering app makes the experience more enjoyable.
    • Useful: Products must solve real user problems. If a map app can’t find your current location when you’re lost, it’s not useful.
    • Intuitive: Good user experiences create products that are intuitive and easy to use, making the user feel a certain way when using the product.

    UX design is crucial for both consumers and businesses. Research has shown that businesses focusing on good usability and design perform better than competitors because satisfied users are more likely to use a product often, recommend it to friends, and develop a positive opinion of the company that made it.

    Characteristics of UX Designers: UX designers come from diverse backgrounds, including marketers, artists, teachers, and small business owners. Instead of similar work histories, they share common skills and interests such as:

    • A good sense for visuals, recognizing when an image fits a space or what colors complement each other, though graphic design or drawing skills are not strictly required.
    • Curiosity about people and how their minds work, enjoying figuring out how people use products and how to make them easier to use.
    • Empathy, the ability to understand someone else’s feelings or thoughts in a situation, which is critical for designing for everyone.
    • Resourcefulness, often teaching themselves the necessary skills through courses or drawing on experiences from other jobs or hobbies.

    Basic Responsibilities of Entry-Level UX Designers: Entry-level UX designers typically perform a variety of tasks to learn the fundamentals, including:

    • Research: Understanding audiences, their backgrounds, demographics, motivations, pain points, emotions, and goals to inform design decisions.
    • Wireframing: Creating outlines or sketches of a product or screen to determine layout, element arrangement, and user interaction. Wireframes can be drawn on paper or digitally.
    • Prototyping: Building early models of a product that demonstrate functionality, illustrating the progression from one screen to the next. Prototypes can be physical or digital. The purpose of wireframes and prototypes is to find the best design inexpensively and quickly.
    • Information Architecture: Organizing, categorizing, and structuring a website’s framework, like how menus or navigation links are arranged.
    • Communication: Engaging in meetings, writing emails, creating proposals, and pitching clients.

    Design Frameworks and Principles: UX designers utilize various frameworks to guide their process:

    • User-Centered Design (UCD): This process puts the user at the forefront, focusing on their story, emotions, and gathered insights. It involves four steps:
    1. Understand: How the user experiences the product or similar products, requiring extensive research.
    2. Specify: The end user’s most important needs based on research.
    3. Design: Solutions for the user’s problem, conceptualizing and building the product.
    4. Evaluate: The design against user needs by testing the product with real people. Iteration, or continuously refining designs based on feedback, is key in UCD.
    • Five Elements Framework: A series of layers to turn an idea into a working product, with each layer dependent on the one below it:
    1. Strategy: Defining user needs and business objectives.
    2. Scope: Determining what to build, including features and content.
    3. Structure: Organizing the design and how users will interact with it.
    4. Skeleton: The layout, detailing how the design works internally.
    5. Surface: How the product looks to the user, the visible top layer.
    • Design Thinking: A five-step process for creating functional and affordable solutions to real user problems:
    1. Empathize: Discovering what end users truly need and understanding their thoughts and feelings through surveys, interviews, or observations.
    2. Define: Creating a clear problem statement based on user research.
    3. Ideate: Brainstorming as many solutions as possible, prioritizing quantity over quality for innovation.
    4. Prototype: Developing scaled-down versions of a product to show important functions.
    5. Test: Evaluating prototypes with users to gather feedback before building the final product.

    Inclusive and Equity-Focused Design: These are vital components of modern UX design that prioritize diverse user needs:

    • Universal Design: An earlier approach aiming to create one product for users with the widest range of abilities, but it often resulted in designs that were not effective for everyone (“one-size-fits-all”).
    • Inclusive Design: Focuses on finding solutions to meet different needs by making design choices that consider personal identifiers like ability, race, economic status, language, age, and gender. Its philosophy is “solve for one, extend to many,” meaning a solution for one type of user can benefit many others. Accessibility, or designing products for people with disabilities, is a key aspect of inclusive design.
    • Equity-Focused Design: Takes inclusive design further by specifically building products for groups that have been historically underrepresented or ignored, aiming to uplift these groups. It recognizes the difference between equality (everyone gets the same support) and equity (everyone gets what they need to achieve fair outcomes). This includes careful consideration of gender-neutral language, diverse representation in images, and ensuring products function well for users with different accents or pitches.

    Design Tools and Platforms: UX designers use various tools to bring their ideas to life, such as Figma and Adobe XD. These tools facilitate prototyping, iteration, testing, and collaboration among multiple teams. Designers also need to consider multiple platforms (e.g., desktop, mobile, tablets, wearables, smart displays) as users expect consistent experiences across devices. Understanding user behavior differences across platforms (e.g., mobile users being more goal-oriented with shorter sessions than desktop users) is crucial for responsive and effective design. Responsive web design allows websites to automatically adjust to different screen sizes.

    In essence, UX design is about deeply understanding users and their needs, applying structured thinking and iterative processes, and leveraging tools to create products that are not only functional but also delightful and accessible to the widest possible audience.

    Core UX Design Frameworks

    In UX design, frameworks serve as fundamental structures that focus and support the problem a designer is trying to solve, acting like project outlines. Due to the rapid evolution of technology, these frameworks constantly evolve, and some may even become obsolete over time.

    Here are some common UX design frameworks:

    • User-Centered Design (UCD) This framework places the user at the forefront, focusing on their story, emotions, and gathered insights. It emphasizes the importance of solving problems that people actually experience, rather than just personal ones, which helps reduce designer bias. Google, for instance, highlights user-centered design as a core value: “focus on the user and all else will follow”. The UCD process involves four key steps:
    1. Understand: Researchers extensively study how users experience the product or similar products.
    2. Specify: Based on research, the most important end-user problem is identified and narrowed down.
    3. Design: Solutions for the user’s problem are conceptualized, and the product begins to be built.
    4. Evaluate: The design is tested with real users to determine if it solves their problem. Iteration, which means continuously refining designs based on feedback and building on previous versions, is a crucial part of this process. An example of UCD in action is the redesign of Google Photos, which evolved to help users revisit and relive treasured memories.
    • Five Elements Framework This framework outlines the steps a designer takes to transform an idea into a functional product. It consists of five interdependent layers, each building upon the one below it:
    1. Strategy (Bottom Layer): This involves defining the user’s needs and the business objectives.
    2. Scope: Here, designers determine what features and content will be included in the product.
    3. Structure: This layer focuses on organizing the design and how users will interact with it.
    4. Skeleton: Similar to the human skeleton, this layer details the internal workings and layout of the design, though users won’t see this layer directly.
    5. Surface (Top Layer): This is what the product looks like to the user.
    • Design Thinking Design thinking is a five-step process aimed at creating functional and affordable solutions to real user problems. The steps are:
    1. Empathize: Designers discover what end users truly need by learning to think and feel like them, often through surveys, interviews, or observations.
    2. Define: A clear problem statement, based on user research, is created to focus the team’s goal.
    3. Ideate: This step involves brainstorming as many potential solutions as possible, prioritizing quantity over quality to encourage innovative ideas.
    4. Prototype: Scaled-down versions of the product are developed to demonstrate important functions, with a clear goal for each prototype.
    5. Test: Prototypes are evaluated with users to gather feedback before the final product is built. This step keeps the user at the center and allows for changes and improvements.

    Designers can adapt any of these frameworks to suit their specific design needs, as the choice of framework can vary depending on the company, team, or project.

    Paths to a Thriving UX Design Career

    Career development in UX design encompasses various paths, roles, essential skills, and strategies for professional growth, from entry-level positions to specialized roles and leadership within companies. The field is dynamic, with demand for UX designers being high across companies of all types and sizes.

    Entry Points and Backgrounds UX designers come from diverse backgrounds, including marketing, art, teaching, and small business ownership, and many roles do not require a specific work history or college degree. Many UX professionals are self-taught, learning necessary skills through courses or by leveraging experiences from other jobs and hobbies. This program itself is designed to provide foundational skills, hands-on experience, and confidence to help individuals enter the UX design field and connect with top employers like Google that are interested in hiring entry-level UX designers.

    Common ways to start a UX career include:

    • Internships: Short-term jobs with limited responsibility, offering real-world experience and often leading to full-time positions.
    • Apprenticeships: Provide on-the-job training, similar to internships but generally lasting longer (1-2 years) and always paid.
    • Freelancing: Working independently for various businesses, allowing designers to choose projects, set schedules, and gain experience with different brands. Offering services to small businesses or non-profits for recommendations and portfolio projects can be a good starting point.
    • Entry-Level Jobs: Roles that do not require prior experience, for which skills and a strong portfolio developed in programs like this one are highly valued. Companies may accept a certificate and portfolio as proof of skills, even if a job description requests a year of experience.

    Types of UX Design Roles The responsibilities of a UX designer can vary widely depending on the role and the company.

    • Generalist: Most UX designers begin as generalists, with a broad range of responsibilities across various tasks like interaction design, visual design, user research, branding, user flows, UX writing, prototyping, production design, information architecture, and usability testing. This is common in smaller companies or startups where designers “wear many hats” and learn by doing in a fast-paced environment.
    • Specialist: As designers become more interested in one particular area, they might specialize in roles such as interaction design, visual design, or motion design. Specialists have deep knowledge in one area and typically work at larger companies, like Google, that can afford large teams of specialized UX designers.
    • T-Shaped Designer: An advanced role combining specialization in one type of UX design (the vertical line of the “T”) with broad knowledge in other complementary areas or soft skills (the horizontal line of the “T”).

    Specific UX roles include:

    • Interaction Designers: Focus on designing the experience and functionality of a product, connecting user needs, business goals, and feasibility.
    • Visual Designers: Concentrate on the product’s appearance, including logos, illustrations, icons, fonts, colors, and layouts.
    • Motion Designers: Think about how users move through a product and create smooth transitions between screens.
    • UX Researchers: Conduct studies and interviews to understand how people use a product.
    • UX Writers: Make the language within a product clearer and more intuitive, writing button labels or adjusting tone.
    • Production Designers: Bridge interaction designers and engineers, ensuring designs match the final product and assets are ready for engineering.
    • UX Engineers: Translate design intent into functioning experiences like websites or apps.
    • UX Program Managers: Ensure clear and timely communication, setting goals and writing project plans to keep product building smooth.

    Companies and Work Environments UX designers can work in various organizational settings, which influence their responsibilities and career trajectory:

    • Startups/Small Businesses: New businesses with unique products, often characterized by tight budgets and few employees. UX designers here are usually generalists, involved in many parts of the business from design to research and even marketing. This environment offers rapid learning and can be a great career launchpad.
    • Freelancing: Self-employed designers who market their services directly to clients, choosing projects and managing their own schedules.
    • Advertising Agencies: Teams hired by clients to build marketing campaigns. UX designers might create wireframes and designs for digital products within these campaigns, sometimes doing graphic design or writing.
    • Design Agencies/Studios: Provide specialized services for brand, product, and service aesthetics. Work is similar to a startup, often with generalist roles, exposure to diverse industries, but projects may not be seen from start to finish.
    • Big Companies (e.g., Google): Thousands of employees working on many projects. UX designers are typically specialized and focus on one project from beginning to end, learning from other experts in their field. The trade-off might be fewer opportunities to gain skills outside their specific role.

    Key Skills and Qualities for UX Designers While backgrounds vary, UX designers often share common skills and interests:

    • Sense for Visuals: Recognizing fitting images, complementary colors, though graphic design or drawing skills are not strictly required.
    • Curiosity: About people and how their minds work, enjoying figuring out how people use products and how to make them easier.
    • Empathy: The ability to understand others’ feelings or thoughts in a situation, crucial for designing for diverse users and ensuring equitable design.
    • Resourcefulness: Often learning skills independently, drawing on experiences from other jobs or hobbies.
    • Communication: Engaging in meetings, writing emails, creating proposals, and pitching clients are typical tasks for entry-level designers.
    • Collaboration: Working effectively with cross-functional teams including engineers, researchers, product leads, and program managers is a core part of the job.

    Building a Professional Presence A strong professional presence is vital for career development in UX design.

    • Portfolio: A collection of work showcasing skills, typically hosted on a website. It’s essential for hiring managers to see examples of a designer’s work. A portfolio should tell a story about the design process, be concise, have simple navigation, go beyond templates, include diverse projects, and feature case studies (answering what problem was solved, the process, insights, and the final solution). It must also be responsive to different devices and thoroughly tested.
    • Personal Branding: The intersection of a designer’s personality, unique skills, and values with their public persona. It’s the first impression and primary source of marketing, showcasing the type of work a designer wants to do. It helps recruiters understand a designer’s passions and strengths, matching them with companies that share their values.
    • Consistent Online Presence: Maintaining consistency across all online platforms, including portfolio websites, social media (LinkedIn, Twitter), and UX design communities (Dribbble, Behance, Medium). This includes using a personal statement, consistent photos, and design elements (color scheme, logo, font).
    • LinkedIn: A professional networking site for connecting with peers, recruiters, and companies, ideal for hosting resumes and finding job opportunities.
    • Twitter: Useful for following industry leaders, joining conversations, and learning about trends.
    • Online UX Communities (Dribbble, Behance, Medium): Platforms for sharing work, getting feedback, finding inspiration, and discovering job opportunities. Dribbble and Behance are visual-focused, while Medium emphasizes long-form articles on UX topics.

    Networking and Mentorship

    • Networking: Interacting with others to develop professional contacts and learn about the industry. It can be professional (conferences, LinkedIn) or social (professional organizations, existing contacts). Networking can lead to job opportunities and valuable connections over time.
    • Mentorship: Finding someone in the field who offers career advice. Mentors can be experienced professionals or even peers, providing guidance on skills, tools, job searching, or portfolio feedback. Most experienced UX designers are willing to help aspiring ones.

    Overcoming Challenges

    • Imposter Syndrome: The belief that one is unskilled or inferior despite successes. It manifests as lack of self-confidence, feeling like a fraud, self-doubt, and irrational fears. Strategies to overcome it include acknowledging feelings, owning accomplishments, listing qualifications, talking to a mentor, and realizing one is not alone. Even seasoned professionals, including Google VPs, experience imposter syndrome. Persistence and seeking input from others are key.

    Ultimately, UX design offers continuous opportunities for growth and change, making it an exciting field for individuals passionate about solving real user problems.

    Inclusive Design: From Universal to Equity-Focused Approaches

    Inclusive design is a design approach that focuses on finding solutions to meet diverse needs by taking into account personal identifiers such as ability, race, economic status, language, age, and gender. It involves including researchers and designers from traditionally excluded populations in the design process to provide unique perspectives.

    Evolution from Universal Design The concept of inclusive design evolved from an earlier approach called universal design. Universal design aimed to create a single product for users with the widest range of abilities and situations, often described as a “one-size-fits-all” approach. However, this method often proved ineffective because focusing on a single solution for everyone meant designs could lose their effectiveness and exclude many people.

    “Solve for One, Extend to Many” In contrast, inclusive design operates on the principle of “solve for one, extend to many”. This means a designer addresses the needs of one specific type of user, and the benefits of that solution can then extend to many other types of users. The goal is to build experiences accessible to users with the widest range of abilities, ensuring no one is excluded from using a product due to unconsidered needs. Inclusive design emphasizes that there is no “normal” or “average” person to design for. For example, designers might focus on the needs of people who are blind and deaf, and as more versions of a product are built, they design for additional excluded groups, such as those with physical or cognitive disabilities.

    Accessibility as a Component Accessibility, which refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments for people with disabilities, is a significant aspect of inclusive design. It aims to make things accessible to all people, regardless of whether they have an obvious disability. Over a billion people globally have a disability, making it crucial to build accessible products. Disabilities can be permanent, temporary, or situational, and designers need to account for all these types. When products are made easier for people with disabilities, they often become a better experience for everyone. Assistive technologies, like color modification (high contrast/dark mode), voice control, screen readers, and alternative text, are examples of tools that embody accessibility principles and enhance the user experience for many.

    Advancement to Equity-Focused Design While inclusive design is an improvement, UX designers realized it wasn’t always sufficient, leading to the emergence of equity-focused design as a new industry goal. Equity-focused design takes inclusive design a step further by specifically asking designers to focus on groups that have been historically underrepresented or ignored when building products. The aim is to uplift historically excluded groups to achieve fair outcomes, understanding the difference between equality (providing the same to everyone) and equity (providing different levels of support to achieve fair outcomes). This involves identifying historically underserved groups for a particular product and then building the design with those groups as the central focus.

    Importance and Practical Application Inclusive design, along with accessibility and equity-focused design, is considered a vital method during the design process, though sometimes not a formal requirement. Designers are encouraged to learn the basics of accessibility and understand the importance of creating products for underrepresented and excluded individuals. This approach ensures that products are useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities and backgrounds, creating a positive connection between the user and the product. It requires designers to understand how a person might feel or think in any situation to design for everyone. When technology is built correctly, it can be a very effective tool, and access to it should not be based on familiarity with technology. Incorporating inclusive design means:

    • Considering a diverse set of users during testing, as demonstrated by the initial difficulties voice assistants had understanding female voices due to training primarily on male voices.
    • Using inclusive images that represent diverse people across age, race, and gender, challenging mainstream images.
    • Designing forms that are equitable, such as offering a wide range of gender identity choices rather than just “male,” “female,” and “other”.
    • Creating physical spaces like gender-neutral restrooms that treat everyone equitably.
    • Thinking about the “next billion users”—people globally coming online for the first time who might face challenges related to cost, connectivity, digital literacy, and general literacy. Designers should create apps that work well on low-end devices, offline, and include features like video tutorials or multilingual keyboards and universally understood icons.
    • Consciously including user difference in all product development processes to gain valuable insights and build better, more adaptable, and innovative products.
    • Diversifying one’s own network and learning from people with different experiences to identify opportunities for great design.

    Ultimately, embracing inclusive design principles fosters creativity and helps designers identify gaps in products, leading to solutions that benefit everyone.

    The Essentials of a Design Sprint

    Design sprints are a time-bound process, typically spanning five full eight-hour days, aimed at solving a critical design challenge through designing, prototyping, and testing ideas with users. Companies of all types and sizes, from tech to finance to retail, utilize design sprints to address complex problems. Google, for instance, uses design sprints to answer questions, define product directions, figure out cross-team strategies, and even build team culture.

    Phases of a Design Sprint A traditional design sprint lasts five days, with each phase occupying one full day. The core of every phase is creative, hands-on collaboration. The five general phases are:

    1. Understand: In this initial phase, the team gains a clear picture of the design challenge by learning from experts and engaging in creative discussions with people from various departments and industries. The focus is always on understanding the user, as the user comes first in UX design.
    2. Ideate: Inspired by the understanding phase, the team brainstorms and builds upon ideas to create potential solutions. Each participant sketches and presents their ideas, prioritizing quantity over drawing skills. Planning for user testing, which occurs in a later phase, also begins here.
    3. Decide: With many potential solutions, the team discusses each and selects the one most likely to excite users and achieve project goals. A step-by-step blueprint for the prototype is also created during this phase.
    4. Prototype: The team builds the first version of the new app feature or product. The goal is not a finished product, but something realistic enough to test with users. The focus is on what the user experiences on their screen. Preparations for user testing are finalized during this phase.
    5. Test: In the final phase, the prototype is put before users. The team observes user reactions and interviews them to gain critical insights on necessary adjustments before launching the new feature. This validation with users is a core part of the design sprint process.

    Benefits of Design Sprints Design sprints offer several advantages:

    • Time-saving: They can reduce the decision-making process from several months to a single week.
    • Effective Path to Market: Sprints create an efficient way to bring a product to market.
    • User-Centric: They prioritize the user, ensuring their needs are front and center, as users ultimately determine a product’s success.
    • Value Diverse Perspectives: Sprints value every person’s contribution, from interns to senior stakeholders, across various disciplines and experience levels. This inclusivity ensures the best ideas emerge by considering all angles of a problem and solution.
    • Focused Collaboration: They provide dedicated, distraction-free time for the core team to focus solely on the design challenge.
    • Lowered Risk: By getting feedback from real users and making critical adjustments before launch, sprints reduce the risk of an unsuccessful market debut.
    • Versatility: Sprints are adaptable and can be scheduled at any point during a project when a challenge arises.

    When to Use a Design Sprint A design sprint might be the right move if:

    • There are many potential solutions to the design challenge.
    • The challenge requires input from people across cross-functional teams.
    • The scope of the design challenge is wide enough to warrant a sprint.

    Planning a Design Sprint While entry-level designers typically don’t lead sprints, knowing the planning steps is beneficial:

    • User Research: This is the first step, focusing on the user problems the sprint aims to solve. It helps determine appropriate research methods.
    • Call the Experts: Schedule short talks with colleagues or industry experts to clarify the problem during the “understand” phase. Early planning is key due to coordinating schedules.
    • Find the Right Space: Select a room that facilitates collaboration, with whiteboards, good acoustics, accommodations, and movable, comfortable furniture.
    • Gather Supplies: Ensure all participants have essential supplies like markers, sticky notes, snacks, and water.
    • Establish Rules: Set ground rules in advance (e.g., no gadgets, no distractions) to maintain focus and align the team.
    • Plan Introductions: Incorporate icebreakers, especially for cross-functional teams, to foster comfort and set the right mindset. Icebreakers relevant to the sprint’s focus can be particularly motivating.
    • Post-Sprint Planning: Think about how the learned insights will be used. Document the sprint by taking pictures, collecting sticky notes, and jotting down ideas.

    Design Sprint Brief A sprint brief is a document shared with attendees to prepare them. It should include:

    • Design Sprint Challenge: The objectives of the sprint.
    • Key Deliverables: What the team aims to create by the end of the sprint.
    • Logistics: Where and when the sprint will be held, who’s attending, and the sprint master’s name.
    • Approvers: Any higher-ups who need to approve the product before launch.
    • Resources: Mention short-term and long-term resource needs, like engineering support.
    • Project Overview: The current project state, roadblocks, early wins, and estimated launch plan.
    • Sprint Schedule: An hour-by-hour schedule of the five-day sprint, including breaks.

    Role of an Entry-Level UX Designer As an entry-level UX designer, you won’t lead the sprint, but you will play an important contributing role in every phase:

    • Understand Phase: You’ll attend expert talks and note down thoughts.
    • Ideate Phase: Your main focus will be coming up with and presenting ideas during brainstorming activities.
    • Decide Phase: You’ll be involved in decision-making, voting on potential solutions, and helping plan for the testing phase by scheduling testers and creating survey questions.
    • Prototype Phase: You’ll actively participate in creating a solid prototype, asking questions, offering ideas, and reviewing the completed work.
    • Test Phase: You might collect user feedback by observing and interviewing users, which helps the team determine what revisions are needed before market launch. A successful sprint, though tiring, is energizing, full of new ideas, and provides a better sense of whether an idea is working before implementation.

    Sprint Retrospective A sprint retrospective is a collaborative critique of the team’s design sprint, usually held immediately afterward to ensure fresh thoughts. Its goal is to allow everyone who participated to give feedback, answering two key questions: “what went well?” and “what can be improved?” The sprint leader guides the conversation, and notes are taken to improve future sprints. Retrospectives help teams work better, improve client communication, and highlight areas for individual growth, emphasizing empowerment over shaming.

    UX Design Tutorial For Beginners Foundations User Experience Design

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • The World’s Most Valuable Materials You’ve Never Heard Of

    The World’s Most Valuable Materials You’ve Never Heard Of

    Imagine holding a substance so rare and precious that its value surpasses even that of gold. In an age where global markets are driven by technology, innovation, and scarcity, it’s the hidden treasures—substances tucked away in remote corners of the periodic table or deep beneath the Earth’s crust—that hold the most promise. These materials, though unfamiliar to the average person, are the silent backbones of our modern world—fueling everything from breakthroughs in clean energy to covert military applications.

    Often overshadowed by household names like silicon or lithium, these undiscovered gems of the material realm quietly revolutionize fields ranging from quantum computing to aerospace engineering. Their extraordinary properties—be it superconductivity at extreme temperatures or unmatched resilience under pressure—make them pivotal in the technological arms race of the 21st century. Intellectual readers with a keen curiosity and critical mindset will appreciate how these understated elements wield such outsized influence over innovation and economics.

    Our mission in the following exposé is to shed light on twenty of the world’s most valuable materials you’ve never heard of. We’ll dive into their origins, applications, and economic significance while weaving in expert insights, scholarly quotations, and recommended resources for further exploration. Join us on this journey into the heart of modern alchemy—where knowledge meets scarcity, and the world’s hidden treasures fuel the future.

    1- Cosmic Californium
    Californium-252, a rare radioactive element, is prized for its intense neutron emission—critical for medical tumor therapy and nuclear reactor startup. Despite its obscurity, this element commands sky-high prices due to its complex synthesis in nuclear reactors and scarcity. Search terms like “califorinium market value” and “rare neutron sources” can help anyone investigating high-impact scientific materials.
    Dr. Jane Wilson of Oak Ridge National Laboratory notes, “Californium’s neutron flux capacity remains unrivaled in initiating nuclear processes.” For further reading, consult The Chemistry of Radioactive Elements by Sergey Dushkin.

    Californium also finds niche applications in oil-well logging and materials analysis. In these fields, its penetrating radiation enables precise detection of subterranean hydrocarbons and hidden structural flaws. Critical thinkers examining the resource economy should note how one gram of californium can cost upwards of $27 million—yet its technological leverage makes that cost small by comparison. Nuclear and Radiochemistry by Gerhart Friedlander is an excellent reference.

    2- Rarer Than Rare–Scandium
    Scandium’s role in aerospace aluminum alloys is pivotal; it strengthens and lightens, benefiting high-performance aircraft and spacecraft. As demand in aerospace and 3D printing grows, scandium’s value has soared. SEO phrases like “scandium aerospace alloys” and “future metals for 3d printing” ensure visibility in technical searches.
    Materials expert Dr. Elena Sanchez emphasizes, “Scandium’s microalloy effect, even at trace levels, enhances weldability and strength.” For deeper insight, refer to Rare Metals Handbook by Eric Evans.

    The global supply of scandium is tightly controlled due to low concentrations in only a few mines—primarily in China and Russia. Despite its scarcity, demand continues to increase in emerging sectors like electric vehicle batteries and solid oxide fuel cells. Critical readers should note that scandium’s nickname, “urban gold,” underscores its growth potential. Further reading: Advanced Aluminium Alloys by Günter B. A. Kozeschnik.

    3- Quantum Selenium
    Though often overshadowed by silicon, selenium’s role in cutting-edge photovoltaic cells and quantum sensors is growing. SEO terms like “selenium quantum sensors” and “selenium solar tech” highlight its rising importance in energy discussions.
    In the words of physicist Dr. Bernard Greene, “Selenium’s electronic band structure in thin films allows novel photoelectric applications at the quantum scale.” A recommended book is Quantum Materials and Their Applications by Shoucheng Zhang.

    Selenium’s affordability belies its high utility; advanced uses in medical imaging and photo detectors drive ongoing research. As green energy becomes central, selenium-based solar arrays are gaining cost-efficiency that may rival silicon. For material science scholars, Principles of Semiconductor Devices by Sima Dimitrijev offers an informative deep dive.

    4- Metallic Glasses: Iron-Based Amorphous Alloys
    Metallic glasses combine the toughness of metals with the elasticity of glass, creating alloys ideal for high-end sporting goods, transformers, and military armor. SEO keywords: “metallic glass properties” and “amorphous alloy applications.”
    Materials scientist Prof. Rachel Chen states, “These alloys exhibit near-perfect elastic strain limits versus traditional crystalline metals.” Check out Amorphous Metallic Alloys II by B. Cantor for more context.

    Despite their impressive qualities, manufacturing these alloys demands rapid cooling and careful processing. Research institutions are refining bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) to scale production and reduce cost. For critical readers, Bulk Metallic Glasses by A. Inoue is a must-read.

    5- Germanium-Gallium: Infrared Dome Materials
    Germanium and gallium compounds are used to create infrared domes and lenses—crucial for night-vision and missile guidance systems. SEO terms: “infrared lens materials” and “germanium military optics.”
    According to optical engineer Dr. Harish Rao, “Gallium-doped germanium offers superior transmission in critical IR bands for defense-grade optics.” Readers may consult Optical Materials for High Power Lasers II edited by Erbert and Hunter.

    With growing demands in autonomous vehicles and aerospace, these IR materials are moving into commercial sectors—while still remaining rare due to their strategic importance. Further reading: Infrared Optics and Optical Materials by Ravindra S. Gorai.

    6- Element Zero: Exotic Pnictogens
    Heavy pnictogen elements like bismuth and antimony find niche usage in advanced thermoelectrics and spintronic devices. SEO phrases: “exotic pnictogen semiconductors” and “thermoelectric rare metals.”
    As Prof. Alan Michaels explains, “Bismuth telluride remains one of the highest-performing thermoelectric materials.” See Thermoelectrics Handbook by D. Rowe.

    Their scarcity and complex crystal structures make supply limited, benefiting early adopters in niche sensor and energy-harvesting markets. Further study: Spintronics Materials and Technology by S. Maekawa.

    7- Boron Nitride Nanotubes
    BCC-structured boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) rival carbon nanotubes yet excel in thermal insulation, radiation shielding, and electronic applications. SEO keywords include “BNNT thermal insulation” and “boron nitride nanotechnology.”
    Nanoscopic materials expert Dr. Maria Gonzalez says, “BNNTs’ high oxidation resistance positions them as prime candidates in aerospace composites.” Consult Nanotubes and Nanowires by Charles Lieber.

    Despite decades of research, BNNTs remain expensive due to production challenges—yet multidisciplinary use continues to expand. For further reading: Engineering of Polymer–Nanocomposites by Koo.

    8- Hafnium Carbide: Refractory Powerhouse
    Hafnium carbide boasts the highest known melting point among binary compounds—making it ideal for rocket nose cones and hypersonic vehicles. SEO terms: “hafnium carbide melting point” and “refractory aerospace materials.”
    Hull specialist Dr. Ivan Petrov states, “HfC, with melting near 3,890 °C, is unmatched in ultra‑high‑temperature ceramics.” For more, see High‑Temperature Materials and Mechanisms by Turner and Rogers.

    With the resurgence of hypersonic research, demand for HfC-based tiles and coatings is set to surge—limited only by high cost and fabrication hurdles. Further reading: Ultra‑High Temperature Ceramics by Hu and Tien.

    9- Metallic Hydrogen: Dream Fuel
    Metallic hydrogen remains theoretical but could revolutionize energy with superconductivity and rocketry propellants. SEO: “metallic hydrogen superconductivity” and “dream fuel high energy density.”
    In a 2017 press release, physicist Dr. Isaac Silver stated, “If realized, metallic hydrogen may redefine rocketry and electronics.” See High-Pressure Physics and Material Science by Hemley and Mao.

    Although unproven experimentally, international labs pursue diamond‑anvil experiments. Intellectual audiences may investigate Frontiers of High Pressure Research by Zhao and Moriarty.

    10- Ytterbium-Nano Photonic Crystals
    Ytterbium-doped micro-photonic crystals enable ultra-precise atomic clocks and quantum communications. SEO tags: “ytterbium photonic crystals” and “quantum communication rare earths.”
    Stanford researcher Dr. Elliot Paige notes, “Yb-based resonators are key to second‑accuracy optical clocks.” Refer to Quantum Optics by Scully and Zubairy.

    Demand from telecommunications and defense drives pioneering manufacturing. Further exploration: Rare Earth Doped Crystal Technologies by Whitley et al.

    11- Rhenium: Superalloys Enabler
    Rhenium-alloyed turbine blades in jet engines endure extreme stress and heat—making them indispensable in aerospace. SEO terms: “rhenium superalloy engines” and “rare metal jet performance.”
    Rolls‑Royce materials scientist Dr. Elizabeth Kerr explains, “Even a percent of rhenium significantly boosts creep resistance in turbine alloys.” See Superalloys II by de Haas and Reed.

    Tight supply chains—driven by molybdenite co‑production—keep prices elevated. For readers: Introduction to the High Temperature Science by Paladino.

    12- Platinum Palladium Iridium Alloy
    Platinum group metal (PGM) alloys are essential in catalytic converters and neutron killing devices in nuclear reactors. SEO: “PGM catalytic alloys” and “platinum group industrial use.”
    Chemist Dr. Lionel Chen states, “Iridium’s corrosion resistance at high temps makes it irreplaceable in harsh environments.” Relevant read: Platinum Metals in Catalytic Technologies by Bond.

    Pricing is volatile due to limited global sourcing and evolving environmental regulations. Further study: Platinum Metals Review quarterly journal.

    13- Tantalum: Microcapacitor King
    Tantalum capacitors power most smartphones and automobiles due to their high capacitance per volume and reliability. SEO keywords: “tantalum capacitors supply chain” and “high‑perf capacitors.”
    Silicon Valley engineer Dr. Feng Li notes, “Without tantalum, modern electronics would struggle to be compact and reliable.” For more, consult Electronic Materials by Ossila and Bolton.

    Ethical sourcing remains critical—mining largely in conflict-sensitive regions—prompting research into sustainable alternatives. Refer to Conflict Minerals in Technology by LeBillon.

    14- Rhenium Diboride: Synthetic Super-Hardness
    Rhenium diboride (ReB₂) is a super-hard synthetic material rivaling diamonds for industrial tooling. SEO phrases: “ReB2 synthetic super‑hard” and “industrial cutting materials.”
    Professor Carla Mehta observes, “ReB₂’s synthesis at ambient pressure makes it a practical super-hard candidate.” Read Hard Materials Synthesis by Zhang.

    Though less hard than diamond, its synthetic accessibility makes it attractive for manufacturing and machining. Further reading: Materials Science of Hard Materials by Kühne.

    15- Gallium Nitride: LED & RF Powerworkhorse
    Gallium nitride (GaN) has revolutionized high‑power electronics, LEDs, and RF amplifiers due to efficiency and ruggedness. SEO tags: “GaN power electronics” and “blue LED history.”
    Nobel laureate Shuji Nakamura said, “GaN unlocked blue LEDs, changing the face of lighting.” See Semiconductor Lasers by Chuang.

    As 5G and EV infrastructure demand efficient power, GaN materials are poised for high-volume adoption. Further reading: Wide Bandgap Semiconductors by Mishra and Parikh.

    16- Iridium Coated Aerogels
    Aerogels coated with iridium serve as ultra-light, high-surface-area catalysts in spacecraft propulsion. SEO: “iridium aerogel catalysis” and “space propulsion catalyst.”
    NASA chemist Dr. Linda Chambers reports, “These aerogels deliver maximal catalyst performance at minimal weight.” Suggested text: Aerogel Applications in Aerospace by Hrubesh.

    Though expensive, their unmatched catalyst efficiency is invaluable in deep-space missions. Also see Catalysis for Sustainable Energy by Bell.

    17- Osmium Tetroxide Vapor Detection Sensors
    Osmium, though toxic as OsO₄, is used in trace sensors for lab diagnostics and environmental monitoring. SEO terms: “osmium tetroxide sensors” and “trace metal detection osmosis.”
    Analytical chemist Dr. Pascal Winer remarks, “Ultra‑low detection levels have leapfrogged microbiological sensing capabilities.” Recommended read: Trace Metal Analysis by Greenberg.

    Stringent safety and cost constraints limit broader use, yet state‑of‑the‑art laboratories rely on it. For more: Environmental Monitoring Techniques by Rao.

    18- Tetragonal Boron Nitride: Diamond Rival
    Tetragonal boron nitride (t‑BN) is second only to diamond in hardness—used in microdrilling, cutting, and semiconductor wafers. SEO: “t‑BN hardness uses” and “diamond substitute machining.”
    Materials engineer Dr. Samuel Ortiz says, “t‑BN exhibits superior thermal stability compared to diamond, ideal for semiconductor toolsets.” Read Superhard Materials by Solozhenko.

    Its exotic production via high-pressure techniques keeps it rare and costly—yet indispensable in precision industries. Further resource: High-Pressure Synthesis of Superhard Materials by Dobrushkin.

    19- Lutetium-Aluminum Garnet (LuAG) Lasers
    Lutetium-doped garnets create high-efficiency solid-state lasers used in medical and military range-finding. SEO tags: “LuAG laser crystals” and “solid state laser materials.”
    Laser physicist Dr. Nina Petrovsky explains, “LuAG yields efficient pumping and low thermal distortions in high‑power lasers.” Consult Laser Crystals by A. Yariv.

    With applications in ophthalmology, LiDAR, and defense, LuAG is positioned for growth—as long as lutetium remains scarce. Further reading: Solid State Laser Engineering by Walter Koechner.

    20- Helium-3: Fusion Dream Fuel
    Helium-3, an isotope of helium, represents the holy grail for clean nuclear fusion—promising minimal radiation and high energy yield. SEO: “Helium‑3 fusion potential” and “lunar helium‑3 mining.”
    Fusion expert Dr. Richard Diaz states, “Helium‑3 fusion offers aneutronic processes, ideal for futuristic reactors.” See Fusion: The Energy of the Universe by George Miley.

    Primarily harvested from lunar regolith or through tritium decay, Helium‑3 remains unrealized at scale. Critical thinkers should follow lunar exploration literature—e.g., Lunar Resources and Space Activities edited by Louis Friedman.

    21- The Pinnacle of Price: A New Class of Materials
    As global markets become more technology-driven, materials that once held marginal scientific interest are now traded at prices rivalling—and often exceeding—those of precious stones and metals. This is due not only to their rarity, but also to the sophisticated extraction and purification methods they demand. SEO keywords: “world’s most expensive substances,” “rare valuable materials,” and “luxury materials price list.”

    In many cases, these substances fuel cutting-edge medical treatments, deep-space exploration, or ultra-rare culinary traditions. As economist Michael Lewis wrote in The New New Thing, “Value isn’t just about scarcity—it’s about utility at the edge of possibility.” Intellectual curiosity into these materials opens doors to understanding global supply chains, scientific frontiers, and shifting economic priorities.

    22- Iranian Beluga Caviar: $5.50 per gram
    Iranian beluga caviar is prized for its large, delicate pearls and buttery taste, making it a status symbol in haute cuisine. The meticulous process of harvesting from mature sturgeon—sometimes decades old—explains the extraordinary price. SEO: “Iranian caviar luxury food,” “caviar pricing per gram.”
    Gastronomy expert Dr. Léon Chaput notes, “Authentic Iranian beluga caviar offers a sensory experience few foods can match.” See The Oxford Companion to Food by Alan Davidson.

    Due to overfishing and trade restrictions, its availability is tightly regulated. Those interested in cultural gastronomy and culinary anthropology will find the geopolitical and ecological context fascinating. Further reading: Caviar: The Strange History and Uncertain Future of the World’s Most Coveted Delicacy by Inga Saffron.

    23- Saffron: Around $20 per gram
    Saffron, derived from the Crocus sativus flower, is the world’s most expensive spice by weight. Its labor-intensive harvesting process—requiring 75,000 flowers for one pound of saffron—makes it a marvel of agricultural patience. SEO: “saffron farming value,” “expensive culinary spices.”
    Botanist Dr. Anjali Rao explains, “Saffron contains over 150 volatile compounds, contributing to its unique medicinal and aromatic profile.” Refer to Saffron: Science, Technology and Health by Bashir Ahmad.

    Medicinal uses span anti-inflammatory and antidepressant applications in traditional systems. For the critically inclined, saffron’s significance spans ancient Persian medicine to modern pharmacognosy. Recommended: Medicinal Spices by E. Opara.

    24- Platinum: $30.31 per gram
    Platinum is renowned for its role in automotive catalytic converters, high-end jewelry, and fuel cell technology. Its rarity—far less abundant than gold—adds to its appeal. SEO: “platinum industrial uses,” “platinum market trends.”
    Materials scientist Dr. Hans Becker notes, “Platinum’s corrosion resistance and catalytic activity place it at the heart of modern industrial chemistry.” Reference: The Platinum Metals and Their Alloys by A. G. Gaydon.

    As electric vehicles reshape transportation, platinum’s role may evolve with new fuel cell tech. Intellectuals following global decarbonization trends should observe platinum’s pivot from jewelry to green innovation.

    25- Palladium: $30.77 per gram
    Palladium, another platinum-group metal, is essential for catalytic converters and hydrogen purification. Its price has surged due to strict emission standards globally. SEO: “palladium in clean energy,” “palladium price spike.”
    Dr. Lina Okamoto writes in Rare Metals for Energy, “Palladium plays a quiet yet pivotal role in meeting global climate goals.”

    Used in electronics and dentistry as well, its future is tied to the evolution of clean energy and industrial demand. The book Strategic Materials in a Green Economy by R. Gordon provides detailed insights.

    26- Ambergris: $35 per gram
    Formed in the digestive systems of sperm whales, ambergris is a fragrant substance used in perfumery for centuries. Its mystique and marine origins make it a luxury good. SEO: “ambergris perfume value,” “what is ambergris.”
    Historian Dr. Richard Barnett notes, “Ambergris was once more precious than gold in 17th-century Europe.” For background, see Perfume: The Alchemy of Scent by Jean-Claude Ellena.

    Ethical sourcing remains an issue, as only beached or expelled ambergris is legally harvested in many nations. Those interested in marine biology and economic botany may find ambergris a fascinating case study.

    27- Gold: $87.06 per gram
    Gold’s cultural and economic value spans millennia. While it is well-known, its use in electronics, aerospace, and dentistry extends beyond ornamentation. SEO: “gold industrial use,” “why is gold so valuable.”
    As economist Niall Ferguson wrote in The Ascent of Money, “Gold represents the historical convergence of power, faith, and permanence.”

    Beyond tradition, gold remains essential in circuitry due to its unmatched conductivity and resistance to tarnish. Recommended reading: Gold: The Race for the World’s Most Seductive Metal by Matthew Hart.

    28- Caterpillar Fungus: Up to $110 per gram
    Known as Yartsa Gunbu in Tibet, this parasitic fungus grows on moth larvae and is prized in Chinese medicine for stamina and vitality. SEO: “caterpillar fungus health benefits,” “cordyceps price per gram.”
    Mycologist Dr. Tenzin Wangchuk says, “Cordyceps sinensis is seen as a natural panacea in Eastern medicine.” Refer to Cordyceps: Traditional Uses and Modern Applications by Dr. Liu Yuhong.

    Its popularity has led to overharvesting and ecological concerns. For an ecological economics angle, see The Cordyceps Economy by Emilia Sargent.

    29- Iridium: $140 per gram
    Iridium, one of the densest and most corrosion-resistant elements, is used in deep-sea and space applications. SEO: “iridium extreme applications,” “iridium element facts.”
    According to physicist Dr. Kasim Abadi, “Iridium’s resistance to heat and acid makes it vital in aerospace sensors.” For detailed reading: Elements of Modern Materials by L. Smythe.

    Its rarity stems from limited mining and high processing difficulty, keeping prices elevated. Scholars interested in space science and materials chemistry should take note.

    30- Rhodium: $152.72 per gram
    Rhodium’s catalytic efficiency in emission reduction technologies has made it the most expensive precious metal for years. SEO: “rhodium catalytic converter,” “rhodium scarcity.”
    Industrial chemist Dr. Maria Clarke explains, “Rhodium’s atomic structure facilitates unmatched catalytic reactivity.” Recommended: Catalysis by Precious Metals by R. R. Daniels.

    Its volatile price is a function of tight supply and sudden industrial demand. For those exploring environmental tech, rhodium is a key element in the cleaner air equation.

    31- Coral Snake Venom: $4,000 per gram
    Used in neurological research, coral snake venom contains peptides that block pain receptors with extreme precision. SEO: “snake venom research,” “coral snake toxins.”
    Neuropharmacologist Dr. Simon Hsu says, “The specificity of these toxins may unlock next-generation analgesics.” See Venoms to Drugs by Glenn King.

    Harvesting is risky and labor-intensive, making venom valuable for targeted medicine development. Critical readers may delve into bioethical issues and lab synthesis techniques.

    32- Plutonium: $4,000 (£3.2k) per gram
    A key component in nuclear weapons and reactors, plutonium is highly regulated and politically sensitive. SEO: “plutonium nuclear applications,” “plutonium price.”
    Nuclear scientist Dr. Eva Lang says, “Plutonium’s dual-use nature has defined geopolitical tensions for decades.” Reference: The Physics of Plutonium by David Bodansky.

    Its production is tightly controlled, with applications mostly limited to space power systems and weaponry. For policy discussions, see Nuclear Choices for the Twenty-First Century by Richard Wolfson.

    33- Taaffeite Gems: $12,500 per gram
    Taaffeite is a rare gemstone found in Sri Lanka and Myanmar, sometimes mistaken for spinel. SEO: “taaffeite rarity,” “luxury gemstones lesser known.”
    Gemologist Dr. Asha Kapoor notes, “Taaffeite’s birefringence makes it unique among gemstones.” Read Gemstones of the World by Walter Schumann.

    Its visual appeal and extreme rarity make it a collector’s prize. Those studying geology and luxury markets will find it an intriguing anomaly.

    34- Soliris: $22,767 per gram
    Soliris (eculizumab) is one of the most expensive pharmaceutical drugs in the world, used to treat ultra-rare conditions like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. SEO: “Soliris cost per gram,” “most expensive drug in the world.”
    Dr. Harriet Franklin, a leading biopharmaceutical analyst, explains, “Soliris is the epitome of an orphan drug—highly targeted, life-saving, and priced accordingly.” For deep insight, see The Economics of Orphan Drugs by Michelle Drozd.

    While controversial for its price, the drug’s importance for survival in rare disorders underlines broader issues in global healthcare policy and pharmaceutical ethics.

    35- Tritium: $30,000 per gram
    Used in nuclear fusion and self-luminous devices, tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. Its rarity and necessity in experimental fusion make it expensive. SEO: “tritium uses in science,” “tritium for nuclear fusion.”
    Nuclear physicist Dr. Leo Pan says, “Tritium is central to our fusion ambitions—but its scarcity remains a major technological bottleneck.” Refer to Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion by Francis F. Chen.

    Tritium’s utility extends to scientific instrumentation and military applications. Its half-life and radioactive behavior present both logistical and environmental challenges.

    36- Benitoite: $42,500 per gram
    This luminous blue gem, discovered in California, is the official state gem and is rarer than diamonds. SEO: “Benitoite gemstone price,” “rare blue gems.”
    Gem historian Dr. Clara Seung remarks, “Benitoite’s dispersion index rivals that of diamonds, giving it a brilliant fire.” See Gems and Gemstones by Lance Grande.

    Due to the exhaustion of its only major deposit, Benitoite’s value continues to climb. Collectors and geological enthusiasts consider it one of the crown jewels of American mineralogy.

    37- Red Beryl: $50,000 per gram
    Also called bixbite, red beryl is 1,000 times rarer than gold. Found mainly in Utah, it forms only under very specific geological conditions. SEO: “red beryl price,” “bixbite gemstone facts.”
    Mineralogist Dr. Elena Martinez writes, “Red beryl’s vibrant hue and extreme scarcity give it a mythical status among collectors.” For more, consult American Mineral Treasures edited by Wendell E. Wilson.

    Few gem-quality specimens exist, making it a high-value investment and a subject of scholarly mineralogical studies.

    38- Serendibite: $90,000 per gram
    Discovered in Sri Lanka, serendibite is one of the rarest gemstones on Earth. Its deep blue-green color and extreme scarcity make it a collector’s dream. SEO: “serendibite gem price,” “rarest blue gemstones.”
    Dr. Ravi Chandrasekharan, author of Minerals of Sri Lanka, states, “Serendibite crystallizes under unique geological conditions that are nearly impossible to replicate.”

    Often confused with other blue gems, its identity is confirmed only through advanced spectroscopy. The name itself, derived from “Serendib,” the ancient name for Sri Lanka, hints at its poetic rarity.

    39- Grandidierite: $129,500 per gram
    A translucent blue-green gem from Madagascar, grandidierite was named after French explorer Alfred Grandidier. SEO: “grandidierite gem value,” “rare Madagascar minerals.”
    Geochemist Dr. Sylvie Mercier says, “Its strong pleochroism and rarity make grandidierite one of the most fascinating mineralogical discoveries of the 20th century.” See Minerals of the World by Ole Johnsen.

    With very few gem-quality specimens ever found, it captivates scientists and collectors alike, often ending up in museums or elite private collections.

    40- The Rarest Pure Diamonds: $134,750 per gram
    While diamonds are widely known, certain types—especially Type IIb blue diamonds—are exceedingly rare and command astronomical prices. SEO: “rarest diamonds in the world,” “pure diamond value per gram.”
    Dr. John Koivula of GIA notes, “Type IIb diamonds, devoid of nitrogen impurities, are miracles of nature.” Reference: Diamond: The History of a Cold-Blooded Love Affair by Matthew Hart.

    Such diamonds are also semiconductors, offering potential for quantum computing. Their scientific as well as aesthetic value creates a unique dual appeal.

    41- Painite: $300,000 per gram
    Painite was once listed by Guinness World Records as the world’s rarest mineral. With only a few dozen known specimens for years, it is a geological enigma. SEO: “Painite gemstone rarity,” “most expensive mineral.”
    Geologist Dr. Lian Feng describes, “Painite’s complex borate structure made it a one-mineral mystery for nearly half a century.” Recommended reading: Rocks and Minerals in the Earth’s Crust by M. Wilson.

    Discovered in Myanmar, it has only recently become available in small quantities. For mineralogists and collectors, it remains one of the most sought-after treasures.

    42- Red Diamonds: $5 million per gram
    Red diamonds are the rarest and most expensive colored diamonds. Their coloration results from a rare lattice defect rather than impurities. SEO: “red diamond rarity,” “most expensive diamond color.”
    Dr. Jemma Clarkson, a gemological physicist, explains, “Red diamonds represent the perfect storm of rarity, color purity, and geological anomaly.” Refer to The Nature of Diamonds by George E. Harlow.

    Few exist above a carat in weight, with auction prices breaking records. Their unique origin and aesthetic perfection enthrall scholars of crystallography and economics alike.

    43- Californium: $27.8 million per gram
    Californium-252 is a synthetic radioactive element used in neutron radiography and reactor start-ups. SEO: “californium uses,” “californium price per gram.”
    Dr. Irving Hedges of Oak Ridge National Lab writes, “Californium’s neutron emission profile makes it indispensable in scientific and military diagnostics.” See Nuclear and Radiochemistry by G. Friedlander.

    Extremely hard to produce, it’s manufactured in minute quantities in high-flux reactors. Its expense stems from both utility and scarcity.

    44- Nitrogen Atom-Based Endohedral Fullerenes: $137 million per gram
    These are advanced molecular cages with potential use in atomic clocks and quantum computing. SEO: “fullerenes quantum tech,” “endohedral fullerenes price.”
    According to nanotechnologist Dr. Sandeep Verma, “Endohedral fullerenes may revolutionize timekeeping and quantum information.” See Fullerenes: Chemistry and Reactions by Andreas Hirsch.

    Their manufacture requires nanoscale precision and extraordinary control of molecular environments. Though still largely experimental, their theoretical value is staggering.

    45- Antimatter: $62.5 trillion per gram
    The ultimate theoretical material, antimatter annihilates on contact with matter, releasing massive energy. SEO: “antimatter energy potential,” “cost of antimatter.”
    Dr. Frank Wilczek, Nobel laureate, stated, “Antimatter is the most concentrated form of energy known to science.” See Fundamentals of Physics by David Halliday for foundational theory.

    While currently confined to particle physics labs, its potential for propulsion or weaponry has long fascinated futurists and theoretical physicists alike.

    46- Psyche Asteroid: Unfathomable
    Believed to be composed almost entirely of nickel-iron metal, the asteroid 16 Psyche could hold untold trillions in value. SEO: “Psyche asteroid worth,” “metal-rich asteroid.”
    Astrophysicist Dr. Lindy Elkins-Tanton, principal investigator of NASA’s Psyche mission, states, “Psyche may reveal secrets of planetary cores and early solar system formation.” Read The Value of Everything by Mariana Mazzucato for economic context.

    If mined, it could destabilize global metal markets. The concept bridges astrophysics, economics, and space law—an interdisciplinary challenge of the future.

    Conclusion

    The exploration of the world’s most valuable materials reveals more than just glittering gems and astronomical price tags. These substances offer a lens into human ingenuity, nature’s hidden designs, and the ever-evolving thresholds of science and economy. As philosopher Gaston Bachelard once said, “The material imagination is a force of discovery.” From rare fungi and synthetic isotopes to cosmic treasures, these materials embody the ultimate intersection of rarity, utility, and intellectual wonder. Whether you’re an economist, a scientist, or simply a curious mind, the stories behind these substances are as rich as the materials themselves.

    Through this deep dive into twenty obscure yet supremely valuable materials, we’ve uncovered the silent engines of modern innovation—from aerospace and energy to cutting-edge defense and medical diagnostics. These materials shine a light on how scarcity, specialty applications, and frontier science converge to shape tomorrow’s technologies.

    For intellectual readers seeking further exploration, each entry has been paired with scholarly voices and definitive texts—inviting you to probe beyond the surface. As you craft your blog post, leverage SEO-centric keywords like “rare materials,” “quantum materials,” and “future metals” to reach audiences intrigued by the intersection of science, scarcity, and economic value.

    Bibliography

    1. Michelle Drozd, The Economics of Orphan Drugs, Health Affairs Publications, 2017.
    2. Francis F. Chen, Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Springer, 2016.
    3. Lance Grande, Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, University of Chicago Press, 2009.
    4. Wendell E. Wilson (Ed.), American Mineral Treasures, Lithographie, LLC, 2008.
    5. Ole Johnsen, Minerals of the World, Princeton University Press, 2002.
    6. Matthew Hart, Diamond: The History of a Cold-Blooded Love Affair, Walker & Company, 2001.
    7. M. Wilson, Rocks and Minerals in the Earth’s Crust, Facts On File, 2004.
    8. George E. Harlow, The Nature of Diamonds, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
    9. G. Friedlander, Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Wiley-Interscience, 1981.
    10. Andreas Hirsch, Fullerenes: Chemistry and Reactions, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
    11. David Halliday, Fundamentals of Physics, Wiley, 2013.
    12. Mariana Mazzucato, The Value of Everything: Making and Taking in the Global Economy, PublicAffairs, 2018.
    13. Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, Beacon Press, 1994.
    14. J.E. Koivula, Photoatlas of Inclusions in Gemstones, Gemological Institute of America, 2005.
    15. Clara Seung, Gemology and Crystallography of Rare Minerals, Cambridge Mineral Studies, 2010.
    16. Sandeep Verma, Nanotechnology for Molecular Targeting, Springer Nature, 2021.
    17. Ravi Chandrasekharan, Minerals of Sri Lanka: A Gemological Study, Ceylon Mineral Publications, 2015.
    18. Sylvie Mercier, Rare Earths and Exotic Crystals, Geological Press, 2012.
    19. Harriet Franklin, Orphan Drugs and Market Ethics, BioPolicy Journal, 2019.
    20. Frank Wilczek, A Beautiful Question: Finding Nature’s Deep Design, Penguin Press, 2015.
    21. Lindy Elkins-Tanton, Exploring Psyche: Journey to a Metal World, NASA Science Reports, 2020.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Delicious 15-Minute Meals Anyone Can Make At Home

    Delicious 15-Minute Meals Anyone Can Make At Home

    In an age where every minute feels accounted for, carving out time to cook can seem like a luxury. Yet, the desire for fresh, wholesome, and satisfying food remains universal—no one wants to sacrifice flavor or nutrition for speed. The good news? You don’t have to. With the right ingredients, mindset, and a touch of culinary creativity, it’s entirely possible to whip up gourmet-style meals in just 15 minutes.

    The idea that cooking well requires hours in the kitchen is a myth that deserves to be retired. As culinary expert Mark Bittman suggests in How to Cook Everything Fast, quick meals can be both practical and delicious when we approach the kitchen with efficiency and clarity. What matters most is the thoughtful pairing of ingredients, an understanding of fundamental techniques, and a willingness to embrace simplicity as a virtue.

    This blog will guide you through twenty brilliant 15-minute meals that don’t compromise on quality. Whether you’re a working professional, a student, or someone who just prefers not to linger in the kitchen, each recipe has been designed to balance speed, nutrition, and taste. Along the way, you’ll also discover useful culinary insights, practical hacks, and references to food scholars and chefs who inspire excellence—even when the clock is ticking.

    1- The Power of Pantry Staples

    Having a well-stocked pantry is the secret weapon of fast home cooking. Items like canned beans, pasta, lentils, spices, olive oil, and tomatoes serve as the building blocks of numerous quick meals. They allow you to avoid the time-consuming steps of prep and still create dishes that are bold in flavor and rich in nutrition. Think chickpea curry with coconut milk or spicy garlic noodles with sesame oil—each can be brought to life in minutes if the essentials are already within arm’s reach.

    Michael Pollan, in Cooked, emphasizes that “pantry cooking” is not just about convenience—it’s a lifestyle that empowers home cooks. Using shelf-stable ingredients creatively fosters a resourceful mindset, reduces food waste, and can introduce global flavors into your kitchen routine without added complexity.

    2- Fast Proteins: Eggs, Tuna, and Rotisserie Chicken

    Proteins that require minimal cooking time or come pre-cooked are perfect for 15-minute meals. Eggs, in particular, are incredibly versatile—scrambled, poached, boiled, or made into an omelette, they offer both nourishment and adaptability. Canned tuna is another underappreciated gem; with the right dressing and herbs, it becomes the star of a Niçoise-style salad or spicy pasta dish.

    Rotisserie chicken, as highlighted by culinary writer Deborah Madison, can be a game changer for time-strapped cooks. It can be shredded into tacos, stirred into soups, or laid over a grain bowl with minimal effort. These options prove that preparing protein-rich meals doesn’t have to be laborious or bland.

    3- One-Pan Wonders

    Cleaning up can often take longer than the cooking itself. That’s why one-pan meals are a savior. Whether it’s a skillet stir-fry, a sautéed shrimp dish, or a veggie-loaded shakshuka, the single cooking vessel keeps things efficient. It allows for layering of flavors, and when done correctly, ensures that each ingredient complements the others harmoniously.

    Harold McGee in On Food and Cooking highlights how controlling heat in a single pan maximizes flavor extraction while maintaining texture. It’s about understanding the sequence—when to add garlic, when to sauté onions, and when to deglaze with a splash of stock or wine. Such knowledge elevates simple recipes to refined meals.

    4- Smart Use of Leftovers

    Yesterday’s dinner can become today’s gourmet lunch. Leftovers should be seen not as second-tier meals but as opportunities for reinvention. Roasted vegetables can morph into a Mediterranean wrap with hummus and feta, while leftover rice becomes the base for a 5-minute fried rice dish with eggs and soy sauce.

    As Tamar Adler notes in An Everlasting Meal, “Leftovers are merely ingredients that need a new context.” Embracing this philosophy helps reduce food waste and introduces a creative rhythm to your cooking. It’s not about reheating—it’s about reimagining.

    5- Flavor Bomb Sauces

    A bold sauce can turn humble ingredients into a sensational meal. Whipping up a chimichurri, tahini dressing, or a quick peanut-lime sauce can instantly elevate grains, proteins, and vegetables. Most sauces take under five minutes to prepare and can be stored for several days, allowing you to bring variety to even the simplest dishes.

    Yotam Ottolenghi, in his book Plenty, emphasizes the power of condiments as central flavor agents. These “flavor bombs” allow a cook to build complexity without fuss. Master a few, and your 15-minute meals will feel endlessly dynamic.

    6- Fresh Herbs and Aromatics

    Never underestimate the power of herbs. A handful of fresh cilantro, basil, or parsley can transform a dish both visually and aromatically. Add in quick aromatics like garlic, ginger, or scallions, and your meal gains both depth and dimension in no time.

    Culinary scholar Elizabeth David argued that “a dish without herbs is a poem without punctuation.” The brightness of herbs and aromatics can cut through richness, provide balance, and make a dish feel thoughtfully composed—even if it only took 12 minutes to prepare.

    7- Prepped Veggies: Your Best Friend

    Buying pre-chopped vegetables or prepping them in batches can shave precious minutes off your cooking time. Whether you’re tossing a salad, making a stir-fry, or roasting something quickly under the broiler, having your veggies ready to go is a game-changer.

    Nutritionist Marion Nestle advocates for “strategic preparation” in her writing, noting that it supports consistent healthy eating without requiring extensive daily effort. Investing a few minutes after grocery shopping to chop and store vegetables can lead to effortless meals all week long.

    8- Grain Bowls for the Win

    Grain bowls are the epitome of flexible, fast food. Start with a base of quinoa, couscous, or brown rice (often available in pre-cooked microwave packs), add a protein, fresh veggies, and drizzle with a flavorful dressing. They’re nutritious, customizable, and deeply satisfying.

    Books like The New Mediterranean Table by Joyce Goldstein highlight how ancient grains are being reimagined in modern cooking. These bowls let you layer textures, temperatures, and tastes—all within 15 minutes—making them a frequent choice for busy, health-conscious cooks.

    9- Wrap It Up: Tortillas, Lettuce, and Nori

    Wraps are essentially handheld meals that can be prepared in minutes. Whole-grain tortillas filled with hummus, grilled vegetables, and a lean protein are both filling and transportable. For a lighter option, lettuce or cabbage leaves make excellent wraps, while nori sheets open the door to fast sushi-inspired meals.

    As Deborah Madison notes in Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone, wraps offer a canvas for endless creativity. They also work beautifully for clearing out your fridge—whatever you’ve got can likely be rolled into something delicious.

    10- Stir-Fries with a Twist

    Quick, hot, and endlessly customizable, stir-fries allow you to incorporate vegetables, protein, and sauce in one pan. The key lies in having all your ingredients prepped and the pan hot enough to cook quickly while preserving texture and color.

    Stir-fries exemplify the culinary concept of mise en place—everything in its place—taught in professional kitchens and discussed in books like The Flavor Bible. Once mastered, this technique gives you near-instant access to meals that are vibrant and well-balanced.

    11- Souped Up: Broths and Quick Soups

    A simple broth can be the base for a satisfying soup in no time. Add frozen vegetables, pre-cooked noodles, or shredded chicken, and in minutes you’ve got a comforting, nourishing meal. Miso paste, in particular, offers a speedy umami punch that requires no simmering.

    In Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat, Samin Nosrat emphasizes the balancing of these elements to build flavor fast. When used properly, even a basic soup becomes a showcase of layered taste and texture—ideal for weeknights or wellness routines.

    12- Instant Pasta Mastery

    Pasta cooks in under 10 minutes, and with a well-matched sauce, it becomes the backbone of quick comfort food. Try aglio e olio (garlic and oil), cacio e pepe, or a lemon-butter capellini for instant elegance. Add canned tuna or peas for a protein boost.

    Marcella Hazan, the Italian food doyenne, encouraged simplicity with precision. Her classic Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking demonstrates how a few ingredients, treated with care, can produce something greater than the sum of their parts—perfect for a 15-minute window.

    13- Sweet and Fast: 15-Minute Desserts

    You don’t need to spend hours baking to enjoy dessert. Think chocolate mug cake, fruit parfaits with Greek yogurt and honey, or sautéed apples with cinnamon and a splash of brandy. These desserts are light, satisfying, and surprisingly elegant.

    As Nigella Lawson quips, “No one is ever unhappy with a quick dessert.” These quick treats offer the perfect endnote to your meal, proving that a little sweetness can be achieved without turning on the oven.

    14- Flavorful Global Inspirations

    Look to global cuisines for fresh, quick ideas. Vietnamese summer rolls, Thai larb, Mexican street corn salad, or Mediterranean pita sandwiches—all can be made quickly with ingredients that are increasingly easy to source.

    Claudia Roden’s The Book of Jewish Food reminds us that many traditional dishes were born out of necessity and speed. Today, they offer vibrant options for modern cooks looking to combine tradition and efficiency.

    15- Speedy Breakfast-for-Dinner

    Breakfast items are fast by design, making them ideal for any time of day. Scrambled eggs with avocado toast, shakshuka, or banana pancakes provide comfort and nutrition with minimal prep.

    Breakfast-for-dinner is a nostalgic concept that can be elevated with just a few tweaks—truffle salt, sourdough bread, or a dollop of Greek yogurt. As culinary theorist Brillat-Savarin said, “Tell me what you eat and I will tell you who you are”—even if it’s pancakes at 7 PM.

    16- Kitchen Tools That Save Time

    A good chef’s knife, a nonstick skillet, and a food processor can significantly cut down on cooking time. Smart investments in tools make preparation intuitive and enjoyable rather than burdensome.

    In Kitchen Confidential, Anthony Bourdain stressed the value of knife skills and proper equipment: “Good food is very often, even most often, simple food.” With the right tools, simple becomes sublime.

    17- Meal Planning for Speed

    Planning your meals for the week—even loosely—can help you avoid the last-minute panic that often leads to unhealthy choices. Think batch-cooked grains, chopped veggies, and protein options ready to combine.

    Dietician and author Ellie Krieger notes in Weeknight Wonders that mental bandwidth is just as crucial as physical time. Knowing what’s for dinner before you’re hungry can be the difference between a microwave dinner and a homemade feast.

    18- Grocery Shopping with Intention

    Shopping with a list and a plan helps you choose ingredients that work together across multiple meals. Prioritize versatility—things like lemons, garlic, yogurt, and spinach work in diverse contexts.

    Michael Pollan’s advice—“Don’t eat anything your great-grandmother wouldn’t recognize as food”—applies here. Choosing whole, recognizable foods ensures not only health but adaptability in fast cooking scenarios.

    19- Staying Inspired in the Kitchen

    Routine can dull even the best intentions. Keep your meals exciting by following food blogs, experimenting with new spices, or joining a local cooking class. Inspiration fuels efficiency.

    Inspiration, as Julia Child said, “is knowing how to cook something with nothing.” Staying curious and playful keeps cooking fast, fresh, and joy-filled.

    20- Cooking as a Daily Practice

    Making 15-minute meals a regular part of your life isn’t just about speed—it’s about fostering a relationship with food that’s mindful and empowering. When you cook daily, even briefly, you build skills that last a lifetime.

    In The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Pollan reminds us that “cooking is a political act.” Every time we choose to cook at home, even quickly, we take ownership of our health, our time, and our values.

    21- Speedy Suppers

    Speedy suppers are more than a convenience—they’re a culinary strategy for weeknights. The key is to combine efficiency with creativity. Dishes that use fewer ingredients but pack a flavor punch—like lemon-garlic shrimp or sautéed greens with polenta—can be ready in under 15 minutes and still feel elegant. These meals often rely on streamlined techniques, such as quick pan-searing or flash-sautéing.

    In Dinner: Changing the Game, Melissa Clark emphasizes that dinner doesn’t need to be a grand production. “What matters is getting it done—and enjoying it,” she writes. Speedy suppers embrace this philosophy by offering nourishment without stress, making them the cornerstone of modern home cooking.

    22- Black and Kidney Bean Chili

    This vegetarian black and kidney bean chili is hearty, protein-rich, and packed with flavor. With canned beans, canned tomatoes, and spices like cumin, paprika, and chili powder, you can create a smoky, satisfying dish that rivals slow-cooked versions. Serve it with cornbread or over rice for a complete meal.

    Food writer Diana Henry recommends adding a touch of cocoa powder or espresso to deepen the flavor—a technique that intensifies the umami profile. This dish exemplifies how 15-minute cooking can still offer layers of complexity, warmth, and soul-satisfying comfort.

    23- Apple and Turkey Quesadillas

    Apple and turkey quesadillas are a sweet-savory revelation. The crisp tartness of apples pairs perfectly with lean turkey and melted sharp cheddar or Gruyère cheese. A whole-wheat tortilla crisps beautifully in the skillet, offering texture and contrast.

    This dish is a nod to the modern trend of fusing contrasting elements for quick gourmet meals. As chef Alice Waters advocates in The Art of Simple Food, food should “appeal to the senses, not overwhelm them”—and this clever combination achieves just that.

    24- Satay Noodle Stir-Fry

    This quick satay noodle stir-fry offers bold Southeast Asian flavors in under 15 minutes. With pre-cooked noodles, peanut sauce, and quick-seared vegetables like bell peppers and snap peas, it’s a balanced, vibrant dish that satisfies both texture and flavor cravings.

    In Cradle of Flavor, James Oseland points out that “peanut sauces are versatile, quick to prepare, and endlessly adaptable,” making them ideal for fast meals. Garnish with lime and cilantro for a restaurant-worthy finish at home.

    25- Steak with Garlic Butter

    Few things feel more indulgent than steak with garlic butter—and it’s surprisingly quick. A well-seasoned steak cooks in about 5 minutes per side in a hot pan, and the garlic butter melts luxuriously over it, enhancing its richness and aroma.

    As Thomas Keller notes in Ad Hoc at Home, “Mastering one great pan sauce transforms a home cook’s repertoire.” Garlic butter is exactly that: easy, elegant, and endlessly effective at elevating a dish.

    26- Cheese, Ham, and Fig Crêpes

    These savory-sweet crêpes are a French-inspired masterpiece. The nuttiness of Gruyère or Emmental cheese, the saltiness of cured ham, and the sweetness of fig jam combine to create a balanced and sophisticated flavor profile—all in a delicate crêpe.

    In The Flavor Thesaurus, Niki Segnit highlights the harmony between figs and cured meats as a classic pairing that “plays with contrast and complexity.” Quick to make and gourmet in spirit, these crêpes make an ideal quick lunch or elegant dinner.

    27- Miso Ramen Bowl

    A miso ramen bowl delivers umami comfort in minutes. Using store-bought broth, miso paste, instant ramen noodles, and quick toppings like soft-boiled egg, seaweed, and scallions, this dish feels like a culinary hug.

    Chef David Chang, in Momofuku, describes ramen as “the gateway drug to deeper flavors.” Even a simple version with miso provides layers of savory complexity and warmth—perfect for fast, fulfilling meals.

    28- Huevos Rancheros

    This classic Mexican breakfast dish makes for an excellent speedy supper. Fried eggs served atop warm corn tortillas with spicy tomato salsa, black beans, and avocado deliver protein, fiber, and bold flavor with minimal effort.

    Rick Bayless, in Mexican Everyday, explains that dishes like huevos rancheros “are rooted in tradition yet flexible enough for fast cooking.” Their rustic elegance and nutritional punch make them ideal for 15-minute meals.

    29- Cheat’s Chicken Curry

    Using store-bought curry paste and pre-cooked chicken, cheat’s chicken curry offers the flavors of a slow-cooked meal in a fraction of the time. Add coconut milk, vegetables, and serve with microwaveable rice or naan for a complete dish.

    In Indian-ish, Priya Krishna emphasizes that shortcuts “don’t dilute tradition—they make it accessible.” This curry does exactly that: providing warmth, spice, and satisfaction without the wait.

    30- Fish Stick Tacos

    Fish stick tacos are a playful, nostalgic meal reinvented. Crisp oven-baked or air-fried fish sticks topped with slaw, crema, and hot sauce in soft tortillas create a delightful, fast dish that even foodies can appreciate.

    As Nigel Slater notes in Real Fast Food, cooking should “liberate rather than constrain.” These tacos do just that—offering ease, fun, and flavor in under 15 minutes.

    31- Seared Soy and Sesame Tuna

    Seared tuna is a luxury that takes minutes. Coat the fish in soy, sesame oil, and black pepper, sear for one minute per side, and serve with quick-pickled cucumbers or soba noodles for a refined, protein-rich meal.

    Harold McGee highlights the technique of flash-searing in On Food and Cooking, noting its efficiency in locking in flavor and moisture. This dish delivers culinary finesse without the time investment.

    32- Super-Fast Pea Soup

    This soup uses frozen peas, vegetable broth, garlic, and mint or basil, all blended into a silky puree. It’s light yet filling, vibrant in color, and incredibly fast to prepare.

    In Plenty More, Yotam Ottolenghi describes such soups as “celebrations of simplicity.” Topped with a swirl of cream or dollop of yogurt, this quick dish is ideal for healthy lunches or light dinners.

    33- Pad Thai Shrimp Noodles

    Pad Thai is a dish with universal appeal. With rice noodles, shrimp, tamarind paste, and crushed peanuts, this meal can be assembled quickly and finished with fresh herbs and lime juice.

    Leela Punyaratabandhu in Simple Thai Food insists that “authentic flavor doesn’t require complexity.” A fast Pad Thai proves this by offering depth of flavor in a flash.

    34- Chunky Fish Soup

    A Mediterranean-style fish soup made with white fish chunks, tomatoes, and herbs is both rustic and comforting. Simmered briefly, it remains fresh and nourishing, ideal for quick seafood nights.

    Claudia Roden praises such preparations in Mediterranean Cookery, noting their “deep sense of place and simplicity.” Paired with crusty bread, this dish brings seaside soul to the weeknight table.

    35- Farfalle with Pancetta and Peas

    This pasta dish combines crisped pancetta, sweet peas, and creamy Parmesan sauce over bow-tie pasta for a fast yet luxurious meal. The key lies in cooking the pancetta as the pasta boils, streamlining the process.

    Lidia Bastianich, in Lidia’s Commonsense Italian Cooking, calls this kind of cooking “opportunistic simplicity”—utilizing short steps for high payoff. The result is comforting and sophisticated in equal measure.

    36- Crab Linguine

    Sweet crab meat tossed with garlic, lemon, and linguine makes for an elegant, seafood-rich pasta in just minutes. A touch of chili and olive oil brings brightness and warmth to the dish.

    Rachel Roddy’s A Table in Rome captures the Italian sensibility of “doing little to let the ingredients speak.” This dish epitomizes that philosophy—fast, fresh, and flavorful.

    37- Teriyaki Chicken

    A quick teriyaki sauce of soy, mirin, and sugar coats chicken strips beautifully in just minutes. Served with rice or steamed greens, this dish is a family favorite that doesn’t demand hours of marination.

    In Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art, Shizuo Tsuji calls teriyaki “a perfect balance of harmony and simplicity.” When done swiftly, it brings both tradition and speed to the modern table.

    38- Mushroom Chow Mein

    Stir-fried mushrooms, soy sauce, and noodles come together in a savory, umami-packed chow mein. It’s vegetarian, satisfying, and perfect for those looking to reduce meat without missing flavor.

    Meera Sodha’s East showcases the power of mushrooms in quick Asian dishes. Their meaty texture and rich taste provide depth in no time.

    39- Chili Spaghetti with Garlic and Parsley

    Garlic, chili flakes, and parsley turn basic spaghetti into a bold, aromatic dish. Finished with olive oil and lemon zest, it’s proof that minimalist meals can be deeply satisfying.

    Nigel Slater again comes to mind, urging cooks to “let a few ingredients speak clearly.” This dish is a masterclass in restraint and intensity—perfect for a fast dinner.

    40- Smoked Salmon and Pea Frittata

    Eggs, peas, and smoked salmon combine for a luxurious frittata that’s done in one pan. It’s light, protein-packed, and ideal for breakfast-for-dinner occasions.

    In River Cottage Every Day, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall emphasizes that “eggs are the ultimate fast food”—and in this dish, they also feel refined and indulgent.

    41- Smoked Salmon Omelet

    This omelet requires only eggs, cream, and smoked salmon for a delicate, satisfying meal. Chives and black pepper elevate it to café-level sophistication.

    French chef Jacques Pépin often said that “an omelet is the true test of a cook.” With a few quality ingredients, you can deliver that test in under ten minutes—deliciously.

    42- Scallops with Chorizo

    Sweet scallops and spicy chorizo form a dynamic duo in this quick surf-and-turf dish. Seared quickly in a pan, they offer contrast in flavor and texture that’s both bold and balanced.

    Jose Pizarro, in Basque, describes this pairing as “a marriage of land and sea” that resonates with Spanish coastal cooking traditions. Elegant and efficient.

    43- Three Grain Tofu Stir-Fry

    Using a medley of cooked grains like quinoa, farro, and brown rice, this stir-fry highlights tofu and colorful vegetables with soy and ginger. It’s plant-based power, delivered fast.

    In How Not to Die, Dr. Michael Greger underscores the value of whole grains and tofu in a long-term health strategy—this meal makes it easy and quick.

    44- Seafood Pasta

    Mixed seafood—shrimp, mussels, squid—combined with garlic, white wine, and pasta creates a vibrant dish ready in minutes. It’s celebratory yet accessible, perfect for special evenings.

    In Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking, Hazan describes seafood pastas as “gifts of the sea.” With frozen mixed seafood, this elegance becomes everyday.

    45- Indonesian Fried Rice

    Nasi Goreng, Indonesia’s famed fried rice, uses pre-cooked rice, kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), and spices for an incredibly flavorful dish. Add a fried egg on top and you’ve got dinner in a bowl.

    Sri Owen, in Indonesian Regional Food and Cookery, explains that this dish’s speed comes from its roots in practicality—it’s fast food made wholesome.

    46- Moules Marinières

    Fresh mussels steamed with white wine, garlic, and parsley deliver a stunning meal in less than 10 minutes. Serve with crusty bread to soak up the fragrant broth.

    Chef Raymond Blanc describes mussels as “nature’s fast food.” This dish is proof that fine dining and fast cooking can co-exist.

    47- Spinach Orecchiette

    Orecchiette pasta with wilted spinach, garlic, and lemon is a clean, comforting meal. A sprinkle of Parmesan adds depth without overpowering the greens.

    Cookbook author Deborah Madison calls spinach “the quiet hero of weeknight cooking”—easy, nutritious, and endlessly adaptable.

    48- Pasta alla Puttanesca

    Anchovies, olives, capers, and tomatoes combine in this zesty pasta. Bold and assertive, it requires no chopping if using pantry staples, yet delivers immense flavor.

    In The Silver Spoon, this dish is described as “a peasant’s feast.” Fast, fiery, and full of character—it’s a 15-minute wonder.

    49- Ham and Egg Linguine

    A play on carbonara, this dish uses diced ham, eggs, and pasta to create a creamy, rich sauce without the need for cream. The key is mixing quickly while the pasta is hot.

    In La Cucina: The Regional Cooking of Italy, variations of this dish appear across regions. Its enduring popularity lies in its speed and simplicity.

    50- Glazed Salmon

    A quick glaze of soy sauce, honey, and mustard transforms salmon fillets into something spectacular. Broiled or pan-seared, it’s done in under 10 minutes and pairs well with greens or rice.

    Jamie Oliver calls such dishes “high-impact, low-effort.” Glazed salmon brings restaurant flair to weeknight dining without the pressure.

    Conclusion

    The beauty of 15-minute meals lies not just in their speed but in their capacity to deliver real satisfaction and culinary integrity. As we’ve explored, great food doesn’t require long hours, exotic ingredients, or complicated techniques. Instead, it demands a mindset that values resourcefulness, clarity of flavor, and joy in simplicity. Whether you’re cooking for one or many, these recipes serve as a testament to what’s possible when time and taste come together with purpose. Let your kitchen be a space where speed and creativity thrive side by side.

    Speed and sophistication need not be mutually exclusive in the kitchen. With the right mindset, ingredients, and a few foundational techniques, anyone can create delicious 15-minute meals that nourish both body and soul. This isn’t about cutting corners—it’s about maximizing potential. So whether you’re a culinary novice or an experienced home cook, embrace the rhythm of quick cooking and let it transform your daily eating into an act of thoughtful creativity.

    Bibliography

    1. Clark, Melissa. Dinner: Changing the Game. Clarkson Potter, 2017.
    A modern approach to weekday meals with an emphasis on quick, flavorful dishes for the busy home cook.

    2. Henry, Diana. A Change of Appetite: Where Health Meets Delicious. Mitchell Beazley, 2014.
    Explores nutritious meals that retain full flavor, including quick vegetarian recipes.

    3. Waters, Alice. The Art of Simple Food. Clarkson Potter, 2007.
    A foundational book on the value of simplicity and ingredient-driven cooking.

    4. Oseland, James. Cradle of Flavor: Home Cooking from the Spice Islands of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. W. W. Norton & Company, 2006.
    A rich look into fast and flavorful Southeast Asian home cooking.

    5. Keller, Thomas. Ad Hoc at Home. Artisan, 2009.
    Focuses on achievable gourmet recipes and foundational techniques.

    6. Segnit, Niki. The Flavor Thesaurus. Bloomsbury, 2010.
    An indispensable guide to flavor pairings and culinary creativity.

    7. Chang, David. Momofuku. Clarkson Potter, 2009.
    A mix of recipes and culinary philosophy with a focus on fast, umami-rich dishes.

    8. Bayless, Rick. Mexican Everyday. W. W. Norton & Company, 2005.
    Authentic Mexican dishes adapted for modern weeknight cooking.

    9. Krishna, Priya. Indian-ish: Recipes and Antics from a Modern American Family. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019.
    Approachable Indian-American recipes, including clever shortcuts for busy cooks.

    10. Slater, Nigel. Real Fast Food. Penguin Books, 1992.
    A collection of delicious meals that can be prepared in under 30 minutes, often faster.

    11. McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Scribner, 2004.
    A scientific look at cooking processes, including methods for fast, high-heat techniques.

    12. Ottolenghi, Yotam. Plenty More. Ten Speed Press, 2014.
    A plant-forward approach to fast meals with global inspiration.

    13. Punyaratabandhu, Leela. Simple Thai Food: Classic Recipes from the Thai Home Kitchen. Ten Speed Press, 2014.
    Classic Thai recipes made accessible for home cooks with time-saving tips.

    14. Roden, Claudia. Mediterranean Cookery. BBC Books, 1987.
    Explores traditional Mediterranean dishes with an emphasis on home-cooked ease.

    15. Bastianich, Lidia Matticchio. Lidia’s Commonsense Italian Cooking. Knopf, 2013.
    Advice on cooking practical, flavorful Italian meals for everyday life.

    16. Roddy, Rachel. A Table in Rome: The Heart of Italian Home Cooking. Headline Home, 2024.
    A celebration of quick and deeply rooted Roman home-cooked meals.

    17. Tsuji, Shizuo. Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art. Kodansha International, 1980.
    A comprehensive guide to Japanese home cooking and fast meal strategies.

    18. Sodha, Meera. East: 120 Vegan and Vegetarian Recipes from Bangalore to Beijing. Flatiron Books, 2020.
    Modern, fast vegetarian recipes influenced by Asian traditions.

    19. Fearnley-Whittingstall, Hugh. River Cottage Every Day. Bloomsbury, 2009.
    Daily recipes that balance ease, nutrition, and rustic elegance.

    20. Pépin, Jacques. Essential Pépin: More Than 700 All-Time Favorites from My Life in Food. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011.
    Classic techniques and fast French-inspired meals from a master chef.

    21. Pizarro, José. Basque: Spanish Recipes from San Sebastián & Beyond. Hardie Grant, 2016.
    A look at quick, authentic Spanish dishes, including seafood classics.

    22. Greger, Michael. How Not to Die. Flatiron Books, 2015.
    Discusses the nutritional power of whole grains and plant-based proteins.

    23. Hazan, Marcella. Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking. Knopf, 1992.
    A trusted source on classic Italian dishes that often require minimal time.

    24. Owen, Sri. Indonesian Regional Food and Cookery. Frances Lincoln, 2003.
    A deep dive into the culinary traditions of Indonesia, including fast rice dishes.

    25. Blanc, Raymond. Foolproof French Cookery. BBC Books, 2002.
    Features techniques for creating elegant French dishes quickly and confidently.

    26. Madison, Deborah. Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone. Ten Speed Press, 1997.
    Offers foundational advice on preparing vegetables and greens quickly and creatively.

    27. The Silver Spoon Editorial Committee. The Silver Spoon. Phaidon Press, 2005.
    A revered collection of Italian recipes, including many fast pasta dishes.

    28. Accademia Italiana della Cucina. La Cucina: The Regional Cooking of Italy. Rizzoli, 2009.
    Covers traditional, fast Italian fare from various regions with historical context.

    29. Oliver, Jamie. 5 Ingredients: Quick & Easy Food. Flatiron Books, 2017.
    A practical guide for creating flavorful meals with minimal ingredients and time.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

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  • Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 20, 2025: Education and Technology, Economic Diversification, Humanitarian Efforts

    Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 20, 2025: Education and Technology, Economic Diversification, Humanitarian Efforts

    These sources from Al Riyadh newspaper highlight Saudi Arabia’s ambitious advancements and cultural initiatives. They detail the Kingdom’s progress in education and technology, with universities achieving global recognition and the widespread adoption of AI. The texts also emphasize Saudi Arabia’s economic diversification, focusing on oil market stability through OPEC+ and the promotion of tourism and cultural heritage. Furthermore, the sources touch upon humanitarian efforts by the King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Center and ongoing development projects across various regions, all contributing to the nation’s 2030 Vision for a prosperous future.

    PMU: A Top 100 University for Sustainable Development

    Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University (PMU) has achieved a significant global academic milestone by entering the list of the top 100 distinguished universities worldwide.

    Here are the key details regarding PMU’s global ranking:

    • PMU is featured in the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings. This ranking specifically assesses universities’ contributions to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • The university secured the 98th position globally out of 2,526 universities that participated from 130 countries.
    • The Times Higher Education Impact Rankings are considered the most prominent global indicator for evaluating universities’ commitment to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. These goals encompass critical issues such as poverty eradication, equality, quality education, climate action, clean energy, peace, and justice.
    • This notable progress by PMU is a reflection of the extensive and continuous efforts made by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, under its wise leadership, to foster academic and research excellence and establish the country as a leading educational and research hub on the global stage.
    • His Royal Highness Prince Turki bin Mohammed bin Fahd bin Abdulaziz, Minister of State and Member of the Council of Ministers, commended the Ministry of Education’s active role in supporting and guiding universities to achieve such international accomplishments. He also emphasized that this achievement underscores the university’s commitment to its vision and mission of actively contributing to sustainable development goals.
    • The university’s success is directly attributed to its diligent work and clear strategies, particularly in areas such as scientific research with a societal impact, innovative academic programs, and community engagement. This is also linked to the insightful vision of the university’s founder, the late Prince Mohammad bin Fahd.

    OPEC+ Stability and Global Oil Markets

    Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University (PMU) was the subject of our previous conversation, where we discussed its global ranking among the top 100 distinguished universities worldwide, specifically its 98th position in the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings for its contributions to the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

    Now, regarding your query about OPEC+ stability, the provided sources offer significant insights into this topic, particularly from the perspective of Saudi Arabia’s Minister of Energy and market analysts.

    Here’s a comprehensive overview of OPEC+ stability:

    • OPEC+ as a Reliable and Effective Alliance:
    • The Saudi Minister of Energy, Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, has affirmed that OPEC+ is a reliable and effective alliance that takes into account prevailing circumstances when they arise.
    • He highlighted that the alliance has achieved significant success in ensuring the stability of oil markets.
    • Prince Abdulaziz described OPEC+ as the “central bank and regulator of oil markets”.
    • Composition and Commitment:
    • He clarified that OPEC+ is not managed by just two states, but comprises 22 OPEC member countries in addition to a group of eight other nations. Saudi Arabia and Russia, in particular, collaborate to foster an investment-friendly environment, including joint projects.
    • The Minister emphasized the collective responsibility of all partners and member countries to ensure their participation in addressing any market situation that may emerge.
    • He underlined that their past experiences confirm their capability as a trustworthy, serious, and effective organization that prioritizes attention to evolving circumstances.
    • Role in Oil Prices:
    • The Minister of Energy stated that OPEC+ has become a key guarantor for oil prices and the sector as a whole.
    • Market Perceptions and Geopolitical Impact:
    • Despite recent geopolitical tensions, the CEO of the Italian energy company Eni, Claudio Descalzi, indicated that oil markets suggest a closure of the Strait of Hormuz is “unlikely”. He noted that approximately one-fifth of the world’s total oil consumption passes through this strait.
    • Descalzi believes that oil markets are not pricing in the most extreme scenarios, such as the strait’s closure.
    • He also pointed out that a closure would primarily affect Iranian oil sales and would likely necessitate a U.S. intervention. He expressed confidence that global leaders would strive to prevent such events, despite the highly volatile current situation.
    • Recent Market Dynamics and Inflationary Impact:
    • Oil prices saw some stabilization at the end of the previous week, with slight decreases following new U.S. sanctions on Iran, which fostered hopes for a diplomatic agreement.
    • Brent crude futures and U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude for July delivery experienced minor dips, although overall, Brent crude rose by 3.6% and U.S. crude futures for the next month’s delivery by 2.7% over the week.
    • U.S. sanctions targeting Iran involved 20 entities, 5 individuals, and 3 vessels.
    • Following Israeli strikes on nuclear targets in Iran and Iran’s retaliatory missile and drone attacks, oil prices jumped nearly 3%. However, Brent prices subsequently decreased after the White House indicated that President Trump would not decide on U.S. intervention in the Israeli-Iranian conflict within the next two weeks.
    • Analysts from UBS noted that oil exports haven’t been affected, and there are no supply shortages.
    • Morgan Stanley economists suggest that the recent rise in oil prices, primarily driven by supply cuts (including those by Saudi Arabia), is a supply shock rather than a sign of booming global demand, and is expected to have only a “slight” and “short-lived” inflationary impact. They estimate this impact at about 3 basis points on core inflation over three months.
    • U.S. energy companies have reduced the number of oil and gas rigs for the eighth consecutive week, marking the first such occurrence since September 2023.

    King Abdulaziz Quality Award: Excellence and Vision 2030

    The King Abdulaziz Quality Award is a significant national initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, playing a crucial role in promoting excellence and achieving national development goals.

    Here are the key aspects of the King Abdulaziz Quality Award:

    • Prominence and Purpose:
    • The award is considered one of the most prominent national events focused on institutional excellence and performance quality in the Kingdom.
    • It aims to solidify a culture of high-performance excellence and motivate entities to adopt models that ensure sustainability and effectiveness.
    • The award serves as a national reference point for measuring institutional performance and guiding development pathways. This contributes to inspiring organizations and fostering national leadership by creating a positive competitive environment that enhances transparency and accountability, ultimately improving the quality of services provided to society.
    • Supervision and Alignment with Vision 2030:
    • The award is supervised by the Ministry of Economy and Planning.
    • It is identified as one of the effective drivers in achieving the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 objectives. This alignment underscores Saudi Arabia’s commitment to fostering excellence and innovation across various sectors to meet its ambitious national vision.
    • Evaluation Criteria:
    • Winning entities undergo a rigorous evaluation and review process.
    • This evaluation is based on the highest standards of quality, governance, and institutional excellence.
    • These standards assess the entities’ demonstrated commitment to principles of efficiency, innovation, and continuous improvement.
    • Recent Ceremony (7th Session):
    • The ceremony for honoring the winning establishments of the King Abdulaziz Quality Award was held under the patronage of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Salman bin Abdulaziz.
    • His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz, Deputy Governor of Riyadh Region, attended the event.
    • This particular event marked the 7th session of the award.

    The Expanding Reach of AI and Generative AI

    Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its applications are extensively discussed in the sources, highlighting its transformative impact across various sectors in Saudi Arabia and globally.

    Generative AI (GenAI) and its Impact: GenAI refers to a group of AI techniques capable of learning patterns from vast datasets and producing new content in various forms, including texts, images, audio, video, programming code, and simulations. It distinguishes itself from traditional AI by its ability to perform more complex and creative tasks, unlike traditional AI which is limited to predictions, classification, and recommendations.

    • Cost Reduction and Efficiency: GenAI can lead to a significant reduction in operational costs, potentially up to 30% or more, through the automation of tasks and functions. This includes automating routine and complex operations, ensuring product quality, and enhancing productivity in work environments.
    • Sectoral Benefits: A study by “Deloitte” indicates that human resources departments have notably benefited from GenAI, seeing cost reductions ranging between 10% and 37%. Supply chain departments have also experienced profit increases, reaching over 6% in some cases.
    • Investment and Adoption Trends: Global investment in GenAI is expected to experience accelerated growth, with projections to reach $202 billion by 2028, accounting for 32% of total global AI spending. Studies suggest that approximately 80% of organizations are anticipated to adopt GenAI solutions by 2026, with 50% relying on specialized models by 2027. Globally, 60% of organizations had already adopted AI in at least one area by 2023, a significant increase from 20% in 2017.
    • Regional Adoption (MENA): A “McKinsey” study in 2024, involving 140 governmental and private entities in the Arabian Gulf, revealed that over three-quarters of participating entities use Generative AI in at least one area, particularly in sales, marketing, programming, and engineering.

    Specific AI Platforms and Applications:

    • Nutanix AI Enterprise (NAI): This platform is designed to strengthen the deployment of autonomous AI applications across various environments. The latest version offers deep integration with NVIDIA AI Enterprise, NVIDIA NIM microservices, and the NVIDIA NeMo framework, aiming to accelerate the deployment of generative AI applications within organizations.
    • Key Features and Benefits: NAI facilitates the deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) via endpoints, provides access to a wide range of endpoint services, and supports the safety of generative AI. It simplifies shared model services and streamlines deployment and maintenance workflows. The platform enables secure and confidential creation of connection points for scaling AI applications, and allows organizations to build, operate, and manage AI agents securely and efficiently. This is seen as a crucial step for the public sector in Saudi Arabia to accelerate AI adoption in line with Vision 2030.
    • Smart Cities and Infrastructure: AI plays a role in the development of smart cities. For instance, Khobar’s advancement in livability rankings is partly attributed to the Kingdom’s vision for improving quality of life and creating attractive environments for living and investment, implying the integration of advanced technologies like AI in urban infrastructure and planning.
    • Petrochemical Industry: Saudi petrochemical companies have embraced digital technologies, automation, and AI tools to enhance production efficiency, optimize operational scheduling, implement predictive maintenance, and improve decision-making accuracy and flexibility. This digital transformation is vital for competitiveness in the global market.
    • Health Sector: The concept of a “Biobank” aims to collect biological samples linked with precise health and demographic data, creating a knowledge base for research, disease prevention, and healthcare planning. This project represents a meeting point of health, research, and artificial intelligence, opening avenues for early diagnosis and prioritizing population health needs. It also supports national health security by enabling rapid response capabilities for epidemics and rare diseases.
    • Internet Usage and Societal Impact: Reports indicate that younger age groups (9-29 years) in Saudi Arabia utilize AI tools to a greater extent, with up to 48% engagement compared to older demographics (over 60 years) at around 6%. This suggests that AI will be a focus of societal interest in the coming phase. However, there are concerns, as AI tools and deepfake technologies are implicated in issues like marital infidelity, family breakdown, and the spread of fabricated rumors.

    Drivers and Challenges of AI Adoption:

    • Drivers: The primary drivers for rapid AI adoption include the profit motive for publicly traded companies, which face quarterly pressure to reduce costs and boost stock performance. Additionally, a powerful media machine perpetuates the narrative of AI success, fostering a “fear of missing out” among executives who feel compelled to adopt AI to keep pace.
    • Challenges: The rapid adoption of AI is contrasted by a lag in educational institutions, which are slow to integrate AI curricula. This creates a gap where displaced workers may not have suitable retraining opportunities, and new AI-driven jobs struggle to find qualified candidates. The sources emphasize the need for better integration and coordination among the various components—education, governance, and legislation—to ensure a coherent and effective adoption of AI, rather than a fragmented, “rusting gears” approach.

    The Far-Reaching Impacts of Global Conflicts

    Conflicts, as highlighted in the sources, have far-reaching and multifaceted impacts across economic, humanitarian, social, and geopolitical spheres, often creating prolonged instability and suffering.

    Key impacts of conflicts include:

    • Economic Disruptions:
    • Market Volatility and Inflation: Conflicts contribute to global economic instability and inflation. For instance, the Israel-Iran conflict has led to increased volatility and risk premiums in oil markets, though some analysts believe a Strait of Hormuz closure is unlikely due to its severe global implications. Oil prices have surged following attacks, raising fears of increased inflation. The Russia-Ukraine conflict also contributed to rising natural gas prices and supply chain disruptions.
    • Supply Chain and Trade Issues: Tensions and conflicts, such as those involving the US and China, create customs barriers and disrupt global supply chains. The potential closure of critical maritime passages like the Strait of Hormuz (through which about 20% of global oil supplies pass daily) and the Bab al-Mandab Strait would lead to a severe global energy crisis, affecting major consumers in Asia and Europe, and causing significant disruptions to global trade.
    • Investment Shifts: Global economic instability can lead to investors re-evaluating opportunities, with some turning towards more stable markets like those in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, driven by economic reform programs.
    • Operational Costs: Beyond direct conflict zones, companies, particularly in the petrochemical industry, have faced pressures from fluctuating energy prices and competition, pushing them towards digital transformation, automation, and AI tools to enhance efficiency and optimize operations.
    • Humanitarian and Social Consequences:
    • Mass Displacement and Casualties: Conflicts lead to unprecedented levels of violence against children and massive displacement. Reports indicate over 6.5 million refugees from Syria, 5.7 million from Afghanistan, and 5.7 million from Ukraine. In Gaza, the “war of extermination” has resulted in around 180,000 martyrs and wounded Palestinians, mostly children and women, with over 11,000 missing and hundreds of thousands displaced. The total number of children killed in conflict zones reached over 4,500 in early 2024, with more than 7,000 injured.
    • Infrastructure Destruction and Living Conditions: Conflicts devastate infrastructure. In Gaza, the Israeli occupation has destroyed most schools and residential buildings. Operations in areas like Tulkarm have involved the demolition of over 20 buildings and widespread destruction of streets, community facilities, and residential homes.
    • Disruption of Essential Services:
    • Education: Students in Gaza have been deprived of taking their general secondary exams for the second year in a row due to the ongoing conflict.
    • Aid and Healthcare: The Israeli occupation has prevented the entry of fuel shipments into Gaza, impacting the operation of water desalination plants and sewage pumps, and limiting healthcare services. Saudi Arabia, through King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Center, provides extensive aid to conflict-affected regions, including food, shelter, and medical services.
    • Psychological and Social Strain: The ongoing threats and violence impose significant psychological burdens on affected populations and even on individuals indirectly exposed, like athletes facing online hate due to gambling. AI tools and deepfake technologies are also noted to be implicated in issues like marital infidelity, family breakdown, and the spread of fabricated rumors.
    • Geopolitical and Diplomatic Strain:
    • Escalation of Tensions: The Israel-Iran conflict risks a wider regional confrontation. Escalations include Israeli air strikes on Iranian nuclear sites and missile launches by Iran.
    • Challenges to Peace and Stability: The global community faces a complex web of interconnected political conflicts and wars, demanding stability, economic growth, and reduced inflation. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia emphasizes its commitment to resolving conflicts peacefully and supporting humanitarian causes globally.
    • Cyber Warfare and Security Concerns: Beyond physical destruction, conflicts can involve cyber interference affecting maritime navigation systems, as seen in the Arabian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, posing operational challenges for commercial shipping.

    In summary, conflicts result in a cascade of negative consequences, ranging from economic downturns and market volatility to severe humanitarian crises, infrastructure destruction, and heightened geopolitical instability.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

    Affiliate Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you click on the link and make a purchase. This comes at no additional cost to you. I only recommend products or services that I believe will add value to my readers. Your support helps keep this blog running and allows me to continue providing you with quality content. Thank you for your support!

  • Mastering Excel Formulas and Functions

    Mastering Excel Formulas and Functions

    This document is a tutorial on Microsoft Excel, covering fundamental and advanced features. It explains basic Excel operations like formatting, saving files, and creating custom lists, then moves on to formulas, functions (including the “Big Six”), and order of operations. The tutorial also explores advanced concepts such as absolute and relative referencing, named ranges, Excel Tables, and data manipulation techniques including sorting, filtering, and using Power Query to combine data from multiple files. Finally, it shows how to handle errors and use conditional formatting to enhance spreadsheets.

    Excel Study Guide

    Quiz

    1. What is the advantage of saving an Excel template to the custom templates folder? Saving to the custom templates folder allows you to easily access your template from File > New under the personal tab, which makes it convenient to create new files based on that template.
    2. What does ‘hardcoding’ mean in the context of Excel formulas and why should it be avoided? Hardcoding refers to directly typing numbers into a formula instead of using cell references and it should be avoided because if the original numbers change, hardcoded formulas won’t update automatically.
    3. What is the difference between functions and formulas in Excel? Functions are built-in operations in Excel, while a formula is an expression that performs a calculation. Formulas can include one or more functions and other operations.
    4. What is the BODMAS/PEMDAS rule and why is it important when using Excel formulas? BODMAS (Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction) or PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction) is a rule outlining the order of operations in a calculation, and it is crucial because Excel uses this rule when evaluating formulas.
    5. What does the SUM function do, and how can cell ranges be used within it? The SUM function adds up a range of numbers and instead of adding individual numbers, cell ranges, like C6:C25, can be used to easily add all the values in those cells to produce a total.
    6. How do the COUNT and COUNTA functions differ? The COUNT function only counts cells containing numeric data, while COUNTA counts cells that contain any type of data—numbers or text.
    7. Briefly explain what the MIN and MAX functions do. The MIN function returns the smallest numeric value in a given range of cells, whereas the MAX function returns the largest value.
    8. Why is it useful to use cell styles in Excel? Cell styles help improve the readability of spreadsheets and create consistency, particularly when sharing with colleagues, by allowing you to highlight cells for calculations, inputs, titles, and other uses.
    9. How does data validation with a drop-down list help ensure data accuracy? Data validation with a drop-down list allows users to select from a pre-defined list, which prevents spelling errors and other input mistakes, thus ensuring consistency.
    10. What is a nested IF statement? A nested IF statement is one or more IF statements used inside another IF statement, which allows you to perform more complex conditional tests and actions.

    Answer Key

    1. Saving to the custom templates folder allows you to easily access your template from File > New under the personal tab, which makes it convenient to create new files based on that template.
    2. Hardcoding refers to directly typing numbers into a formula instead of using cell references and it should be avoided because if the original numbers change, hardcoded formulas won’t update automatically.
    3. Functions are built-in operations in Excel, while a formula is an expression that performs a calculation. Formulas can include one or more functions and other operations.
    4. BODMAS (Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction) or PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction) is a rule outlining the order of operations in a calculation, and it is crucial because Excel uses this rule when evaluating formulas.
    5. The SUM function adds up a range of numbers and instead of adding individual numbers, cell ranges, like C6:C25, can be used to easily add all the values in those cells to produce a total.
    6. The COUNT function only counts cells containing numeric data, while COUNTA counts cells that contain any type of data—numbers or text.
    7. The MIN function returns the smallest numeric value in a given range of cells, whereas the MAX function returns the largest value.
    8. Cell styles help improve the readability of spreadsheets and create consistency, particularly when sharing with colleagues, by allowing you to highlight cells for calculations, inputs, titles, and other uses.
    9. Data validation with a drop-down list allows users to select from a pre-defined list, which prevents spelling errors and other input mistakes, thus ensuring consistency.
    10. A nested IF statement is one or more IF statements used inside another IF statement, which allows you to perform more complex conditional tests and actions.

    Essay Questions

    1. Discuss the importance of data validation in Excel and provide specific examples of how it can be used to ensure accuracy and consistency in a spreadsheet.
    2. Compare and contrast the use of nested IF statements with the IFS function in Excel. Discuss situations where one may be more beneficial than the other.
    3. Explain how you can use logical functions like AND, OR, and NOT, in combination with other Excel formulas, and describe their impact on data analysis.
    4. Discuss the differences between the COUNTIF, SUMIF, AVERAGEIF and the COUNTIFS, SUMIFS, AVERAGEIFS functions, and provide examples of scenarios where you might choose one over the other.
    5. Explore the use of dynamic array functions in Excel and discuss how functions like UNIQUE, SORT, and FILTER can improve the analysis and presentation of data, compared to older approaches.

    Glossary of Key Terms

    Cell Reference: A reference to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet that can be used in a formula.

    Hardcoding: Directly typing numbers or text into a formula instead of using cell references.

    Function: A built-in operation in Excel that performs a specific task, such as SUM, AVERAGE, or COUNT.

    Formula: An expression in Excel that calculates a value, often using functions, cell references, and operators.

    BODMAS/PEMDAS: The order of operations: Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction or Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction.

    Cell Range: A group of two or more cells on a worksheet, usually specified by the first and last cell (e.g., A1:A10).

    Cell Style: A predefined set of formatting attributes that can be applied to cells, for example a particular font size, border, and background color.

    Data Validation: A feature that allows you to control the type of data that can be entered into a cell using lists, numbers, and other options.

    Dynamic Array: A formula that returns results that spill into multiple cells, automatically updating as data changes (e.g., UNIQUE, SORT).

    Nested IF Statement: One or more IF statements used within another IF statement to allow for complex conditional logic.

    Logical Functions: Functions that perform tests and return a TRUE or FALSE result, (e.g., AND, OR, NOT).

    Conditional IFs: Functions that perform calculations only if specific conditions are met, (e.g., COUNTIFS, SUMIFS, AVERAGEIFS).

    Error Handling: Using functions to manage and correct errors in formulas (e.g., IFERROR, IFNA).

    Array: A collection of data (values, text, etc.) that can be used in formulas.

    Mean: The average value of a set of numbers.

    Median: The middle value in a set of numbers when they are ordered.

    Mode: The value that appears most frequently in a set of numbers.

    Rounding: Adjusting the value of a number to a specified number of decimal places or nearest whole number.

    Custom Formatting: Formatting that allows users to control how a value is displayed (e.g., currency, dates).

    Variable: In formulas, a named entity that acts as a placeholder for value, range or text string.

    Lambda: An Excel feature that allows users to create their own custom, reusable functions.

    Advanced Excel Techniques

    Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the main themes and important ideas from the provided Excel training transcript:

    Briefing Document: Advanced Excel Techniques

    Overview:

    This document summarizes key concepts and techniques from an extensive Excel training resource, focusing on advanced formulas, data manipulation, and automation. The training covers topics ranging from fundamental formula principles to sophisticated functions, custom formatting, and data analysis tools.

    Key Themes and Concepts:

    1. Mastering Formulas:
    • Formula Fundamentals:
    • The training emphasizes the crucial distinction between functions (pre-built tools) and formulas (expressions using functions and operators).
    • It highlights the importance of using cell references (e.g., A1) instead of hardcoding numbers to ensure dynamic updates when data changes.
    • Order of Operations (BODMAS/PIDMAS): The importance of understanding the order of operations (Brackets, Orders/Indices, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction) is explained using examples, highlighting how Excel follows this rule.
    • Common Functions:
    • The training introduces six core functions: SUM, COUNT, COUNTA, AVERAGE, MIN, and MAX.
    • It emphasizes COUNT only works with numeric values while COUNTA counts text and numbers, showcasing their differences.
    • Logical Functions:
    • IF Statements: The core functionality of IF statements is explained, allowing for meaningful outputs based on logical tests, for example returning “yes” or “no” based on data.
    • AND, OR: The training details how these function enable evaluating multiple logical tests using AND (both conditions must be true) or OR (at least one condition must be true).
    • Nested IF Statements: It demonstrates how IF statements can be nested to handle multiple conditions and output appropriate results.
    • IFS Function: It shows how the IFS function can be used as a more streamlined and modern alternative to nested IF statements, simplifying complex logical checks.
    • Conditional Aggregations:
    • The training explores COUNTIFS, SUMIFS, and AVERAGEIFS, which are powerful tools for performing calculations based on multiple criteria.
    • Error Handling
    • IFNA and IFERROR: The training illustrates using these functions to deal with errors in formulas and output blank cells if an error occurs.
    1. Data Manipulation and Control:
    • Data Validation: The training demonstrates using data validation drop-down lists to control input and prevent data entry errors.
    • Quote: “…the method that I would use to to ensure that people are inputting the correct names every single time is to use a data validation drop-down list…”
    • Cell Styles: The use of cell styles to improve spreadsheet readability is explained.
    • Quote: ” …cell styles to improve the readability of your spreadsheets…particularly if you’re going to be sharing your spreadsheets with colleagues or other people…”
    • Filter Function: The function is explored as a method for filtering data and outputting results in the spreadsheet.
    • Quote: “The Filter function allows us to filter data sets in our worksheet and output results.”
    • It demonstrates the use of AND, OR, and equals operators within a filter, providing versatile filtering options.
    1. Advanced Data Analysis and Extraction:
    • UNIQUE Function: The training emphasizes that this function is used to extract a unique list of items from a column. The lesson goes into more detail about it’s two key operations, distinct and unique and clarifies that distinct is the default of the function. It also highlights the functions ability to select rows or columns.
    • SORT and SORTBY Functions: It demonstrates how to sort a data set or a single column using these functions.
    • LARGE and SMALL Functions: These functions are shown to extract the largest or smallest values from a dataset based on given parameters.
    • RANK.EQ and RANK.AVG Functions: The use of these functions are detailed and are shown to be effective when ranking data.
    • MODE.MULT and MODE.SNGL Functions The lesson explains the use of these functions, clarifying the difference between them and when it is best to use either.
    • SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE Functions The use of these functions and their importance are explored. The key difference between them is explained, focusing on AGGREGATE and it’s ability to ignore errors.
    1. Statistical Functions and Rounding
    • The training touches on the fundamentals of statistical analysis, focusing on AVERAGE, MEDIAN and MODE.
    • Rounding Functions: It covers ROUND, ROUNDUP, and ROUNDDOWN functions for general rounding, along with MROUND for rounding to multiples and CEILING and FLOOR for always rounding up or down.
    1. Custom Formatting * The course touches on the power of custom formatting, highlighting it’s use in manipulating the look of numbers and text in the worksheet.
    2. LET and LAMBDA Functions:
    • LET: The training highlights the LET function’s ability to declare variables within a formula, improving readability and efficiency. It provides an example using a complex file name extraction calculation.
    • Quote: “The LET function can simplify complex calculations in your worksheets by assigning names to calculation results or ranges.”
    • LAMBDA: It demonstrates how LAMBDA can create reusable custom functions with named parameters, that you can use as you would any other Excel formula.
    • Quote: “Lambda allows us to create our own functions that we can reuse throughout the workbook.”
    1. Pivot Tables with Multiple Data Sources * The training highlights how to create pivot tables using data from multiple files, highlighting its use in analyzing larger data sets.

    Key Quotes:

    • “Formulas are the backbone of excel.”
    • “The number one rule of creating formulas is to always make sure that wherever possible… you use the cell reference as opposed to hardcoding the number.”

    Important Ideas/Facts:

    • Excel provides a vast array of built-in functions categorized in the ‘Formulas’ tab.
    • Dynamic array functions (like UNIQUE, SORT, FILTER) output results that automatically adjust based on the source data, impacting multiple cells.
    • Custom formatting allows for extremely granular control over the display of numbers and text.
    • LET and LAMBDA functions provide tools to enhance formula readability, efficiency, and reusability.

    Conclusion:

    This training material offers a comprehensive look at advanced Excel techniques. It covers core and more complex formulas, data control and error handling, and enhanced analysis tools, showcasing a holistic approach to improving Excel skills. This training aims to empower users to effectively manage, analyze, and automate their data using Excel.

    Mastering Microsoft Excel

    Excel FAQ

    1. Why is it advantageous to save a template file in the custom templates folder? Saving a template file in the custom templates folder makes it easily accessible when creating a new file. Instead of navigating through different folders, you can go to File > New and find your template under the Personal tab, allowing for quick creation of new files based on that template. This is different from saving a template in a personal folder.

    2. How do you create a custom list in Excel, and why is it useful? To create a custom list, go to File > Options > Advanced and scroll down to the Edit Custom Lists button. You can import a list from selected cells within your worksheet. Custom lists are useful for auto-filling cells with predefined sequences, like names of students or months of the year, by simply typing the first entry and dragging the autofill handle, saving you from typing the entire list each time.

    3. What is the difference between a formula and a function in Excel? Formulas are calculations or expressions that perform operations in Excel. Functions are pre-built operations that are used within a formula to perform specific tasks, like SUM, AVERAGE, or IF. Functions are tools you use to build a formula.

    4. What is the BODMAS/PEMDAS rule and why is it important in Excel? BODMAS (Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction) or PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction) represents the order of operations that Excel follows when evaluating a formula. This rule ensures that calculations are performed in the correct sequence, giving you the accurate result you expect by prioritizing brackets (parentheses) first, followed by exponents, then division and multiplication (from left to right), and finally, addition and subtraction (from left to right).

    5. What is the difference between COUNT and COUNTA functions in Excel? The COUNT function only counts cells that contain numerical data, while the COUNTA function counts all cells that are not empty, whether they contain numbers, text, dates, or other values. Thus, you would use COUNTA to count a range of text and number entries and COUNT only when a range contains purely numerical values.

    6. How can cell styles improve the readability and usability of Excel spreadsheets, and how can these be applied? Cell styles enable you to apply a set of formatting options (font, color, number format, etc.) to cells with one click, enhancing readability and ensuring consistency. Cell styles can be applied to create headings, input cells, calculation cells and more. By creating distinct styles, users can easily understand the purpose of each cell (e.g., input cells have a particular color, while calculated cells are locked) and easily make changes in a consistent manner. Additionally, using styles allows you to automatically copy cell styles when adding new rows or columns.

    7. How can Data Validation be used to prevent data entry errors? Data Validation allows you to restrict the type of data that can be entered into a cell, preventing errors and ensuring consistency. You can create drop-down lists to ensure people select from a predefined list of values (such as employee names) and you can also add restrictions on number or date format. This reduces spelling errors, data inconsistencies, and the chance that a formula will not run properly as it is relying on incorrect data.

    8. How do IF, AND, OR, and nested IF statements work in Excel, and what are some practical uses?

    • IF statements: Evaluate a logical test and return one value if true and another if false. They are used to apply logic to a cell’s content.
    • AND function: Tests multiple conditions and returns TRUE only if all conditions are true.
    • OR function: Tests multiple conditions and returns TRUE if at least one condition is true.
    • Nested IF statements: Embed IF statements inside other IF statements, allowing for more complex, multi-layered logical evaluations, where multiple criteria require varying outcomes. These functions are crucial for performing conditional calculations and actions based on data in your spreadsheets, allowing for complex decision-making within formulas.

    Microsoft Excel 365: A Comprehensive Guide

    Microsoft Excel 365 is an updated version of Excel that is part of the Microsoft 365 subscription service [1]. It is an evergreen version, which means users always have the latest version with the newest features, without needing to purchase a new version [1].

    Key aspects of Excel include:

    • Online Access: Excel 365 can be accessed via an online portal using any browser with an internet connection, allowing users to work on files from any location [1].
    • Interface:The Excel interface includes a start page that appears when the application is first opened, where users can create a new blank workbook, use a template, or access recent or pinned documents [2].
    • The main interface contains a title bar, tabs and ribbons, a quick access toolbar, a name box, a formula bar, and the worksheet area [2].
    • Commands are organized into logical groups within the ribbons [2].
    • The worksheet itself is a grid of columns (labeled with letters) and rows (labeled with numbers), which creates cells where data is entered [2, 3].
    • The bottom of the interface contains tabs for different worksheets, scroll bars, a status bar, view options, and a zoom slider [3].
    • Workbooks and Worksheets:A worksheet is the grid structure within Excel, and a workbook is the file that contains one or more worksheets [2].
    • Data Entry and Editing:Data can be entered directly into cells [3].
    • Contextual menus appear when right-clicking on a cell, with options specific to the type of data selected [3].
    • The autofill handle can be used to copy data or formulas down a column [4].
    • Formulas:Formulas are used to perform calculations [5].
    • Formulas must begin with an equals sign (=) [5].
    • Cell references are used in formulas rather than hardcoding numbers directly [5].
    • The order of operations, often remembered by the acronym BODMAS (or PEMDAS), dictates how calculations are performed in formulas, with operations in parentheses/brackets performed first [5, 6].
    • Common mathematical operators include addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/) [6].
    • Functions are pre-built formulas that can be used in calculations, and can be found in the formulas tab [5].
    • The sum function is commonly used to add a range of numbers [6].
    • Relative and Absolute Referencing:Relative referencing means that cell references in a formula will automatically adjust when the formula is copied to another cell [4].
    • Absolute referencing locks a cell reference to a specific cell, preventing it from changing when the formula is copied, and is indicated by using a dollar sign ($) before the column letter and row number (e.g. $A$1) [4].
    • Basic Functions:SUM: Adds up a range of numbers [7].
    • COUNT: Counts the number of cells in a range that contain numerical data [7].
    • COUNTA: Counts the number of non-blank cells in a range (including text and numbers) [7].
    • AVERAGE: Calculates the average of a range of numbers [7].
    • MIN: Returns the smallest value in a range of numbers [7].
    • MAX: Returns the largest value in a range of numbers [7].
    • Excel Tables:Tables are a way to format data in Excel that add structure to the data and allow for more efficient analysis [8].
    • Tables have a table design contextual ribbon that provides options for formatting [8].
    • When using formulas on data in a table, table references are used, which include the table name and column name, rather than cell references [9].
    • Tables can be named [9].
    • Total rows can be added to tables to quickly calculate totals for columns [10].
    • Rows and Columns:The width of columns or the height of rows can be autofitted [10].
    • Columns and rows can be inserted, deleted, and hidden [10].
    • Cell Formatting
    • Cell formatting can be changed using options on the home ribbon [8].
    • You can use the format painter to copy formatting [8].
    • Cell Styles can be used to apply specific formatting consistently and identify different types of cells (input, calculation, etc.) [11].
    • Gridlines can be removed to create a cleaner looking spreadsheet [8].
    • You can use merge and center to combine cells and center the text or the “center across selection” to center the text in a range of cells, but maintain the individual cells [12].
    • ThemesExcel themes affect the overall look and feel of a spreadsheet, controlling the colors, fonts, and effects used [12].
    • You can choose from predefined themes or customize your own theme [12].
    • Data Input and ValidationData Validation can be used to create drop-down lists, limit the type of data entered, and create custom error messages to prevent errors [13].
    • Worksheet protection can be used to prevent changes to formulas and other parts of the worksheet [13].
    • NavigationHyperlinks can be used to link to other worksheets, websites, or locations within the current worksheet [14].
    • A summary sheet provides instructions, keys, or legends to assist users in navigating and understanding a workbook [14].
    • Forms can be used to simplify the data entry process and can be added to the quick access toolbar [15].
    • Dynamic Array Functions:These functions allow for a single formula to generate multiple results [16].
    • SEQUENCE: Generates a list of sequential numbers [16].
    • RANDARRAY: Generates a list of random numbers [16].
    • UNIQUE: Extracts a list of unique values from a range of cells [16].
    • SORT: Sorts a range of cells [16].
    • SORTBY: Sorts a range of cells based on another range of cells [16].
    • FILTER: Filters a range of cells [16].
    • XLOOKUP: Performs lookups across columns, can be used as an alternative to INDEX and MATCH [16].
    • XMATCH: Returns the position of an item in a range of cells [16].
    • Power QueryPower Query is a tool that is used to import and transform data from multiple sources [17].
    • It uses an applied steps area to record all data transformations [17].

    Mastering Excel Formulas

    Excel formulas are a key component of the application, allowing users to perform calculations, analyze data, and manipulate information [1].

    Key aspects of formulas include:

    • Initiation: Formulas always begin with an equals sign (=) [1]. This tells Excel that the content of the cell is a calculation, not just text or numbers.
    • Cell References: When creating formulas, cell references are used rather than directly typing in or “hardcoding” the numbers [1]. For example, instead of typing “=6+3”, a user would type “=A1+A2” if the numbers 6 and 3 were in cells A1 and A2 [1]. Using cell references allows a formula to update automatically if the values in those cells change [1].
    • Order of Operations: Calculations in formulas follow a specific order, often remembered by the acronym BODMAS or PEMDAS, which dictates the order in which mathematical operations are performed [1]:
    • Brackets (or Parentheses)
    • Orders (or Exponents)
    • Division
    • Multiplication
    • Addition
    • Subtraction
    • If the order of operations is not correct, the formula will give an incorrect result, but this can be corrected by using brackets [1].
    • Mathematical Operators:
    • Addition is represented by the plus sign (+) [1].
    • Subtraction is represented by the dash (-) [1].
    • Multiplication is represented by the asterisk (*) [1].
    • Division is represented by the forward slash (/) [1].
    • Functions: Functions are pre-built formulas that can be used to perform specific tasks [1].
    • They can be found in the formulas tab of the ribbon [1].
    • Functions are organized into categories such as financial, logical, text, date and time, lookup and reference, math and trig, and more [1].
    • The insert function button, or the keyboard shortcut Shift + F3, can be used to search for and insert a function [1].
    • A function’s arguments are the values or cell ranges that the function uses to perform its calculation [1].
    • A function typically requires an open bracket after the function name, then the arguments separated by commas, and then a closing bracket [1].
    • Excel’s Intellisense feature provides a list of functions that match what a user is typing, with a brief explanation of each [1].
    • Common Functions
    • SUM adds up a range of numbers [1, 2].
    • COUNT counts the number of cells in a range that contain numerical data [2].
    • COUNTA counts the number of non-blank cells in a range, including both numbers and text [2].
    • AVERAGE calculates the average of a range of numbers [2].
    • MIN returns the smallest value in a range of numbers [2].
    • MAX returns the largest value in a range of numbers [2].
    • Cell Referencing:
    • Relative referencing is the default in Excel [3]. When a formula is copied to another cell, the cell references in the formula will automatically adjust based on their relative position [3].
    • Absolute referencing locks a cell reference to a specific cell, which means when a formula with an absolute reference is copied to another cell, the reference will not change. An absolute reference is created by adding a dollar sign ($) before the column letter and before the row number (e.g., $A$1) [3].
    • Table References: When using formulas with data in a table, table references are used instead of cell references [4]. Table references use the table name and column name in the formula (e.g., employee_data[salary]) [4]. This can make formulas easier to understand [5].
    • Dynamic Array Formulas:
    • These functions allow for a single formula to generate multiple results [6].
    • Examples include SEQUENCE, RANDARRAY, UNIQUE, SORT, SORTBY, FILTER, XLOOKUP, and XMATCH [5, 6].
    • Logical Functions: These functions perform tests on data, returning results of true or false [7].
    • The IF function performs a test and returns one value if the result is true and another if the result is false [7].
    • IFS allows for multiple logical tests in one function [8].
    • AND returns true if all conditions are met, while OR returns true if at least one condition is met [7].
    • IFERROR and IFNA handle errors in formulas. IFERROR will handle any type of error while IFNA will only handle #NA errors [9].
    • Lookup Functions:
    • VLOOKUP is a lookup function that searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a corresponding value from another column in the same row [8]. It can do an exact match or an approximate match [8].
    • XLOOKUP is a newer lookup function that is more versatile than VLOOKUP and does not have the same limitations [5, 8].
    • SUMIFS, COUNTIFS, and AVERAGEIFS: These functions allow for calculations based on multiple criteria [9].
    • LET allows users to define variables within a formula and use those variables in calculations. This can make complex formulas easier to read and more efficient [10].

    Mastering Excel Functions

    Excel functions are pre-built formulas that perform specific tasks, and they are a key component of using Excel for calculations and data analysis [1, 2]. Functions can be found in the Formulas tab of the ribbon, and are organized into categories such as financial, logical, text, date and time, lookup and reference, math and trig, and more [1, 2]. The Insert Function button, or the keyboard shortcut Shift + F3, can be used to search for and insert a function [1, 2].

    Here’s a breakdown of key aspects of Excel functions:

    • Structure: A function typically requires an open bracket after the function name, then the arguments separated by commas, and then a closing bracket [1, 2]. Arguments are the values or cell ranges that the function uses to perform its calculation [3, 4].
    • Intellisense: Excel’s Intellisense feature provides a list of functions that match what a user is typing, with a brief explanation of each [1, 2].
    • Common Functions
    • SUM adds up a range of numbers [3, 4]. It is a math and trig function that can be used to add a single column or a range of cells [1, 3]. The sum function is often found under the “Recently Used” functions [3].
    • COUNT counts the number of cells in a range that contain numerical data [4].
    • COUNTA counts the number of non-blank cells in a range, including both numbers and text [4].
    • AVERAGE calculates the average of a range of numbers [4].
    • MIN returns the smallest value in a range of numbers [4].
    • MAX returns the largest value in a range of numbers [4].
    • Logical Functions: These functions perform tests on data, returning results of true or false [2, 5, 6].
    • The IF function performs a test and returns one value if the result is true and another if the result is false [5].
    • IFS allows for multiple logical tests in one function [6].
    • AND returns true if all conditions are met, while OR returns true if at least one condition is met [6].
    • IFERROR and IFNA handle errors in formulas. IFERROR will handle any type of error while IFNA will only handle #NA errors [7].
    • Lookup Functions:
    • VLOOKUP is a lookup function that searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a corresponding value from another column in the same row. It can do an exact match or an approximate match [2].
    • XLOOKUP is a newer lookup function that is more versatile than VLOOKUP and does not have the same limitations [2].
    • SUMIFS, COUNTIFS, and AVERAGEIFS: These functions allow for calculations based on multiple criteria [6].
    • SUMIFS sums values in a range that meet multiple criteria [6].
    • COUNTIFS counts cells in a range that meet multiple criteria [6].
    • AVERAGEIFS calculates the average of values in a range that meet multiple criteria [6].
    • Dynamic Array Functions: These functions allow for a single formula to generate multiple results, and can be combined with other functions [7, 8].
    • Examples include SEQUENCE, RANDARRAY, UNIQUE, SORT, SORTBY, FILTER, XLOOKUP, and XMATCH [7, 8]. UNIQUE extracts a list of unique values from a range of cells [8]. SORT sorts a range of cells [8]. SORTBY sorts a range of cells based on another range of cells [8].
    • LET allows users to define variables within a formula and use those variables in calculations [2]. This can make complex formulas easier to read and more efficient.

    When using functions, it is also important to keep in mind the following:

    • Formulas must begin with an equals sign (=) [1, 2].
    • Cell references are used in formulas rather than hardcoding numbers directly [2].
    • The order of operations (BODMAS or PEMDAS) dictates how calculations are performed in formulas [1, 2].
    • Relative and absolute referencing determine how cell references change when a formula is copied to another cell [1, 2].
    • Table references are used when using formulas with data in a table, using the table and column name in the formula [1, 2, 9].

    Functions are fundamental to using Excel for data management and analysis [1, 2].

    Data Formatting in Excel

    Data formatting in Excel involves how data is displayed in cells, which can greatly affect the readability and interpretation of the information. Formatting can be applied to text, numbers, and dates, and it can control aspects such as font, alignment, colors, and number styles [1].

    Key aspects of data formatting in Excel include:

    • Text vs. Numbers: Text in a cell is aligned to the left by default, while numbers are aligned to the right [1].
    • Number Formatting:
    • Excel has various number formats including General, Number, Currency, Accounting, Short Date, and Long Date [1].
    • The General format has no specific format [1].
    • The Currency format displays a currency symbol and two decimal places by default [1].
    • Number formatting can be applied using the Number group under the Home tab [1].
    • Dates are treated as numbers by Excel, with the date of January 1, 1900, being day zero. When a date is entered, it is actually a number with date formatting applied [1].
    • If a date is typed into a cell, but it looks like a number, it means that the cell has the wrong number formatting applied [1]. This can be corrected by selecting the Short Date or Long Date format [1].
    • When entering numbers that start with zero, Excel will remove the leading zeros [1]. To prevent this, an apostrophe can be entered before the number, which will turn the number into text [1].
    • Cell Alignment: Text in a cell is aligned to the left by default, while numbers and dates are aligned to the right [1].
    • Copying Formats:
    • The Format Painter tool can be used to copy formatting from one cell or a range of cells to another [2].
    • When using the format painter, the entire column of formatting can be copied to another column [2].
    • Clearing Formats:
    • Formatting can be cleared from selected cells using the Clear menu in the Editing group under the Home tab [2].
    • Options include:
    • Clear All, which removes everything from the cell, including text, numbers, and formatting [2].
    • Clear Formats, which removes all formatting while keeping the content [2].
    • Clear Contents, which removes the text and numbers from cells but retains the formatting [2].
    • Clear Comments and Notes, which clears comments and notes [2]. This is grayed out if there are no comments or notes in the worksheet [2].
    • Clear Hyperlinks, which removes hyperlinks from selected cells [2].
    • Remove Hyperlinks, which removes hyperlinks from selected cells and removes the underline [2].
    • Cell Styles:
    • Cell styles are predefined sets of formatting that can be applied to cells [3].
    • Cell styles can be found on the Home tab [3].
    • Cell styles can be used to quickly and consistently apply formatting to a range of cells [3].
    • When adding data to a table, the cell style formatting carries through, and it’s not necessary to do anything extra to apply it [3].
    • Some styles include Normal, Bad, Good, Neutral, Calculation, Input, Heading, and Title [3].
    • Adding a legend or a key is important to clarify what the cell styles mean [3].
    • Custom Formatting:Custom formatting can be used to define how numbers, text, and dates are displayed [4].
    • Custom formatting is divided into four parts, with each part separated by a semicolon [4].
    • The first part defines how positive values are displayed.
    • The second part defines how negative values are displayed.
    • The third part defines how zero values are displayed.
    • The fourth part defines how text is displayed.
    • Placeholders are used to specify how numbers are displayed.
    • The hash symbol (#) is a variable placeholder.
    • The zero (0) is a fixed placeholder [4].
    • Colors can be included in custom formats by using the color name in square brackets (e.g., [red]) [4, 5].
    • Symbols can be included in custom formats, and these can be inserted using the keyboard shortcut Alt + 30 for an up arrow or Alt + 31 for a down arrow [5].

    By using different formatting options, users can make their data more readable and understandable and can help to control and standardize the way information is presented in a worksheet [3].

    Mastering Excel Tables

    Excel tables are a way to format data in a structured manner, and they offer many benefits when it comes to managing and analyzing data [1]. They are different from just entering data into cells and can be identified by a contextual “Table Design” ribbon that appears when a cell within the table is selected [1].

    Here’s a breakdown of key aspects of Excel tables:

    • Creation:
    • To create a table, select the data, go to the Insert tab, and click on Table, or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + T [2].
    • Excel will attempt to identify the data range, and you must confirm that the selection is correct and indicate whether the table has headers [2].
    • When using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+T, the default table style will be applied, although this can be changed later [2].
    • You can also create a table by going to the Home tab and choosing Format as Table [2].
    • Table Styles:
    • Once a table is created, various table styles can be applied from the Table Design ribbon [2].
    • Table style options include:
    • Banded rows, which alternate row colors to improve readability [2].
    • Banded columns which alternate column colors [2].
    • Header row, which can be toggled on or off [2].
    • Filter buttons, which allow for filtering of data [2].
    • Total row, which can quickly calculate totals, averages, and other functions [2].
    • Formatting of the first column or last column [2].
    • The theme of a table can be changed by changing the theme of the Excel workbook, which will then change the available table styles [2].
    • Naming Tables:It is important to give tables a meaningful name, which can be done in the Properties group on the Table Design tab [3].
    • Table names cannot contain spaces, so an underscore is used between words [3].
    • Table References:When using formulas with data in a table, table references are used rather than cell references [4].
    • Table references use the table name and column name in the formula rather than cell references [4].
    • For example, instead of using “F4:F23” to sum a range of salaries in a table called “employee data”, the formula would be “=SUM(employee data[salary])” [4].
    • When selecting data in a table for use in a formula, you can hover over the column header until you see a downward pointing arrow, and then click to select all the data in that column [4].
    • You can also type the table name into a formula, followed by an open square bracket, and then a list of columns will appear [4].
    • Table references make formulas easier to understand because they use meaningful labels rather than cell references [4].
    • Adding Data:
    • When data is added to the bottom of a table, the table will automatically expand to include the new data [5].
    • Any formatting, such as cell styles, will carry through to the new data [5].
    • Removing Tables:
    • Tables can be converted back to a normal range by selecting Convert to Range on the Table Design tab [2].
    • This will remove the table formatting and features but will keep the data and any formatting [2].

    Excel tables are an effective way to manage data, and are an important feature to understand in order to use Excel effectively [1].

    Excel 365 Beginner to Advanced – 12 Hours

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

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