The text discusses the complex relationship between tribalism and nation-building in Saudi Arabia. While acknowledging the historical significance and enduring social influence of tribes, it highlights how tribal pride and fanaticism have been identified as obstacles to social development. The Saudi government’s efforts to manage tribal influence are examined, including legal frameworks aimed at curbing harmful tribal expressions and initiatives to integrate tribal identities within a broader national framework. Despite progress in promoting national unity and meritocracy, the persistence of some tribal practices underscores the ongoing challenges in achieving a fully cohesive national identity. The text also briefly compares Saudi Arabia’s experience with that of other countries where tribal structures remain influential in political and social life.

Tribalism in Saudi Arabia: A Study Guide

Short Answer Quiz

1. According to Saudi sociologists, what positive aspects of tribal structures can be utilized in the transformation to civil society?
2. What is a primary negative impact of tribalism, as identified by a 2016 Saudi study, and what is the root cause of this impact?
3. Describe how the Saudi state has attempted to mitigate tribal fanaticism using the example of the camel beauty pageants.
4. How has the Saudi government addressed historical issues of tribal-based discrimination within its institutions?
5. Name three historical pre-Islamic wars in the Arabian Peninsula that were attributed to tribal conflicts.
6. In what other Middle Eastern and North African countries does tribalism play a significant political or social role?
7. How does the Saudi ruling family’s history differ from traditional tribal structures, and how does this difference affect the role of tribes in the Kingdom?
8. What types of actions are subject to legal penalties, in terms of the law, for inciting tribalism?
9. What examples of individual actions were monitored in 2024 that illustrate the persistence of tribalism in Saudi society?
10. How do Saudi sociologists envision the role of tribes in the future of a civil society in the Kingdom?

Answer Key

1. Saudi sociologists see tribes as having positive values that can be built upon, particularly in strengthening national unity and resolving blood issues. They also believe tribal ways of thinking can help refine the behavior of their members.
2. The 2016 study identified tribal pride and fanaticism as obstacles to social development, stemming from a desire to demonstrate prestige and the superiority of one tribe over another.
3. The Saudi state took over the camel beauty pageants, transforming them from individual tribal events that incited fanaticism into a state-sponsored festival that promotes national identity, thus mitigating the issue.
4. The Saudi government, under King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, has addressed historical racism through implementing policies that emphasize competence and merit, rather than tribal affiliation, in hiring and admissions.
5. The three pre-Islamic wars mentioned are the Dahis and Ghabra war, the Basus war, and the Fijar war.
6. Tribalism is influential in the political and social spheres of Kuwait, Jordan, Libya, Iraq, Lebanon and Yemen.
7. The Saudi ruling family has urban roots dating back two centuries before Islam, giving it an equal distance from all tribes, allowing it to act as an institution, not a tribe, that frames and influences tribal tendencies, promoting a national identity.
8. Legal penalties apply to actions that promote tribalism in media, talk shows, poetry, national occasions, and in commercial advertising. The penalties include fines and prison sentences.
9. In 2024, examples of tribalism include guest appearances in talk shows, raising tribal flags at national events, tribal references in entertainment, and using tribal names in commercial branding.
10. Saudi sociologists believe that tribes should be transformed into civil society institutions, building upon existing values to strengthen national unity, address social issues, and refine behavior as they move forward.

Essay Questions

1. Analyze the tension between the historical prevalence of tribalism in Saudi Arabia and the country’s modern efforts to forge a national identity. What factors have contributed to the persistence of tribal identity?
2. Discuss the ways in which the Saudi government has attempted to reform the role of tribes in Saudi society. What have been the successes and what are the ongoing challenges in this transformation?
3. Compare and contrast the role of tribalism in Saudi Arabia with its impact in other Middle Eastern and North African countries mentioned in the text. What common threads and distinct characteristics exist?
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of legal measures in Saudi Arabia in curbing tribalism. Are these laws sufficient, or are other methods needed to achieve the country’s goals for a modern civil society?
5. Explore the potential for using the positive aspects of tribal structures to build a stronger national identity. How could values of tribal unity and behavior refinement be re-contextualized for civil society development?

Glossary of Key Terms

• Tribalism: A social organization based on kinship ties and shared ancestry, often associated with loyalty to the tribe above other forms of social organization or national identity.
• Civil Society Institutions: Organizations and groups that operate outside of government control that work to advance the common interests of people and address societal needs.
• National Unity: The sense of shared identity, purpose, and cohesion among the citizens of a nation.
• Blood Issues: Disputes or conflicts arising from acts of violence between individuals or groups, often requiring resolution through tribal mediation or other customary processes.
• Tribal Fanaticism: Extreme, irrational devotion to one’s tribe, often involving prejudice against other tribes and leading to inter-tribal conflicts.
• Vision 2030: Saudi Arabia’s strategic plan to diversify its economy and modernize the country.
• Bedouinism: A nomadic lifestyle traditionally associated with the Arabian Peninsula and characterized by tribal organization and pastoral practices.
• Labbat: A term used to describe tribal affiliations or heritage.
• Shila: Traditional form of Saudi music and poetry that can incorporate themes of tribalism.
• Qalta Poetry: Another form of traditional Arabic poetry often delivered in spoken form that can incorporate tribal themes.
• Al-Mazain Festival: A term that refers to camel beauty pageants, which can be a source of tribal competition.
• Basic Law of Governance: The constitution of Saudi Arabia that outlines the principles of governance and the rights of its citizens.
• Criminal Procedures Law: Laws that govern the process of criminal justice in Saudi Arabia.
• Audiovisual Media Law: Laws that regulate the media sector in Saudi Arabia including what is permissible to be broadcast.
• Anti-Cybercrime Law: Laws that cover electronic offenses, including incitement of tribalism.

Tribalism in Saudi Arabia: A Nation’s Balancing Act

Okay, here’s a briefing document summarizing the key themes and ideas from the provided text about tribalism in Saudi Arabia:

Briefing Document: Tribalism in Saudi Arabia

Introduction:

This document analyzes a provided text discussing the complexities of tribalism in Saudi Arabia. The text explores historical roots, contemporary manifestations, and governmental responses aimed at fostering national unity. It highlights a tension between traditional tribal affiliations and the state’s push towards modernization and a unified national identity, as well as ongoing efforts to manage tribal influence.

Key Themes and Ideas:

1. Tribalism as a Historical Force:

• Tribalism is not a new phenomenon in Saudi Arabia, with roots extending back to pre-Islamic times. The text mentions “wars that lasted for hundreds of years,” such as “the Dahis and Ghabra war, the Basus war, the Fijar war, and the Baath war”, underscoring the deep historical significance of tribal identity and its potential for conflict.
• The text highlights that tribalism’s influence is not unique to Saudi Arabia. It is also described as present and influential in the Levant and the Maghreb, and playing an important role in parliamentary elections in Kuwait and Jordan, and in power structures in post-Saddam Iraq, Libya, and Yemen. This indicates the widespread nature of tribalism in the Middle East, and its impact on politics and society across the region.

1. Tribalism as an Obstacle to Social Development:

• A 2016 Saudi study revealed that “tribal pride and fanaticism are considered obstacles to social development.” These sentiments are perceived as rooted in a desire to “show the superiority of one tribe over another.”
• The text uses the example of camel beauty pageants to illustrate how tribalism can manifest. Historically, individual tribes held such pageants in a way that incited “tribal fanaticism and strife”. This was one of the reasons the state intervened, taking control of the Al-Mazain festival.

1. The State’s Role in Managing and Reforming Tribalism:

• The Saudi state has actively sought to mitigate the negative aspects of tribalism and redirect it towards national unity. An example is its involvement in camel beauty pageants: “the state hold the beauty pageant festival… with a comprehensive identity for all tribes under the umbrella of the state, and tribal biases were replaced with a comprehensive national identity, in line with the requirements of modern civilization and Vision 2030.” This showcases the state’s desire to shape tribal traditions in accordance with national objectives.
• The ruling house is not tied to any one tribe, which the text describes as allowing it to be “at an equal distance from all components of Saudi society” and positioned to be an “influence the tribal tendency and framing it,” working to promote “individual ownership and the person’s responsibility for his actions, regardless of his (Labbat)”. This is contrasted with other nations in the region where the tribe may hold greater political significance.
• The state has implemented laws and regulations, such as Article 12 of the Basic Law of Governance and others, with substantial penalties (ranging up to 10 million riyals and imprisonment) for actions that incite tribalism. This indicates the seriousness with which the state takes the issue.

1. Progress in Addressing Discrimination:

• The text acknowledges past instances of “scientific, professional and geographical racism” where individuals from tribal backgrounds faced discrimination in education and employment.
• However, it notes that, under the leadership of King Salman bin Abdulaziz and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, discrimination based on tribal affiliation has been largely eliminated. “the criterion of preference is competence and entitlement, not ethnic affiliation or civilization,”. The text indicates a move towards meritocracy and away from the bias that existed in prior decades.

1. Persistent Manifestations of Tribalism:

• Despite the legislative and governmental efforts, the text highlights that tribalistic tendencies are still apparent in some areas, with about 30 incidents in 2024. This includes the raising of tribal flags on national occasions, tribal themes in “Shila, series and Qalta poetry”, and cafes marketing in tribal names.
• These “limited” instances demonstrate that there is still a need to continue to work towards a comprehensive national identity. It suggests that the battle to shift the cultural emphasis of citizens away from tribe toward nation is ongoing.

1. The Potential of Tribal Structures:

• While acknowledging the negative impacts of tribalism, Saudi sociologists recognize that tribes “include a set of values ​​that can be built upon, especially in strengthening national unity, and in blood issues.”
• The text suggests the need to transform tribes into civil society institutions, leveraging their existing social frameworks for positive purposes. This signals a move to integrate, not abolish, tribal structures.

Conclusion:

The provided text offers a nuanced perspective on the issue of tribalism in Saudi Arabia. It acknowledges the deep historical roots of tribalism, its challenges to social cohesion and progress, and the government’s multi-pronged approach to managing and reforming it. Despite progress, there is an ongoing need to actively shape cultural norms and prevent the resurgence of tribalistic sentiments, as the Saudi state continues to aim for a unified national identity, in the context of the “modern civilization and Vision 2030.” The suggestion that tribal structures can evolve into civil society institutions points towards a future in which tribal values and the national identity can exist in harmony.

Tribalism and National Identity in Saudi Arabia

FAQ: Tribalism and National Identity in Saudi Arabia

1. How do Saudi sociologists view the potential role of tribes in modern Saudi society?
2. Saudi sociologists see tribes as having the potential to transform into civil society institutions. They believe that tribes possess a set of values that can be leveraged to strengthen national unity and resolve issues related to blood feuds. Furthermore, they see tribes, as a way of thinking, as playing an important role in refining the behavior of their members. This suggests a view of tribes not as relics of the past but as potential contributors to a more cohesive and civil society.
3. What negative impacts has tribalism had on social development in Saudi Arabia?
4. Tribal pride and fanaticism have been identified as obstacles to social development. The focus on tribal prestige and the desire to demonstrate superiority over other tribes have been linked to negative effects. Examples like the once-individual tribal camel beauty pageants, which incited tribal fanaticism, illustrate this. The desire for tribal superiority was identified as a primary source of these issues.
5. How has the Saudi government addressed the issue of tribal fanaticism, particularly in the context of camel beauty pageants?
6. The Saudi government has taken steps to address tribal fanaticism by taking control of the camel beauty pageant. The individual tribal pageants were replaced with the state-sponsored King Abdulaziz Camel Festival. This festival aims to foster a comprehensive national identity, replacing tribal biases, and aligning with the requirements of modern civilization and the nation’s Vision 2030 plan. This is a clear attempt to channel tribal pride into a more unified national expression.
7. How has the Saudi government addressed issues of tribal-based discrimination in professional and educational settings?
8. In the past, the sons of tribes faced scientific, professional, and geographical racism within government institutions. However, under the current leadership of King Salman bin Abdulaziz and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, this discriminatory preference has been largely eradicated. Competence and merit are now the primary criteria, rather than ethnic affiliation or social status.
9. Is tribalism a phenomenon unique to Saudi Arabia?
10. No, tribalism is not unique to Saudi Arabia. It is a widespread cultural phenomenon across the Arab world, with significant influence in the Levant and the Maghreb. It plays roles in parliamentary elections in Kuwait and Jordan, controls oil wells in Libya, is a factor in the political landscape of Iraq, and influences political life and appointments in Lebanon. In Yemen, tribal consensus is vital for stability. Thus, tribalism is a regional phenomenon, with different levels of influence and power in different contexts.
11. How does the role of tribes in Saudi Arabia differ from their role in other parts of the Arab region?
12. Unlike many other Arab countries, Saudi Arabia’s ruling family does not have traditional tribal links. This allows them to stand at an equal distance from all societal components. The Saudi state, as a state of institutions, has been able to reframe and influence tribal tendencies, promoting individual responsibility and ownership, aligned with the concept of a modern civil state. In other nations, tribes can exert significant influence on political power, access to resources and can be at the heart of conflicts.
13. What legal measures have been implemented in Saudi Arabia to counter the negative aspects of tribalism?
14. Saudi Arabia has enacted several laws and regulations to control negative aspects of tribalism, such as Articles of the Basic Law of Governance, the Criminal Procedures Law, the Audiovisual Media Law, and the Anti-Cybercrime Law. These laws impose penalties for actions that incite tribalism or discrimination, including imprisonment, fines, and suspension of professional licenses. These measures indicate a serious commitment to combatting any tribal influence that undermines national unity.
15. What types of actions still exemplify tribal biases in Saudi Arabia, and how are they being addressed?
16. Despite legislation, tribal biases still surface in some instances, albeit limited in scope. These include actions like raising tribal flags on national occasions, tribal affiliations in talk shows, and the marketing of businesses using tribal names, and tribal influences in cultural productions like Shila, series and Qalta poetry. To counter this, there is a push to create a national plan that utilizes education and media to promote national unity and control these actions. In addition, sociologists seek to transform tribes into civil society institutions that align with national goals.

Tribalism in Saudi Arabia

Tribalism in Saudi Arabia is a complex issue with historical roots and modern manifestations [1, 2]. Here’s a breakdown of key points from the sources:

• Historical Context: Tribalism is not a new phenomenon, existing before Islam and causing wars that lasted for centuries [2]. Examples include the Dahis and Ghabra war, the Basus war, the Fijar war, and the Baath war [2].
• Tribalism and Social Development: Some Saudi studies have found that tribal pride and fanaticism can hinder social development, stemming from a desire to show superiority over other tribes [1]. Camel beauty pageants, which were once held individually by tribes, were seen as a cause for inciting tribal fanaticism [1]. The state intervened to hold the camel beauty pageant festival under the umbrella of the state, replacing tribal biases with a comprehensive national identity [1].
• Transformation of Tribes: Saudi sociologists believe that tribes should be transformed into civil society institutions, leveraging their existing values to strengthen national unity [1, 3]. They also believe that tribes play an important and decisive role in refining the behavior of their sons [1, 3].
• Tribalism in the Region: Tribal culture is not unique to Saudi Arabia, being present and influential in the Levant and the Maghreb [2]. It also plays a significant role in parliamentary elections in Kuwait and Jordan [2]. In other countries, it has a significant impact on political and economic issues. For example, tribes in Libya control oil wells, and in Iraq, they are a key part of the political landscape [2]. In Lebanon, tribalism is present in family and religious sects [2]. In Yemen, stability is tied to understanding and cooperation with tribes [2].
• Government efforts to control Tribalism: The Saudi ruling house is not linked to a traditional tribe, allowing it to stand at an equal distance from all components of Saudi society [4]. The government seeks to enhance individual ownership and responsibility, regardless of tribal affiliation [4]. The state is working to reformulate tribal tendencies by influencing and framing it to be in line with the national narrative [4].
• Legislative Measures: There are regulations in place to control negative aspects of tribalism [3]. These measures, controlled by the Basic Law of Governance, the Criminal Procedures Law, the Audiovisual Media Law, and the Anti-Cybercrime Law, include penalties like imprisonment, fines, and license suspensions [3].
• Contemporary Manifestations: Despite the government’s efforts, individual actions that reflect tribalism still occur [3]. These include: raising tribal flags on national occasions, tribal themes in media, and marketing businesses with tribal names [3]. There have been about 30 incidents monitored in 2024 [3].
• Combating negative aspects of Tribalism: The legislative aspect is comprehensive, but further work on the social level, in education and media is required [3]. This includes working on a national plan to control negative aspects of tribalism [3].
• Positive Aspects: The tribes have a set of values ​​that can be built upon, especially in strengthening national unity [1, 3]. There has also been a shift in preferences with competency and entitlement being the main criteria, not ethnic affiliation, civilization, or social status [5].

Transforming Tribal Structures in Saudi Arabia

Transforming tribal structures in Saudi Arabia is a key focus of the government and sociologists, aiming to harness the positive aspects of tribalism while mitigating its negative impacts [1, 2]. Here’s a breakdown of the transformation efforts based on the sources:

• Civil Society Institutions: Saudi sociologists advocate for transforming tribes into civil society institutions [1, 2]. This is because tribes possess values that can be leveraged to strengthen national unity and address issues, particularly blood feuds [1]. The tribal way of thinking is seen as a means of refining the behavior of its members [1].
• Shifting from Tribal Bias to National Identity: The state is actively working to replace tribal biases with a comprehensive national identity, aligning with the requirements of modern civilization and Vision 2030 [1]. The King Abdulaziz Camel Festival is an example of how the state has taken over an event that was once cause for tribal conflict, replacing it with a national identity [1]. The state aims to move away from tribalism by promoting a national narrative where every citizen has equal standing [3].
• Promoting Individual Responsibility: The Saudi government is working to enhance individual ownership and a person’s responsibility for their actions, irrespective of their tribal affiliation [3]. The state wants to move away from the idea of “Labbat”, or tribal affiliation, and focus on the individual as a part of the nation [3].
• Addressing Negative Aspects: The government recognizes that tribal pride and fanaticism can hinder social development [1]. In the past, some members of government institutions exhibited racism against members of tribes. However, in the present time, competence and entitlement are the main criteria of preference, not ethnic affiliation or social status [4]. The state acknowledges that tribal actions still occur but are limited and works to address them via education and media [2].
• Legislative Measures: The government is using regulations to control the negative aspects of tribalism [2]. These include imprisonment, fines, and license suspensions for those who violate the laws [2]. The laws are comprehensive, however, further work on the social level is required to control negative actions [2].
• Government’s Unique Position: The Saudi ruling house is not connected to any traditional tribe and views itself as equal to all members of society, giving it the ability to stand at an equal distance from all components of Saudi society [3]. This allows the government to work to influence and frame the tribal tendencies in society [3].

In summary, the transformation of tribal structures involves leveraging the positive aspects of tribal values for national unity, while actively working to mitigate negative effects like fanaticism and discrimination. The government is using a combination of legislative measures, cultural events, and a national narrative to promote individual responsibility and national unity over tribal affiliations.

National Unity in Saudi Arabia

National unity and identity are central themes in the context of tribalism in Saudi Arabia, with the government actively working to foster a cohesive national identity that transcends tribal affiliations [1, 2]. Here’s a breakdown of how national unity and identity are addressed in the sources:

• Overcoming Tribalism: The sources indicate that tribal pride and fanaticism are seen as obstacles to social development, stemming from a desire to show superiority over other tribes [1]. To combat this, the Saudi state is actively promoting a comprehensive national identity to replace tribal biases [1].
• State’s Role in Fostering National Unity:
• The Saudi ruling house is not linked to a traditional tribe, positioning itself as a unifying force [2]. This allows it to stand at an equal distance from all components of Saudi society [2].
• The government aims to reformulate and influence tribal tendencies and to frame them in the context of a national narrative, much like other immigrant societies like Canada, the United States, and Australia [2].
• The state enhances individual ownership and responsibility for actions, irrespective of tribal affiliation [2]. This is a key step in building a sense of national identity that goes beyond tribal loyalties [2].
• The government is working to promote competence and entitlement as the main criteria of preference, not ethnic affiliation or social status, in order to establish national unity [3].
• Cultural Events and National Identity:
• Camel beauty pageants, once a source of tribal conflict, have been transformed into the King Abdulaziz Camel Festival. This festival promotes a comprehensive national identity, replacing tribal biases with a unified national event [1]. The state intervention in the camel beauty pageant demonstrates how it’s trying to build national unity [1].
• Legislative Measures for National Unity:
• The Saudi government has implemented regulations to control negative aspects of tribalism that can undermine national unity [4]. These measures, including imprisonment and fines, aim to curb actions that promote tribalism over national identity [4].
• The laws are comprehensive, but there is also a need for more work on a social level, in education and media, to promote national unity [4].
• Tribal Values and National Unity:
• Saudi sociologists believe that the values within tribes can be used to strengthen national unity [1, 4]. They advocate for transforming tribes into civil society institutions that can contribute positively to the broader society and promote national unity [1, 4].
• Tribes are seen as playing an important and decisive role in refining the behavior of their members [1, 4]. This function can contribute to a more cohesive and unified society when framed in a national context [1, 4].
• Challenges to National Unity: Despite efforts, there are still individual actions that reflect tribalism, such as raising tribal flags on national occasions or marketing businesses with tribal names [4]. These instances highlight the ongoing need for a national plan to control and address these actions [4].

In summary, the pursuit of national unity and identity in Saudi Arabia involves a multi-pronged approach. It includes the transformation of tribal structures, the promotion of a national narrative, and the implementation of legislative measures. While there are still challenges, the state is actively working to create a unified national identity that transcends tribalism, drawing on the positive values of tribes while mitigating their negative effects.

Combating Tribalism in Saudi Arabia

The legal framework in Saudi Arabia plays a crucial role in controlling and mitigating the negative aspects of tribalism, and it aims to promote national unity and a unified national identity. Here’s a breakdown of the legal measures based on the sources:

• Comprehensive Regulations: The Saudi government has implemented a set of regulations to control tribalism. These are primarily controlled by:
• Article 12 of the Basic Law of Governance [1]
• Articles 15 and 17 of the Criminal Procedures Law [1]
• Articles 5 and 17 of the Audiovisual Media Law [1]
• Article 6 of the Anti-Cybercrime Law [1] These laws form the basis for addressing actions related to tribalism that are deemed harmful to national unity [1].
• Penalties: Violations of these laws can lead to significant penalties, which are both administrative and criminal. These penalties include:
• Imprisonment: A period of one to five years [1]
• Fines: A minimum of 500,000 riyals (approximately $134,000) and a maximum of 10 million riyals (approximately $2,667,000) [1]
• Professional Suspension: Suspension from practicing a profession for up to six months for media-related violations [1]
• License Cancellation: Cancellation of licenses for media-related violations [1]
• Focus on Media: The regulations specifically target media, reflecting the government’s concern over the potential for media to incite tribalism or division [1]. The penalties related to media demonstrate the effort to control the spread of tribal sentiments that go against the national narrative [1].
• Addressing Contemporary Manifestations: Despite the comprehensive legislative measures, some individual actions that reflect tribalism still occur, though they are limited [1]. The government has monitored about 30 incidents in 2024 [1]. These include:
• Raising tribal flags on national occasions such as National Day and Founding Day [1]
• Tribal themes in media such as talk shows interested in the Al-Mazain Festival, in some Shila, series, and Qalta poetry [1]
• Marketing businesses, such as cafes, with tribal names [1] These incidents highlight that the legal framework is in place, but there is an ongoing need for further work on a national level [1].
• Legislative Adequacy: The sources state that the legislative aspect of controlling tribalism is comprehensive, suggesting that the existing laws are robust [1]. However, there is also recognition that these laws must be supported with efforts at the social level, in education and the media [1].
• National Plan: The limited instances of tribal actions highlight the need for a national plan to control them on the social level, in education, and media. The legal framework provides the tools, but the sources emphasize the need for continued effort [1].

In summary, the legal framework in Saudi Arabia is designed to deter tribalism through a combination of regulations and penalties. While the existing laws are considered comprehensive, there is an emphasis on the need for more work on the social level to reinforce national unity and counter actions that promote tribalism.

Modernization and Tribalism in Saudi Arabia

Modernization and tribal culture in Saudi Arabia represent a complex interplay, with the government actively seeking to integrate traditional tribal structures into a modern, unified nation. Here’s a breakdown of this dynamic based on the sources:

• Transformation of Tribal Structures: Saudi sociologists advocate for transforming tribes into civil society institutions, recognizing that tribes possess values that can be leveraged to strengthen national unity [1, 2]. This transformation involves building upon positive tribal values, especially in strengthening national unity, while mitigating negative aspects [1, 2].
• Shifting from Tribal to National Identity: A key aspect of modernization is the conscious effort to replace tribal biases with a comprehensive national identity [1]. This shift is aligned with the goals of modern civilization and Saudi Vision 2030 [1]. The government is working to move beyond tribalism, promoting a national narrative where every citizen has equal standing [3].
• Government’s Role: The Saudi ruling house is not linked to any specific tribe and views itself as equal to all members of society, thus giving it the ability to stand at an equal distance from all components of Saudi society [3]. This allows the government to influence and frame tribal tendencies in the context of national unity [3].
• Individual Responsibility: Modernization efforts in Saudi Arabia emphasize individual ownership and responsibility for actions, regardless of tribal affiliation [3]. This focus on the individual aims to move beyond tribal loyalties and create a society where merit and competence are valued [3, 4].
• Addressing Negative Aspects: The government recognizes that tribal pride and fanaticism can hinder social development [1]. In the past, some members of government institutions exhibited racism against members of tribes [4]. However, in the present time, competence and entitlement are the main criteria of preference, not ethnic affiliation or social status [4].
• Cultural Events: The King Abdulaziz Camel Festival is an example of how the state has taken over an event that was once a source of tribal conflict, replacing it with a national identity [1]. This festival demonstrates how cultural events can be used to promote modernization and national unity over tribal biases [1].
• Legislative Measures: The government has implemented a comprehensive set of regulations to control negative aspects of tribalism that can undermine national unity [2]. These laws include penalties like imprisonment and fines for violations [2]. The sources indicate that the legislative measures in place are comprehensive, but there is a need to reinforce those measures on a social level with education and media [2].
• Challenges to Modernization: Despite these efforts, some individual actions that reflect tribalism still occur [2]. Examples include raising tribal flags on national occasions or marketing businesses with tribal names [2]. These instances highlight the need for a continued effort to control these actions [2].
• Tribalism Beyond Saudi Arabia: It is important to note that the influence of tribalism is not unique to Saudi Arabia, as it is present and influential in the Levant and the Maghreb, and it plays an important role in parliamentary elections in the states of Kuwait and Jordan [5]. The sources note that in current Libya, the tribe controls some oil wells, and has geographical influence and borders. In post-Saddam Iraq, the tribe has become a difficult number in the political equation. In Lebanon, the tribe is present in the family and in the religious sect, and both of them influence political life and the appointment of people. Stability cannot be achieved and life cannot continue in Yemen except by understanding with the tribe and obtaining its blessing, or buying its silence [5].

In summary, modernization in Saudi Arabia involves a complex and deliberate effort to integrate tribal culture into a unified national framework. The government is actively working to mitigate the negative aspects of tribalism while leveraging the positive values for national unity. This process involves a combination of legal measures, cultural shifts, and the promotion of a comprehensive national identity, although challenges still exist.

By Amjad Izhar
Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
https://amjadizhar.blog

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These articles predominantly cover events and initiatives in Saudi Arabia, with a particular focus on preparations for the upcoming Hajj season, including logistical arrangements, healthcare services, and media coverage. Additionally, they touch upon global news, such as international relations (specifically the US-Iran nuclear talks and Saudi diplomacy), the humanitarian situation in Gaza, and market trends in sectors like oil and aviation, alongside updates from the sports world. The texts highlight Saudi efforts to enhance visitor experiences, promote its cultural identity, and contribute to regional stability while also reporting on international incidents and economic shifts.

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Saudi Arabia’s Comprehensive Hajj Preparation and Management

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia places immense importance on enhancing the Hajj journey and ensuring the security and safety of pilgrims from the moment they arrive until they depart. Serving the pilgrims of the Grand Mosque is considered a historical responsibility, an honor, and a duty inherited by the leadership, with citizens competing for the honor of serving. The state mobilizes all material, human, and technical capabilities to provide an environment where the Guests of Rahman can experience security, safety, tranquility, and peace of mind. The security of Hajj is declared a red line, with no tolerance for anything that might compromise it.

Hajj management is described as a unique administrative system that operates continuously throughout the year, undergoing constant review, development, and innovation in organization, procedures, services, and technology. This comprehensive civilizational and humanitarian project for serving pilgrims involves intensive efforts and programs to ensure security. The Kingdom reassures Muslims globally that its security forces are at the highest levels of technical and mental readiness to ensure Hajj security, capable of quickly and decisively addressing anything that might disturb pilgrim security or peace. Precise security plans, enhanced coordination, and the ability to track pilgrim movement in the holy sites are highlighted as crucial.

Preparations involve a multifaceted approach drawing on accumulated expertise. A participatory model brings together the public and private sectors, specialized national and international companies, alongside government ministries and authorities, including the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah. The Minister of Interior and Chairman of the Supreme Hajj Committee personally oversaw the readiness of security forces for their field tasks. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development conducts extensive field tours (>4,000) during the Hajj season to monitor compliance with labor laws and ensure a safe work environment. The Oversight and Anti-Corruption Authority (Nazaha) also completes its preparations to participate, ensuring control and readiness for pilgrim services.

Key aspects of Hajj preparations based on the sources include:

• Security & Crowd Management: Intensive efforts and programs secure Hajj rituals. The latest technologies are utilized for pilgrim safety and security. Security forces are highly prepared technically and mentally. Crowd management is a complex security operation demanding high readiness and coordination among different entities. Security forces are strategically present at key points to ensure pilgrim flow and use smart systems for monitoring and crowd control to reduce accidents and congestion. The Deputy Public Prosecutor emphasizes legal protection for the holy sites and pilgrims, utilizing advanced technology and qualified personnel.
• Transportation: Hajj transport has undergone significant transformations, moving from traditional means to large-scale projects incorporating AI. AI is used in modern transportation projects. Transportation is a core element, viewed as vital and linked to security and public safety. Transportation options have become more varied and efficient, including buses and trains. Developments include the expansion of roads, tunnels, and bridges. New transport systems and technologies are deployed. Strategic projects ensure safe and comfortable transport for pilgrims. Notable projects are the Holy Sites Train (connecting Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina) and the Haramain Train (linking Mecca, Jeddah, and Medina). Innovative solutions like electric scooters and golf carts assist the elderly and those with health issues in moving quickly within the holy sites. The Ministry of Transport and Logistics Services has enhanced infrastructure, including road expansion and innovations like rubber walkways to ease walking strain. Dedicated pedestrian paths and smart systems for traffic monitoring enhance flow. The General Syndicate of Cars provides buses meeting high standards, and modern technologies like tracking maps and mobile apps are used.
• Health Services: The Kingdom provides comprehensive health services through an integrated medical system, described as the largest of its kind globally. The Ministry of Health supervises a plan focused on prevention and rapid intervention. Services are available in hospitals, health centers, field clinics, and through specialized medical teams and volunteers. A wide network operates 24/7, providing care, treatment, prevention, and awareness. Translation services are provided to facilitate communication with pilgrims of different nationalities. Precise procedures handle emergencies with mobile ambulance teams in crowded areas and coordination for quick transport. Volunteers provide crucial humanitarian support, relieving pressure on medical staff and assisting in awareness and first aid. Integrated medical clinics with modern equipment are available for King’s Guests, offering 24/7 services including check-ups and health education. The health minister noted the readiness of the health system with over 50,000 staff, increased capacity, equipped facilities, and preventive measures. Mobile medical units, like a stroke unit in Mecca, provide rapid, life-saving treatment on-site.
• Food and Logistics: Providing high-quality food services with variety and efficiency is a key focus. Partnerships between government, private sector, and charities ensure meal provision and distribution. All food undergoes strict control by the Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) to ensure safety, hygiene, and compliance. SFDA inspectors check food and drug shipments at entry points like Jeddah airport, using AI and advanced systems. Mecca Municipality also gives great importance to monitoring food and water, using advanced laboratories and electronic tracking systems. Distribution of food is coordinated via a precise system overseen by the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, with detailed planning based on pilgrim numbers and camp locations. Specialized food options are available for different nationalities, dietary needs, or health conditions. Zamzam water and mineral water are widely distributed. The Minister of Environment, Water, and Agriculture inspects preparations, including water provision and sanitation projects, emphasizing quality and coordination.
• Guidance and Communication: Guidance and linguistic support are essential. Multilingual guides are trained to understand pilgrim needs and Hajj dynamics, providing support, accurate information on rituals, and helping with communication barriers. Female guiding teams are available for female pilgrims. Field teams work 24/7 for immediate support and translation. Interactive maps are used to help pilgrims navigate. Common languages are prioritized (e.g., Urdu, French, Farsi, Malay, Indonesian). The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance provides guidance services and hosts exhibitions showcasing the Kingdom’s efforts.
• Accommodation: Accommodation is a crucial element for pilgrim comfort. The Ministry of Hajj and Umrah offers distinct Hajj packages via the “Nusuk Hajj” platform, providing flexibility in options and prices. Services contribute to facilitating Hajj, providing ease of access and hospitality. A project to transport pilgrim luggage from their home country to their accommodation is noted as a development. Mina is prepared with camps to receive pilgrims.
• Media and Awareness: The Ministry of Media launched the “Hajj Media Forum” to support media coverage and enhance cooperation, highlighting services and projects. It provides an integrated media environment with technology. Awareness campaigns, such as the “No Hajj without a Permit” campaign, play a role in organization and pilgrim safety. The Ministry of Media, Broadcasting and Television Authority, and the Government Communication Center are involved in highlighting Hajj efforts and broadcasting in multiple languages. Exhibitions showcase the Kingdom’s services.

Overall, the preparations for Hajj are comprehensive, involving detailed planning, significant investment in infrastructure and technology, extensive coordination among numerous government and private entities, mobilization of skilled personnel and volunteers, and continuous evaluation and development efforts, all aimed at enabling millions of pilgrims to perform their rituals in an atmosphere of security, ease, and comfort.

Gaza: Conflict, Aid Obstruction, and Displacement

Based on the sources provided, here’s a discussion of the situation in Gaza:

The Gaza Strip is currently experiencing a dire situation marked by ongoing conflict and humanitarian challenges. According to UNRWA, approximately 50,000 children have been killed or injured in Gaza within a span of just 20 months. Civilians, including children, aid workers, medical personnel, and journalists, continue to face the risk of death and injury.

Efforts to deliver humanitarian aid are severely obstructed. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) described humanitarian services in Gaza as among the most obstructed operations in the recent history of global humanitarian response. Since March, Israeli authorities have imposed a tight siege on humanitarian aid and goods, allowing only what the UN has termed a “drop in the ocean of needs” to enter in the preceding two weeks. Due to Israeli restrictions and a lack of security, the UN and its partners have been unable to deliver most of the aid. The little aid that does enter is often looted by desperate residents struggling to feed their families. UNRWA has stated that current aid distribution methods are insufficient to meet the urgent humanitarian needs, particularly for the sick, elderly, and injured. They assert that they can deliver aid safely and on a large scale if there is a ceasefire.

There are reports from Gaza indicating that aid distribution centers themselves have become dangerous locations. The Israeli army has reportedly targeted Palestinians near an aid distribution center in western Rafah on consecutive days, resulting in dozens of casualties. Sources from Nasser Hospital reported people being killed and injured while attempting to reach an aid center in Rafah supported by Israel and the US. Gaza’s government media office reported a massacre targeting the aid distribution center in western Rafah and the Netzarim corridor, with numerous killed and injured. Officials in Gaza allege that the occupation forces deliberately target gatherings of displaced people for “liquidation” and intentionally gather families at aid centers to kill them there. They also claim that aid centers function as military points serving Israel’s agenda and that Israel is actively working to sabotage aid distribution systems, driving people towards these centers through famine before shooting them.

The Alliance of Lawyers for Palestine in Switzerland (ASAP) has raised concerns about an organization referred to as “Gaza Humanitarian,” alleging it involves elements from the US army and intelligence. According to the head of the alliance, this organization, working with “Safe Reach Solutions,” is reportedly hiring military and intelligence personnel to collect data aimed at facilitating the management or control of Gaza and securing aid. The reported goals include studying reactions, monitoring and recording tired communities, gathering digital identities, and processing data to identify members of Hamas and other armed individuals. The alliance views dealing with any official entity attempting to bring aid under these circumstances as a betrayal of humanitarian principles, humanitarian law, and the Palestinian cause. They are reportedly collaborating with Swiss authorities to investigate the work of this organization and others involved in aid efforts.

Geographically, with the expansion of Israeli actions, less than 18% of Gaza’s area remains where civilians are permitted. The rest of the territory is either under direct Israeli control or designated as evacuation areas subjected to continuous shelling. Displacement continues across Gaza, with hundreds of thousands displaced in a two-week period. The overall situation is described as the worst since the start of the war, with shelling persistent throughout the Strip, including in the north where the last partially functioning hospital was forced to evacuate.

Politically, the GCC Ministerial Council has addressed the situation, condemning Israel’s announcement about creating an agency aimed at displacing Palestinians from Gaza. They have affirmed their support for the Palestinian people in Gaza, calling for the end of the blockade, the opening of all crossings for humanitarian aid, and the provision of protection. They also expressed support for the two-state solution and rejected attempts to displace the population of Gaza.

Global Oil Market Dynamics and Forecasts

Based on the sources provided, the oil market is currently experiencing dynamic shifts influenced by production decisions, demand trends, and geopolitical factors.

Recently, oil prices have risen, with Brent crude increasing by 2.33% ($1.46 per barrel to $64.24) and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) rising by 2.73% ($1.66 to $62.45). This price increase occurred after OPEC+ decided to increase production by 411,000 barrels per day (bpd) in July. This represents the third consecutive month of increases of this size. The market had largely priced in this July increase, although some participants reportedly expected a larger increase. Goldman Sachs anticipates a similar 410,000 bpd increase will be finalized for August.

OPEC+, the group of major oil producers, appears to be using these increases as part of a strategy to recover market share, particularly from members like Iraq and Kazakhstan who have reportedly been overproducing relative to their committed quotas. However, Kazakhstan reportedly intends not to cut its output. OPEC+ aims to maintain market stability through production quotas, but challenges arise from delays in responding to price changes, as well as the impact of a slowing global economy, rising inflation, and reduced consumer spending.

Regarding supply, Saudi Arabia’s oil exports rose to 6 million bpd in May and are expected to increase further in June, which some interpret as a potential gap between its production agreements and actual exports. Russian crude exports transported by sea fell slightly in April to 4.82 million bpd after being stable in March and increasing slightly in April. Overall, the agreed OPEC+ production increase reportedly has not yet translated into increased shipments. Forecasts based on expected supply growth, particularly from US shale, suggest potential market surpluses of 1.5 million bpd in 2025 and 2.5 million bpd in 2026. US crude output reached its highest level in March at 13.49 million bpd, but the number of active oil rigs in the US has declined, reaching its lowest level since November 2021 in the week prior to the report.

On the demand side, there has been a significant increase in gasoline demand in the United States with the start of the summer driving season. A weekly increase of nearly 1 million bpd in US gasoline demand was noted as the third highest weekly increase in the past three years. Conversely, there are signs of weakening Asian demand for crude, particularly in China, which may be partly due to trade disruptions. China’s oil imports had increased in March and April, leading to a crude surplus of 1.98 million bpd in April (the highest since June 2023) due to purchases of discounted oil from sources like Iran and Russia, but China’s imports fell in May. Overall, Asian demand hasn’t increased despite lower prices in the first quarter of 2024.

Crude inventories in the developed world increased by 21.4 million barrels in March, reaching 1.323 billion barrels, although this is still 139 million barrels below the 2015-2019 average.

Geopolitical factors are also playing a role in the oil market. Increased military actions between Russia and Ukraine are providing support to oil prices. There is also discussion in the US Congress about potentially imposing more sanctions on Moscow, targeting countries that purchase Russian oil like China and India. A proposed US law suggests a 500% tariff on imports from countries that transport Russian oil, which could potentially limit global supply and cause prices to rise.

Saudi Arabia holds a strong position in the market due to its high production capacity, exceeding 3 million bpd, and reportedly very low lifting costs ($3.53/barrel). This allows the Kingdom flexibility to increase its market share when prices are high or stable, potentially offsetting production cuts made as part of OPEC+ agreements. The Kingdom is also investing in advanced technology for oil extraction and processing. The Saudi Minister of Finance views the current lower prices and global uncertainty as an “opportunity” to re-evaluate financial plans and avoid the “trap of economic volatility,” emphasizing flexible spending and boosting investment alongside potential strategies to enhance oil revenues from production to refined products. Saudi Arabia’s voluntary production cuts, exceeding 9.5 million bpd of its total capacity, are seen as a positive step for gradually raising prices, despite these cuts continuing until the end of 2026.

Looking ahead, analysts forecast Brent crude prices at $56/barrel and WTI at $52/barrel in 2026, based on expectations of future surpluses. Meanwhile, in the UK, high energy costs for manufacturing are highlighted as a significant challenge, reportedly being the highest among major advanced economies.

Saudi Cultural Events and Initiatives

Based on the sources provided, the cultural landscape discussed is dynamic and involves various events, initiatives, and areas of focus within Saudi Arabia and through its participation internationally. These activities often highlight national identity, heritage, arts, language, and creativity, sometimes linking to broader national goals like Vision 2030.

Here are some of the cultural events and initiatives mentioned:

• Hajj-Related Cultural Activities:
• The Forum on the History of Hajj and the Two Holy Mosques is a pioneering scientific and knowledge-based project organized by Darat King Abdulaziz in cooperation with the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah. It aims to highlight the historical and cultural heritage of the Two Holy Mosques. The forum is intended to provide a scientific and knowledge environment for researchers and specialists from different countries. It seeks to document the journey of Hajj from its beginnings to the present day, highlighting civilizational and organizational aspects and the experiences of pilgrims. This initiative aligns with the Kingdom’s continuous efforts since its unification to serve pilgrims and the Two Holy Mosques, viewing it as an honor and responsibility.
• The Hajj Media Forum, in its second edition, was launched by the Ministry of Media as part of the “Serving the Guests of God” program, a realization of Vision 2030. It serves as an integrated media center and interactive exhibition, including studios, a live broadcast platform, and virtual reality technology. The forum aims to support media coverage, enhance cooperation in a technology-rich environment, and showcase the significant transformation and services provided to pilgrims, as well as major projects and achievements in the Two Holy Mosques and Holy Sites. It involves participation from various government and private entities. The forum also aims to enhance innovation in media content and coverage of Hajj.
• The Guests of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Program for Hajj, Umrah, and Visit, implemented by the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Call and Guidance, involves welcoming guests from over 100 countries. The program provides comprehensive services, including integrated medical clinics. It also includes cultural elements such as showcasing Saudi hospitality and culture, exemplified by the “Saudi Coffee” corners in the accommodation centers, which received significant interest from pilgrims. An exhibition is part of this program, reviewing the Kingdom’s efforts in serving Islam and Muslims, and highlighting the services provided to the guests, including their reception, performance of rituals, and visits to historical sites in Mecca and Medina. The exhibition also features a section dedicated to quotes from Saudi kings regarding the service of pilgrims. Guests have praised the program, seeing it as a unique model reflecting the Kingdom’s commitment to serving the guests of God.
• Heritage and Museums:
• The Saudi Embassy in the Netherlands celebrated the International Museum Day and World Heritage Day in The Hague. The event included a heritage exhibition, featuring reproductions of historical and archaeological pieces, and a visual presentation of the virtual reality of the National Museum in the Kingdom. It highlighted the Kingdom’s efforts in heritage protection and registration on the UNESCO World Heritage list, specifically mentioning the registration of Al-Faw village. The event emphasized the vital role of cultural and heritage institutions in preserving shared human history and promoting understanding and dialogue between civilizations. The Kingdom is committed to protecting and enhancing its cultural heritage as part of Vision 2030.
• Arts and Creativity:
• The Saudi Cultural Fund participated in Expo Osaka 2025, hosting a dialogue session titled “Entrepreneurship for Innovation: A Saudi Cultural Endeavor”. The session highlighted the thriving cultural sector in the Kingdom and the accelerated growth of entrepreneurship in cultural fields, emphasizing the sector’s economic and social impact. The Fund’s role in empowering entrepreneurs through financial and developmental solutions was also showcased. The event included showcasing innovative handicrafts, reflecting the beauty of Saudi handicrafts. This participation is part of the Fund’s efforts during Expo Osaka to highlight the Saudi cultural identity and review its development journey within the framework of Vision 2030.
• The “Jahbid” (The Gifted) exhibition in Tabuk showcased the work of young artists inspired by pioneers of Saudi plastic art. The initiative aimed to appreciate Saudi artists, highlight local art, connect children to their visual and cultural identity, and plant a love for art in them from a young age. It is seen as a step towards supporting cultural objectives within Vision 2030, contributing to building a vibrant, creative society. The exhibition was the result of a three-month training journey that transformed children from art appreciators into confident creators.
• Ethraa Eid, the King Abdulaziz Center for World Culture (Ithra)’s Eid al-Adha celebration, includes over 31 diverse activities under the theme “A Ribbon of Giving”. These activities blend joy, knowledge, and inspiration in a creative cultural framework. Events include storytelling sessions, a performance celebrating cultural diversity in the Islamic world, a musical performance, handicrafts exhibitions, interactive experiences promoting values, art installations, creative workshops, and cinema screenings. The event aims to provide unique cultural experiences and strengthen Ithra’s role as a cultural destination.
• Language and Literature:
• The King Salman Global Academy for the Arabic Language concluded a program in Jeddah for “Qualifying Arabic Experts” in partnership with King Abdulaziz University. The program involved training Arabic language teachers for non-native speakers to enhance their competencies and transfer knowledge, supporting the Academy’s strategic path in empowering the Arabic language globally.
• The Abu Dhabi International Book Fair 2025 is mentioned as a major cultural event that hosted numerous writers, publishers, and intellectuals, focusing on promoting local literature and cultural identity. (Note: This event took place in Abu Dhabi, not Saudi Arabia, although Saudi participants might have attended).
• Cultural Documentation and Reflection:
• A book titled “Airports” documents the history and development of aviation in the Northern Borders region over 75 years, including historical visits and strategic importance. This represents an effort in documenting specific aspects of the region’s history and development.
• An article reflects on “The Symphony of the Place: The Memory of Living Sound,” discussing how the distinct sounds of different places within Saudi Arabia (like Jeddah, Riyadh, and Al-Ahsa) constitute an important, unwritten part of cultural identity and heritage.

These sources indicate a concerted effort to preserve, promote, and innovate within the cultural sphere, often leveraging events and exhibitions to engage audiences and showcase Saudi identity and contributions globally.

Saudi Arabia Sports Highlights

Based on the provided sources, discussions around sports events cover various aspects, from national team preparations and domestic competitions to international participation and hosting, as well as player transfers and the intersection of sports with leadership and community engagement.

Here are some of the sports events and related activities mentioned:

• Football:
• The Saudi national football team is preparing for upcoming matches against the Bahraini and Australian national teams. Preparations include training sessions. Specific players like Abdullah Mado and Jihad Thikri are mentioned, with Mado participating in training and Thikri being replaced due to injury. The coach, Herve Renard, will determine the lineup for the match against Bahrain. The team will conduct training sessions, with the first quarter-hour open to media, before traveling to Manama.
• The draw for the Round of 32 of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Cup (King’s Cup) for the 2025-2026 season was held. This competition is referred to as one of the “most expensive cups”. The draw resulted in strong matchups, including Al Ittihad facing Al Wehda, Al Hilal meeting Al Adalah, Al Nassr playing Al Arabi, and Al Ahli visiting Jeddah. Other matchups for the Round of 32 are also listed. The matches are scheduled to take place between September 21-24, with the exact times and stadiums to be determined later. The participating clubs include teams from the Roshen Saudi League and the first division.
• Al Hilal club’s striker, Aleksandar Mitrovic, is reportedly on the radar of three English clubs: Manchester United, Everton, and West Ham United. Mitrovic is 30 years old and is seemingly willing to accept a pay cut to return to play in Europe. Al Hilal might agree to sell him if an offer of 40 million British pounds is received. Mitrovic joined Al Hilal in the summer of 2023. In his first season, he helped the team win the local treble (Roshen League, King’s Cup, Saudi Super Cup). He also won the Super Cup again at the start of the 2024-2025 season. The source notes that Al Hilal’s performance this season was below expectations, as they lost the Roshen League title, were eliminated from the King’s Cup quarter-finals, and the Elite Asian Champions League semi-finals. Mitrovic’s statistics for Al Hilal (appearances, goals, assists) and his current market value are also provided.
• The Saudi Football Federation participated in the FIFA Global Football Week. This event, organized by FIFA, aims to implement social initiatives and enhance closeness between communities, players, fans, and cultures. The SFF’s participation was through regional training centers, academies, and sports clubs across various regions in the Kingdom. The event included sports and entertainment activities under the slogan “Together We Are Stronger,” coinciding with FIFA Foundation Day and the Paris Olympics. The SFF also prepared tools for national federations, clubs, centers, and communities to help organize successful local events for this occasion, which is being held for the first time and is planned to be annual.
• Al Hazem club has achieved promotion back to the Roshen Saudi League. Their return followed a playoff victory. The source highlights the club’s determination, the cooperation among players, administration, and fans, and the positive impact of technical and administrative changes and player acquisitions. Al Hazem has a notable history, being the team with the most promotions to the top league. Their best achievement in the league was seventh place. Their upcoming season will be their eighth in the top flight since the 2009 season. The promotion means they will play the “Al Rass derby” against Al Kholood for the first time in the top league. To maintain their position in the top league, the club needs to analyze their past performance, address weaknesses, secure strong administrative support and sufficient budget, and recruit new players.
• An article reflects on the previous season, particularly praising Al Ittihad club’s success in winning the Roshen League and the King’s Cup. It highlights the unity within the club (administration, players, fans) as a key factor. The support from the fans, referred to as the “Ittihad stands,” is specifically commended for its organization and impact, becoming a model that other clubs and international media discussed. Fan displays during the King’s Cup final are mentioned as conveying significant messages linked to national identity and leadership.
• A commentary section discusses various football-related topics, including issues with the Sports Arbitration Center following Al Wehda’s protest, commentary regarding the center’s management, Al Qadsiah coach’s excuses after losing to Al Ittihad, the historical loss of Italian club Inter Milan and its potential impact on speculation linking coach Inzaghi to Al Hilal.
• The Asian ‘C’ Coaching License course, organized by the technical department of the Saudi Football Federation, has concluded. The course, held over 5 days in Jeddah, involved 24 national coaches. It aimed to enhance their skills through theoretical and practical training, including preparing training units and testing methods. This is part of the SFF’s efforts to develop national coaches.
• The CAF Champions League saw Egyptian club Pyramids FC win the title for the first time. This is noted as significant as they are the fourth Egyptian club to win. Pyramids FC’s history, including past ownership by Saudi figure Turki Al Sheikh, and their status as a non-traditional club reaching the final are mentioned. Their victory qualifies them for the African Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup in 2029.
• Preparations for the FIFA Club World Cup are mentioned, with Manchester City excluding player Mateo Kovacic due to injury. Borussia Dortmund has also begun preparations with a limited squad due to international duties. The new format tournament is set to begin in June. The timing is noted as causing issues for clubs’ schedules and player contracts. Dortmund is reportedly interested in signing Jobe Bellingham. Dortmund’s match against Fluminense in the group stage is mentioned.
• In European football transfers, Bayer Leverkusen reportedly rejected a second offer from Liverpool for player Florian Wirtz. Details of the offer value and Leverkusen’s asking price are included. Other clubs had previously withdrawn interest due to the high price.
• Judo:
• The Minister of Sports Judo Cup championship has concluded. Organized by the Saudi Judo Federation, the event took place in Riyadh with the participation of over 160 players from 28 clubs in the senior category. Competitions were held across seven weight categories. The winning clubs were Al Nassr (1st), Al Hilal (2nd), Al Ahli (3rd), and Al Ittihad (4th). The Excellence Shield was awarded to Al Fateh, Al Qadsiah, and Al Shabab for their performance throughout the season. The head of the Judo Federation emphasized the tournament’s role in supporting clubs and players and raising the level of competition.
• Multi-Sport Events / Solidarity Games:
• The Heads of Missions seminar for the 6th Islamic Solidarity Games, to be held in Riyadh in November 2025, has commenced. The seminar includes representatives from national Olympic and Paralympic committees of the member states of the Islamic Solidarity Sports Federation. Hosting the games reflects the significant progress of Saudi sports and aims to strengthen cooperation and unity among Islamic nations through sports, aligning with Vision 2030. Presentations were given on the current preparations, operational plans, services, and facilities. Visits were also made to sports facilities, including those for camel racing and “Jump Saudi”.
• Leadership and Sports:
• An article discusses the qualities of a strategic leader, using the example of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman attending the final match of the King’s Cup. His presence is highlighted as an illustration of leadership traits such as distributing responsibility, valuing collaboration, and humility.

These events reflect a vibrant sports scene in Saudi Arabia, with significant focus on developing national capabilities, hosting international events, and engaging communities, often linked to broader national development goals like Vision 2030.

Download PDF Newspaper

Read or Download PDF Newspaper – Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 3, 2025

By Amjad Izhar
Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
https://amjadizhar.blog

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This compilation of articles from the Riyadh newspaper provides a snapshot of current events and developments across various sectors in June 2025. Several pieces focus on the upcoming Hajj pilgrimage, detailing security preparations, health services utilizing advanced technology like drones, and the arrival of Palestinian pilgrims hosted by Saudi Arabia. Other articles cover economic matters, including adjustments to the Saudi housing support program to aid citizens and a discussion on global energy markets, touching on oil price fluctuations and the impact of trade tensions. Finally, the collection features articles on international relations, notably discussing Jordan’s efforts to end the conflict in Gaza, the US envoy’s rejection of Hamas’s ceasefire response, and Saudi Arabia’s evolving relationship with Syria as seen through renewed flight routes.

Podcast

Listen or Download Podcast – Al-Riyadh Newspaper, June 2, 2025

Gaza War and the Palestinian Cause: Situation, Diplomacy, and Change

Based on the sources provided, here is a discussion of the Gaza War and related issues concerning the Palestinian cause:

The sources highlight the ongoing conflict in the Gaza Strip and the broader Palestinian issue, emphasizing various dimensions including the severity of the situation on the ground, diplomatic efforts, and changing regional dynamics.

Situation in Gaza and Occupied Territories:

• The sources describe the situation in the Gaza Strip as involving war, a blockade, and a humanitarian catastrophe.
• There are escalating violations and a loss of opportunities for solutions.
• Israel is reported to be committing massacres against Palestinians, with international and International Court of Justice testimony cited as support for this. One specific incident mentioned is an Israeli shelling on a house that resulted in the death of nine children (Rivane, Eve, Jubran, Rasan, Rakan, Yahya, Adam, and Sidra) and injuries to the sole surviving child (Luqman) and their father, who is in intensive care.
• The sources mention continuous Israeli ground operations in areas south of Khan Younis, including Al-Najjar and Khuza’a, which have expanded to target dozens of residential homes and the hospital area, accompanied by intensive air raids and artillery shelling.
• Beyond Gaza, the sources also note actions in other occupied territories, specifically settler activities in areas like Sinjil, Burqa, Ni’lin, Qibya, and Sa’ir. Settlers are described as attacking residents’ homes, Palestinian vehicles with stones, farmers on their land, and forcing Palestinians to leave their land, sometimes releasing sheep into agricultural crops. Occupation forces are reported to protect settlers and make arrests of Palestinians attempting to confront them.

Diplomatic Stances and Efforts:

• Saudi Arabia maintains a position emphasizing that the recognition of the State of Palestine is not merely symbolic but a tangible plan towards peace and stability in the region.
• The Saudi Foreign Minister, Prince Faisal bin Farhan, has called on European countries to recognize the State of Palestine, reiterating a long-held Saudi strategic stance. This call is described as putting points on the letters after years of Western avoidance.
• Saudi Arabia views recognition as a fundamental right that would end double standards and grant the Palestinians legitimacy that has been denied for decades.
• The sources indicate that the Saudi movement is not limited to statements but involves working through multiple channels including the Arab League, the United Nations, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and Gulf summits to mobilize international recognition and confront attempts to legitimize the reality of the occupation. The OIC is highlighted as a key platform for defending the interests and issues of its member states, including the Palestinian cause.
• Saudi Arabia is repositioning its tools and addressing the world with a realistic and impactful language. The sources suggest the need for decisiveness, presenting Europe with a “final moral test” to either stand for justice or remain in gray positions that fail to build security or create peace.
• A Ministerial Committee from the Extraordinary Arab-Islamic Summit concerning developments in the Gaza Strip, chaired by Prince Faisal bin Farhan, met in Amman. This meeting discussed efforts to end the war and blockade on Gaza, allow the flow of aid, and strengthen efforts to stop all violations by the Israeli occupation authorities against the Palestinian people and occupied territories.
• Saudi Arabia is co-chairing a high-level international conference with France in New York in June aimed at a peaceful settlement of the Palestinian issue and the implementation of the two-state solution, as part of efforts to embody an independent Palestinian state based on the June 4th lines.
• The sources also mention Saudi Arabia’s historical and honorable stances towards the Palestinian cause, describing them as an extension of the leadership’s directives. This includes hosting Palestinian pilgrims from the families of martyrs, prisoners, and wounded under a specific program, seen as reinforcing Islamic brotherhood.

Changing Dynamics:

• The sources analyze a shift in the global mood towards Israel. The world is witnessing what is described as “genocide” practiced by Israel.
• The situation has changed, and rising regional powers, led by Saudi Arabia, are now in a position to directly influence international decisions.
• The change in the international mood towards Israel is presented as a continuous reality, not just a temporary state. It is suggested that Israel must recognize that the region has changed in favor of regional countries, regardless of the size of external support it receives. Israel is expected to lose much of its standing in the long term due to popular and geopolitical transformations.

Saudi Housing Support Amendment

Based on the provided sources, there is specific information regarding Housing Support in Saudi Arabia.

According to the source, the Council of Ministers has approved an amendment to the housing support regulation. This amendment is presented as one of the mechanisms provided by the state. The primary goal of this amendment is to increase the percentage of home ownership for citizens.

The amendment is described as a continuation of the efforts undertaken by the “Sakani” program. This program aims to provide diverse housing options and solutions that are suitable for the needs of Saudi families. It offers flexible and multiple solutions for beneficiaries. The overall effort, including the amendment and the Sakani program, is part of strengthening housing support and accelerating the pace of family ownership through diverse housing and financing options.

Preparing for Hajj: Safety and Service for Guests of Rahman

Based on the provided sources, preparations for the Hajj season involve extensive efforts across various sectors to ensure the safety, health, and comfort of pilgrims, referred to as Guests of Rahman. These preparations are described as a great human message representing the highest forms of sacrifice and giving.

Key aspects of Hajj preparations highlighted in the sources include:

• Overall Readiness and Effort: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia undertakes tremendous efforts under the leadership of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and his Crown Prince for the organization and crowd management (التنظيم والتفويج) in serving the Guests of Rahman. This effort is part of strengthening Islamic brotherhood and is seen as an extension of the leadership’s directives. The Hajj care provided has become a global model for smart management, health, and logistical services, ensuring service for millions of pilgrims.
• Security: There is a focus on the readiness and preparedness of Hajj security forces for executing their field tasks in preserving Hajj security. This involves field exercises and simulations of different security scenarios and a review of security equipment, including vehicles, security aviation, and advanced equipment used during the Hajj season. Security personnel are described as the first line of protection for Guests of Rahman, working with resolve and seriousness amidst the large influx of crowds and diverse nationalities, cultures, and languages. Their roles extend beyond enforcing order to providing direct assistance, handling emergency human situations, and dealing with the elderly and sick with compassion and calmness, even working long hours under difficult conditions.
• Health and Medical Services: The health system’s readiness for Guests of Rahman is a significant part of the preparations. Health services provided are reviewed, including complex procedures like open-heart surgeries and cardiac catheterizations. Advanced technology is being integrated, such as the activation of drones for the first time in the medical supply system during Hajj to transport urgent medical items to high-density areas, avoiding traffic. Paramedics (المسعفون) are described as the first line of defense in confronting emergency situations, distributed throughout the holy sites ready for any emergency. They handle cases like heat strokes and exhaustion, transporting critical cases to equipped ambulances quickly. They approach pilgrims with reassuring smiles and comforting words, carrying compassion and a sense of responsibility. Health awareness materials are prepared, including a health awareness bag distributed in 8 languages.
• Services (Water, Environment): Readiness inspections are conducted for sectors like water and environmental services in Mecca and the holy sites. The goal is to double efforts and raise the readiness of all system sectors to provide the highest standards of quality and efficiency to create an ideal environment for pilgrims.
• Logistics and Crowd Management: Facilitating crowd management is crucial to ensure the safety of pilgrims. This is supported by providing technologies and tools such as counting sensors for real-time density data and guiding screens and boards. The regulations and laws, such as “No Hajj without a permit” (لا حج بلا تصريح), are emphasized as regulatory systems approved by the Kingdom that must be respected by all wishing to perform Hajj for the sake of everyone.
• Guidance and Support (Religious, Humanitarian): Specific programs exist, such as the hosting of Palestinian pilgrims from the families of martyrs, prisoners, and wounded, as part of reinforcing Islamic brotherhood. This includes a comprehensive operational plan for their service in Mecca and Medina. Volunteers (المتطوعون) are present everywhere with sincere smiles, undertaking varied tasks like guiding the lost, distributing water, and helping the elderly, all with the single goal of serving Guests of Rahman with love and seeking reward. Volunteering in Hajj is described as a great responsibility requiring patience and tact. Additionally, a number of Sheikhs are assigned to respond to pilgrims’ inquiries. The care and attention, including special care for communities like the deaf, are seen as embodying the values of mercy and justice in serving pilgrims.

Overall, the preparations are multifaceted, combining advanced technology, dedicated human effort, and rigorous organization to manage the immense scale of the Hajj pilgrimage, ensuring pilgrims can perform their rituals safely and smoothly.

Gaza Humanitarian Crisis and Aid Efforts

Based on the sources provided and our conversation history, the issue of Palestine Aid is discussed primarily in the context of the ongoing conflict in Gaza and broader humanitarian efforts.

The sources indicate a critical humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip, describing it as involving war, a blockade, and a humanitarian catastrophe. There are specific reports of Israel committing massacres against Palestinians, including an incident where aid seekers were targeted in Gaza. The sources also state that only a small amount of aid has arrived, suggesting a significant shortfall in necessary supplies.

Diplomatic efforts are underway to address this situation. A Ministerial Committee from the Extraordinary Arab-Islamic Summit, chaired by Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Minister, met in Amman to discuss, among other things, ending the war and blockade on Gaza and allowing the flow of aid. The Palestinian Foreign Ministry stated that the Israeli government prevented a visit by a delegation from this committee to the State of Palestine via the occupied West Bank, viewing this as a flagrant violation of its commitments under international law.

In a different form of support, the sources mention the arrival of the first groups of guests hosted by the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques from the families of Palestinian martyrs, prisoners, and wounded. This program reinforces Islamic brotherhood and includes a comprehensive plan for their service during Hajj.

The King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Centre (KSrelief) is also mentioned as continuing to implement humanitarian and relief projects in several countries around the world to alleviate the suffering of affected populations. These efforts aim to assist the needy and achieve food and health security in affected areas. While these sources detail KSrelief’s global work, including aid distribution in Syria, they do not specifically mention aid directed to Palestine in this particular context.

Oil Market Dynamics and OPEC+ Influence

Based on the provided sources, discussions related to oil market stability revolve around factors influencing prices and supply, as well as the actions of organizations like OPEC and OPEC+ aimed at managing market dynamics.

The sources indicate that the efforts of OPEC and the countries allied with it within the framework of OPEC+ to raise production have begun to bear fruit. It is argued that this production increase, which some had criticized, has proven to be correct, and that OPEC+’s calculations were accurate.

The issue, according to one source, lies in the oil cycle. Increasing production can lead to a market surplus, causing oil prices to fall. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the activity of oil and gas companies operating in areas with high production costs, such as deepwater drilling and shale gas producers whose production costs average around $65 per barrel. In comparison, the average production cost in the Middle East is around $25 per barrel, and in Saudi Arabia it is about $3.19. The reduction in production by these high-cost companies causes supply to decrease, leading to prices rising again – and so the cycle continues. This cycle, it is argued, was the cause of energy crises over the past 15 years.

Source provides specific details about recent market conditions:

• The average price of the OPEC crude basket during the first quarter was $76.7 per barrel, an increase of 4.4% compared to the previous quarter.
• The price of Brent crude rose to $74.9 per barrel, and the price of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude rose to $71.4 per barrel.
• These price increases were driven by a combination of positive economic forecasts, geopolitical tensions, fears of supply shortages, and rising demand for petroleum products used for heating during the winter season.
• Globally, oil supplies increased by 0.7% on a quarterly basis, reaching approximately 103.1 million barrels, primarily due to increased production from Kazakhstan, Canada, Iran, Nigeria, Libya, Russia, and the United States, despite decreases in other OPEC countries, Azerbaijan, and the OECD.
• Global demand for oil decreased by 1.3% on a quarterly basis, reaching approximately 104.1 million barrels per day. This was influenced by decreased consumption in the United States, China, Europe, Russia, the Americas, the Middle East, and Latin America, while India and other Asian countries recorded increases.

Overall, the sources highlight the complex interplay of production adjustments by key players like OPEC+, global supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical factors, and economic outlooks that all contribute to the fluctuating nature of oil prices and the market cycle. The actions of OPEC+ in adjusting production are presented as a means to navigate these dynamics.

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By Amjad Izhar
Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
https://amjadizhar.blog

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