Month: March 2025

  • Russian Movie Forgotten Restaurants and Revolutions

    Russian Movie Forgotten Restaurants and Revolutions

    The provided text from “01.pdf” appears to be a disjointed collection of conversations, thoughts, and fragmented scenes. It lacks a clear, linear narrative, jumping between various characters and situations without explicit connections. The excerpts include discussions on topics ranging from personal relationships and societal issues to political commentary and philosophical musings. Many segments feature abrupt shifts in dialogue and context, making it challenging to discern a central theme or plot. The presence of musical cues further suggests that this might be a script or transcription intended for a performance rather than a continuous prose narrative. Overall, the source offers glimpses into a diverse array of human experiences and interactions, albeit in a fragmented and often perplexing manner.

    Source Material Study Guide

    Quiz (Short Answer – 2-3 sentences each)

    1. Describe the encounter between the characters and the discussion surrounding wheat prices and European markets. What does this exchange reveal about the economic concerns of the time?
    2. What are some of the conflicting views expressed regarding religion, specifically concerning Christ and the “Antichrist” figure mentioned in the dialogue?
    3. Explain the significance of forbidding Misha from reading certain books. What do these books seem to represent to the character who issues the prohibition?
    4. Describe the scene involving the request for “satisfaction.” What are the underlying tensions and how is the conflict ultimately resolved (or not)?
    5. What is the significance of the railway strikes mentioned in the conversation about the father not being able to visit? How does this detail reflect the broader societal context?
    6. Summarize the discussion surrounding the “House of Tolerance.” What inferences can be made about its nature based on the dialogue?
    7. Explain the interaction involving the attempted poisoning with iodine. What does this incident reveal about the character involved and the reactions of others?
    8. Describe the encounter with Pavel Antipov, the “professional revolutionary.” What are some of the initial impressions and opinions expressed about him?
    9. What are some of the views expressed about the ongoing war? Provide at least two contrasting perspectives from different characters.
    10. Describe the scene of the wedding and the atmosphere surrounding it. What details suggest the social and political climate of the time?

    Answer Key for Quiz

    1. The characters discuss the high wheat prices and the fact that Europe buys Russian wheat despite it being cheaper there. This reveals anxieties about economic exploitation and the instability of the market, with concerns that local harvests don’t benefit the local population.
    2. Some characters express traditional religious views centered on Christ’s resurrection, while others discuss a figure called the “Antichrist” and lament the shift away from religious themes in literature. This highlights a period of questioning and changing spiritual beliefs.
    3. Forbidding Misha from reading these books suggests a fear of new ideas, potentially revolutionary or subversive content, and a desire to protect the younger generation from what is perceived as harmful or destabilizing influences.
    4. The “satisfaction” scene involves a potential duel arising from perceived insults or slights. The tensions are high, fueled by honor and social expectations, but the conflict is diffused through apologies and a recognition of the absurdity of such prejudices in light of new relationships.
    5. The railway strikes highlight the disruption and instability affecting everyday life and travel. This reflects the broader societal unrest and the challenges of transportation and communication during a period of significant upheaval.
    6. The “House of Tolerance” is hinted at as a place of questionable morality, possibly a brothel, given the suggestive comments and the need for “explanation.” It represents a topic of social unease and perhaps a symbol of societal decay.
    7. The iodine poisoning incident reveals a character in distress, possibly attempting suicide, and the immediate medical response of others. It underscores the personal struggles and desperation present amidst the larger societal turmoil.
    8. Pavel Antipov is introduced as a figure of political significance, a “professional revolutionary,” viewed with curiosity and varying degrees of acceptance or suspicion by the other characters, reflecting the divided opinions on the revolutionary movement.
    9. Some characters express patriotic fervor and confidence in Russia’s victory, while others are disillusioned with the war, recognizing the potential for defeat and the internal problems plaguing the country. These contrasting views illustrate the deep divisions within society regarding the conflict.
    10. The wedding scene appears to be a mix of celebration and underlying tension, possibly due to the uncertain times. Details like the presence of individuals with differing political views and the general atmosphere of flux suggest that personal events are unfolding against a backdrop of significant social and political change.

    Essay Format Questions

    1. Analyze the portrayal of social class and economic disparities within the provided excerpts. How do different characters’ positions in society influence their perspectives and interactions?
    2. Discuss the theme of changing values and beliefs as depicted in the source material. How are traditional institutions and ideologies being challenged or reinterpreted by the characters?
    3. Examine the role of political and social unrest as a backdrop to the personal lives and relationships of the characters in the excerpts. How do broader societal events impact individual experiences?
    4. Analyze the use of dialogue in the excerpts to reveal character, relationships, and underlying tensions. Provide specific examples to support your analysis.
    5. Discuss the significance of art, literature, and intellectual discourse within the excerpts. How do these elements reflect the cultural and ideological climate of the time?

    Glossary of Key Terms

    • Juror: A member of a jury sworn to give a verdict on some question or questions officially submitted to them in a court of law.
    • Attorney: A lawyer qualified to represent a client in court.
    • Relics: Parts of a deceased holy person’s body or belongings kept as objects of reverence.
    • Humanitarian Business: Activities focused on helping people and alleviating suffering, which in the context might be contrasted with commercial interests.
    • Commercial: Relating to or characteristic of commerce; concerned with making money.
    • Autocracy: A system of government by one person with absolute power.
    • Prejudices: Preconceived opinions that are not based on reason or actual experience.
    • Duel: A prearranged combat between two people, fought with deadly weapons in order to settle a point of honor.
    • Compromise: An agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions.
    • Railway Strikes: Periods of work stoppage by railway workers, often to demand better wages or working conditions, causing significant disruption to transportation.
    • Merchant of the First Guild: In Imperial Russia, a high-ranking merchant who paid the highest level of business taxes, granting certain privileges.
    • Inheritance: The passing on of property or title to an heir upon someone’s death.
    • Adoptive Mother: A woman who has legally adopted a child.
    • Progressively Loud: Gradually increasing in volume.
    • Philological: Relating to the branch of knowledge that deals with the structure, historical development, and relationships of a language or languages.
    • Autocracy: A system of government by one person with absolute power.
    • Terrorists: People who use violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.
    • Prophecy: A prediction.
    • Savior: A person who saves someone or something from danger or difficulty. Often refers to Jesus Christ in a religious context.
    • Transformed Victims: People who have undergone a significant change as a result of suffering or hardship, potentially in a religious or ideological sense.
    • Inventory Equipment: The tools, machinery, and other items needed for a particular business or activity.
    • King Herring: A type of fish, likely used as a simple or common food.
    • Chms Kidneys: Likely a colloquial or dialectal term for a type of offal used in cooking.
    • Model Pie Zatey: An elaborately decorated or unusual pie. “Zatey” suggests something intricate or fanciful.
    • Beluga Caviar: The roe (eggs) of the beluga sturgeon, considered a delicacy.
    • Smirnoff Vodka: A well-known brand of Russian vodka.
    • Arau Deru: A possibly fictional or less common type of alcohol.
    • Kupa: Likely a colloquial or dialectal term for a small amount or measure (e.g., “in a gulp”).
    • House of Tolerance: A euphemism for a brothel.
    • Satisfaction: In this context, refers to the settlement of a perceived insult or grievance, often through a duel.
    • Pistols: Handheld firearms.
    • Swords: Bladed weapons used for fighting.
    • Yuryatino: A fictional or real place name, likely a town or estate.
    • Moscow: The capital city of Russia.
    • Insanity: The state of being seriously mentally ill; madness.
    • Inheritance: The passing on of property or title to an heir upon someone’s death.
    • Merchant of the First Guild: In Imperial Russia, a high-ranking merchant.
    • Venereal Disease: A disease spread through sexual contact.
    • Alexander Blok: A significant Russian poet of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, associated with Symbolism.
    • Andrey Bely: Another prominent Russian Symbolist writer and poet.
    • Monk: A member of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
    • Rub: Short for ruble, the currency of Russia.
    • Income: Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.
    • Throne of Time: A metaphorical concept suggesting power or significance throughout history.
    • Righteous: Morally good or justifiable.
    • Humanitarian: Concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare.
    • Wild People: In this context, likely refers to those considered uncultured or primitive.
    • Products of Decay: Things that are rotting or decomposing.
    • Hammer: Likely a symbolic object or tool, possibly related to labor or creation.
    • God: The supreme being of a monotheistic religion.
    • Trifle: A thing of little value or importance.
    • Medal: An award given for merit.
    • Lord’s Powers: Possibly referring to religious authority or influence.
    • Spoiled Town: A town perceived as being pampered or corrupted.
    • Wheat: A cereal grain that is the most important kind grown in temperate countries.
    • Orenburg: A city in Russia.
    • Scabs: Workers who break a strike or who are employed in place of striking workers.
    • Block: Likely refers to the poet Alexander Blok.
    • Christ: The central figure of Christianity, believed to be the Son of God.
    • Antichrist: A person or force seen as opposing Christ or the Christian church.
    • Resurrected: Having risen from the dead.
    • Sli Vivi: Possibly a misspelling or transliteration of a phrase, perhaps indicating a lack of belief in resurrection.
    • Tmm Pram Dice: Likely a nonsensical or invented phrase, perhaps expressing futility.
    • Holy One: Often refers to a saint or a sacred figure.

    Revolutionary Russia: Disruption and Personal Turmoil

    Document Review: Excerpts from “01.pdf”

    This briefing document summarizes the main themes, important ideas, and facts presented in the provided excerpts from “01.pdf.” The document appears to be a transcript of a dramatic work, possibly a screenplay or a play, set in Russia during a period of significant social and political upheaval, likely around the time of the Revolution and its aftermath.

    **Main Themes:**

    * **Social Disruption and Change:** The excerpts vividly portray a society undergoing profound transformation. Old hierarchies are breaking down, traditional values are questioned, and new ideologies are emerging. There is a pervasive sense of instability and uncertainty about the future.

    * Characters discuss the fall of the Tsar (“There is no emperor among the people”), the rise of new freedoms (“about new freedom in the squares says”), and the ongoing war (“Russia entered into war with Germany”).

    * Economic instability is evident in discussions about rising prices and the changing value of goods (“I bought this year please, prices are still jumped up”).

    * Traditional social norms are challenged, as seen in conversations about marriage, relationships, and societal expectations.

    * **Political Turmoil and Ideological Conflict:** The shadow of revolution and political struggle hangs heavy over the narrative. Different characters hold contrasting views on the changes taking place, and the excerpts hint at violence and repression.

    * The presence of “revolutionaries” is a recurring element (“I heard one of you is a revolutionary here I am too”), with figures like Antipov and Strelnikov mentioned.

    * Discussions about political ideologies are present, including references to Marxism (“hide Marx and you will be credited”) and criticisms of the old regime.

    * The impact of the war and the subsequent political changes on individuals is explored, with characters being conscripted, facing danger, and grappling with the new order.

    * **Personal Relationships Amidst Chaos:** Against the backdrop of societal upheaval, the excerpts delve into complex personal relationships marked by love, loss, betrayal, and shifting loyalties.

    * Romantic entanglements are a significant aspect, often complicated by the turbulent times (“You just got married my brother and sister It didn’t even occur to me turn the grapes over”).

    * Family dynamics are strained and affected by the surrounding chaos, as seen in interactions between parents and children, and the disruption of traditional family structures.

    * Themes of infidelity, jealousy, and the struggle to maintain personal connections in a world turned upside down are evident.

    * **The Role of Intellectuals and Art:** Characters discuss literature, poetry, and intellectual ideas, reflecting the cultural ferment of the era.

    * References to writers like Blok, Edgar Allan Poe, Arthur Rimbaud, and Tolstoy appear, often in the context of changing literary tastes and societal concerns.

    * The role of the poet in a time of revolution is questioned (“This is war the poet is It’s not a profession, but the doctor is the main one now”).

    * There’s a sense of disillusionment with old artistic forms and a search for new expressions.

    * **Survival and Adaptation:** Characters are forced to adapt to the harsh realities of war, revolution, and social breakdown.

    * Scarcity of resources and the struggle for basic necessities are recurring motifs (“bread matches kirinsky miracle stove I don’t understand anything”).

    * Individuals make difficult choices to survive, sometimes compromising their values or engaging in morally ambiguous actions.

    * The excerpts depict the resilience and desperation of people trying to navigate a dangerous and unpredictable environment.

    **Most Important Ideas and Facts:**

    * **The Setting:** The dialogue and situations strongly suggest a period of significant political and social upheaval in Russia, likely spanning the late Tsarist era through the Revolution and into the Civil War. References to the Tsar’s abdication (“Michael abdicated”), revolutionary figures, and the ongoing war are key indicators.

    * **Key Characters and Their Conflicts:** While the excerpts are fragmented, certain characters and their relationships emerge as central:

    * **Yura/Yuri Andreevich Zhivaga:** Appears to be a doctor and intellectual, caught in the midst of the changes. He is involved in complex relationships and struggles with the impact of the revolution on his life and values. He is referred to as a “surgeon and diagnostician” and a “poet.”

    * Quote: “This is war the poet is It’s not a profession, but the doctor is the main one now man post soldier.”

    * **Larisa Fedorovna (Lara):** A significant female character with a complex past and present. She is connected to Yura and is involved in the turbulent events of the time. She is referred to as “Madame Guichard” and later as “Antipova” (suggesting a marriage to Pavel Antipov/Strelnikov).

    * Quote: “I’m tired of untangling everything. they send me to I won’t go to the front I told you I’m not going anywhere.”

    * **Pavel Antipov/Strelnikov:** A revolutionary figure, initially mentioned as Antipov and later identified as Strelnikov, a “hero of the Revolution.” He has a connection to Larisa and represents the radical political forces at play.

    * Quote: “Temporary government of guichar Be reasonable quickly follow me to the guishar station.”

    * **Tonya:** Another important female character, seemingly in a close relationship with Yura, possibly his wife. She experiences the anxieties and hardships of the time, including pregnancy and separation.

    * Quote: “Tonya when we we’re giving birth in a month or in one and a half Yura we will give birth we will give birth this is for you.”

    * **Viktor Ipolitovich Komarovsky:** A lawyer and seemingly a man of influence, potentially representing the old order or navigating the new one. He has interactions with several other characters and appears to be involved in complex schemes.

    * Quote: “You didn’t understand your sacrifice gun gun I have it with you I’m buying no then you won’t get it money.”

    * **Social and Economic Hardship:** The excerpts highlight the widespread hardship caused by war and revolution, including food shortages, disrupted infrastructure (railway strikes), and the breakdown of law and order.

    * Quote: “the trains are standing still on the tracks the platform is the last two Ver disappeared on foot with everything scam what is this war epidemic what is it all for everything Moscow Grigori Tonya.”

    * Quote: “When in March began food shortages many had to exchange meat for matches on on hold the bread…”

    * **Violence and Death:** The presence of war, executions (“deserters in any army are shot”), and general violence underscores the brutality of the era. Characters face danger and witness death.

    * Quote: “Oh, why did the wolves tear you apart like she did?”

    * Quote: “This assassination attempt terrorist shot at comrade prosecutor police immediately police not need not need she shot at the police calm me down dra here is a doctor need help.”

    * **Shifting Power Dynamics:** The revolution has fundamentally altered the power structure. The authority of the old regime has collapsed, and new figures and institutions are emerging, often wielding significant power.

    * References to “military committees,” “provisional government,” and “revolutionary tribunals” indicate the new centers of authority.

    * Individuals associated with the old order are viewed with suspicion and face potential persecution.

    **Quotes Illustrating Key Ideas:**

    * **Revolution and Change:** “Russia is no more that is she’s still there but soon she won’t be there for some reason happened We all had a war Tonechka Sorry Dad I laid the table there tea Yurochka I’ll pour you some tea Thank you I’ll do it myself this is all terribly terrible.”

    * **Ideological Conflict:** “Comrades, a very reasonable point of view now is not now when it is so soulful They won’t understand us when we get up, but we’ll explain later. first defeat.”

    * **Personal Impact of War:** “I want to tell you a secret this war will never end Well, that’s it It can’t be purely logical that has its beginning must have its the end is here you will see ut and shot lyas roho Mad went to on the bunk.”

    * **Loss of Order:** “What’s wrong with you, one unresolved the question is scarier than that keep quiet be quiet, sit down Calm down You know I’m fighting I’m really in fact, very I’m afraid last week I opened it man Well I don’t know I even through rubber gloves I I felt something but I can’t explain Well then, stop it All This what university.”

    * **The Uncertain Future:** “We all had a war Tonechka Sorry Dad I laid the table there tea Yurochka I’ll pour you some tea Thank you I’ll do it myself this is all terribly terrible what’s so terrible about it it’s terrible we all have to go to war there our people need to be explained to the Russian peasant that his problem is not the Kaiser and you at all you will go no why me men are men games he should go.”

    **Conclusion:**

    The excerpts from “01.pdf” offer a compelling glimpse into the tumultuous period of Russian history surrounding the Revolution. Through fragmented conversations and dramatic interactions, the document reveals the profound social, political, and personal upheavals of the time. Themes of change, conflict, love, loss, and survival intertwine to create a vivid portrayal of a society in transition. The characters grapple with the breakdown of the old order, the rise of new ideologies, and the challenges of forging new identities and relationships in a world irrevocably altered by war and revolution.

    Russia in Upheaval: A Thematic Overview

    Frequently Asked Questions

    1. What is the overall atmosphere and social context depicted in the source material? The excerpts paint a chaotic and unsettling picture of Russia during a period of significant upheaval, likely around the time of the revolution and its aftermath. There’s a pervasive sense of societal breakdown, with references to war, epidemics (cholera), railway strikes, contested inheritances, and widespread poverty existing alongside the remnants of the old aristocracy and emerging revolutionary fervor. Social interactions are often tense, marked by suspicion, disillusionment, and a struggle for meaning and survival in a rapidly changing world. Traditional values and social structures appear to be crumbling, leading to a sense of uncertainty and moral ambiguity.

    2. What are some of the recurring themes related to social class and wealth? The text highlights the stark disparities between social classes, though these lines are becoming increasingly blurred or challenged. We see impoverished individuals alongside wealthy merchants and former nobles struggling to adapt to the new order. There are discussions about wealth distribution, the exploitation of the poor, and the changing value of possessions. The once-stable hierarchy is disrupted, with the rise of revolutionaries and the questioning of former privileges. The acquisition and loss of wealth are depicted as sources of conflict and anxiety.

    3. How are intellectual and artistic figures portrayed, and what role do the arts seem to play? Intellectuals, poets (like Blok, Mayakovsky, Pushkin, Rilke, Rimbaud, Poe), and artists are mentioned frequently, often with a sense of either reverence, disillusionment, or outright rejection. There’s a struggle between traditional artistic themes (Christ) and new, revolutionary or nihilistic ideas (Antichrist). Literature and poetry are shown as both sources of inspiration and objects of suspicion. The arts seem to reflect and engage with the social and political turmoil, sometimes offering solace, sometimes inciting unrest, and sometimes becoming irrelevant in the face of more pressing concerns like survival.

    4. What are the prevalent attitudes towards love, relationships, and family? Relationships in the excerpts are complex and often strained. There are themes of passionate love, infidelity, broken marriages, and the challenges of maintaining family bonds amidst chaos and war. Traditional notions of marriage and family are questioned. Love is portrayed as both a powerful force and something potentially destructive. The uncertainty of the times casts a shadow over personal relationships, making them fragile and subject to external pressures.

    5. How is the theme of violence and death presented in the text? Violence and death are pervasive throughout the excerpts, reflecting the tumultuous period. There are mentions of war, murder, suicide, executions, and the general brutality of the time. Death appears both as a constant threat and a seemingly arbitrary event. The characters grapple with the psychological impact of violence, and there’s a sense of desensitization and moral decay in the face of such widespread suffering.

    6. What are some of the emerging political ideologies or shifts in power hinted at in the sources? The excerpts clearly indicate a period of significant political transformation. The fall of the Tsar is mentioned, along with the rise of revolutionary figures (like Antipov/Strelnikov) and ideologies (Bolshevism). There’s a struggle for power between the old guard and the new revolutionary forces, leading to conflict and social upheaval. Concepts like freedom, democracy, and the role of the proletariat are discussed, often in a context of violence and radical change. The authority of the old regime is clearly collapsing, and a new, uncertain political landscape is emerging.

    7. How do characters grapple with questions of morality, justice, and faith in this environment? In the midst of chaos, characters struggle with moral dilemmas and the meaning of justice. Traditional religious faith is challenged by the events unfolding, with some clinging to it while others embrace new ideologies or become disillusioned. Concepts of right and wrong become blurred in the face of violence and political upheaval. There’s a sense of moral relativism as individuals try to survive and make sense of the changing world.

    8. What role does the past seem to play in the lives and perspectives of the characters? The past looms large in the consciousness of many characters. There are references to historical events (like the Crimean War, 1905 revolution, Napoleonic Wars), past social structures, and lost loved ones. Characters often compare the present to the past, sometimes with nostalgia, sometimes with a sense of loss or betrayal, and sometimes with a desire to break free from it. The weight of history and tradition influences their actions and perspectives in the turbulent present.

    Threats and Conversations in a Time of Upheaval

    The sources contain numerous instances of both threats and conversations.

    Regarding Threats:

    • The initial dialogue in the excerpts includes a threatening statement: “Threat for I don’t know you in life, I don’t assign you attorney Gordon“. This is spoken by an unidentified person to someone else, seemingly in a confrontational manner, possibly denying assistance or recognition.
    • Later, a character threatens violence: “bastard this is so I’ll kill you“. This is a direct expression of lethal intent during an apparent altercation.
    • Another threat involves the confiscation of belongings: “Give me back the medal, you’re crazy for nothing Give me back I said you lost to me mine Give it back or I will return the Lord’s powers“. While not a physical threat in the traditional sense, the speaker is threatening to use some kind of authority or power to reclaim a lost item.
    • The atmosphere of war and revolution creates an overarching sense of threat. For example, there are mentions of people being “shot” for desertion, and the general lawlessness and violence depicted throughout the text imply constant danger.
    • A character threatens to shoot someone who delays: “I warn you the transition will be I’ll shoot you on the spot if you become long do you hear me?“. This highlights the harsh realities and immediate consequences in the depicted setting.
    • The military commissar makes several threatening statements, including “burn you to the ground with our hands and puppies your village” and “I’ll shoot everyone in their houses and like mice“. These illustrate the brutal power dynamics and the dangers faced by ordinary people.
    • A character threatens a punitive operation: “I beg you to make a choice or a punitive operation and a mental conversation Third is not given you will come with they will kill everyone with weapons, they have a republic“. This presents a stark and violent ultimatum.

    Regarding Conversation:

    The excerpts are primarily composed of conversations between various characters. These conversations cover a wide range of topics, revealing their relationships, beliefs, and the turbulent times they are living in:

    • Initial conversations touch upon everyday matters like travel, business, and the price of wheat, but quickly move to more philosophical and political discussions, such as the relevance of Christ versus a new “Antichrist” and the meaning of current events.
    • Discussions about poetry, literature, and spiritual beliefs are frequent, showcasing the intellectual and emotional landscape of the characters. For instance, there is a detailed discussion about “spiritual marriage”.
    • Conversations reveal social tensions and class differences, as seen in remarks about a “spoiled town” and interactions between people from different social strata.
    • The ongoing war and revolution are central themes in many dialogues, with characters discussing the political situation, the impact of strikes and railway disruptions, the abdication of Michael, and the threat of violence.
    • Personal relationships, including marriage, love, and family, are explored through conversations. For example, there are discussions about a brother, a recent marriage, and concerns about family safety during the upheaval.
    • Medical matters are also discussed, reflecting the presence of doctors and the wounded in the narrative. Conversations include descriptions of illnesses, treatments, and the difficulties of providing care during wartime.
    • There are instances of arguments and disagreements, highlighting conflicting viewpoints and the breakdown of social order.
    • Conversations also serve to advance the plot and reveal information about characters’ actions and motivations. For example, plans to go to Moscow, discussions about inheritance, and inquiries about missing persons.

    In summary, threats of violence, loss, and retribution are a recurring motif in the excerpts, reflecting the dangerous and unstable environment. Simultaneously, extensive conversations form the backbone of the narrative, exploring a diverse array of themes from the personal to the political, and revealing the complexities of human relationships and survival during a period of significant social upheaval. The dialogues often intertwine with the threats, as tensions and conflicts play out through verbal exchanges.

    European Wheat Price Discussion

    The sources contain a discussion about wheat and its price in the context of European markets.

    One character in the excerpts raises the question of what kind of wheat Europe buys. This character mentions having bought wheat in the current year and notes that the prices have jumped up.

    The core of the conversation revolves around the economic viability of buying wheat when prices in Europe are twice as low. The speaker questions the point of buying locally if European prices are significantly cheaper, suggesting a concern for profitability or value for money.

    Another character responds to this by saying, “Yes, no, but you Do you understand what is happening? You are a juror.“. This implies that there might be factors beyond just price influencing the situation, possibly related to the speaker’s role as a juror or the broader context of events happening at the time, though these factors are not explicitly detailed in this brief exchange.

    This short conversation highlights the economic considerations surrounding wheat trade and price fluctuations, particularly in comparison with European markets, during the period depicted in the sources.

    Religion and Faith in a Time of Upheaval

    The sources contain numerous discussions and references related to religion and faith, reflecting a spectrum of beliefs, doubts, and the impact of the era’s upheaval on spiritual life.

    Here are some key aspects of religion and faith discussed in the excerpts:

    • Christianity and Christ: There are frequent mentions of Christ.
    • One character questions the significance of Christ’s resurrection, stating, “Christ is not our faith is resurrected All of us if Christ did not rise exactly nothing“. This suggests a debate or a shift in religious focus for some.
    • Another character remarks, “Previously, they wrote more about Christ. Now about this Antichrist never existed Christ That is he was but not resurrected“, highlighting a perceived change in societal or literary focus from traditional religious figures to more secular or even anti-religious themes.
    • Despite these shifts, Christ is still invoked in oaths (“please Christ God swear“) and blessings (“God bless you“).
    • The idea of being “faithful to Christ” is presented as a core principle.
    • There’s a contrast drawn between stories about Christ and ancient stories.
    • The concept of Christ taking away from the rich to give to the poor is mentioned.
    • Forgiveness in the name of Christ is also invoked (“Forgive Christ Forgive me for the sake of forgiveness oh my gosh“).
    • God and Belief in God: The existence and role of God are questioned and discussed.
    • One character asks, “And can i have God for you?“, which is unclear in its meaning but suggests a personal or conditional relationship with faith.
    • The phrase “as God drives the flocks with an iron staff” is used metaphorically to describe a powerful, perhaps even harsh, force.
    • A discussion about the “Kingdom of heaven” and prayers for “salvation and prosperity” indicates the presence of traditional religious beliefs.
    • One character states, “Mila, first of all, I didn’t believe in God. secondly, I never swear by“, explicitly denying belief. However, even this character later uses the phrase “for god’s sake“.
    • The idea of God’s will and “gift of the Lord God of the world” is mentioned.
    • There’s a sense that the turbulent times are making people question or forget about God (“sometimes prayers went I forget about the Lord Lord We must must do everything die by power Yes, from God to me sinful ki yours“).
    • Prayer and Religious Practices: Prayer is mentioned as a practice, even by those who express doubt.
    • A suggestion is made: “If you don’t believe in the resurrection, at least Pray, pray to yourself, for example, I read to your guardian angel angel of God keep my holy observance from God with given from heaven, enlighten me and from every Evil Save deeds on the path of salvation“. This highlights the persistence of prayer as a comforting or habitual act, regardless of strong belief.
    • Praying for a husband’s health and peace in church is mentioned.
    • The act of “baptized” is referred to in the context of tradition versus spirit.
    • Preparation for confession is also mentioned.
    • The Soul and Immortality: The concept of the soul is brought up in discussions about death and the afterlife.
    • The idea of “one’s soul must be faithful” is linked to being faithful to Christ.
    • The immortality of the soul is mentioned: “soul soul immortal bessche vore this is a million, this is a thousand souls“, though this is followed by a more grounded perspective on resurrection.
    • Relics and the Church: Traditional religious elements like relics and the church are present in the narrative.
    • The commercialization of relics is noted: “the relics of the so-called righteous a lot is no longer just humanitarian business but also commercial“.
    • The church is mentioned as a place of gathering and also in the context of societal upheaval (“as Christ the church itself for her Amen“).
    • Spiritual Marriage: The concept of spiritual marriage is discussed at length.
    • It is described as a union where couples “do not touch each other to each other physically but live much more full of life than Romeo and Juliet“.
    • One character expresses a desire to only marry a “spiritual person” and live a non-physical life.
    • Another character explicitly states, “I hate spiritual marriage I hate it spiritual bra“, showing contrasting views on this concept.
    • The Holy Trinity: A character sarcastically asks about the “Holy Trinity” in the context of worldly concerns.
    • Antichrist: The figure of the Antichrist is mentioned in contrast to Christ, reflecting anxieties about the current state of the world.
    • Faith and Understanding: The relationship between faith and understanding is explored. One character says, “I understand of course you don’t understand anything They have spiritual marriage they do not touch each other to each other physically but live much more full of life than Romeo and Juliet“, suggesting that some spiritual concepts require a certain level of insight or faith that others may lack.
    • Loss of Faith and Uncertainty: The overall atmosphere of war, revolution, and societal breakdown appears to be contributing to a sense of uncertainty and perhaps a loss of traditional faith for some characters. The questioning of resurrection, the focus on worldly struggles, and the forgetting of prayers all point to this shift.

    In conclusion, the sources present a complex picture of religion and faith during a tumultuous period. Traditional Christian beliefs and practices are still present, but they are being questioned, reinterpreted, and sometimes abandoned in the face of war, social upheaval, and new intellectual and spiritual ideas. The conversations reveal a diverse range of perspectives, from devout faith to outright disbelief, and highlight the personal and societal impact of the changing times on individuals’ spiritual lives.

    Relics: From Sacred to Commercial

    The sources discuss relics in the context of a changing societal landscape where traditional religious practices and items are being viewed through a new lens, including a commercial one.

    According to one of the characters in the excerpts, “the relics of the so-called righteous a lot is no longer just humanitarian business but also commercial“.

    This statement suggests a significant shift in how relics are perceived and treated.

    • Previously, the handling of relics might have been considered a “humanitarian business,” implying activities driven by charitable, religious, or cultural motives. This could involve the preservation, display, or veneration of relics as acts of piety or for the perceived spiritual or historical significance.
    • However, the statement asserts that this is no longer the sole aspect, as it has also become “commercial”. This indicates that relics are now also being treated as commodities, potentially bought, sold, or used for financial gain.

    The excerpt does not explicitly detail how this commercialization is taking place. However, it raises questions about:

    • The motivations behind this commercialization: Is it driven by economic hardship, a decline in traditional reverence, or the exploitation of religious sentiment for profit?
    • The implications of this shift: Does it undermine the spiritual value of relics, or does it reflect a broader secularization and commodification of various aspects of life during the turbulent times depicted in the sources?
    • The authenticity of the relics: The phrase “so-called righteous” might suggest a degree of skepticism or doubt surrounding the genuine nature or spiritual power of these relics, which could be linked to their commercial exploitation.

    This observation about the commercialization of relics provides insight into the changing values and the complex interplay between religion, society, and economics within the world of the sources. It suggests that even items traditionally held sacred are not immune to the influence of commercial interests.

    Reading and Prohibition: A Literary Conflict

    The sources contain several instances related to reading and prohibition of certain reading materials, highlighting the perceived power and potential danger of literature during the time depicted.

    Regarding reading:

    • Several characters are shown to be engaged in reading. A young man, Misha, is seen “reading“. Another character asks him what he is reading, and Misha replies, “no block I know I haven’t heard“, suggesting he is reading something new or perhaps controversial.
    • Yuri is described as reading a book, which is mentioned when another character says, “do you know what I’m here I read Yuri’s book where he is now at home“.
    • The act of reading is linked to intellectual pursuits and current events. Someone mentions “Stop reading and you can’t stand it holidays society“, implying that reading might lead to dissatisfaction with the status quo or societal norms.
    • The availability of reading material is also indicated by mentions of bringing “the most necessary block Chekhov Tolstoy yours beloved river” in a suitcase and finding “books” in libraries.
    • The content of reading material is a point of discussion. One character notes a shift in themes: “Previously, they wrote more about Christ. Now about this Antichrist“, suggesting concern about the influence of new, potentially subversive literature. Another asks, “What was studied I don’t understand there was a political literacy exam“, indicating that reading and understanding political texts were part of the curriculum or at least a topic of discussion.
    • The act of reading poetry is also present, with mentions of Alexander Blok, Andrey Bely, and Yuri himself being involved in poetry. One character asks a doctor if he goes to “philological and write my poems“.

    Regarding prohibition:

    • There are direct attempts to prohibit certain reading materials. One character tells Misha, “Misha I I forbid you to read this book“, without specifying the title but clearly indicating disapproval of its content, especially since it is described as “new poetry” that the speaker associates with an “Antichrist” theme.
    • The reason for this prohibition seems to be the perceived negative influence of the literature. The speaker describes the author as someone who “drives people to unknown depths as God drives the flocks with an iron staff let’s run from here Misha this is nonsense“, suggesting a fear of the book’s radical or misleading nature.
    • The father of a character expresses concern about the books being read, asking “What are you you And for some reason I thought the block was a monk Well in in some sense he is a monk. Why would he wife well she’s not his wife at all Wait, you just said what it is. wife No, she’s a beautiful lady, you know she’s not of this world“, implying a worry about potentially inappropriate or unconventional content.
    • There’s a sense that certain types of reading are associated with trouble or dissent. Someone tells another, “Stop reading and you can’t stand it holidays society“, implying a link between reading and a critical view of societal norms, which might be seen as undesirable during turbulent times.
    • The confiscation of “dream books” by the communists is mentioned, suggesting a broader effort to suppress certain types of literature or belief systems.

    In summary, the sources reveal that reading was a prevalent activity among some characters, encompassing poetry, novels, and potentially political texts. However, there was also a strong sense of concern and active prohibition surrounding certain types of reading material, particularly that perceived as modern, anti-religious, or politically subversive. This highlights the understanding of literature as a powerful force capable of influencing beliefs and actions, leading to attempts to control its dissemination and consumption.

    Доктор Живаго – ВСЕ СЕРИИ ПОДРЯД / Меньшиков, Чулпан Хаматова, Янковский, Панин и другие

    The Original Text

    [music] [music] [music] pu what are you what is it impossible Threat for I don’t know you in life, I don’t assign you attorney Gordon What other Gordon Irene let’s go to the compartment and get to know each other better Let’s go Don’t be shy let’s talk Sorry, let’s go, let’s go, we have it in Orenburg passing through or on business Sorry scabs at you are a spoiled town O but what kind of wheat does all of Europe buy? I bought this year please, prices are still jumped up and what’s the point tell me buy If in Europe it is twice lower will give there is no point Yes, no, but you Do you understand what is happening? You are a juror. attorney No I don’t understand Please sit down if you don’t understand so no one understands that’s how I am a man please sit down there is a harvest, there is no harvest, it’s all the same poverty LV Nikolaevich says no then when there is no bread And then when there is no swans Misha What other Lev? Nikolaevich A Yes What are you reading young man no block I know I haven’t heard Misha, you see, very he himself is carried away by this new poetry writes seen dad will you allow me is everything calm in There is no emperor among the people someone killed about new freedom in the squares says who is he people’s the straitened Abode saw him and went blind he drives people to unknown depths as God drives the flocks with an iron staff let’s run from here Misha this is nonsense Previously, they wrote more about Christ. Now about this Antichrist never existed Christ That is he was but not resurrected sli vivi news Christ is not our faith is resurrected All of us if Christ did not rise exactly nothing tmm pram dice for every penny invested ruble of income ruble is still such a theoretical idea No more Let the Holy One be at his disposal the throne of time is more than a thousand the relics of the so-called righteous a lot is no longer just humanitarian business but also commercial and our wild people I would go to power, I agree. Yes, there are none. relics only dust products decay Misha I I forbid you to read this book. And I can i have God for you Ratmi zol i sve idemte Write out my hammer son write E haven’t seen do you know for many years from the day of his mother’s funeral then he there were three no four I want something give you something as a keepsake trifle Give me back the medal, you’re crazy for nothing Give me back I said you lost to me mine Give it back or I will return the Lord’s powers Sorry, they don’t give this for things like this award medal and as a keepsake you both are so wonderful people how old is yuri now where am i from I know You’re all talking about me. you know, no, he is [music] older, I forgot everything, nothing I remember, go to bed, you need to sleep you know very well I don’t sleep already 3 months then you need to eat join in God come here dear, is something wrong? don’t you have any speech Well, the grapes are probably crushed and rotten dry fragrant champagne chocolate in no way case champagne and chocolate are eaten at home tolerance So beluga caviar a bottle of Smirnoff vodka, grapes and bottle of arau deru caviar delivery smells salty cotton wool caviar and vodka in Kupa I know it myself to whom and immediately already there I’ll tell you what You just we talked about chocolate, then about chanko and something about the House of Tolerance what is that a hint of what exactly Let’s explanation otherwise i will I am forced to call you please Satisfaction than you want to fight pistols swords I to yours I to you I forbid this duel prejudices everything in the world is prejudices except love Well maybe you better [music] apologize You just got married my brother and sister It didn’t even occur to me turn the grapes over and put them on the next one table [music] If you like I can [music] apologize a [music] [music] good J from Yuryatino with little one had never been in before Moscow never listen what business do you have such that most likely you are in Moscow will disappear [music] g they no Come here Go you mine joy we didn’t expect anymore Well now with daddy rashe not to see happened because this damn railway strikes Well done Well Alekseevich ordered a long train live cause of death insanity almost white he was hot and made it up to you but he didn’t want to there is no will at all, so they are abandoned the mistresses’ families will dispute for a long time your rights A u on Osta You will go to a restaurant for dinner as usual. first O what’s that smell I can’t smell none there seemed to be a smell Well, what do we have there from current case of contesting inheritance the merchant of the first guild Semenov smelled smelled o m you princes of nsh Well, why drag men again for the beard Stop beating your adoptive mother more than a scandal that will end in a banquet longing for what exactly do you want clean I have such love for you, I’m sorry no, she would be for a [ __ ], for example progressively loud you want to defend unna’s interests with Well at least what is it will give and favorable prospects something like that something like that is carried in grow in the air hom sing my joy sing mo glad Well you’re a scumbag [ __ ] what is this A sorry I didn’t notice you bastard this is so I’ll kill you Do you know how to exterminate dog crushed glass into meat not now hurry up find out where the hotel is Montenegro today will you go? No, perhaps not. Let him wash himself without Thank God they got to me, the trains are standing still on the tracks the platform is the last two Ver disappeared on foot with everything scam what is this war epidemic what is it all for everything Moscow Grigori Tonya Show the young man his room Well, come with me Mikhail Grigorievich Let’s go your relatives Yes the most close ones this Edgar Allan Poe died drunk under fence And this Arthur Rimbaud rotted alive from a venereal disease so and this one Garsh rushed into the flight of stairs m very I wonder if you really listen to this same thing these are the people dearest to me Alexander Blok is his wife and friend Andrey Bely What are you you And for some reason I thought the block was a monk Well in in some sense he is a monk. Why would he wife well she’s not his wife at all Wait, you just said what it is. wife No, she’s a beautiful lady, you know she’s not of this world, you know, well I understand of course you don’t understand anything They have spiritual marriage they do not touch each other to each other physically but live much more full of life than Romeo and Juliet she Angel And these are her two Knights Alexander Andrey Clearly, you actually understood and You are very interested. And I have never either. I’ll get married and if I do, it’ll only be to a spiritual person with whom you will never I will live a physical life and you have such a person I have a brother Brother yes no, that is, actually he is not a brother but riy not at all what you think i don’t do anything I think that’s it read it correctly poetry if of course you like it I wonder if you know, it just doesn’t leave my head idt What a force These people are united with a single impulse every stan grigori is refuge of mediocrity loyalty to Kant or Marx truth IT loners you excellent shustovsky one must be faithful to Christ, one’s soul must be faithful and everything mo mi krey and you know I’m not a Jew I understand you can even be an atheist but VS it is equal to knowing that man does not live in nature stories in the external E beckon And what is it? the story of ra on the solution to her death future overcoming and here no longer do without the gospel it is there a tool for overcoming Well, that’s first of all love for the idea of ​​a free personality to the neighbor life as a Victim and what about the ancient Well in In this sense, ancient stories did not exist Sasha, what? [music] it was an elephant’s pigsty I wouldn’t be Antonina Well brother Hold on phenomenon first Caligula in skirt fic lishche he was chosen What are you He alive What will happen to him Where is it a monster happened at the police station bloodsuckers let’s go Voldemar specialist in Sanskrit Nice to meet you Antonina horror VS horror where is not true itself the fact that edel they had a rakha o vyara at the station strike he went to the podium undressed no words This is what I consider absolutely radical step he is a guest of our house schlesinger liberal journalist schlesinger I don’t know what kind of husband she had either three or four, and in maidenhood something like Ferdyshchenko Maybe you could give me the pillow. Podushkin drags his fifth translation into England Is there such a thing but says there is one found in the Himalayas and the fifth one is very strong differs from the fourth from where it can know if he hasn’t read the fourth Well even though Christ is in him, this fi is not there The tick hit me right in the head do something Open letter with protest won’t work, they won’t print it bastard then closed do you know what I’m here I read Yuri’s book where he is now at home Call him, he’s not here. He’ll be here today. very late because of the riots mobilized all doctors, even students you understand that such things need to be said right in your face I’m not happy with you that you don’t liked dissatisfied didn’t like for the first book it could be not bad Well, you know where like charred pear trees thousands whose will fall into puddles and bring down dry sadness to the bottom oche well what is this charred GRU because the eyes are already black I don’t understand Be careful chandelier I see what chandelier And what is dry sadness? What is it? still dry sadness it’s still frosty february dry Well what does it have to do with ours generation Are you crazy baby this protest against corporal punishment understood then why not in the square Why in mine at home because it was a rehearsal baby Basta, give me the key. You got it yourself. threw out Waldemar what’s his name rda look for the key idiots I’m afraid of heights A what key Yes Small I’ll die here look where she took him [music] zanu madam [applause] do not release I’m just Prometheus handcuffed Why will have meaning Give me the key Yes we will lost need to call the fire department urgently command what to saw we will there is such a young lady there what are you doing I’m still I need someone from this house urgently I wanted to run to buy sugar and something go home for tea [music] Are you all crazy here? [music] [applause] Gentlemen, where can I buy it in this city? sugar you went from here and then quickly hem for derm [applause] [music] [applause] come with us let’s go [music] [applause] Look among ra Hear your friend [music] losses that stood well Kud kud rete po go home there is nothing to be afraid of they are brothers They are afraid of us forward where are you rushing so Where Where Where dogs Sorry no forbidden Lord, fight, no, everything is possible, let’s go here we have reached the goal of the kennel not Please worry, the dog came to visit Go [applause] from here I say vile personality Do you want smoke how do you know that i I smoke and I do legal work activity from a small quarter of a century for During this time, hundreds of faces passed before me Do you think I can’t tell the difference between smokers? women from non-smokers are so embarrassed at their threshold because there are burning fires in the yurt woman but not in Moscow I have never smoked Try your husband was very unhappy opened the window when the couple were walking around the house Drafts I was sorry exactly he then lay with shooting pains in his back and they gave him a bath after the bath hu from inflammations gx and if you are like that insightful then frankness for frankness you spoke to us in by train, then you have far walking goals only keep in mind I hate men and I can’t stand them charity I too we with you with we are working You are outstanding woman what did you decide Well who can smoke like this this is crap, not govan, a bad product [applause] A [applause] [applause] faster faster here here left left fast [music] nya [music] [music] How much of the money are you willing to risk? I recommend the third one, half of that will be enough for renting a sewing workshop and hiring workers real income is possible expect no sooner than in a year What As for the rent of the premises, I will try help Nearest I have one day to break through home What is the price of your services 25% of income and location of your the price of a family is prohibitively high I don’t think so but business negotiations are not conducted in hotel a in restaurants around the world I forgot. I look like someone there. A person need to help he where were you saved my life Hello I was on the demonstrations almost killed me sorry There is cognac in the house where I needed you not cognac but pints of cotton wool He closed me with our bodies Mom we will eat or not Go to your place I said oh it’s you again patron of the family shut up you bastard I’m not I am a patron Companion Can I take it? one Yes Take All Lord Oh thanks for a drink and Calm down, don’t they will take me to your grave health Where is your savior He is below him they won’t let me in money date and I think it’s all on Press Gentlemen I do not advise you to go out V city ​​We couldn’t keep up with you Sorry, do you often have these kinds of things happen to you? scenes all my life I her I hate nite It will end soon when when you stay adult Rather there would be a young man here with with a bloody head where is he He [applause] left Left means are you alive where he said he lives in the area I will find it at the station I do not recommend it why prison date will you still follow behind him on hard labor boring come back home calm down Mom, this is essential [applause] To date Goodbye Let’s go Let’s go Let’s go let’s go I think we’re sitting on gunpowder bokeh we sit only gunpowder for a long time Anna Ivanovna got damp faces something it happened, yes it happened Emperor Zhivago died, jumped out of the car while moving trains are terrible This is terrible This is Yura’s father real Yurochka We have him for 4 years my late mother is my friend owner Silver medal of the world exhibition in Paris famous philanthropist and millionaire Andrei Alekseevich Zhivaga jumped out onto walk off the train twice married having spent almost all of his fortune Ours memory ties disappeared Alya Zhivaga cakes zrm cream Zhivago pho in Paris Do you remember the ties Alya Zhivaga No no I remember then prd no no something like that was abandoned wives of mistresses from Tomsk to Paris and Bro, don’t throw any earth on his grove zhivaga buried as fence suicide rural cemetery take this abomination and burn it so that Yura nothing Sasha saw it yes it was him I know him I told you that from our train a man jumped out Misha Misha me the story he gave it They are for Misha talked sabist O [music] Christ, the electric has already begun the station is on strike you are clever with us I am on foot [music] strike I heard Here is a collar, here is an arc, I will give you more Not servant On Svoloch the second night without all the light would be under [music] with a machine gun [music] [music] [music] Hello my [music] post medicine only knows the cause death about the same We have no idea about death although there may be some in the diagnosis meanings our dear Julius does not want to see the obvious and frivolously considers that the cause of death this poor hickok liver less experience the more impudence but not this is now The main thing handle a dead person should be treated as a living person without offending him in any way and internally apologizing for what we are we are forced to do it with But the brain cells die first man feels not Vasily with his brain and all his receptors and God I don’t know what we’ll feel when we will find ourselves in the same situation. And we we will find ourselves ok Yuri Andreevich, God bless you brother resurrection of the dead believe it or not, not really my Once I burned my mucous membrane but I didn’t I advise you to do something else after the projection If you don’t believe in the resurrection, at least Pray, pray to yourself, for example, I read to your guardian angel angel of God keep my holy observance from God with given from heaven, enlighten me and from every Evil Save deeds on the path of salvation and they also say cats are afraid dead people what is this you [music] talisman a [music] [music] this and Hinako, what are you doing, sorry sorry yes this is it [music] but I turned out to be right, you understand, this is my the first one then this is my first diagnosis the first one diagnosis of life and and and right in the very self listen mom had a heart attack today attack And you here Liz with your machine cocom And what is it? this weakness rapid pulse father sat with she’s been here since this morning my God you drank Tradition such that it doesn’t smell, let’s go Mommy, how are you feeling? other weakness and anxiety something Well there is nothing to worry about, the pulse is even and in within Norma And what then? Yura again I leave it on that’s good your mom advice I want you say Yura I am Yura I’m scared, I’ll tell you the secret of death no is this what the doctor says or poet well what about us it’s scary that there is uncertainty yes yes no knowing what will be there but I you I assure you The thing is that we know all this what do we know and what does yesyesyes and what does he know Each of us what are you like this way A we were already dead and resurrected every single one of them dadada were dead before they were born and resurrected with the birth of O Well, it didn’t hurt us or scared before we were born no means either there is no death or it is completely gone Not scary Well soul soul immortal bessche vore this is a million, this is a thousand souls. What? that crush on the scary in court There simply isn’t enough room for God there mercy but the thing is that we resurrected when they were born and in this the whole thing and there is absolutely no need to wait the second coming so that it understand You know I for some reason I really believe you Well that’s good Good night [music] I stop sophists and charlatans I treat overlays hands Well what? like everything [music] ok and I know why you chose medicine because it is very it’s always profitable with money almost a hundred How did you guess? So it means I rights Yeah, just keep in mind that this is not for me, oh well. Yes, a successful doctor is not for spiritual marriage No Yeah No and you know such a marriage too not for a doctor Hmm well there you go And finish the conversation Well there you go and we agreed good night nights I he was joking but I wasn’t [music] [music] [music] what are you hanging around for, get to work, come on [music] Cana on all the race on earth human dinku world with he reigns over the whole universe [music] Well [music] need Why is there ice here? I’m raising found very I just asked where the famous one lives revolutionary Antipov immediately told me: I will give you something to eat. I brought you to the doctor, it’s nonsense early scratches why is Kennel here dad? made in the yard stood and the dog Where upi for what the hell am I I know the garden zero someone with a boot belly she and I died in the kennel home let him bring it Dad is still standing I felt sorry for the dog Eat while warm animals are generally terrible it’s more of a pity than I don’t know people with When we were kids we used cabbage to stuff pigeons’ heads cut off, cut off, then he runs runs What are you saying? scary it’s disgusting when people’s heads are cut off more Outside of our country, heads are not cut off. This is what cut with potatoes if so sweat poreva what is he Yes, he organized a car railway Wow, nothing special. This is what happens It was his fault that our train couldn’t get to Perona, what is that Clay sitting in the cage? bird formerly a canary lived and you cut off the head was released on the day of the arrest pull and then I look somehow scary empty Well, I made a bird out of clay it won’t fly away it will fly away when the day of the last judgment lives all the clay birds will come to life and fly away my grandma told me so Well, that’s not it Scary coming soon trial in two years only three will do it themselves people That is, you will be us I will not judge you for what to judge You are probably not rich Why father there was money He was an engineer from Belgium I thought so now all the money at mothers not I am Russian and I don’t have a mother at all I remember She died, drank herself to death So we are with you orphans a crazy idea came to my mind Come on, frown eyebrows what on frown eyebrows eyebrow I say on gloom Is it really so difficult why should you teach one gentleman a lesson one of them got attached to my family and thinks what made me happy on gloomy Bro I’m here [music] what about money Sorry, you’re not bruise Forgive my awkwardness it seems No, I’m a heel because of you broke what what what heel broke from Thea I hate all these inflated fans Would you mind putting them in, young lady? Shurochka, we are we are late autocracy villain you your throne I hate your I died with children with cruel joy I see What other throne is read on your tse seal Curse the peoples you are me I beg you not Drop Waldemar please land you terrorists Zhura Zhura stop Zhura let go i don’t like you people people you are not participating in the miracle prophecy Venya, we are the Savior’s transformed victims [music] was and I said but I don’t believe the joke You are just like yourself dra gave birth night and day I’ll [ __ ] myself and I’ll eat myself I said I couldn’t do that time to tit Oh [music] but your sewing workshop will be [music] ra concerning the purchase of inventory equipment Where is the lari? Fedorovna, she won’t come, we’ll eat. or not we will Let’s go king herring on a boat sprinkled with chms kidneys in the model pie zatey What will you drink? Moscow vodka restaurant what will we pay for ourselves they themselves do not have meanings Moscow I would give a lot not to see all this is not at all where money is spinning I am bound by them like my late grandmother chest toad I like it very much [applause] cockroach you have cockroaches crawling here cockroach cabbage ka nice to Nika Vasilik stopped in Tver and in the tavern asked for Pozharsky cutlets for them quickly brought blush heat spa but inside for some reason they turned out white over the past 50 years, it seems to me in Russia Nothing has changed Let’s drink to we didn’t want any quick changes I had to say your name to let you in name like sesame open i will need go somewhere to the state I will speak to the State Duma Komarovsky I advise m always use your own name to Correctly assess your weight in society and place A I’m not going to be in society And where are you going to go with drink chevin with red rags and I won’t be anywhere now, I’ll just sit in restaurant for someone else’s and I’ll leave the place so-so There are only cockroaches around and that’s it thought let me introduce my satellite Pavel Antipov is a professional revolutionary. Let me hear from you young man I don’t care I’ll stand, he’ll stand he won’t eat Why dry fasting Well then I’ll get up No way. Why do we need good rules? tone Gentleman can not sit when another gentleman It’s worth it. Me too. I’m getting up Personally, I won’t get up No you’ll wait I ask you to forgive me Lord I heard one of you is a revolutionary here I am too here most of the revolutionaries are At least at our table there is no I’ve had enough of the old hotel I’ll talk to you at home Well No It’s worth killing like that Samale Karo youth plays a play in front of us, entices us like maybe we should thank them, not scold them I want to drink to you for the young ditch burn heads Just keep in mind that the real the revolution in Russia will not be made revolutionaries and lawyers it turns out we drink for you I am always in the center of events I already I noticed oh, here’s Mom standing up like we didn’t I can’t be here with this crap I wonder who you mean, me mom Yes, don’t joke, the devil is not with Larko, I said let’s go with you Well, I’m not going anywhere. I’ll go also Why didn’t I you Let him stand for me interferes Well, let’s go [music] Well, let’s finally meet each other compromise [music] How let’s dance the hug whisper at our difference in at this age it will be outrageously scared why is it like you’re rolling on sledding with snow you just need to get to the slides there is no end to everything need not need with him dance what I need you very much [music] please, I’ll decide for myself what I need and what no then I’m leaving Goodbye [music] [applause] Why did you take this with you? the idol wanted to scare you he really is he’s just a statue [laughter] [music] Bolva calming cable fast [applause] With [music] [music] Well, how is your slide? [music] [music] [applause] Ouch terrible terrible Sorry Victor and Polito HIV Sorry I don’t wanted A and what is that smell lavender forgot you warn me that I’m unwell is folding blood what to do wait until you get to yourself No will get a little bit out of her Victor remained and watered Forgive Christ Forgive me for the sake of forgiveness oh my gosh Yes [music] With [music] [music] Larka Oh, why did the wolves tear you apart like she did? Mom forgive me give birth to a wolf nuclear and worthless Forgive me, I will die if you don’t forgive me. Lord save me [music] [music] my girl I pray to our Lord for that so that you don’t become a [ __ ] [music] [music] [music] [music] What’s wrong with you, one unresolved the question is scarier than that keep quiet be quiet, sit down Calm down You know I’m fighting I’m really in fact, very I’m afraid last week I opened it man Well I don’t know I even through rubber gloves I I felt something but I can’t explain Well then, stop it All This what university Well yes exactly or go to philological and write my poems No no no it won’t work Well Why Well, because something needs to be done Well Well, and the poems M and then you know To be honest I hate poets yes yes, especially those who are brought here Shura iron And what does this have to do with other blogs for example, what is said in one old book book physician heal her myself And where is the Holy Trinity in my opinion? you You don’t have a fever You have a fever Nako k liver calm night or rather good morning With [music] Tonya Yura it’s high time to go to the table Markel I Now I’ll die Lisa here’s yours [music] place Marl maybe we can get by with this time without gauze [music] Bravo How are you Misha Moscow has been conquered No, it’s not for rent until I demand to buy it photographic I had to fork out some cash for the device Well, thank God everyone is here, please fill glasses Well, and based on seniority, I’ll take it upon myself courage pronounce the first toast Yura No, come on, sit down, let’s do it like a family. Well, what should I wish you on your birthday? Only bad, narrow-minded people are born remember their youth as Lost paradise they feel that over the years they have become that’s why the departed call it worse days but man a person involved in the life of the people walking on the road right will never be sad about the past for for him every new day is an opportunity become better at understanding something about something think about it for someone help and I want to drink to truth for its guiding light to guide you and in 70 Bravo Sasha It’s good to know what truth is Thank you Well, I can answer that. parables fish thought what is water and asked the question to the very She answers to the old and wise fish kids I don’t know what this is but when they catch us and drag us to shore then each of us will know what it is water for truth [music] and I want to drink to this house Where and the janitor and the professor are sitting at the same place a table where everyone is equal and everyone is warm warmth and hospitality of the hosts if so it was correct in all countries Gentlemen wrong Naro voice pod what do you incorrectly VS wrong there are different pike roach crucian carp Labardan stole the guy, some kind of nonsense, nonsense Labardan what’s next and what about the pike when you meet a roach, you will definitely get it he will eat it and do it right, so you won’t philosopher Come on eat and if you knock on Mr. Janitor took me to the police imagine me being called to the police and They ask why you chain yourself to in public places who could have reported Shurochka, calm down, you’re not offending anyone with this. Markel and Pa only he and we don’t need such people We need another people pog Let me tear you off let’s eat only there I am not you have one lady it becomes even I wonder where it is Ladies This is my father Pavel ferapontova larisa fedorovna guishar where did this take you young lady to simple people And I love the common people And I don’t why is that? What’s in it? good rudeness and syphilis and more nothing but there is enough of this stuff gentlemen I told you about her the young lady told with demonstration Well what i understood What have you gotten yourself into, lady, go, go. from Sedov and you don’t tell me give orders you should be in prison sit down Or did you run away like the Count Montecristo are you not afraid that I claim Why not? ran away themselves they let me go, they hurried in vain rushed after 3 years yes dad And you there is trouble I want to smoke, but not just shag there is nothing and I don’t need anything else necessary [music] Well, yeah, she’s lying. father If a lady wants a hit we’ll do it to her in a hit I’m bored still with great pleasure to your health lady I like it very much Oh, when will you finally kill them? girl lawyers they all need not shaft and to wall Maybe some tea I’m going to sleep I want to go, honey, let’s go Go to bed and sleep for as long as you want. if you want no one here you you will not be touched think Don’t be afraid I’m not like that and we don’t we are afraid of no one and Nothing gorgeous Would you be a fool if you missed something? You [music] [applause] [music] [applause] [music] [applause] [music] [applause] now you all will be weighed out Especially for you Well, let’s say I worked in one at first a hospital on the outskirts of a regular town it’s about to fall apart. Where can I get money for it? repairs only at the Merchants they suddenly shrink a noble merchant comes to me with some tear-stained took them to the lab and pierced them with a needle the merchant’s finger and a drop of his blood under the microscope did the same thing to the child big increase and ask the merchant take a look Well what? do you see red balls answer a lot them and now look at the child’s blood what do you see my blood kiss field A money Yes gave lyko asked I ask everyone to look at I’m about to be kicked out birdie Well, well, where are you going? and they gave the note to the doctor I’m taking it seriously, suicide attempt I’m not far from here, hold on to it with you Da Nova’s own birthday will make poetry I can read with you in no way case mm la solfa yum-yum it seems here Yes sewing workshops guishar take care [music] Hello, what is this sick sh I how much time soot I’m alive Well I owe you ask please let’s see Mr. Aesculapius Describe the clinical the picture shows the strongest signs poisoning most likely shock company weakness very good condition pulse Glory intermittently And you smell the air Yuri Andreevich, take a sniff of her and don’t breez or not breez smell what it smells like lodo nut That’s exactly what she drank Dooku I don’t know what you were fishing for, mother. I would advise you to drink some ink next time much safer and shipments will be everything is even more spectacular We’ll do it in the Czech Republic rinse and let’s go burn the mucous membrane I need a lot of water, look for it. [music] [music] please don’t rush me I need collect water to wash alive yes yes she’s alive she just drank some ink ink Oh, sorry, I got it wrong I’m going water down the stairs Yeah Thank you Sorry Yuri I have to tell you one thing this man is strange decoction three to four times a day strongly tea with crackers and in a day or so you can Please try some chicken broth thanks if she does it again it’s not my job to do this anymore Contact psychiatrist 2 3 here you go no no why I don’t I’ll take it so I don’t hear this anymore the doctor must get used to suffering and Denim otherwise my friend do it literature and give up medicine Izik I want to tell you I want to tell you This man This man is possible they robbed him death of a man from we went to the studio with him on the train, believe me he is a terrible person [music] A [music] [applause] [music] [music] [music] [music] With [music] [applause] [music] good afternoon excuse me good afternoon are you doing something looking for the New Testament But the unsolvable question is: What if not? Secret Revenge is permitted by deed or ambassador revenge on whom the killer And who killed whom Nobody didn’t kill anyone Well, from a theoretical point of view this issue is not 1 year old Well, remember. Rome is a flea market of borrowed gods and conquered peoples bestiality orgy days and nights on the fly, covered in fat Emperors Here is the ideal Arena for revenge and into this swinishness into this rubble marble devil bite comes where is he? and the crush of the gods The Era of the Simple ends and begins man man plowman man carpenter home family work private life included in the world cosmic cycle What Revenge Yurochka must be sown, must be reaped threshing is not quite happy well if you did not satisfy my find your answer by B ysh Larka is there any champagne in the house Or beer Everything it’s burning to read didn’t commit suicide you hanging around all night animals What how committed suicide for good ra can you tell what happened she I drank it and they barely pumped it out. I need it. you won’t be sitting while getting ready for the course got it No, I won’t sleep all night And I said you will be And because of whom did she drink iodine? because of me Hello hello Hello Hello, woman’s curse, I feel sorry for the owner to me Okay, answer straight, you’ll go to the Christmas tree Sventitsky a Scriabin himself will have to play there Stop reading and you can’t stand it holidays society You just don’t like I just don’t know people’s jokes. And from impressions only in hidden corpses And you finally fall in love with someone at the faculty of U I am only a man and the closest girl fan of spiritual marriage I I hate spiritual marriage I hate it spiritual bra I will find you a girl myself Yeah, I even know who I wonder. And who is it? shush i hate you hate hate I hate Mommy Mommy Why is that? I almost scared myself died How could you do that? think psychiatry it’s called schim Doctor Ippolitovich, nonsense, leave us alone for a minute you are lying to me no no mommy no swear I swear by what please Christ God swear Just keep this in mind If you deceive me, your whole future life will be crossed out and broken i know you are do you know what Victor and I have in common? There was nothing wrong with HIV I swear to God our Jesus Christ man is dirty We never trust animals car No not here here she is not he will hear how can he not hear if we hear her if we her we hear her we hear her my baby My dear, I would give everything for you, take a bow That you and your mother didn’t have anything. Oh. Lord, I won’t. Mila, first of all, I didn’t believe in God. secondly, I never swear by at least it’s very sincere to me even I like it honestly but you’re not like that I understand, let’s go Where to the restaurant to the rooms wherever you want A Now and the sooner the better Better Mommy, you won’t mind, will you? if about dinner with Victor and we are watered for a short time Well, well, where are you going? Want Bristol as for the first time since you are so in so drive in so Christmas is coming soon too Lord a Vik Polevi, aren’t you afraid to live? You’re not it’s cold in your tic i y te is it true that we will make an office No one will see us no one will interfere And there is a cockroach there cockroach great I don’t want to go to brestol I want in Yar I’ve never been there Well, that’s it tavern I want to go to the tavern please yes for god’s sake let’s go Yaru, come on, come on, what are you doing? dear And what are we going to do? practice the same as in restaurant What other places are there Well Hermitage of tests Saratov is still London in the marching a row of cabbies’ favorite places I want to go to London no no I want to go to London in I want to go to London London Well done, I understood it myself So I went, and Anechka, I didn’t take you with the Christmas tree. I’ll catch up Wait, why do we need to go to London? When? you can do it right in the sleigh I understand, well if we started with a stroller then why not continue in the sleigh you’re joking what the hell How much and then we will open Mother, why are you hesitating? It turns out you’re not cavalier You’re a weakling. I’m not interested in you. Goodbye Lark I’m finished cover i corpse mother very It’s a pity, although she’s quite a [ __ ] Well, why don’t you shoot? I can’t my fingers don’t obey me for some reason Let’s shoot Let’s where in the heart No, let’s go straight to it head of cartridges How many one my God what kind of beasts are I surrounded by neither sympathy nor compassion hysteria ra what navori nothing special, the guys collected money as a gift for the boss you lost school How many 700 good thing you know how much i I get a Jurassic honor for tutoring You do you know what this is you think me forgive me they will destroy Komarovsky ask for pane teya push debt my beloved person but I will give up the scoundrel You will regret it who else has the devil now now Well, how is London? they speak well there fogs are not so much fogs as cabbies I came for to ask you forgive me no no I’m ashamed of the inconveniences that you have I deliver Well, what are you even talking about on the contrary? very funny to you funny Okay, that will be fine I need more fun money 700 rub so urgently everything a minute I don’t have that kind of money at the lawyer Viktor Ipolitovich Komarovsky is missing some 700 rub I don’t I’m used to throwing around such sums of money nonsense 700 rubles more 700 rubles less what the difference then take it from mom no take this money from the closest one human by the way, there is none here snowdrift Well, that’s for the best. Didn’t I really I’m worth the money, I ask [music] Not [music] I need to not squeeze out the character so that do whatever you want with me [music] go away and I never want to see you again I saw it, but I still did I’ll count no, that’s all rightly so, they didn’t deceive me, merci Victor Ippolitovich Now you are free, you have paid off [music] gave took well and that’s a good name you are sacrificed herself for the sake of others You didn’t understand your sacrifice gun gun I have it with you I’m buying no then you won’t get it money Well, I’ll earn some money and buy it out. and who did you decide to be like? shoot one mad dog about went to the oar of rhodium Pasha Scared don’t touch the flour And what are you What are you doing here? Why am I on him? University Christmas let’s go to you father waiting Thank you Tula Today I won’t be able to I can’t Don’t follow me What happened? No, not happiness run away someone offended you no no I I’ll come Tell me who I am I’ll definitely come I’ll come, but maybe not soon Rezganov Well, go away well not bad ha come on go again the pulse is still frequent and irregular in my opinion a little bit wrinkles Turn around no it seemed maybe stay home anyway, don’t spoil it for us holiday Sasha in my opinion Alexander Aleksandrovich is right. I am myself today. I feel great, it’s just surprising Can’t you see what kind of person you are? the doctor after that Sasha Tonya Yura in the spring we all go to the irrigation ditches It’s already decided Yes Sasha Yes Yes we’re going we’re going Of course we’re going, Tonya Tonya we are going we are going to Akina we are going mommy we are going Well, here’s Yura. you are simply made for each other Well, I’ve already got you agreed with God on the holiday Merry Christmas Mommy Merry Christmas Sasha, Merry Christmas! Anechka, Merry Christmas, my dear. Go with God [music] this can’t happen [music] [music] but this exaltation is still, in my opinion, not why are you a genius by the way serve Well what do I know that the genius agrees why? [applause] cry I hope this is not a war [applause] [music] [laughter] and you thought this was a bomb from Shabanskaya it exploded I was scared that they were shooting oh go Christmas surprise put Gentlemen, we need less ice. [music] put blind two I answer [applause] [music] us it was sha don’t do it this you something dark on the carcasses I you please don’t do this leave leave me quieter quieter [music] what’s going on there? Everything is strange on your faces no, it burst bottle here no one is crying anymore Well how see more [music] Forgive me my str Kolya Kolya you are wounded gentlemen This assassination attempt terrorist shot at comrade prosecutor police immediately police not need not need she shot at the police calm me down dra here is a doctor need help let them be like this wound something will happen i know help shooter [music] I ask you to leave the house, Yurochka. [applause] [music] [music] p Fatherland Hurray German shops gram What how is this done? Lord, everything is done correctly. factories shops everything their lords can anyone help me clear the way please take it from that end and Tonya hard But she is from Paris, and they somehow All Let’s go anyway Shame on them not here [music] [music] Stop it Stop it what a child And where is Madame Guichard her family Yes They’ve been like this for six months now [music] moved out Congratulations, what a joy, the main thing keep this impulse this unity until end Congratulations, we waited for you, Yuri Andreevich also Well, why don’t you read the newspapers? to tell the truth no Russia entered into war with You are so happy to serve Germany we are confident in our Victory But what Victory wake up quickly Most likely we will broken then you know I generally then I don’t understand anything, I always said that You are a fool even though you are talented Let’s drink to the gift of the Lord God of the world mucous membrane surgery is not burned sit down who are you was yes a capable diagnostician and a good surgeon great prospects for the future But this future Maybe not step in this thing and now you have the opportunity turn around material you get huge Well I hope under yours management management will not be me No one will let me go to the front from the hospital will you go alone what front fadey kami What do you mean, my wife, I’m seven months pregnant? wife for what you remember what she gave Russian medicine Crimean War and who Pirogov would have been an alcoholic without her with shaking hands I forget the scalpel in abdominal cavity of the patient And who did he become genius do you want to be a miracle worker no miracle worker Good afternoon Sach Good be he not Ladin I want to talk to you we got ourselves into trouble anyway what is he thinking about what am i talking about I ask Yes Who is the king of the Russian-Japanese excuse the expression, we [ __ ] up what about 905 hooted year Remember this day Yuri August 14, 1914 The Beginning of the End you drink drink Russia is no more that is she’s still there but soon she won’t be there for some reason happened We all had a war Tonechka Sorry Dad I laid the table there tea Yurochka I’ll pour you some tea Thank you I’ll do it myself this is all terribly terrible what’s so terrible about it it’s terrible we all have to go to war there our people need to be explained to the Russian peasant that his problem is not the Kaiser and you at all you will go no why me men are men games he should go Well, well, that’s it, I missed the loops the devil knows that you will go too well why are you took on you no face what happened nothing I did in the morning when I was driving in short, the work was destroyed in the workshop Mrs. Guichard remember We then with y Casimir ran he saved her she got poisoned and that the girl who shot then on L Sventitsky she [music] alive yes and that’s all I feel like you want something from me hide Well, I’m tired of untangling everything. they send me to I won’t go to the front I told you I’m not going anywhere I’ll go I knew it I don’t believe a single one to yours there is no word only without family scenes I’m not interested in this I’ve already done it three times I was married and I was so tired of all this that’s it white mothers convulsively on black streets simple as a coffin, eyes were crying with thieves about the enemy beaten Ah Close Close your eyes newspapers here live Here is from the commander just dropped a fresh one everything that you you’re tearing Well, well, really, why are you crying? that night everything from the combs to the bottom of you like a tragedian in provinces drama shek spiro I wore with I knew it myself and I wandered around the city with my teeth and rehearsed if someone for me some day something Yes, I’m a bro with Sukhareva’s head towers Yura Yurochka, I love you all the time. I scold you, but This is This is amazing Tonya when we we’re giving birth in a month or in one and a half Yura we will give birth we will give birth this is for you I promise Iro Schlesinger Well, let’s cry together, shall we? [music] [applause] [music] Well, what are you saying? Well, let’s say goodbye. already wait for the letters Wait, please don’t write every day Radion Please do No leave me calm down don’t touch me calm down Damn you Shilinka Dion [music] if Russia defeats the Kaiser then will free Europe from centuries of despotism disgusting features of Russian monarchies are exclusively Prussian damn stupid unyielding spirit we must be with your people and in the victory over Germany to liberate Malbrook himself was going on a campaign he ate sour cabbage soup on a hike and [ __ ] himself and lay down in the light of day nonsense nonsense it’s all Brothers nonsense 100 years ago Russia defeated Napoleon and entered Paris and what it was after that And so sneeze and military settlement what do you propose nothing absolutely nothing godi said gentleman be generous do not condemn the war but do not support My car My machine sew all In what sense did they give it to the people? bayonets need to be buried in the ground with these You think with bayonets that I didn’t hear this. What Comrades, a very reasonable point of view now is not now when it is so soulful They won’t understand us when we get up, but we’ll explain later. first defeat Once upon a time one the shooter took my car He turned to me I didn’t know how to do it, I broke all the buttons. I had to then subdue her for a week and from then on Since then I decided not to give everyone an interesting what do the youth think about this anyway? generation You have to go to the army but they also us they will bury them with their own bayonets Allow me take leave [music] Gentlemen, come to you came happily stayed What happened just came to you All right, comrades, let’s go one by one we are going our separate ways we are going our separate ways one by one comrade, let’s go our separate ways, let’s go our separate ways msia who is this pashkina girlfriend trust How can I know? What about the rules? conspiracy Yes, get out of here by their own rules we’ll bury you all alive I am the only one I Wok I am now you I left home Tula yes Where are you you will be live at you Save me please if I hurt you I’ll ask you not to do something if you refuse no swear you won’t you will refuse you don’t know me at all I’ll tell you someday I’m not a gift at all I’m bad But if you do you want to save me if you love me at least a little bit Come on married say that don’t be Yes I’m talking about that I haven’t dreamed all my life I love you cured from hiccups by fright [music] she will live with us father and together we’ll get in, she’ll be sleeping there and you and me here jack Well ok maybe we’ll start living like people father and what is this? How do I know Antonina? Alexa [applause] ordered Tonya Wait wait this is not drag that Well, what’s in the suitcase, everything’s there the most necessary block Chekhov Tolstoy yours beloved river what do you think i am on I will be dealing with the German war translated from German Well, you’re not Rilke you’re going to war Well, okay, but what’s there? and there’s a goat down sweater there listen why do I need sweaters from there Goat Pooh don’t yell at me I I collected everything I could in the evening socks Thank you for not telling me worry A He he is eagerly awaiting his moment in the end I have a father and he has Grandfather Yura Yuri And I don’t understand you there is another profession you are a poet yes be she is thrice damned This is war the poet is It’s not a profession, but the doctor is the main one now man post soldier Of course I don’t understand who I love more son or may your son-in-law protect you Lord, wait for me. Wait, this is from the commander. Read the dedication there, by the way, to the military too Rubber suits him very well. What is this? I really like your lines and smells like raw mignonette Horizon frisky gray moose Seems like the wormhole is now with his light hand We all call you redon very stupid he a great poet but even greater an actor Yes ok don’t be angry he loves your poems let’s go let’s go I’m alone alone so that’s all sat down on the path Kardosh Lisa [music] markel quickly quickly would quickly here about on memory is like a smile [music] A [music] [music] [music] Oh you [ __ ] Oh you damned ass What are you talking about girls yes stop it it’s Vaska we are his pants with what did you take? What is written on them? or else I don’t see Children at home I’m crying rat zako ditch Rozhny in the gateway veins red dawn once quiet quiet quiet quiet quiet oh-oh-oh, guys, go to the army to face bullets. And you and who are you? Where did you come from? A it’s me Pashka Antipova sister prison Oh now men I’ll call you quickly the cooling of the eyes is immediately visible the witch will disappear in the snow Pashka prison larva no place to put a sample atrocity [music] [music] apparently Oh you [ __ ] dog of my cable on myself on myself row such you will be please me Sorry, I came for mine daughter, you should also look in the chimney or in in the pocket of his jacket Maybe she’s sitting there like by the writer Gogol Gogol and in one of the writer Gogol’s in the story the wife was sitting in the pocket sertum I don’t remember I can’t brag about mine education compared to you without any explanations knew straight away They’re getting into the heart of the house Well, the spies have gone spy Well, of course they even know me political circles but not so much Komarovsky Viktor Palich deputy state thoughts And I’ve run out of business cards Yes you every dog ​​knows who did it railway strike 9905 sir Antipov Who organized the shot after? the workers union l man it’s been a long time past Well no we support you yours struggle this is who it is we State Duma faction Yes no no fight now everyone fights Mr. Antipov is now by the way war God willing do you want me to give you a brilliant one idea date priko necessary to disperse our troops anti-government here busi all A you will come up with this idea in State Only you and your family can perceive the Duma. the party in the Duma is not yet mature situation What’s the point to you? what will you get from this your brother our they will raise those who do so I didn’t understand anything, who was trailing behind historical process And we carry it glam and literature will print literature Geneva Zurich No to Paris Why no yes because there is no struggle and no party All [music] rice mom can’t find a place for herself What are you do you want to kill her come back immediately home is yours father no and who doesn’t matter I have for you news Patu and I are leaving for Yuryatinskaya their own n as Christ the church itself for her Amen, do you have God’s servant Paul? arbitrariness good Effortlessly take to myself in this Larisa was there not another promised? the bride is not promised do you have the servant of God Larisa arbitrariness good Effortlessly take this one for a husband Didn’t Paul promise to another? the husband was not promised a betrothal servant of God Paul to the servant of God Larisa In the name of the father and the son and holy spirit amen Are you a slave of God, do you have dope? ate too much samay ring samay take off Why do you need to do it three times first exchange with rings and then put on Not I can’t it turns out it went Oh, could you give me a lift, daughter? I really want to look at you, but how could I? I’ll put it under your arm Oh, what a beauty [music] Comrades, I ask for a photo of myself come closer come closer Dava got ready for it laughed at the grandson I want Well, that’ll happen as it happens everyone is welcome to the wedding it’s here [music] Carefully stump Congratulations I am now orphaned Moscow will now become for me you won’t find any real desert for yourself Let me see someone in this desert at least we went to correspond, but this it’s already unnecessary if it won’t be lost grya sapphire and laris are alone and happiness Well Well, let’s go and take this box Not we need to come congratulate noble Well, how are you with my idea Pavel Ravich didn’t sink into my soul [music] look beautiful you [music] beautiful Take off the necklace is not Want Take it off or else you damn mother only you to me [music] button up you still love [music] it hurts me I love you too I love you hear I love you so much what’s wrong with that Pasha, don’t hurt me like that you have to do it this way, do you hear me? I’m asking you, I’m asking you can you hear me Pasha Pasha Pasha Calm down, calm down drunk do you hear I beg you Don’t say that, you hear me? yes so maybe from somewhere I don’t know where from Maybe you pregnant I’m scared also ah [music] [music] [music] [music] no ah [music] [music] [applause] [music] I swear to you he is a genius I rakhmani about him he said that well what what what could be concerts went [music] Yuri I saw Yuri quiet down it’s Yuri you imagined it But you’re quiet No, I didn’t I just saw him I just saw him I saw you KNU that this is all I’m leaving we won’t leave here today. Until one more time we won’t see you crazy crazy [music] [music] carefully look at me please gentlemen we will evacuate you hospital lyuze I beg your pardon Where can I find doctors alive in my opinion I didn’t get it. What Bertha, sorry? I don’t see anything shine children’s language ottm Closer closer closer lam long time ago [music] nothing Oh Ver, hold on, hold on Vergo, that’s all he jumped [applause] darling [music] take away sleeping Come on next time we fight now right now Hey Be careful captain Misha Misha Misha the devil Damn it How did you get here just walked and got there Oh, how many times have I told you to build tents? they posted a convoy at least for a while Armed Forces operations past that it was gas gangrene i have amputations more than once day Sorry I mistook you for a nurse I thought they sent a new one, not a fish soup I couldn’t see it in the dark, but it seemed just good good so congratulations well how are you what what about you other injuries from artillery and quarter bullet wounds from shells as the rule is dirty therefore germs therefore gangrene you understand I need operate no later than 6-8 hours after the injury stand Well done And they are taken away and they die in the deep rear without help Listen, why are you here? what are you doing here that you lost filmed on film the arrival of the sovereign emperor from firms pa A so it was you who put it I confess I didn’t recognize the movie camera Well, how do you like it? the sovereign parade is not I saw you know he in my opinion completely deprived another pose would have shouted to the soldiers forward or would say as I led my Sword and My people or something like that about the people necessarily in Russian and tragically above all this vulgarity But in Russia everything is unthinkable It’s theatrical isn’t it, but I understand what else were all these peoples under Caesar all these gals are some kind of leritz is everything fiction fiction is only necessary for so that some king or the commander could pronounce My people people others into vulgarity and I myself fall into pitu you me Sorry, I just haven’t been with anyone for a long time. said Letters from Moscow come rarely And here there is only grief. Yes. work and he is deprived of a pose because doomed [applause] what are ours news What news Yes, that’s what they say the block was taken to the front A Mayakovsky on the contrary, I removed the form by the way. Why did you do it? nicknamed Commando, he nicknamed himself that Mayakovsky block is they Duma something will come out and every day the wounded die [music] [applause] [music] [music] stop this I obey your honor we and so on for laugh good boy very good boy don’t hurt him no need We have known the gentlemen Cossacks for a long time, they are us beware [music] and have you seen my Sasha? No, no I saw that I went to Tonya’s before leaving I found her, to be honest I didn’t expect to meet me here or be sure to grab some I didn’t congratulate you, you became a father Congratulations, please accept Thank you And you know I don’t feel this connections as if he doesn’t exist, well, war someday it will end and everything will return we’ll get better again Oh, you, you I’m sorry I want to tell you a secret this war will never end Well, that’s it It can’t be purely logical that has its beginning must have its the end is here you will see ut and shot lyas roho Mad went to on the bunk [music] maybe he’s right What are you like here? The truth of life was necessary this Cossack just needs a punch in the face, that’s all you feel everything, like in Moscow, conversations philosophy on empty until the morning place So we haven’t grown up yet grown up Don’t worry though sorry thank you for this day [music] both Candle case was burning on table candle I was burning here they told me about some I bet who is she German sixteen inch thing caliber She’s here, half a mile away, the advanced ones trenches do you hear what tomorrow is happening anyway Try it agree for you Please send no object Yura Get up noonies they Gots Gogi good girl my r [music] eh something Doctor Doctor Doto Your Mother [music] [music] as soon as there are some signs immediately deck We are trying to start the operation Yuri Andreevich diagnosis: gunshot shrapnel wound to the right thigh Lower third the splinter, thank God, came out but left behind after itself, dirt touched the joint and femur tell me what kind you have this is the third operation by Yuri Andre Oh in some cases you are our Yuri Andreevich Anatoly Kuragin’s special case was understood leg without any anesthesia Well, you lost too much blood just give some alcohol No, Yuri Andreevich, I will be in charge operation ri prikar ra anesthesia It is very risky well give him some alcohol God be with you You understand me better than me This fraught treat the surgical field everything is already done Yuri Andreevich cut inlet the same at the exit point [music] what kind of fragment do you have? was got anatomy satisfactory yuri Anvi I give you a good rating, thank you Yuri Andreevich Open the edges isekai wounds are not viable [music] fabrics I’ll give him morphine Yes, quickly Yuri Andreevich crossed the middle Yuri Andreevich Be patient, my dear. a little bit now you andre hurry up with the body is wounded faster faster oh go no poroz the cattle moved quickly vele Well, be patient Be patient Be patient Well done, well … pa policeman l Pavel Antipov Lieutenant Pavel Antipov didn’t meet his little sister It’s dark in Dasha’s eyes from the pain [ __ ] sleep more quietly [music] quiet down Tonya Petrov get ready for No bandaging Let’s I’m in the car now We have snow now first do you want to move Elya’s bed to window How are you feeling Yuri Andreevich, I couldn’t do it play Anata Kuragina Well, what would you do to us then everyone was court-martialed I would be a witness and you too soon only acquitted I would go go How are you? their name is Larisa Fedorovna surname Antipova, you’ve been at the front for six months. came here as Sister Mercy after for husband Thank God that you are not alone and I I know he’s somewhere nearby but I will never find it Why was she surrounded in the West? Galicia together with his detachment Maybe you You know him Pavel Antipov No I don’t know maybe you know You have operated on dozens of people, yes, Pavel. Antipov remember No I don’t remember I don’t know I think he is he is alive he could not have died If you do this to him strongly love to eat things more important than Love Yes, I don’t have any of those I heard that for example [music] guilt feeling of guilt because I love you I know No Yes, we saw each other a long time ago in lost forever life no no Laris tna nope Thank you now now now by Sorry Dear Tonya, minor shrapnel wound tore our correspondence apart making days and nights extremely long Are you healthy what’s wrong Sasha, as for your good-for-nothing spouse he is more alive than dead health my strong and with the exception of the light insomnia to the point of a scratch on my thigh nothing bothers me Yes here in Gotha at the Sventitskys’ Christmas tree [music] [applause] [music] the carriages went along the usual lines the yellow blue in the green trembled cried and sang how do you know that I was just reading this right now desire Just she guessed with love dirt and wheels everything is crushed painful phenomenon of block is a phenomenon Russian We simply owe Him Christmas to bow without thanks without lamenting only and total It’s strange, he lived somewhere nearby in y peaceful life you it knew why they took it like that it seemed like Well I wanted him give a book poems when I was in St. Petersburg I came to buckle some young ladies were on duty, they were trampling around Yuri Andreevich it’s time sleep that’s all acquaintance Larisa Fedorovna Dada Calm Good night nights February Get some ink and cry write about February with tears in my eyes while the mountain slush in the spring burns black get flight for 6 gren there is a soldier with a penetrating weapon It seems they forgot to do the chest wound bandage where it’s raining yes I just run these elements my loved My husband, he kept reading your poems before that. how to escape from me to the front read it brother, thank you thanks to fashion there is something fashion distant wars fate of Russia honor Hero Anti Zhi requires bringing the war to an end, but it would not be became a cruel enemy to the bitter end straining his last strength already close now when the valiant army Our popular unrest threatens to destroy us will affect the further conduct of persistent wars fate of Russia honor of our army the good of the people is the whole future of our dear the fatherland demands that the war be brought to what whatever it takes to win [applause] Let’s Come on, where is the older one? Sister, come here, what are you doing? [applause] [music] [applause] stop this before it brothel Who did I tell? [music] [applause] stop it quiet tit mess everything will go under tribunal bastards scoundrels your mother yu Andreevich Yuri Andreevich order them Yuri Andreevich as Sasha Call You must stop this [music] [music] immediately Andre [music] [applause] Michael abdicated And Michael is no longer attached to the dynasty There is no Russia, what are we drinking for? Let’s not do it. neither clink glasses nor speak here we go again something started to happen to do on the Christmas tree Sventitsky no Moscow Scriabin plays his Christmas Sonata No I even remember how you were wearing a gray suit couplings No it wasn’t I am Larisa gishar she is no more And I have had enough with you It’s time to go on duty O [music] [music] [music] [applause] [music] [music] [music] at [music] [music] here’s what arrived Hey there’s something for me anything hey uh Put it somewhere in the operating room and get out of here. who is here is alive they told you this out here is a letter from the military committee for you quietly leave go away quietly quietly quietly I’ll leave quietly Under signature o getting you right now sign after readings of protest please where Zhenya hospital committee all medical staff sst and others military institution for you and also the disabled those who can walk should wear red buttonholes ban on days of mass events as well as Sundays and holidays Chairman now you can subscribe soon you will be running with us with a red bow on Sunday you rule and process here sign What do you think hero where are we let’s take as many red mothers as we can and I’ll take I know you can’t [ __ ] now you can be patient it’s easy to paint. How do you paint at all? matter to get red color Need Carmine now it will burn strongly A from What does it do Cochineal carmine And what is this? cochineal – This substance is produced from insects and we can do without insects true dear mother she’s alive and how she painted eggs for Easter Here you will be amazing responsible for the Revolutionary Color Well What darling bandage ru under kiss as under the washstand is not a century and not a year in a row summer Mayakovsky is in full swing The Lord is with you definitely not a vlog such a thin book I just see it but I don’t remember who the author is Larisa yona Well you should know this vaga Yuri Andrey our Yuri It can’t be like that Oh, come on, don’t think that it’s a joke, it’s a joke What a dirty mess we’re getting revolution has come Let’s go Let’s go V tears are tears of joy for tomorrow the holiday of the Revolution was approaching, not a holiday Lano Well, tomorrow is not bright Christ’s Sunday it’s time it’s time take out redder there won’t be [music] and this is still from another opera to stop immediately [music] I suck it all out of him [music] soul brown bows Why couldn’t they there is nowhere to paint it red cochineal cochineal what This is obtained from insects [music] I hate insects Let me submit to the Commissioner for Health citizen alive zhivaga zhivaga Why are there so many disabled people native inhabitants 10,000 of men most of the wounded at the front is what city ​​of the wretched Of course, today I am here I see a breeding ground for desertion A deserters in any army are shot we will transfer the wounded further to the rear And in the hatch to form fresh detachments for decisive offensive Will there really be another decisive one? offensive This is an order Commander-in-Chief and what are you indulging in? what are you indulging in? Citizen Commissioner deserters in the city no Where are they in the dense forests in the zbu Who there the lodge is ruled by the hare, the blessed local Saint what is there miracles things happen that really do miracle Yes, people say different things Deafly not my birth suddenly acquires the gift of speech When in spirit one walks on water in general rave nonsense according to my information he has about 100 weapons without a punitive expedition not get by order a punitive expedition I do not I misheard, Kazakhs would be just right Cossacks are great But what then how do you say we are different from regime of Nikolai Romanov Cossacks no a thousand times No I need to meet in person bless what he says wants to meet bliss I’m afraid we won’t be able to provide you with Personal Security is an order I The commissioner is temporarily authorized government to prepare Western sector of the front from this operation the outcome of the war depends on you and me the future is the main goal to fight We did not survive the sabotage and anarchy of 905 let’s say the rebels and deserters will be punished through courts martial Anarchy and genuine Freedom are incompatible with like a homeland bleeding last tries to throw himself off by an effort of will hydra wrapped around her enemy you gave about stupefying rogues turned into unbridled scoundrels without a person overfed we will shoot everyone who will succumb to chaos and democracies then strangle me prick me with bayonets and fry me on a hot stove frying pan of the historical process Hurray to you heroes glory to you and Hurray Stop Gentlemen let’s go [applause] go And what is this ruined Pompeii? hospital former estate of the countess Rinskaya they say She is now in St. Petersburg I know the horse breeder very well you were arrested recently there at the end of the park you will see the stud farm from your window there now the officers’ stables are here believe me the safest place is at doctor zhivaga iron discipline So what is this desk cloth I’ll shoot joke brother I beg you find a tuner how as soon as possible Relax, lunch will be here in the canteen. Doctor, I’m listening How are things with you here? with pliers plumbing bloodsuckers in the forest here in the hospital theoretically maybe they could be carried by migratory birds and horses there’s some nearby plant here you will be the one guarding the apartment citizen Commissioner and hardly li What is not we want What does it mean we want we don’t want And what he’s a hydro I’ll shoot him He’s a guide himself that’s what right Antosh Let’s not order Let the military committee You bring an order to us at the meeting now not the old time as the meeting decides so and let’s make one individual decide whether the meeting will decide obey what is said most will accept resolution and understanding protect freedom let me put some Disabled people will be denied provost assistance There is little use for disabled people. It is better for you to Become Larisa Fedorovna. Yes, sir. citizen chairman what’s up sir, are you talking about disabled people? Seriously absolutely seriously So we understand each other friend Do you think Yuri Andreevich noticed? Commissioner I have poor hearing after a concussion to you difference We can’t cope with it him let go what Wait What’s the meaning of miss [music] [music] Christ souls ra yours [music] and so on Bonnie tea [music] [music] The kingdom of heaven to all of you relatives And may God bless you salvation and prosperity Christ rose from the dead Our true God prays to his mother our holy and God-bearing fathers and have mercy on all your saints and save us for he is good and a lover of mankind Amen, and God bless you. health salvation and prosperity sinful father Afanasy slander what please attention to there is no violation of the fast in the immediate vicinity preparation for confession I’m sorry God I still can’t write home letter the same bliss of daddy’s words No, I’m going to give order something other and You see, I had a son son I think that I I don’t even want it see bad, do you have any family problems? photos there is look at her remember home more often better minute what with it is connected with them melt these memories of souls and write no I still get it I don’t recognize my own people any worse parishioners Sometimes it seems to me that instead I see some familiar faces, some pigs just like Gogol at the liturgy walks from under sticks as the sovereign emperor abdicated everything wheel sometimes prayers went I forget about the Lord Lord We must must do everything die by power Yes, from God to me sinful ki yours I thought that it was not you who wanted it do you have another woman I don’t Do you want me to help you? You scared me. [music] I have good news for you, we will be stand guard together at the apartment authorized representative of the provisional government arrived arrived and what he is a boy who wants to seem to laugh adults I have something joyful for you too I want to ask you for news resignation In what sense do I need leave for Yuryatinskaya when a child grows up without a father and without mothers this terrible Why Vertin You lived V Moscow and Moscow don’t have anything else to do with me connects A to the Urals Daughter, well Yes, I understand. What do you you do per Thank you but you got everything mixed up for me A when are you leave as soon as possible Better do as you think I can’t help you him Thank you And I saw you in church prayed for their own husband for health and peace At the same time Yes, for health and for peace I We owe him too much And why do you you justify your own love and I don’t love I say strange listen to you I think that this everything is very strange why are we with you like under water like fish without tongues Well wait Well we we are not blind Well, you can tell me explain what’s going on a Well, explain What do I care? Shut up [music] shut up Andreevich my I don’t want you see like this Be like I’m used to ironic cheerful confident otherwise I’m crazy [music] I’ll come by leave quickly [music] [music] How raging whirlwind over the native fatherland the Bloody Scourge flew by wars but Rus’ and the mighty did not waver wave rolled into defense countries Oh time will change cloud will dissipate glorious Victory to Rus’ the whole question was whether he would be able to new government to divert people’s flood a pre-prepared channel Well, what? the channel is already built Gentlemen, I personally don’t I see war war is the channel that will introduce intoxicated by the freedom of people I think it’s obvious It’s obvious only the government took the oath Yes, exactly. And let’s do our duty before the end and you how can there be freedom in explain to the army I thought that a special one was created commission crimes of the tsarist regime the archives are open and what there Nothing, how is that possible? Criminal regime Without crimes It looks like that’s it should have expect so what’s up with your bunny you haven’t left this lodge yet thoughts if the hotbed of desertion is in Zabu needs to disarm him with blood demon demon Then you need to go without an escort and without they will accept weapons, talk and maybe be released I will dictate the terms [music] I beg you to make a choice or a punitive operation and a mental conversation Third is not given you will come with they will kill everyone with weapons, they have a republic So everything is possible. Well, okay, okay. But I at least need it conductor I can’t go military committee they don’t like i’ll go what doctor They Uvat Got tact I’ll make arrangements with the priest, he’ll give it to me we can give them lard Yuri Andreevich No, well I wouldn’t want to, I need more more paper and pencils for him to write with In what sense is he Deaf to him he hears nothing and generally they say he consumptive, God forbid it will die even worse, it is not known where Dvina Republic further into the swamp or beat us sinners Okay okay no scare me i’m not scared i’m about by the way, ticks are easily removed from skin with sunflower oil Have a nice day appetite Thank you Remember u Gogol’s trees they were swinging and talking to each other incoherently friend like drunken tavern heads Oh yeah you too I am a poet even in the cadet corps I was reading yours in verses Now you write almost no and I And I used to be able to do it Let’s listen now, oh Motherland, I will accept yours without a sound thoughtful spit you without history without hand You’re a [ __ ] but I’m yours puppy Well I can’t go on, I’m ashamed Why Because my father Ost Zeisky Baron What, you won’t allow poetry write It is the military career that is high government position and only your thoughtless spit And you you know there is something honest in this the word means Neil Koper No, I think thank you to you I’m not scared at all, but I don’t like it My teacher always advised me to read to guardian angel when you have surgery or pre do you take anything risky Well where the devil is carrying you [music] God bless you Angela holy life isty you soul my Hello Sokoliki, great, well done, warm greetings from the All-Russian Temporary government glorious leadership keep quiet larva of this reptile no, it’s lard, stop eating it, bastard, give it to me here you are who is the temporary authorized representative government Commissar Gin figure it out fell Give here and what do you need to talk to citizen bliss about the current political moment And where did you get it from? You know who doesn’t know him in Petrograd? only they say reb popular political leaders And this one Who he is our Commissioner for Sanitary Affairs citizen Yuri Andreevich zhivaga So it is he is a living doctor for sure You couldn’t be more precise [music] while the homeland bleeds you folk heroes allowed themselves to be seduced inveterate scoundrels and desert from the line the struggle for democracy and parliamentarism in the warm beds of the village zy Bushina Knights of the Eagles giants we will shoot each one who does not get off the stove within 48 hours will not surrender the weapon to the legal authorities But that one who has not stained himself with robbery and plunder can expect to be forgiven and sent to the front lines ahead Atlanteans Long Live Temporary government Long live freedom and democracy shame on Nikolai Romanov Hurray [music] thank you on behalf of the temporary government one surrendered you are alive congratulations and it seems to both of us lucky God sees Yuri Andreevich I’m not wanted blood no way out violent disarmament there is a whole hut of sick people temperature diarrhea cholera no similar to Male you Can you imagine, this house was famous with its musical evenings summer cottage Zharinskikh and here you can take us to the citizen is happier at least for 5 minutes Well that we will take Pavlo candles let’s not to be baptized is a spirit and not a cross, how is that? and so we gather together and the Spirit bends us in the ground is so VK half hit Well, let’s start to talk about it foreign and all that stuff Well, how are you now you will be without yours there is nothing wrong with the leader, we have a republic Get up ri I am the Commissioner of the temporary authorized governments He hears nothing Deaf not mine Write to him on behalf of democratic power for 48 years hours I order you to surrender your weapons otherwise in case of a war he is something I understand Yes, he doesn’t think with his head, but in spirit then we we are leaving my patronymic the name of the Earth is not all this the teacher recognizes the importance of place and conditions create to be without any needs in the name everyone says that Christ wanted to take away from the rich to give to the poor it did not work out for him A now by me there is no nature of protection except me alone whom people call Blessed and she does everything right between you and me he doesn’t want a war, but he does so that the people of the earth would give their word so that don’t fight but divide everything according to you will ask me, you will turn to me and I will I will do this because I am called Blessed are you, my dears, all the people lying in in your graves in your ashes you us pull hard but the Earth will tell you there white light dilo ute he will drive away death and people will die to die because of one’s ignorance of him they didn’t accept and don’t want to find out what do you see, leave me alone get out of here hence the engine is not working we can’t run work Yes, jump at your horses I to you preemptively hot iron all this nonsense the day after tomorrow arrives faithful to us Cossack regiment I decided everything burn it all out nothing will remain in Russia Nothing there is no other [applause] [music] I don’t like goodbyes you’re not here today and It’s much easier for me to leave alone than with Don’t remember with long farewells and tears God willing, no more evil see you soon, yours, Larisa Antipova [music] Come on, get up stand up bastards horses are running bastards [applause] [music] our living the path of traveling with a servant his own travel your way any Revani I warn you I’m filming take all responsibility for yourself, just give it up you come on Golo you’re crazy Let me go eagles brothers I am the Commissioner of the temporary authorized governments with your arrival on the holy Mizev Vskuyu land hurray hurray [applause] hooray hooray Come on surrender the ulcer of anarchy and desertion corrodes your ranks burn burn out canum Don’t disgrace Russian with iron the army’s task is to destroy the zybunsky deserters for te e slono let’s form the parts for a decisive throw to the west Hurray Shut up Perti Atu you are all like this Yes, there is one nit on a stick va [music] la proy Temporary government of guichar Be reasonable quickly follow me to the guishar station From which my ancestors will be nobles, they have been serving for 300 years Russia and never retreated ever eagles heroes you are not heroes at all but boors and scumbags degenerates I hate your plague your mugs yours Watch the truth you say [applause] heavenly a Oh my wedding, don’t grab my wedding Manya Berik will take it faster this way will figure it out Come on and don’t scold me according to the Virgin Mary, our accordionist accordionist Thin neck [music] A [music] H [music] [music] [music] C [music] [music] squirrel squirrel take shupeyko cat young cat cat take cat good cat cheap give away please take it, it’s a very nice cat why do i need a good cat How why do you what You probably haven’t been to Moscow for a long time Chinese cuisine is very popular now take the meat, cook it in oil, it will become soft then add salad some kind of cross or nettles on every fire you have beef beef what beef What are you tell me from which department was it abolished this is her court of justice liquidated naturally And what about How can people live without a court of law? live for today And what do you have? me drake Oh listen soldier give it back Drakes A for the uniform but there is no chamber, but winter goes without litter without this black uniform you and come in handy Go and get it for how much I can give well pay nothing everything Yes [music] [music] [music] [music] who’s there It’s me I’m me open up who’s me Name the father of your child [music] Yurochka Open up, wait a minute. right away, well, open up, no, no, Yura is at war tiv began A in Moscow several cases We have cholera Sasha, well, in general, you’re not you will enter the house until you go to the bathhouse Well, that’s reasonable. I knew you were me. you’ll understand Wait I’m now now now Here is clean linen and here is the selec Zarik gave me a gift on the train dinner Here, take this, what kind of papers are these? Kerin, don’t you know a lot or a little? Yes, you will give everything. And dad, what’s wrong with him? Oh, Dad sits in the district Duma I’ll tell you I’ll tell you later You don’t offended No, you’re right me ba sly Bari bye good, come solo in a month with a ring, you understand God bless I hate I hate this dirty green uniform color even smell not now Yurochka hasn’t been with you for too long I had gotten out of the habit woke up do you hear Let’s go, let’s go, I’ll show you yours. son Let’s go, let’s go, let’s go, let’s go I understand let’s go Let’s go let’s go look Sasha look daddy has arrived who is this? This is our dad. Yes. Well look look at Dad Well go quicker [music] where is Markel now he is in great demand for the whole quarter why are there no janitors in Moscow not enough No enough where are they disappeared into politics Goodbye burn farewell war They say this stove designed by gay graduate Bers university all-metal welded with stunning heat transfer Sold in one the only place either on Smolensk either on Danilovsky the market is spoken by only one newspaper enough to cook like this so what is the weight stoves well brother I don’t know kilograms 15-20 the pipe is led out the window like this happiness can only be dream Yes military Red Well Yurochka, congratulations on your arrival the capital for yours Return it’s impossible that it’s impossible it’s impossible for twenty logran my temperature thanks to one the newspaper needs a whole bunch of firewood to make tomorrow simply according to the laws Physicists Don’t argue there is such a stove go to the Smolensky market and that’s it you’ll find out about her Well, I’ll go and find out Well, and Thank God I don’t have that at all time Where did you shoot such a wonderful I almost exchanged the bird this morning to the wise jury attorney Oops, good It was very frivolous of you We would refuse such a profitable deal acted rashly, winter is coming and good quality things never hurt that’s right Tosha Why are there so few of us? things as far as I remember this house was packed with good stuff things alas When in March began food shortages many had to exchange meat for matches on on hold the bread, but if not, stop spoon Give me some porridge porridge Here she is Tosha, please yuri porridge who wants porridge [music] Lisa excuse me I slept all night tired go dear ear my God how embarrassing in front of the servants Yura, don’t you know your father? After all, when did he I was talking about the uniform, you thought first of all Nobody knows what will happen to you and me in December there will be winter and not only they say that Alexander Fyodorovich will leave, Lord yes let him go, he won’t show up like that someone other bread matches kirinsky miracle stove I don’t understand anything, I don’t recognize anything, and I don’t I recognize I’m still here with you, that’s what I have with you desire right here everything interrupt beat beat me Answer me honestly what do you have happened on front And what should I have happen on front it happened to me I see what can happen at the front except wars of grief and death and something more no a few random encounters but remember the cat with the arrow at the pigs Here she is me work sister dear no no remember she was some kind of daughter French women who held it masterfully Madame Cher Guichard Yes, we pumped her out together with a minor episode random meeting Yes, no, no need. Please, go to yours. room What will you remember? I said something wrong, not at all then don’t you know that doesn’t happen no random encounters it happens that some random thing can happen Meeting after so much years have you suspected me of love There is no connection, not in love. There is simply no connection. fate writes its own script for me and only the ulok the king of heaven may not do this notice And what do you offer me? I offer you I suggest looking for this woman, find her and be with ney Are you crazy here or something? went Take a fly swatter to kill everything [music] [music] Father, can you explain to me what? is happening I’ll start going down nothing crazy trifles war renunciation revolution used to be a war too Japan was 905 a year ago everything just died rochka everything is lost and the country is no longer We were all hoping for a hike Kornilova that having entered Petrograd will stop anarchy chaos the lawns were getting ready to perform at first zo son of a cossack and a peasant woman is ideal figure for transition golden period hopes shattered dreams yes i remember reading rebellion the workers spoke out squads What squads, which of us is drunk, you or I am this This mason arranged this operetta carpet General hysterics where are you as possible f and general Val passed under the pressure of Kirensky’s snot do you know the magic word before which pillars no Russian man I know policeman Yes no You’re kidding democracy or another second word democracy tell democracy to anyone to the Russian fool, the son of a Cossack and peasants and you will see how to ask him the eyes will be covered with a nasty cloudy color film you know what about all of us waiting I am the sea [ __ ] in which we are drowning and then i si no and the wipers are barla translated there is one known way there is no way to win good about all the same There is Which I can’t sleep through my legs not about Forgive me Yurochka And you still stove Find out about the stove Miracle stove And this hot breakfast from one newspaper ours last one on [music] Run away from me weather on snares Dovay start this [music] Carefully golo oh be careful don’t sit Oh and you me Where is it they are here here faster there is still Nazca let’s go let’s go let’s go Come here don’t sit here [music] pressed odey Kazimirovich I came back you recognize it but you were killed severe hip injury but now i’m healthy ready to perform his duties the front still exists relatively relative to what Well, relative to of the former Moscow way of life which I like I see that he ordered to live long that everything is the same the same people the same intelligentsia Well no tell the children they trade before Thor speaks and simply did not notice the price Only increased meat for 600 pro in the last 4 months butter almost 1.000 Well this nonsense, that’s not the point, it’s not about bread and I have operated many children operations in one place per day So what do you want from me? somehow there is no work in which I mean, in the sense that the state staffed and that no one is needed surgeon diagnostician you need to generalize analyze unique experience I want I want to operate too but not here if platinum can’t cope Europe is being carried away with the flood bleeding my I don’t know where my wife is, I don’t know, but I’m going rather I’m swimming, what are you, what is this all about seriously, will it be too late now? Think about it, I strongly advise you I recommend you have a child, you have your whole life ahead Think platinum can’t cope with the flood it follows take into account I accept you for temporary employment in a month you will give an answer about what New Jersey Go to the doctor’s office I will no longer I’m delaying you. I have one question for you. I’m listening They say there’s some kind of one for sale in Moscow miracle stove it was supposedly designed by Heidelberg graduate University Well, I’m a graduate heidelberg newspapers o and you there Well Father asked me to find out if everyone is lying They’re lying, theoretically it should heat up. Well. it practically doesn’t heat anything, that is it heats but you need to waste some firewood, that’s how it is tell me that the problem is not in the stove but in firewood is good Well, what do you use to heat it? I heat with wood, I found a fence here on the corner of Serebryany Silvanovka And to you I also advise you to just walk at dusk the street is bad now in new jersey New Jersey [music] [music] Briefcase Where is my what kind of briefcase the briefcase was stolen Help me get up please briefcases Why are the bastards there alone papers Oh this is for this one bastards, it turns out I made a revolution Revolutions We owe you yes that’s me figuratively than to whiten And who is it knows about the judicial code, for example, not forgive the extravagance of the book now you can light the stove correctly Mys young bangs and we with you in my opinion We’ve met somewhere before. You can go. I’ll try Let me try for you I’ll help, I remembered. A you And where is your assistant so dense man Fadey Kazimirovich so it’s me assistant and not he mine alive thank god and Adam’s mistress Gishar Raya’s attempt was more successful Why didn’t you protect her first? saves you I now live in St. Petersburg and every other day should be there let’s go to the horse and dri Umki oh How do you know? My name is Victor and Palich Komarovsky the lawyer was recently an assistant to the minister agriculture Chernov Yuri Andreevich surgeon and diagnostician cross Zvintsov is already in the past, in the past, and now And now I provide legal services another party well for mine nameless extremely naive war only reason for property young man and remember this once and for all because people like you i do this the property could be disposed of as desired to his own understanding and not looking back at the police chief neither to mother church nor on the father of the king and everything else is fog smoke screen freedom equality Brotherhood for love and for cattle oh bye will not figure out for himself what it is freely forward to each other friend amy loan to everyone em note this absolutely free in my opinion you are mistaken fatally the Genie who was released it will be impossible to get it out of the bottle back and no need to drive, just be there with him shine your interests that’s all for the sake of these, as you deigned Vyritsa interests your beloved woman remained without mother and Have you met your husband? her yes on [music] front you owe me tell me otherwise I’ll smash your head or I’ll smear it on you [music] What [music] She is also an extraordinary woman is it true that it is absolutely free inside where does roman blood flow hair color leather m and this elusive facial expression like Monalisa I thought about her secret for a long time and I came to the conclusion that she is a little cross-eyed to the left eye Do you agree? Where is she now? I thought you did. you know in yurti Ah yes, daughter ka Katerina, you didn’t see her at the front? li Sorry and still your last name Moldo Zhivaga [music] Yura you I sleep terribly stupid I guess I agree But I really believe in fate no Tonya no but there is signs you are constantly confronted with this a woman brings us all together in thousands people But there is a choice Will I chose you your home my job and here it is you know everything that I don’t like the most there was enough in our separation yours smell I missed it terribly he’s just crazy I went and when you came back then I it seemed that you were not you but someone else different and even the smell is somehow different That’s why you burned my things. I haven’t seen yet where you’ve been wounded the thigh is here, I’ll be there now live on your leg and not go anywhere from here I’ll leave in my opinion It’s not rain anymore Hail No machine gun terrible under the face under the face Yuri If you with dress me this is also this is also we’ll just find out what it is in the Duma get dressed no no dad I won’t let you don’t let the fool in Maybe today the fate of the country is being decided no no wait don’t open it I beg you [music] to you otherwise the Armed Forces revealed what they can do ran away in the direction of the dry law they will grow warehouses and will stop shoot like thousands if we can’t resist in the course of world history at least this Voro city power of the road there were still children Well, I wish that there would be something good here Georgian cognac my friends is the ultimate spirit on L now now sess Listen again I forgot when you SN came back I told you already today by the way it is inspection Well that’s all there is no front anymore right should have been expected Oh my! my And I already thought I lost everything I picked it up when you were hurt then I saw look you look great Michal is wonderful Why did you film everything? Well, some of it is mine, mostly not me. I have about 400 photos in my collection I think it will be in some time the highest price Yes, sell it somewhere in New Jersey Well, it’s not impossible No, now no one needs all this. Now all this can’t be sold for a penny. I offer a great deal for hanging for Mikhail Thank you Congratulations Wonderful oh and I don’t care, I can’t even brag there is nothing to write about a single poem you don’t have a single thought at all nothing, that’s how the war ate everything, home I I will never believe it And I am telling you alone thoughts not a single thought mean what are you family for a long time now almost 7 years ago aane said that marriage can last 7 years if the marriage lasts more than 7 years then this is no longer a marriage of acre with target fool Fadi I lived with my late wife 30 years Skha Here they are already near SRO hotel already but still with one creation I can brag Bring Sasha to my mind well bring aland bring bring I envy you envy Yes if only I had my family, my beloved woman. if everything is the same, then everything will be everything [music] will be hoho quiet quiet quiet Kiss [music] Sashka [music] chu rate Yes, very nice, and Take them both of what what you don’t hear like a bra … yours should be written sh should be written should be you need to write write that you don’t want them take Well then I don’t know what to do give Let’s exchange crosses you remember this mice on forty i crystal I found these if so, don’t give it gave me a gift to exchange everything with him, then let me with buttons let’s change let’s change let’s change silence Hey It’s all over [music] C [music] C [music] [applause] [music] K [music] [applause] [music] [music] [applause] A on [music] [applause] [music] [music] [music] [music] sawdust [applause] [applause] [music] All district here is the envelope I signed for it There is Want I want my wife to dry out some French bread A I dry out black is good I wonder what kind of ZAZ Gulf of Finland is several transitions Filya, you were going to another place. I’m not the one to the side I’m worried please wait a bit This is a hospital and not a theater of military affairs Comrade Neve, member of the central committee Well, isn’t that clear? all kinds are possible provocations down the lobby and without my not known step to you, as I said in Russian, go me from comrades Lead V the sixth patient looks at us better diagnostician not disturb go fulfill the Hippocratic oath And you you are not here yet compact And what is this? This is all friend my the end but not there is not a corner in the house countries Well, you see clearly Why don’t you see this without bandages? tapeworm temperature over 40 injection urgently your name patronymic Pavel ferapontov beautiful pryam nickname party Revolution you know under your surname no they do Doctor I have a chance Only the truth 50 on take off his pants, I won’t touch him myself take off take off in front of the chainsman comrade Neverov All are equal for him, there is no class of strangers no men no women do you need anything in what in a simple everyday sense down there I’ll tell my two people they’ll do everything Thank you syringe Give pala novich and turn around sideways you are a party member No come on in I’ll think about it Doctor, think or don’t think, it’s all the same let’s accept young man You know what you are [music] lost a whit surname coupons not I’ll figure it out Komarovsky is there Let’s start with the little things Yes, take capers will you What forgive me caper I didn’t understand yet intelligent man capers olives with cheese mushrooms white saffron milk caps are back under wraps pickled gherkins own excuse for expression VS so VS this costs some crazy money you Forgive the expression under what authority you live here you don’t need money you need it here columns now sausages bronskaya salami Krakow Jewish Liver horse domestic pork with large fat balyk meat se Do you have water rural number two rural mouth will be we will be us [music] eh [applause] [music] this can only be cardboard I I’ll open it No no I’ll open it Khachik gave Asta fire and only the zhurka Come in Zhurka how were you ro demon Pierre in a skirt Yes skirts are no longer in fashion now they are in fashion leather glyphs but I haven’t bought them yet Hello, let’s go, let’s go, you say. became a big boss of some kind I work in the district council for a large one let’s go let’s go let’s go I’m so glad to see you Shura ra you citizen zhivaga let’s go let’s go let’s go glands let’s go for grandma listen, you have it right here every day of Great Britain is a real holiday The Proletarian Revolution is a holiday for us oh and they said it right Absolutely That’s right, and foreign ambassadors claim that there is famine in Moscow and Petrograd they are lying under the face they also think so so excuse me, why are you here? you do m and what is he doing there so here measures your living space m my friends we need to speak frankly you are being compacted but I personally took on this is a matter of brightening up possible inconvenience How to brighten up how I can follow the moonshiners of the pestilence by the way another unconscious element Listen, what a delicious dough, just like Tsar And so I myself personally specifically I’ll pick out people for you We’re not strangers, relatives almost Wait wait dealers moonshiners What are you talking about, Shura? There will be workers here. live who fed collapse did themselves tili in dirty holes And now everything has come time they rise to the surface Lands It is clear from here that you are out from here Yura what are you talking about, what are you talking about, Yura skra i skra what are you doing la La Jura [music] [music] This where the hell is this water [music] [music] this is your soup Yuri Andreevich you need to ssh Bori [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] good morning oh Katerina what are you doing Pikachu, aren’t you ashamed? and you You’ll be late for school You we’ll get up on the right Yes, I had a dream as if our house was somewhere is going and the bedroom is going and you and I Tonya Listen Listen to me please Yura, your whole cheek you are still all around night it’s so dark early in the world that the square eternity lay from the crossroad to the corner where are we going, why, and until dawn and warmth more millennia what human types What are [ __ ] the faces are all steppe dwellers and not a single Russian face you quieter they will land us with trains Thanks to the Revolution for what it is showed us the true character things invented character of the people without without it we wouldn’t even notice the country which lived for many years Thank you for this it looks like a flight you know like birds without nests without a homeland to which one can return Freedom Ali What about the guards what about the convoy cabinet of curiosities [music] Petrovskaya you survived why am I like this bad Sasha Sasha, it’s still so early in the night, there’s still darkness all around. in the world that there is no number of stars in the sky and each one as bright as day If the earth could she Easter slept through the psalter [music] Sasha mom We arrived [music] [music] ok is there a doctor among you no Well does anyone at least understand medicine? there the man ends I am I am a doctor Well so why are you silent? I’m not silent there machinist in general Will you go with us Where Where Tonya Tonya Tonya don’t tell you a jellyfish I will return your husband whole or in part parts of you smell so much of burning white ours were there, there is one here, not at night the local men will be remembered, they refused from the food tax, sabotage, wild Anarchy the most natural Well, they sent it Strelnikova doesn’t want to the bastard now has no men or sabotage you will lie for a long time No I can’t stand it, I can’t stand it. And you saw it, you said it. I can’t, I’ll die now you will lead uncle I don’t know how I just to hum I can feel pain under the shoulder blade [music] he has a sharp one an attack can be heartbreaking steam locomotive lead what pa what have you gone crazy Where can I find another Machinist? so let him sleep for at least an hour or one and a half hour Thank you Doctor, nothing hurts me. It’s me. I understood it was just 3 nights slept Look at Leshka He’s completely my son can’t stand on his feet definitely trust Far and four stages OK rest at midnight the flesh of creatures will fall silent hearing the rumor Spring that only just just wait and death will be overcome beehive Sunday Stop Shooting I will be Who are you I am a doctor from Moscow I am coming family in Yuryatinskaya myself I’ll take this what river Reva is called and station What kind of Lykovo is yours document Yeah, you’ll have to go to the toe put did not understand you forward Go to waste Means legs legs damn me military commissar I shoot for the ruined carpet strongly I’m sorry, and who is this, it seems, a spy? was interested in the station and the river ryi von No, I’m a liar from Moscow, I’m late neighboring path m same diseases surgeon diagnostician Wait a minute I now military commissar beast So let’s say goodbye and hands hands Yeah, military commissar can’t stand dirt Yes comrade three he wiped his legs and hands washed the name of Zhivaga Yuri Andreevich surgeon and diagnostician of the cross-city hospital in Moscow rete Why should a hospital be renamed logical How long have you been working? [music] connected with the revolution between km between my family and the rest of the world there are three of me unemployed cheese want want sit down and you are not here starve Swiss And I remember you, you were shooting I have no hay in my back in the spring why because we see each other first time in life stand up get up the purpose of your visit to yutin howl don’t believe in the movie ex-meni krueger I am not an heir and I do not claim anything. must be passed on to Aleksandr Vasilyevich I do not I don’t know any Alexander Vasilyevich Stop lying doctor stop lying to dodge Alexander Vasilievich is Kolchak and his troops are on the approaches but not we’ll let them pass and fill them with corpses the hell with you, do you want to live like that? Live No, for me it’s easy to survive means to do something I expect to be built in the Yutin hospital in the spring we’ll plant something in the village Earth is not will let us die Protest and remember the second meeting for one of us will be less successful solution go doctor I haven’t slept for six months how about this there is nothing to fight for be afraid Try to change your image life to plant potatoes in Barykina though there would be a Last Judgment on earth now Doctor no kids and I reap only creatures from Apocalypse with swords winged beasts not from sit down take motherwort I saw it grows on slopes, can be infused you can drink the tips on an empty stomach in any in quantity so all the grass burned down together with villages Let’s drop words like a garden and gift and zest scattered and generously barely barely I hardly know why he didn’t shoot me you because you’re a fool from your youth sentimental knew your peaks on learn it now get out of here before I change my mind the ruler is weak and cunning, bald the dandy enemy of labor accidentally warmed up He reigned over us with glory then Voskoboinikov whose is this? poems and now I got through to you comrade Osipova And what was studied I don’t understand there was a political literacy exam which by the way you were warned already last month oh my god I completely forgot all free lesson is over stop stop stop stop now not the Tsarist regime We have there are no secrets either to the students or before teachers get acquainted with the commission tannery worker comrade Stepanov, member of the Gubko People’s Commissariat of Education, comrade Fedotova pull ticket zabo s you criticism of Engels fine rye views of German democracy at work Anti What made you laugh so much, comrade? Antipova And what department do we have here? Sponge that you can’t laugh, refrain From comments and respond to the given question Okay, I’m reasoning. there is logic VS is this and directed he was clearly mistaken had petty bourgeois views have seeped into the ranks of the German Social Democrats but thanks to comrade Engels he did all this identified and drew a line and after such Critics take Dühring seriously it’s just funny the conclusion is simple for everyone Düring will find its own Andrin this and is called dialectics right, huh Ours will tell you more about it Director He is big in this business specialist And yet nothing else ska then pull the second one ticket with pleasure riti Ludwig’s teaching work Feuerbach Let’s all go to Deya where you Larisa Fedorovna listen Larisa I don’t want to listen to anything Oh my God Well, you destroy me and destroy yourself come back Well, I ask you, who came up with all this? performance Why was it necessary to exhibit I’m being made a fool in front of the whole class. This is not I’ll throw this council’s decision to hell to hell with During Anti-During to hell with During Ferb to hell with what the hell happened what are you kidding me about? Necessarily I’ll tell you, I beg you for Christ’s sake, don’t say that I’ll arrange a new one, no one will do anything let’s go me and remember once and for all No I don’t have any husband Everything is as it should be everything was as it was previous times well finally oh my god Alexander Aleksandrovich Kiss here Verki Well, thank God we got our gun leave the scarecrow gardening Where is Anna Ivanovna And mom died We wrote to you Lord oh oh We didn’t do anything received hello Yura hello Oh and who is this who is this what is your name Young man, what is your master manager? Sasha, well, don’t answer to me What about the owners and the estate? forest the roof is cut down but the walls are still standing definitely a bar nothing there aren’t even walls and the walls go there Well, yes, it can’t be that nothing there is nothing left Well why nothing brick To Yes, I told you so and you didn’t tell me listened and there was a lot of brick there, well broken many and a whole one for the stove Maybe that’s enough How are you How could you allow this, you are the manager Kruger And who asked me alone? to another it is you for this and also money took was a sin ba nevely to punish to live then somehow I don’t need one second seconds Kiss there Kiss come here [music] Well, what do you like, and where is the garden? Well vegetable garden We will make potatoes in the spring plant carrots and beets let’s have cabbage plant Well, there you go Sasha, this is your home. What This Tonya What is this and this is a gentleman as they say Kiss here on your knees on your knees before this there is no such thing as a holy Russian man what is in front of this hell It is me in front of you on Kolya, well, oh, mirror, my God, I’m in I hung around him as a child hours Elena Prokolova Let’s go Let’s go my baby Let’s go yes yes let’s go Expensive dear buffet I welcome your existence which has been for more than 100 years now directed towards the bright ideals of goodness and justice Viy Sad is great, thank you very much for service So now you’ll light the fireplace Thank God there is something to heat with, the child will be in my office is in the left wing, Julia is in the right There should be sheets upstairs before bed warm up And how did you do it before on them? they let the courtyard girls in now don’t be afraid of innocent girls No, you didn’t understand anything what is this now yours Well, not yours this is for the people, you have nothing to do with it for what else people for yours Russian will ever be here children’s home I will lie down here and live here How many I’ll only want to over my dead body then will be yours corpse listen citizen thunder now is not the same time and no Girls, you don’t need to warm the sheets will be with me Live as long as you want But in the estate is not foot and so that this conversation was for us [applause] last Ivanna your grandmother loved Here this balcony from it far, far away Apparently you understand that the manager doesn’t care about me at all I need this house and now I won’t step foot in it even if you try to persuade you will be thunderstorm thunderstorm to the net Master strange snow on Do you want to ride a horse? I’ve never been loud enough I was invited to Kazan by bars the university promised to give a department It turns out I’m not yours gave I told you I heard thunderclaps this is not your thunder weapon our your your your your some kind of nonsense a your son where is he Lev in the partisans with yours girls let’s go Sasha come on hand Calm down at your expense we will not live Yuri will get a job and here this is not necessary Bari Why and therefore you will turn under hot hand will be shot you Heirs capitalists So sit and don’t stick your head out. We’ll somehow survive the winter, and then Let’s see, we’re not used to living without labor Here I am about this means so small to small is our planting material average to medium and large we separate into We’ll get food later rag and we clean it from dirt every Well, how when she is in the ground, take her in your hands disgusting but it will be a neat little circle to the round and then we lower it into the cellar here work until spring and where are we going? hurry up especially you are loud without work well not you can Well what about me ready and Verka Stepanovich, where are you going, Elena? punctures so walk [music] I’ve settled in here with you to write not do you object? write professor write Where did so much come from? more books happiness my faith to be honest I took some things from yours libraries Why Well that’s right did For what books books And no need what happened happened terribly We don’t have soap. Where can you get it now? what are you doing what is this soap first the remedy is better soap is ash With [music] [music] Please [music] I don’t understand you at all, even if I kill you in my head awakens some visions Oh yes, that’s my sister. Serafima us three sisters and another sister Elena lives in Barykina, she is married to former manager of creepers you then leave the books for me forms with a loved one or to the dead man will get his tongue Oh you know I forgot everything. We used to have dream books. but the communists have taken everything away now I guess By newspapers here you take a newspaper turn around Name any page and line two page Bottom from the end we reveal i will remember forever Vladimir Ilyich’s characteristic pose when he sits opposite the peasant like this their knees are close touching this is definitely a date with beloved I will know as a human being [music] [music] I want to tell you something Although I don’t have complete confidence yet No [music] yes these are just some sometimes the lines turn out to be right in one sit down here Well here [music] Read it out loud perhaps if only i could though in part I would write eight lines about properties passions about lawlessness about sins about running in pursuits accidentally sowing flare elbows I would bring out her law in my palms e the beginning and repeated her initials of her name Yes Thank you [music] enough and you wanted something from me nothing special to say [music] With [music] [music] [music] [music] excuse me, but I would like to find the head doctor ask him you are the head doctor what do you have I am a surgeon from Moscow own work at the front wanted it would be hard to keep people in line Insert you need a surgeon we Horsepower is needed to translate all this stuff goes there Felsherinov there is no doctor I am for everyone Well, you see, then you and I are lucky listen we have an evacuation you understand this line there is an order to take all valuables away station stop stop wait I’ll tell you I say sorry no dova be careful don’t disturb comrade don’t stir more carefully higher higher like this tacro three miles away Shoot like this Kind day Why are you looking at me like that? look You just look very similar oh I know I know I know please sit down Thank you. Are you from the Church or from the Ryka? Vakina Oh, and you know us Three sisters us so often confused And I know about you from Elena You thunder Yes well from Kruger heirs I will fill out the form now No no no no no no no what do you need latest newspaper Oh, we’ve been out for 2 months already didn’t receive anything Well, let’s do it then slete Next well please Please Next so next Thank you pencil pass on the young spa Excuse me, it’s free here, lady, in my opinion left something happened that the royal family was shot in Yekaterinburg Go all when in July I don’t understand why in what in order to avoid the Road back no one in Kazan no one no said not a word I’m writing I’m writing an article about all this abominations What article are you talking about you can I mean hurricane others they will write then no we won’t be able to finish it before the New Year Why a suitcase? Okay, so be it if not It’s a pity. Let me. [music] I have it for you Verki is amazing news sand on teeth crunches badly wiped the royal family was shot by the Bolsheviks all inclusive children why are you silent what should i say and what have you become about Of course I knew about this, why not? Yes, everyone. knew Well and well and It doesn’t matter to you that he’s not here it’s a pity No, well, what do you know? such Tell me, does anyone feel sorry for me? I feel sorry for the late sovereign look at all this is the only one a person in Russia who feels sorry for his own sir, it seems I was wrong about my people his dullness for which they are to blame forced labor and vodka We took for humility and pride and inclination useless fantasy of a special kind spiritually full of Russian incapacity [applause] Naro Iron Collar of Statehood But as soon as the iron what was there in the last year has rusted away German war chaos anarchy and a special kind of pathological licentiousness passionate professor Well, you’re in the village, aren’t you? It’s not at the department that something needs to be done here, but Not say Good afternoon Hello No take off your clothes it’s cold tell me do you have any any newspapers where they are printed vacancies about work What vacancies do you have there in the ditches we can hear explosions every night i I’ll help Alexander Vasilyevich is on the way I wish he was faster. But he’s deaf and doesn’t know anything. hears and what do you think that it will definitely be better in any case the books will be different Yuri Andreevich And you do you even know my name? I know. Sign please marfi proklov I don’t know any address Yours is not this yours by you wondering who our one teacher is [music] [applause] [music] [music] [music] [music] [applause] Katya, we’ll have lunch now. Good afternoon. [music] Oh just now and I thought the door was open Katya came Excuse me, but do you have any? rag Oh come on, what are you saying? I don’t trust you. Zhivaga, aren’t you ashamed? You’re already here. a month and you haven’t let me know where you’re from you know and i you I saw it in the library, why not? came because you proudly passed by I don’t even know what you’re talking about ask have you found yours husband Yes and No, I told you that he did I haven’t found my husband yet. He’s alive now. Strelnikov Strelnikov Wow, I did it I saw the truth and I no, that’s it towel for the heroes of the Revolution weakness in the form of wives is unacceptable children and what kind of evil he is with you the most impression favorable strange despite blood from atrocities Speak to the end blood from the atrocities of Vaka You will not disappear again let’s have lunch now he’ll come Katenka, undress, come on. have lunch No I can’t my people are waiting for me always by lunchtime I can’t not now I can for half an hour Yura Me [laughter] it’s time A Well, this is here, gentlemen. Stand here will be the operator and telegraph throw away throw away this crap No, I won’t throw it away, listen, you’ll ruin me. Comrade Pardon Mrs. Antipova you will ruin me yourself me will you destroy me really you see, come to your senses, I beg you Come to your senses How come you don’t understand yours the almighty husband won’t help you now rather the opposite And do you know on whose countries No I don’t know And I don’t know Everyone has arrived do you still want to live yes i want i want live hide Marx and you will be credited Here [applause] Tina Larisa Fedorovna Hello Stand stand May you be empty it was and in the teachers’ room we’ll arrange a personal his office Excellencies, what office? What are you talking about? I’m crazy, not in the teachers’ room at school, I’m you I’m not happy to tell you nevo Vit no Mrs. Antipova Strelnikova Gentlemen I now And you are still the same, nothing is wrong with you Larisa is happening You will be long I am his adjutant to test my patience Excellencies, and I am your senior sister this is Posha sister this is When we came, we did it and lari ro came, it was like God will give and secondly I ask you not wind up person your building takes away reconnaissance and under the school we will accept other no That there is no and I will wind up and humiliate I will, children must study, I will not wait while you have something you can do there will be terrible trouble I said no then no Have you ever heard Is it possible to change the last name? almost me I’ll probably stay with you or else I’m tired of this hiking life is not good for me and my daughter anyway it’s cramped Well, what if you don’t have any money? loans what Which are quoted under your power dark sapphires will do Yeah And so that the school would be left in peace I will of course try but nothing I promise You are both so talkative today. you can’t get the word out how many no We are dismantling the mountain it’s decreasing here for the whole Yuryatinskaya I myself don’t his may have arrested someone but he didn’t wants to talk to us grieve whom yurti not general Vitsin arrests those who were arrested yesterday here you’ll figure it out, my poor thing Russia Russians destroy Russians from There is no worse misfortune than brotherly murder the nation is withering and degrading loses the most energetic ones talented people roll back in their development back tens of years about good luck Hunter What beauty Oh what a beauty Tonya if you cook it for dinner, it’s better to pickle it barrel It is unknown what will happen to us tomorrow What are the news of the link? and how much for me I know it’s all the same to me there the loop of the beautiful under suspicion as former Kruger manager and white people’s son Hero can Yuri will go no You yourself said everything as The library used to be full of people I heard in yurt the richest library today it’s already late Yura You do you hear me, I have a cold Well, I told you so [music] [music] No Yura, are you sleeping? [music] No, you thought this year about to me none at all never at all never And me too armored train yours is shooting husband husband ate too much pears he was in some other life in another the country of the Russian Empire [music] how easy we say it another country yes, it’s terrible somewhere nearby, I feel it I know because if it weren’t for him we would just died from [music] deck and of course we owe a lot this is home work [music] a week ago some guy came a person is silently accepted by everyone all sorts of things silently turned around and left You probably owe a lot too his wife How is her name is [music] Tonya nya you said in [music] hospital you hate me [music] [applause] true true [applause] you don’t want to feed your daughter and hers No, you didn’t notice. She’s not at home. She’s at Lena’s. I have wonderful nanny And I have Sasha you know, you can’t do anything without mothers either cry or remain silent will the poet is not only not this only not something deeds write down character to temper Well, I don’t think you’ll get it soon. you’ll see in which SS in all Well, you’re wrong. Then leave then your favorite ancient hero antique oedipus eddy Why Because he had a feeling of guilt and troubles and yours [laughter] do you know why she cut off head Yes because he because he was [laughter] Bolshevik, I think I’ll do the same to you just the best hurry up Although you are a Bolshevik, not me, but yours he is a husband non-partisan and the fact that he is with the Bolsheviks – It’s an accident. And in general they tolerate him as long as he pleases them. on the way a then I know all this is bad it will end Come on Katya I don’t want to I want Mom to dress me Well, that’s it will Catherine happy to whom said Well, who said let’s get dressed Come on fast let’s not Nych said I’m waiting for us nothing can happen [music] be and nothing and no And you wanted say Everyone will remain with their own everything will be the same with the family [music] everything will be the same [music] go away my dad will come and cut you off head wait I love you you ra What are you doing What are you are you going to do love you Listen to u you have a daughter and how do you speak I have a husband wife pregnant wife family what am i going to do i am going to open up you know open up and wait that someday they will forgive me quietly quietly go away go away I don’t care I’ll accept anything you want solution [music] go away go away [music] went [music] went Sorry row [music] stop [music] [applause] [music] Let go me Go ahead, I won’t do it to you. I hold where m where and nowhere do you have a family No, I have nothing now. nothing then what about you I ask you to me let go You know not a day passed whatever I thought about you I didn’t imagine What are you like? What are your hair like? What are your lips? what a voice I even thought that you had There may be two fused ones on the leg fingers that’s all it is It’s forgivable for a teenager but I don’t understand what is this I can’t get enough of you I feel like I can die quietly, quietly. quiet All All go I got everything from you wanted go this where to the wife Tell her about how you’re dying. How can you not? get enough Go go you’re crazy I I understand yes but you are drawn to crazy you’re leaving go away Nida Yes I do I won’t leave here, no, you will leave, No, I won’t leave no, you will leave ABOUT God I hate it you are not there I am not a flatterer when I am the king of truth I say Voskoboinikov with a smile whose is this poems A could have known this poems Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and today we will talk about monarchical tendencies in the works of the great Russian poet poems stanzas to slanderers Russia he you in light I want to reach the future in everything the very essence of work In search of a way in the heart confuse to the essence Flowed in days before their reasons before bases to roots to the cores are constantly grasping the thread of the court events live think feel love make a discovery You if only I I could Although I would have written eight in part lines about the properties of passion about lawlessness about sins, runs, chases, accidentally, in the priests elbows palm I would bring out her law her start repeated her name initial I shook with tremors lived if you only eat I beg you you yours deliver the sinner from his torment a choice that he is not able to make, so there is no time sha rusty state tyu achieved triumph and Gra and flour stretched bowstring tight [applause] onions not with places comrade doctor Doctor, come with us to forest Fer is dead for a long time detachment I went to Mobilius forcibly medical employee in case I guarantee you complete obedience unharmed by the final Victory Well that’s it probably not soon a vly veri son Over Stepanovich I I’m doing it the order went, I remind you when trying I won’t stand on ceremony [music] stretch [music] pony [music] losses that the doctor to his came in run away stay away there A [applause] [music] ah [music] don’t shoot [music] [applause] alive help of the Almighty [applause] [applause] guns guns gather the horses into the forest into the forest take away stop marauder take your gun collect I said wounded finish where let’s run here come on, bring the guns, bring the guns here left left take you where where you are Seryozha Tsevich Stop it, marauder. matchmaker sooner Quicker alive help of the Almighty [applause] [applause] let’s go I said [applause] the porridge is delicious eat it Katya no one came Mikha eat please Katya why the door open no one came I you I ask what are you doing and so it is nothing I ask you how many times have I I told you when you’re home you you close the door I understand You yourself don’t you close I’m sorry, I’m sorry [music] your Forgive your forgive the butterfly [music] With With [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] a a [music] you’ll take it [music] ah Well, well, well, you’re alive [music] [music] eh [music] they called it so so so this Basket Rook fly it order best remedy for frostbite limbs And this is from brain frostbite driving yesterday here [music] stood a lot wounded four Shah What’s wrong with you? Doctor, have you forgotten how the pieces move? there are those who have gone over to our side surname knapsack wound contusion will be in I’m building cocaine [music] and this is true Shah [music] froze I’m more tired than Colonel Sh Teresa [music] at at [music] you can’t eat dogs you can’t pose on you hit then you’ll come down And then what why did they eat dogs They would have been put in the ground with us and not frozen would you hear Doctor shut up and you are still alone song Shut up Yes shut up when you talk Doctor, it’s not that cold here. And how are you related to the Bolsheviks? came didn’t come brought Ah yes A I’m on my own voluntarily why is it on your own Volto snow Why and who is it? knows fought in the imperialist for the Tsar-Father may he be empty there was, but there was a wound posted hospital behind the front line Well, and then an officer shot him there somehow one from Peter is important bird and you shot it for nothing what kind of language is this he climbed on barrel of speech pushes Well, me and the guys laughter for the sake of T I called and after that Wherever here from Where is the matter with the workers? It was useful that the town was on the Western Front I don’t remember exactly which one forgot [applause] [music] [applause] name a A and the legs broke the [ __ ] ru hand on lasho it’s coming it’s going to end now They’re already here in the motorboats nearby breakthrough who Lieutenant Colonel Vinsky broke through from the living belts cut the thread from the wound with boiling water when you throw it off, make it underneath you they force eat no I can for the brutality of the reds so it will be with each of you if you don’t beat and don’t hand over we’ll burn you to the ground with our hands and puppies your village I have a woman in my lochi three can you help the kids doctor no we leave the place to get ready for half an hour id you can If I could already ran away then go sleigh and where are we going southeast [applause] otke my commander [applause] Better Where to go [applause] there are people there our people there are like wooden blocks [applause] stand keep quiet stop turn back mother yours Lizka no let go shoot into the air stand where are you coming from people from drooping and Vlachs and who are Vlachs don’t come to us come on, I’ll shoot without warnings mafa Stepanova here she is not among you here and Cuba is riha Maybe there is none here we lit the cubes together with the house Aga f you are completely here you saved it up, you yourself have nothing to eat We don’t need Khlebnikov we are going to perish, you and I, people, we are going to perish … People hit the gun at the ready What are you talking about our kids are there too Adits fire you are not going to eat children you will be you will be To hell with you we’ll come to the village no stoves no bonfires I’ll shoot everyone in their houses and like mice Okay, but the baby is a baby where Where did you put the baby for not a baby it turned out that we left Lachi at night and even if we were wolves, you tied up those seasoned ones six heads Well I think so I gave it to her in the end, so she was in heat he did not suffer at all, but not immediately ruin don’t kill yourself then I’ll give you more one mug OK We would like to tighten it up a bit and then nettle will do we will survive animals A [applause] A pity the children Ira children pity the children pity shoot lost soul Shoot faster What were these unfortunate people guilty of? that ate the horse show you what what’s left of it No, no need. Are you afraid? A in vain then you wouldn’t feel sorry for them I immediately I spotted a few well-fed people among the hungry ones lips on the lips on the lips I them I found out that the eaten horse is not worth it human life you are wrong Doctor The First Commandment of Modern Warfare if you have a horse there will be a transition if you don’t have one some Stresemann I received news from the varika Aren’t you interested in knowing what’s there? happened According to rumors, my father shot and Mine may be they returned the estate to them A maybe they are already in other lands, though In war, rumors should not be trusted They say that it is also our detachment it no longer exists that you ate me a we scattered ourselves, each to his own place, and we’ll have a long time yet we will be here sit until we finish the game and then a then we’ll loot How hares you know how a hare is dog walks in loops and figure eights those who poison him start running around in a circle and the hare jumps into the bushes and from there is watching them are my daddy I don’t even know if he’s alive or dead, he gave me decent education you read niches mister doctor University Philosophy Department in At university I often caught myself one dark feeling and not confusion starting from Socrates hide and evade something terrible far exceeding both thoughts and the possibilities of any even a person genius yes I am I know they hide from life from simple and scary life that cannot be described in words A you can only survive We have hope hope for joining the troops Kameneva li Shorina but they are far away and in philosophical I mean your father was wonderful an honest and intelligent manager This smart man And he led me to you Well what kind of bastard are there bonfires ZhT And what the order is not have you heard do you want our artillery to blame covered Yes, doctor Well done, Well done and I want leave for a long time at all right It’s about time Let’s do it when possible. You can leave and wait until the morning. A I can do it now I’ll go bye [music] ah ah ah [music] [music] [music] what are they [applause] there is nothing Why do they suck like that out of habit But not cry Don’t be jealous doctor Not If you believe me, try it yourself oh well, everyone will die anyway there the doctor gets up from liver get up, I’m teaching or I’m not So it’s you who are the doctor now, here’s the fire they covered us and we are getting ready I am not for I worry about the kids their boiling water on wounds scary with hurry now they are wounded in Sani doctor your mother injured I warn you the transition will be I’ll shoot you on the spot if you become long do you hear me? Doctor wounded build, plant women and children what are you doing there you’re messing around Give it to me quickly quickly quickly quickly soon soon with fast machine guns you are a reserve of horses take away [music] move doctor doctor come on look, your defector is leaking Shoot Shoot Me said Let’s assume that it’s yours bullet Well, why did you stand up? Do you think three are for you? will spare went quicker soon sleep on the floor [music] Dream on White He is in the light ran through the rowan mines tree He ran along his rowan tree my love cried [music] hare heart timid heart timid for the full [music] howl i I’m shy Hare trace of the beast his trace Zvereva no Syta Wolf they shook the belly [music] everything is already the taste goes away beauty beauty of rowan [music] rowan ra we are leaving do you hear and I go away [music] I would tell the children the doctor took pity Go be your own doctor. go we go there is no food at all nothing now the basket will be on the prit warm and ok you me feeling All everything everything Your Lord la A [music] touch our agreement in force leave When you want [applause] [music] move [music] let’s go let’s go [music] what a bad head It’s from hunger Here smell better Eat they say from heartfelt If something happens to me Katya She will stay. one what will happen to her they will take her to the kindergarten It’s scary to even imagine a house, dear my darling promise me that you won’t Either you or your sister will leave me Seraphima She is a Holy woman, all of you They say Calm down now everyone scary give I give my word, I give it I don’t know how to tell you but Yuri Andreevich, what are you saying, they saw him in city ​​Who where Seraphim in church Assumption as the priest was shot in the church I just read it. Yes, of course. It’s terrible. but people still gather nit And why in church what is taking water from open reservoirs and also from wells which were contaminated by corpses people sent down there and I’ll add animals from myself that you are a servant of God I am looking for his own My husband is not here, your husband has questions No so let’s part ways read the scriptures before going to bed and brochure comrade your husband don’t lie so you saw or no people saw bread given a week ago a week ago about no more came No, that’s enough, that’s enough, Katya, how long have we been you owe them What’s wrong with you take teacher Thank you very much Katya enough Thank you let’s go Push here so Samat no hang on push push Katerina felt boots shake yourself off some old man mom [music] mom mom mom who This Yura, get up. sit down A No, first you have to eat mom who is this roll to your place room here is milk [music] eat Yura eat eat this delicious open ro open [music] this old man Shpaka [music] he does nothing understands Take off your clothes and go to your room go to the room Katyusha go [music] with these magical ones with scissors we will disenchant him and turn him into our live [music] O [music] [applause] [music] [music] [music] yes at least some tea [music] brewed it, otherwise it felt like cats in my mouth how much more [ __ ] have they done today three or four So we’ll sit here until the morning We will be very grateful from the side the accusation is very humane. Do you know? what does this have to do with hunger And what this can Enough, let’s go next Thanks oh well Enough that there is kerosene on him ends here from the check on there are several of him [music] sheets we are the sons of the Worker class made a pact with death remain to be with Pobe it was he who answered the question investigator about his political T These are not his words These are the words of the dragoon Trotsky Who’s there? more Hello Hello I confess Honestly surprise who CEC authorized comrade Neverov defendant name surname What is your patronymic to you? clear name surname patronymic I refuse to answer your questions Why is that? I don’t recognize you Oh well, it doesn’t matter. This is Pavel Pavlovich Antipov is mine Son Thank you exactly Neverov And what is the essence of the matter? Comrades, we have before us a very special person case and I require a field of his close attention nothing is clear from the consideration his last name is not Antipov but Strelnikov Comrade Strelnikov is a hero of the Revolution and we we shouldn’t discount this even if there is some guilt behind him and you read the chairman’s instructions Revolutionary Tribunal of the Republic of Ta dashevskoy hang over ours heads are only in a bourgeois court guilt and punishment are identical. And for us they are separated I think forever a reason for his during the arrest he shot at his comrade’s parts Kamenev fired from an armored train current 40 minutes I demand to postpone the consideration this question This is very important it’s a political issue and we have no right Solve it straight to in someone else’s and there they found themselves among their own and there they were strangers and then please excuse this fact again it is necessary to prove comrade And what are you chk you don’t believe anymore enough comrade Gordon Enough of all this. You old river bed But if this continues further, you you will find yourself behind him defendant, answer the question clearly acknowledge your guilt but don’t be silent Pashka is my work business shame, repent Confess, dad.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • International Law and International Relations

    International Law and International Relations

    The provided text comprises excerpts from various scholarly articles exploring international law and relations. Key themes include the formation and effectiveness of international regimes, focusing on factors like state self-interest, power dynamics, and norms. The role of legalization in enhancing compliance with international agreements, particularly in trade and human rights, is extensively examined. Different theoretical perspectives, such as realism, rationalism, and constructivism, are applied to analyze state behavior and the design of international institutions. Several case studies, including the European Convention on Human Rights, the GATT/WTO, and oil pollution control, illustrate the complexities of international cooperation and compliance.

    International Law and Relations: A Study Guide

    Short Answer Quiz

    1. How did the detention of ships lacking the International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) certificate contribute to the success of MARPOL?
    2. Explain the concept of “transnational dispute resolution” and provide examples given in the text.
    3. According to James, what defines a sovereign state? What is a key aspect of sovereignty’s nature?
    4. Differentiate between “juridical statehood” and “empirical statehood.” What does juridical statehood represent in international relations?
    5. What are the key characteristics that determine the robustness of an international norm?
    6. How did the German navy’s view of submarine warfare differ from other nations, and what impact did this have on its actions during World War II?
    7. How did Britain use the concept of “normative capital” to its advantage in World War II?
    8. What role do norms play in signaling a state’s intentions, and how did Germany’s actions in 1939 reflect this?
    9. What is meant by “issue density” and how does it relate to the demand for international regimes?
    10. What is the “logic of appropriateness,” and how is it related to compliance with international regimes?

    Answer Key

    1. The detention of ships lacking the IOPP certificate was critical because it imposed significant costs on violators, as a single day of detention cost a tanker operator approximately $20,000 in opportunity costs, far higher than typical fines. This acted as a powerful deterrent against future violations, incentivizing compliance.
    2. Transnational dispute resolution refers to an institutional arrangement where adjudicators, agenda, and enforcement are substantially independent of individual and collective pressure from national governments. Examples include the EU and the ECHR, where judges are insulated from national governments, societal individuals and groups.
    3. James defines sovereign statehood as “constitutional independence” from other states, meaning a state’s constitution is not part of a larger constitutional arrangement. Sovereignty, in essence, is a historical phenomenon and a legal order that can be acquired, lost, and changed.
    4. “Juridical statehood” is derived from a right of self-determination, also referred to as negative sovereignty, whereas “empirical statehood” involves a capacity for effective and civil government, or positive sovereignty. Juridical statehood allowed many underdeveloped areas to join the international community on a basis of equal sovereignty.
    5. A norm’s robustness is determined by several factors, including its specificity, its longevity/legitimacy, and whether violations are penalized. Violations do not necessarily invalidate the norm, but a strong norm is more resilient to violations.
    6. Unlike many nations, the German navy viewed submarines as a valued combat tool. Because of their ethos based on their WWI unrestricted trade offensive, their plans, operations and advice were biased in favor of violation of the international norm related to submarine warfare.
    7. Britain concluded that its own restraint, despite German transgressions, would garner it favor from third parties. They planned to build “normative capital” that they could leverage to gain support at a later point.
    8. Violating prohibitions can be an indicator of a state’s ambitions. For example, Germany, after its invasion of Poland in 1939, sought accommodation with Britain, but it knew that its use of unrestricted submarine warfare would signal its aggressive nature, despite this desire for peace.
    9. Issue density refers to the number of interactions and connections between states related to a particular issue. Higher issue density tends to increase the demand for international regimes to manage those interactions.
    10. The “logic of appropriateness” suggests actors follow norms because they believe it is the right thing to do, regardless of immediate self-interest, which is often contrasted with the “logic of consequences”. This concept is used to explain compliance with international regimes, though it’s less applicable to the initial design of those regimes.

    Essay Questions

    1. Analyze the concept of sovereignty as presented in the text. How does it evolve in the context of international relations, and what are the key challenges to traditional notions of state sovereignty in the modern world?
    2. Discuss the role of international norms in shaping state behavior, using examples from the text. How are norms established, maintained, and challenged? How do different theoretical perspectives account for the power of international norms?
    3. Explore the causes and consequences of territorial disputes in international relations. What role do international organizations play in managing these disputes, and how effective are they?
    4. Evaluate the effectiveness of different enforcement mechanisms in international law, such as detention and sanctions. What factors make these mechanisms more or less effective in ensuring compliance?
    5. Critically assess the different theoretical frameworks used to explain compliance with international rules (realism, idealism, and republican liberalism). How do these different frameworks account for variation in states’ adherence to international law and norms?

    Glossary of Key Terms

    Empirical Statehood: A state’s capacity for effective and civil government; also referred to as positive sovereignty.

    Juridical Statehood: The status of a state being recognized as sovereign under international law, often based on a right to self-determination, also referred to as negative sovereignty.

    Logic of Appropriateness: A concept that suggests actors follow norms not primarily for self-interest, but because they believe it is the proper or right thing to do, a key aspect of constructivist theory.

    Normative Capital: The accumulated positive reputation and goodwill a state earns by adhering to international norms and acting with restraint, which can be strategically leveraged later for political advantage.

    Norm Robustness: The strength and resilience of an international norm, determined by factors such as its specificity, longevity, legitimacy, and whether violations are penalized.

    Sovereign Statehood: The condition of a state having constitutional independence from other states, meaning that its constitution is not part of a larger constitutional arrangement.

    Transnational Dispute Resolution: An institutional arrangement where adjudicators, agenda, and enforcement mechanisms are substantially independent of national governments’ pressures and where judges are insulated from national governments.

    Issue Density: The number of interactions and connections between states related to a particular issue, often driving the need for international regimes to manage those interactions.

    IOPP Certificate: International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate, a mandatory certification for tankers to ensure they meet international standards for preventing oil pollution.

    MARPOL: The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, an international treaty focused on preventing pollution by ships.

    International Law, Norms, and State Behavior

    Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the main themes and important ideas from the provided sources:

    Briefing Document: International Law, Norms, and State Behavior

    Introduction:

    This document summarizes key concepts and arguments presented in the provided excerpts, focusing on international law, norms, state sovereignty, dispute resolution, the dynamics of war and peace, and the role of international institutions. It explores how these factors shape state behavior and the international system.

    I. International Law and Compliance

    • Enforcement Mechanisms Beyond Fines: The excerpts emphasize that traditional fines are often insufficient to deter violations of international law, particularly in areas like maritime pollution. The text argues that “Detention provisions have altered behavior because they have had the virtue of imposing . . . high costs on the violator, making their use more credible and more potent . . . detention is a large enough penalty to deter a ship from committing future violations.” The opportunity costs associated with ship detention ($20,000/day) far outweigh typical fines, demonstrating the effectiveness of such measures.
    • Transnational Dispute Resolution: A key distinction is drawn between state-controlled dispute resolution, where national governments influence the judges, agenda, and enforcement, and transnational dispute resolution. This ideal type “judges are insulated from national governments, societal individuals and groups,” as seen in the EU and ECHR, which operate with a level of independence from state influence.
    • Legalization of International Monetary Affairs: The document discusses the “legalization” of international monetary conduct, noting that while control over national currency is a closely guarded prerogative of nation-states, international rules have increasingly become formalized and legally binding.

    II. The Concept of Sovereignty

    • Sovereignty as a Human Convention: Sovereignty is not viewed as an inherent or static condition but as “something that can be acquired and lost, claimed or denied, respected or violated, celebrated or condemned, changed or abandoned.” It is a historical phenomenon with a legal basis.
    • Constitutional Independence: The source cites James’s definition of sovereign statehood as “constitutional independence” where a state’s constitution is not part of a larger constitutional arrangement.
    • Juridical vs. Empirical Statehood: A distinction is made between “juridical statehood,” derived from the right of self-determination (negative sovereignty), and “empirical statehood,” which reflects a capacity for effective government (positive sovereignty). Juridical statehood allowed many developing countries, especially in Africa, to enter the international community on a basis of equal sovereignty, despite their limited capacity for governance.

    III. International Norms and State Behavior

    • Definition of Norms: The document defines norms as “a standard of appropriate behavior for actors of a given identity,” emphasizing that strong regulatory norms are widely respected and viewed as legally binding.
    • Norm Robustness: The robustness of a norm is assessed based on factors like its specificity, the extent of its legitimacy, and whether violations are penalized. A violation of a norm doesn’t necessarily invalidate the norm if the norm is robust enough.
    • Norms Limiting the Use of Force: Specific prohibitions are examined, including submarine warfare against civilian ships, strategic bombing, and chemical warfare. The document highlights how the stigma associated with violating these norms varied, with submarine warfare against civilian vessels facing strong condemnation.
    • Gaining Advantage Through Norms: States sometimes adhere to norms not just for moral reasons, but also to gain a strategic advantage. For example, Britain’s restraint in submarine warfare during WWII was intended to accumulate “normative capital” and build goodwill with neutral countries.
    • Signaling Intentions: Violating prohibitions can signal a state’s intentions and ambitions to other actors. For example, Germany sought accommodation with Britain after invading Poland, even though its use of unrestricted submarine warfare was a norm violation.
    • Internalized Self-Restraint: Beyond strategic calculation, actors may follow norms because they have internalized them as the “right thing to do” within their society, suggesting a “logic of appropriateness.” This highlights how norms can shape identity and values.

    IV. Territorial Disputes and Wars

    • Territorial Wars and International Organizations: The document analyzes numerous territorial wars, showing that international organizations, like the UN, NATO, and OAS, often play a role in ending conflicts, supporting the norm against territorial aggression. Multilateral responses often reflect broad international backing for the norm.
    • Economic Factors: The increasing economic costs and benefits of territorial aggrandizement have influenced state behavior. Interdependencies make wars less appealing, although this is not always sufficient to deter conflict.
    • Fear of Irredentism: Many developing states fear territorial aggression due to the risk of irredentist claims resulting from overlapping borders and their own military weakness. The 1960 UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples sought to mitigate these fears by reinforcing the norm against territorial expansion.
    • Territorial Changes After Conflict: Most territorial conflicts resulted in no major boundary changes, with international actors supporting pre-existing borders.

    V. International Institutions and Cooperation

    • The Design of Institutions: The document raises critical questions about international institutional design:
    • Who are the designers? Typically states are the designers.
    • What values should institutions pursue? Wealth? Power? Justice?
    • For whom are these values pursued? Nations? Civilizations? Humanity?
    • Time Horizon? Should future generations be considered?
    • Reputation in Agreement Making: A state’s reputation for reliability is valuable over time, which acts as a “performance bond” to ensure commitments are upheld. When states have short-term horizons, they are more likely to break agreements.
    • Third-Party Review: The document details the role of third-party review in various international agreements, ranging from non-binding conciliation reports to binding arbitration decisions. The level of legalism in these agreements varies widely.
    • Asymmetry: Asymmetry in pact agreements influences how easily agreements can be made and kept. For example, pacts between states with more evenly distributed GDP share are more likely to be followed.
    • Risk and Uncertainty: The document analyzes the impact of uncertainty and risk on the durability of agreements, specifically regarding “agreement shock,” highlighting how unexpected events can influence the stability of international cooperation.
    • Logics of Appropriateness: Norms can lead to “internalized self-restraint,” where actors follow norms because they believe it is the right thing to do, not because of self-interest.

    VI. State Identity and the International System

    • Social Construction of States: The excerpts emphasize that state identity is not fixed but is continuously constructed through practices. States, as corporate actors with particular rights and powers, are a product of ongoing social processes.
    • Normative Implications of Design: The choices made in designing international institutions are not neutral but have normative consequences, as they can legitimate certain state powers (e.g., war-making) and privilege some interests over others.

    VII. Factors Influencing State Behavior in International Relations

    • Realism, Idealism, and Republican Liberalism: The document outlines three theoretical perspectives on the factors that drive state behavior in international relations:
    • Realism: Great powers employ coercion or inducement to extend national ideals derived from national pride.
    • Ideational Theory: Democratic states seek to extend perceived universal norms, while less democratic states are socialized into compliance through transnational networks.
    • Republican Liberalism: Governments seek to prevent domestic oppression and conflict through international standards, while being constrained by the risk of domestic law being struck down.
    • Democracy: New democracies are most likely to support legally binding international commitments. Established democracies tend to only accept optional or rhetorical commitments. Non-democracies oppose.
    • Domestic Factors: Domestic rule of law and democratic systems often influence a state’s compliance with international obligations and norms. For example, states with a strong rule of law are more likely to comply with international monetary rules.
    • Regional Norms: States are more likely to violate international rules if their regional neighbors do so.

    VIII. War Crimes Tribunals

    • The Role of Law in International Politics: The document considers the role of international criminal tribunals, using the cases of the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda as examples, in holding individuals accountable for violations of international law, and in establishing a sense of justice and reconciliation.
    • Tension Between Justice and Politics: It acknowledges the tensions and debates about the role of war crimes tribunals. There is the “realpolitik” view that tribunals will never be useful in bringing perpetrators to justice, and the “idealist” view that tribunals are essential for fostering peace.

    Conclusion:

    These excerpts highlight the complex interplay between international law, norms, state sovereignty, and international institutions in shaping state behavior. The analysis moves beyond simple notions of power to explore the roles of values, identity, strategic calculation, and institutional design in international relations. The material emphasizes that states are not simply rational actors pursuing self-interest, but are also influenced by normative considerations, social expectations, and the need to maintain a credible reputation within the international community. This has a practical effect on how international law should be developed and enforced.

    International Law and State Behavior

    FAQ on International Law, Norms, and State Behavior

    1. What role do sanctions and enforcement play in the effectiveness of international environmental agreements, such as MARPOL?
    2. Sanctions and enforcement are critical components of effective international environmental agreements. While transparency is important, the ability to impose significant costs on violators is what ultimately drives behavioral change. In the case of MARPOL, the possibility of a ship being barred from port or detained carries huge opportunity costs (potentially $20,000 per day), which far outweigh typical fines and act as a potent deterrent. This is because the costs are direct, immediate, and significant enough to make violations undesirable.
    3. What is the difference between national dispute resolution and transnational dispute resolution?
    4. National dispute resolution is characterized by individual states deciding who the judges are, what they judge, and how judgments are enforced. This system is heavily influenced by national governments and their priorities. In contrast, transnational dispute resolution, exemplified by institutions like the EU and ECHR, features adjudicators, agendas, and enforcement mechanisms that are substantially independent of individual national governments and societal pressures. In this system, judges are insulated from national influence, allowing for more impartial rulings and potentially more robust enforcement of international law.
    5. What is the concept of “sovereignty” in international relations, and is it a static concept?
    6. Sovereignty, as defined in international relations, refers to the “constitutional independence” of states, meaning a state’s constitution is not part of a larger constitutional arrangement. However, sovereignty is not a static concept. It is a historical phenomenon, constantly subject to change, acquisition, loss, claims, denials, respect, violation, celebration, and condemnation. It is a legal order that is constructed and maintained through interactions among states, and can be challenged or altered over time.
    7. How does the idea of “juridical statehood” relate to “positive sovereignty,” particularly in the context of developing nations?
    8. Juridical statehood refers to the international legal recognition of a state, typically stemming from a right of self-determination, and is considered “negative sovereignty” as it refers to freedom from outside control. In contrast, positive sovereignty concerns the state’s ability to establish effective and civil governance. Developing nations, especially in Africa, often achieve juridical statehood as a basis for equal inclusion into the international community, but may initially lack the empirical state capacity for positive sovereignty, which they must build over time.
    9. How are norms in international relations assessed for their robustness, and what factors contribute to their strength or weakness?
    10. The robustness of a norm is assessed by considering several factors: first, specificity (how clearly the norm is defined), second, its long-standing legitimacy, and third, if violations are penalized, therefore reinforcing the norm. A norm’s robustness is not guaranteed; violations occur, but if they are consistently penalized, the norm is strengthened. In particular contexts, like submarine warfare, a robust norm can significantly influence state behavior, whereas norms with low specificity or inconsistent enforcement may have little impact.
    11. How do states consider norms when calculating their advantage or disadvantage?
    12. States weigh the costs and benefits of adhering to norms and may use those norms to gain advantages. For instance, states might choose restraint to garner international goodwill, aiming to “cash in” this “normative capital” later. Violating established norms is also a way for a state to signal its intentions or ambitions, and states consider the risks of negative consequences when assessing these advantages.
    13. How do economic interdependencies and territorial integrity norms influence conflict and cooperation between states?
    14. Economic interdependencies can deter wars because they lead to high economic costs if there is conflict. However, their impact is not guaranteed because interdependencies have not deterred wars in the past, suggesting that they only impact the decision to wage war once they are strong enough, and the value of war is lowered due to the costs of disrupted trade, etc. Regarding territorial integrity, there has been a strong global norm against territorial conquest. Though many states have broken this norm, and there are economic benefits to be had from conquest in some cases, the norm has had a large effect and has been strengthened by the negative responses from other nations when violated.
    15. What are some key factors that influence whether states adhere to or violate international agreements and norms?
    16. Factors influencing state adherence or violations of international agreements and norms include: the presence of enforcement mechanisms (like detention provisions), the desire to gain a reputational advantage, domestic political structures (democratic states are more likely to adhere), economic costs and benefits, and the robustness and clarity of the norm itself. Additionally, self-restraint, based on internalized norms of appropriate behavior, and the calculation of future benefits also play a role. States make calculated decisions based on their perception of costs, benefits, and the influence of norms on their legitimacy.

    Sovereignty, War, and International Law: A Historical Perspective

    Okay, here is a detailed timeline and cast of characters based on the provided text:

    Timeline of Main Events

    • Pre-1648: Implied existence of a system where victors of wars could claim territorial spoils.
    • 1648-1945: 119 Interstate wars in “the European and global states system,” 93 of which were territorial wars.
    • Early 20th Century: Increased legalization of international rules of good monetary conduct.
    • 1914: Strong economic interdependencies between nations were not enough to deter the start of major wars.
    • 1919: Post World War I discussions and planning regarding submarine warfare.
    • Captain Herbert Richmond makes diary entries about submarine warfare.
    • 1920: Continued discussion and planning regarding submarine warfare.
    • 1931: Stimson Doctrine is formulated, an international position on non-recognition of territorial changes resulting from aggression.
    • 1933: Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States.
    • Pre-1939: Norms developed limiting the use of force, specifically concerning submarine warfare, strategic bombing, and chemical warfare.
    • 1939 (Fall): Germany invades Poland, then attempts accommodation with Britain.
    • 1939 (October): Discussions within the British navy about adhering to or loosening rules for submarine warfare.
    • October 25: Minute by Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff regarding submarine warfare.
    • October: Minute by Head of Military Branch regarding submarine warfare.
    • 1939 (November): Continued discussion within the British navy about adhering to or loosening rules for submarine warfare.
    • November 3: Minute by Director of Plans regarding submarine warfare.
    • 1939-1945: World War II, a major conflict where norms of submarine warfare are frequently violated. German navy viewed submarines as a valued combat tool and continued using unrestricted trade offensive.
    • 1945: End of World War II. The Baltic states were integrated into the Soviet Union by Stalin, and the Soviet Union absorbed territories from Poland, Germany, Finland, Rumania, Japan.
    • 1946 – Present: Analysis of the causes and outcomes of interstate territorial conflicts across the globe.
    • Multiple instances of territorial disputes and aggression across Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Middle East are cited.
    • Europe:1974-Present: Turkey invades Cyprus.
    • 1991: Yugoslavia attacks Slovenia; war between Yugoslavia and Croatia.
    • 1992-95: War between Yugoslavia and Bosnia.
    • Americas:1957: Nicaragua occupies part of Honduras.
    • 1982: Argentina occupies Falkland Islands, leading to war with Britain.
    • 1995: Ecuador sends troops into a disputed area with Peru.
    • Africa:1963: Ghana occupies part of Upper Volta, Algeria occupies part of Morocco.
    • 1964: Somalia sends troops to Ethiopia and Kenya to assist rebels.
    • 1973-87: Libya occupies part of Chad (Aouzou Strip).
    • 1975: Mali occupies area of Burkina Faso; Morocco lays claim to Spanish Sahara.
    • 1976-80: Somalia occupies part of Ethiopia’s Ogaden region.
    • 1978: Uganda occupies part of Tanzania.
    • 1981-82: Libya puts pressure on Chad to accept political union.
    • 1985: Mali-Burkina Faso dispute leads to arbitration by the ICJ.
    • 1998-2000: Border conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia.
    • Middle EastMultiple conflicts between Arab States and Israel, occurring in 1947-49, 1967, and 1973.
    • 1990-91 Iraq invades Kuwait.
    • Asia1947-48: Conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.
    • 1950-53: Korean War.
    • 1956: China moves troops into a border area of Burma.
    • 1961: Afghanistan sends troops into Pakistan
    • 1961-62: Indonesia claims West New Guinea.
    • 1962: China occupies disputed territories claimed by India.
    • 1962-75: War between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
    • 1963-65: Indonesia disputes territory with Malaysia.
    • 1965: Pakistan attacks India in the Rann of Kutch, and also later in the year again in Kashmir.
    • 1971: India intervenes in East Pakistan leading to the creation of Bangladesh.
    • 1971: Iran occupies islands belonging to the UAE in the Strait of Hormuz.
    • 1974: China expels South Vietnam from the Paracel Islands
    • 1975-99: Indonesia invades East Timor.
    • 1977-78: Cambodia attacks Vietnam.
    • 1980-88: Iran-Iraq War.
    • Many of the above conflicts involving the following organizations are noted:
    • UN: Involved in numerous conflicts, calling for ceasefires, withdrawal of troops, and negotiations, also playing an increasing role in enforcing territorial integrity norms.
    • OAS: Involved in disputes between Nicaragua and Honduras.
    • OAU: Involved in various conflicts in Africa, working towards withdrawal of troops and promoting the original boundaries.
    • ICJ: Arbitrates territorial disputes between multiple nations, for example between Nicaragua and Honduras, Mali and Burkina Faso, and Libya and Chad.
    • 1960s-1990s: Development and increasing enforcement of the MARPOL treaty to address oil tanker pollution.
    • 1973: The Mano River Union is founded.
    • 1981: The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) is founded.
    • 1990s: Increased use of detention as a sanction for oil tanker violations. Also increased discussions about the legitimacy of the powers of sovereign states.
    • 1990s-2000s: Increased complexity in the use of international law and tribunals as mechanisms for dispute resolution.
    • 1992: Discussions about the US ability to enforce the use of segregated ballast tanks on oil tankers. Also the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is signed.
    • 1994: ICJ rules in favor of Chad in the dispute with Libya. Also the treaties between Chile and Colombia, and Romania and the Czech Republic are signed.
    • 1995: The treaty between Bulgaria and the Slovak Republic is signed. The Dayton Accords are reached, defining boundaries of the former Yugoslavia.
    • Present Day: Ongoing construction of modes of subjectivity and how this matters to the design of international laws. Also continuing discussions about what values states should pursue and for whom, and what their time horizon should be.

    Cast of Characters

    • Herbert Richmond: Captain (later Admiral) in the British Navy. His diary entries in 1919 reveal discussions about submarine warfare and its ethics.
    • Stalin: Leader of the Soviet Union during the mid 20th century. Responsible for the integration of Baltic states into the Soviet Union.
    • E.J.M. Ball: Interviewed regarding oil tanker pollution regulations.
    • John Foxwell: Official at Shell International Marine, interviewed about MARPOL and related regulations.
    • Harold Demsetz: Economist known for his theory of property rights, which is discussed in relation to the establishment of territorial rights by sovereign states.
    • Kenneth Abbott: scholar who studies legal institutions, incorporating political factors that shape the law.
    • Grotius: His writings on international law are cited, including the concept of jus in bello.
    • Hans Morgenthau: Political scientist and historian whose ideas about realism are cited.
    • Oscar Schachter: Scholar in international law and legal theory, whose work is cited.
    • Andrew Moravcsik: Political scientist who studies international relations with a focus on liberalism.
    • Henry Schermers: Legal scholar, whose work is cited when discussing European law and jurisdiction.

    Additional Notes

    • Norms: The sources emphasize the role of international norms in shaping state behavior, particularly in areas like warfare, territorial integrity, and environmental protection.
    • Sovereignty: The concept of sovereignty is constantly being redefined throughout the text. It is seen as something that can be gained, lost, violated, changed, and constructed. There are discussions about negative (juridical) sovereignty and positive (empirical) sovereignty.
    • International Organizations: The text shows the increasing role of the UN, OAS, and OAU in attempting to resolve territorial disputes and enforcing international norms.
    • Legalization: The increasing “legalization” of international affairs is also noted, with a rising dependence on international courts and tribunals to resolve disputes.

    Let me know if you would like me to elaborate on any of these points or if you have more questions.

    International Regimes: Principles, Norms, and Decision-Making

    International regimes are defined as the principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue-area [1, 2]. Regimes can be seen as intervening variables that stand between basic causal factors and related outcomes and behavior [1].

    The importance of regimes is viewed in different ways [1]:

    • Conventional structural orientations see regimes as ineffectual [1].
    • Grotian orientations consider regimes an integral part of the international system [1].
    • Modified structural perspectives view regimes as significant only under certain constrained conditions [1].

    Regime development is seen as a function of five basic causal variables: egoistic self-interest, political power, diffuse norms and principles, custom and usage, and knowledge [3].

    Regimes are demanded because they facilitate agreements by providing information and reducing transaction costs in world politics [4]. Increased interdependence among issues will lead to an increased demand for regimes [4].

    International legalization is a form of institutionalization characterized by three dimensions: obligation, precision, and delegation [5].

    • Obligation means that states are legally bound by rules or commitments and are subject to international law [5].
    • Precision means that the rules are definite and unambiguously define the conduct they require, authorize, or proscribe [6].
    • Delegation grants authority to third parties for the implementation of rules, including their interpretation and application, dispute settlement, and further rule-making [6].

    There are two ideal types of international third-party dispute resolution: interstate and transnational [7].

    • Under interstate dispute resolution, states closely control the selection of, access to, and compliance with international courts and tribunals [7].
    • Under transnational dispute resolution, individuals and non-governmental entities have significant influence over selection, access, and implementation [7]. Transnational dispute resolution tends to be associated with greater compliance with international legal judgments [8].

    Changes within regimes include alterations of rules and procedures, as long as principles and norms are unaltered [9]. Changes in principles and norms are changes of the regime itself [9]. A weakening of a regime involves incoherence among the components of the regime or inconsistency between the regime and related behavior [10].

    From a realist perspective, regimes are phenomena that need to be explained; from a Grotian perspective, they are data to be described [11]. Conventional structural arguments do not take regimes seriously, while modified structural arguments see regimes as mattering only when independent decision-making leads to undesired outcomes [11]. Grotian perspectives accept regimes as a fundamental part of all patterned human interaction [12].

    Egoistic self-interest is a prevailing explanation for the existence of international regimes, where the desire is to maximize one’s own utility function without including the utility of another party [12]. Usage, custom, and knowledge can contribute to the development of regimes [13].

    International regimes are not quasi-governments but are more like contracts involving actors with long-term objectives [14]. A major function of international regimes is to facilitate the making of specific agreements [15]. Regimes help to make governments’ expectations consistent with one another [16].

    Regimes facilitate agreements by providing rules, norms, principles, and procedures that help actors to overcome barriers to agreement [17]. Regimes can correct institutional defects in world politics by establishing legal liability, improving information, and reducing transaction costs [18, 19]. The optimal size of a regime will increase if there are increasing returns to regime-scale [20].

    International regimes may be of value to actors by providing information [21]. High-quality information reduces uncertainty [21].

    Some mechanisms are highly legalistic with standing tribunals, while others are diplomatic, requiring only that the disputing countries make a good-faith effort to resolve their differences through consultations [22].

    Legalized delegation introduces new actors and new forms of politics into interstate relations [23].

    Interstate dispute resolution is consistent with the view that public international law comprises a set of rules and practices governing relations among states, while transnational dispute resolution empowers individuals and groups to seek enforcement of international legal provisions in domestic courts [24, 25].

    International regimes may be defined as sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area of international relations [26]. The term “international regimes” is preferred because it denotes principles and rules and not merely regularities or norms [27].

    International norms and rules can be contradicted and overwhelmed by social understandings [28]. The clearer, more durable, and more widely endorsed a prescription is, the greater its impact [29].

    Informal agreements are a common form of international cooperation [30]. Informality is a device for minimizing impediments to cooperation at both domestic and international levels [31]. In international affairs, the term “binding agreement” is a misleading hyperbole [32]. States must enforce their bargains themselves [32].

    Discussions of dispute settlement range from direct negotiation to third-party adjudication [33]. The question is whether arbitral or judicial rulings are formally binding in international legal terms [34].

    International law performs two functions: providing mechanisms for cross-border interactions, and shaping the values and goals these interactions are pursuing [35]. These are termed the “operating system” and “normative system,” respectively [35].

    The operating system includes rules regarding lawmaking, actors, jurisdiction, and courts or institutions [36-40]. The normative system functions to create norms out of particular values or policies, and directs specific changes in state and other actors’ behaviors [41]. The operating system may not always respond to normative changes [42].

    International regimes can be interpreted as devices to facilitate the making of substantive agreements [17]. Regimes facilitate agreements by providing rules, norms, principles, and procedures that help actors to overcome barriers to agreement [17].

    Regime complexes are an array of partially overlapping and nonhierarchical institutions governing a particular issue-area [43]. Regime complexes are marked by the existence of several legal agreements that are created and maintained in distinct fora with different sets of actors [44].

    Regime complexes will demonstrate path dependence, where existing arrangements will constrain and channel the process of creating new rules [45]. The existence of distinct negotiating fora will spur forum shopping, and a dense array of institutions will lead to legal inconsistencies [46, 47].

    In regime complexes, rules evolve against a backdrop of existing rules; there is no clean institutional slate [48].

    International Regime Development

    Regime development is a complex process influenced by various factors and perspectives [1, 2].

    Causal Variables:

    • Egoistic Self-Interest: Regimes can develop from the desire to maximize one’s own utility, without considering the utility of others [3].
    • Political Power: The existing distribution of power in the international system influences regime formation [2]. A hegemonic state can shape a regime, but if that state’s power declines, the regime may also collapse [4].
    • Diffuse Norms and Principles: Shared beliefs and standards of behavior can contribute to regime development [2, 5, 6].
    • Custom and Usage: Practices and shared expectations can become infused with principles and norms, reinforcing the development of regimes [2, 7].
    • Knowledge: Technical information and theories can also shape the development of regimes [2, 7].

    Theoretical Perspectives:

    • Conventional Structuralism: This perspective views regimes as having little to no impact, merely reflecting changes in basic causal factors [8, 9]. Regimes are seen as epiphenomenal, with a direct connection between basic causal factors and outcomes, excluding regimes [8].
    • Modified Structuralism: This perspective suggests that regimes may matter, but only under certain conditions, such as when independent decision-making leads to undesired outcomes [2, 9, 10].
    • Grotian Perspective: This perspective sees regimes as a fundamental part of all patterned human interaction, including international relations [8, 9, 11].

    Key Aspects of Regime Development:

    • Intervening Variables: Regimes can be seen as intervening variables that stand between basic causal factors and related outcomes and behaviors [1].
    • Demand for Regimes: Regimes are demanded because they facilitate agreements by providing information and reducing transaction costs [12-14]. Increased interdependence among issues can increase the demand for regimes [15].
    • Regimes as Contracts: Regimes are not like governments but are more like contracts between actors with long-term objectives [16].
    • Facilitating Agreements: A major function of international regimes is to facilitate specific agreements within an issue area [17]. Regimes help governments have consistent expectations [13].
    • Path Dependence: In a regime complex, existing arrangements can constrain the creation of new rules [18].
    • Forum Shopping: Actors may attempt to select the forum that best suits their interests when multiple negotiating forums are available [19, 20].
    • Bottom-Up Evolution: Regime rules may evolve through implementation and interpretation, as negotiators adopt broad rules anticipating that conflicts can be resolved later [21, 22].
    • Legalization: International legalization is characterized by obligation, precision, and delegation [23].
    • Norms: The clearer, more durable, and widely endorsed a norm is, the greater its impact on behavior [24].
    • Weakening of a regime: Occurs when there is incoherence among its components or an inconsistency between the regime and related behavior [25].

    Regime Change:

    • Changes within a regime include alterations of rules and procedures without altering principles and norms, whereas changes to principles and norms represent a change of the regime itself [6].
    • Weakening of a regime involves incoherence among the components or inconsistency between the regime and related behavior [25].
    • Lags in Regime Change: There can be a lag between structural changes and regime change. This can be explained by the demand that regimes create for their own continuance through the creation of accepted norms and transgovernmental relations [26].

    Regime Complexes:

    • Overlapping Institutions: Regime complexes are characterized by partially overlapping and nonhierarchical institutions governing a particular issue-area [27-29].
    • Multiple Agreements: They involve multiple legal agreements created and maintained in distinct forums with different sets of actors [30].
    • Inconsistencies: Regime complexes may have conflicting rules during transitions [30]. Legal inconsistencies can spur efforts at reconciliation and bargaining [31].

    These factors and perspectives contribute to a complex understanding of how international regimes develop, evolve, and sometimes decline [6, 8, 25, 32].

    International Dispute Settlement: Mechanisms, Design, and Compliance

    Dispute settlement in international relations is a complex area with a range of mechanisms and approaches. The sources discuss various aspects of dispute settlement, including its legal dimensions, institutional design, and its impact on state behavior.

    Legalization and Dispute Resolution

    • International legalization is characterized by three dimensions: obligation, precision, and delegation [1]. Delegation involves granting authority to third parties for dispute resolution, as well as the interpretation and application of rules [1, 2].
    • Dispute settlement mechanisms can range from highly legalistic, with standing tribunals that resemble national courts, to diplomatic, requiring only that the disputing countries make a good-faith effort to resolve their differences through consultations [3, 4].
    • Most international dispute resolution lies between these two extremes, with actors combining varying degrees of obligation, precision, and delegation [2].

    Types of Dispute Resolution

    • Two ideal types of international third-party dispute resolution are identified: interstate and transnational [5, 6].
    • In interstate dispute resolution, states closely control the selection of, access to, and compliance with international courts and tribunals [5, 7, 8]. States act as gatekeepers to the international legal process [9].
    • In transnational dispute resolution, individuals and non-governmental entities have significant influence over selection, access, and implementation [5, 9]. Transnational dispute resolution tends to be associated with greater compliance with international legal judgments [10].
    • Interstate dispute resolution is consistent with the view that international law governs relations between states, conceived of as unitary actors [8].
    • Transnational dispute resolution is more open to individuals and groups in civil society, with states losing some of their gatekeeping capacities [9].

    Key Variables in Dispute Resolution

    • Three explanatory variables are used to distinguish between interstate and transnational dispute resolution: independence, access, and embeddedness [11].
    • Independence refers to the extent to which tribunals can reach legal judgments independently of national governments [12].
    • Access measures the range of social and political actors who have legal standing to submit a dispute to be resolved [13].
    • Embeddedness refers to the degree of control exercised by individual governments over the implementation of judgments [14, 15].
    • The spectrum of embeddedness ranges from strong control by national governments to very weak control [15].

    Institutional Design and Legalism

    • The level of legalism in dispute settlement mechanisms varies [16].
    • Legalistic mechanisms feature standing tribunals with powers and procedures similar to national courts [3].
    • Diplomatic mechanisms only require disputing countries to make a good-faith effort to resolve their differences through consultations [3].
    • Key features of institutional design that affect the level of legalism include:
    • The right to third-party review [17]
    • The status of rulings, whether they are formally binding [18].
    • The number, term, and method of selecting arbitrators or judges [18].
    • The range of actors with standing to bring disputes [19].
    • The available remedies for treaty violations [19].
    • The more legalistic a dispute settlement mechanism, the more likely it is to produce impartial, consistent, and legally binding third-party rulings [20].

    Dispute Resolution in Practice

    • GATT/WTO dispute settlement procedures have evolved over time, becoming more legalized. The WTO dispute settlement body has compulsory jurisdiction and enjoys high rates of compliance [21-23].
    • The GATT system was closer to the ideal type of interstate dispute resolution, while the WTO system is more legalized [23].
    • The European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) dispute settlement system have compulsory jurisdiction over member states and territories [22].
    • Informal agreements can be used to resolve disputes when formal mechanisms are not suitable [24, 25].
    • The International Court of Justice (ICJ) allows states to control access, either by requiring all parties to a dispute to agree to third-party intervention or by crafting a specific submission to the court’s jurisdiction [26].
    • Dispute resolution can also be delegated to third-party tribunals that apply general legal principles [6].

    Compliance and Enforcement

    • Compliance with international legal judgments tends to be greater in transnational dispute resolution, especially when autonomous domestic institutions mediate between individuals and international institutions [10].
    • Dispute settlement mechanisms improve government compliance by providing information about violations and in some instances by enforcing commitments [27].
    • Managerialist perspectives argue that non-compliance is not necessarily a deliberate violation, but may be due to ambiguity or capacity deficits [28, 29].
    • Strategies to induce compliance include improving dispute resolution procedures, providing technical and financial assistance, and increasing transparency [30].

    Political Context

    • The formal arrangements of dispute resolution are important, but their effects depend on the broader political context [31].
    • The politics of litigation and compliance are different under transnational dispute resolution than under interstate dispute resolution [32].
    • The degree of authority of a particular tribunal, and access to it, are themselves sites of political struggle [32].

    Trade Agreements

    • Dispute settlement design in trade pacts reflects a trade-off between treaty compliance and policy discretion [33, 34].
    • Governments choose the level of legalism in dispute settlement mechanisms based on their assessment of the benefits of compliance and the costs of constrained policy autonomy [27, 35].
    • Deeper integration and greater economic asymmetry among states tend to be associated with more legalistic dispute settlement mechanisms [36, 37].
    • The dispute settlement mechanism in the GATT may have optimized the trade-off between constraint and flexibility [38].

    In summary, dispute settlement is a critical aspect of international relations, with variations in legalism, institutional design, and the involvement of different actors affecting outcomes and compliance. The choice of dispute settlement mechanism often involves balancing the need for compliance with the desire for policy discretion, and is influenced by the specific context of each agreement.

    Treaty Compliance in International Relations

    Treaty compliance is a complex issue in international relations, with various factors influencing whether states adhere to their treaty obligations. The sources offer several perspectives on compliance, ranging from managerial approaches to the role of self-interest and enforcement [1, 2].

    General Observations on Compliance

    • Assumptions about compliance: There are differing assumptions about compliance, with some scholars believing that nations generally comply with their international agreements, while others suggest violations occur whenever it is in a state’s interest [3, 4]. The general level of compliance with international agreements cannot be fully empirically verified [3, 4].
    • Acceptable level of compliance: Treaty regimes should not be held to a standard of strict compliance but to a level of overall compliance that is “acceptable” in the light of the interests and concerns the treaty is designed to safeguard [5-7].
    • Treaty as a Compromise: A treaty is necessarily a compromise, and if noncompliance and enforcement become endemic, it might indicate that the original bargain did not adequately reflect the interests of those living under it [8].
    • Compliance as the norm: The adoption of a treaty establishes an authoritative rule system, and compliance is the normal organizational presumption [9].
    • Pacta sunt servanda: The fundamental norm of international law is that treaties are to be obeyed [10]. States operate under a sense of obligation to conform their conduct to governing norms [11].

    Why States Comply

    • Expectations and Constraints: The act of making commitments embodied in an international agreement changes the calculus at the compliance stage, because it generates expectations of compliance in others [12].
    • Reputational Costs: States choose to impose costs on themselves by entering into treaties to benefit from the counterpromises of others. The more formal and public the agreement, the higher the reputational costs of noncompliance [13]. States may sign treaties to signal their intentions with special intensity and gravity [14].
    • Self-Interest: States often comply with treaties when it is in their self-interest to do so [1, 15].
    • Political costs of noncompliance: The effect of treaties is to raise the political costs of noncompliance, which may be loss of reputation as a reliable partner and may give rise to specific, costly retaliation [13, 16].

    Why States Deviate from Treaty Obligations

    • Not Always Deliberate: Compliance problems often do not reflect a deliberate decision to violate an international undertaking [6].
    • Ambiguity and Indeterminacy: The language of treaties is often ambiguous, which can lead to issues of interpretation and compliance [17-19]. Even conscientious legal advice may not avoid compliance issues when treaty norms are indeterminate [19].
    • Capacity Limitations: States may not be able to fully comply with treaty obligations due to limitations on their capacity [17]. Developing countries, for example, may need technical assistance to comply [20].
    • Temporal Dimension: The social and economic changes contemplated by regulatory treaties take time to accomplish. A cross-section at any particular moment may give a misleading picture of the state of compliance [17, 21].
    • Domestic Constituencies: A state may enter into an international agreement to appease a domestic or international constituency but have little intention of carrying it out [22].
    • Testing Limits: A state may consciously seek to discover the limits of its obligation by testing its treaty partners’ responses [23].
    • “Voluntary Restraint Agreements:” States may design an activity to comply with the letter of an obligation, leaving others to argue about the spirit [23].

    The Managerial Approach to Compliance

    • Emphasis on Management: The managerial school emphasizes that compliance problems are best addressed as management issues rather than enforcement problems [24].
    • Cooperative Venture: The dominant atmosphere is that of actors engaged in a cooperative venture, in which performance that seems unsatisfactory represents a problem to be solved by mutual consultation and analysis [25].
    • Strategies to induce compliance: The managerial school suggests that strategies necessary to induce compliance and maintain cooperation involve: (1) improving dispute resolution procedures, (2) technical and financial assistance, and (3) increasing transparency [26].

    Enforcement

    • Enforcement Mechanisms: Enforcement plays a significant role in cases where noncompliance occurs [15].
    • Self-Enforcement: Treaties must be enforced endogenously, because there is an absence of effective international courts [14].
    • Limitations of Enforcement: Unilateral sanctions can be imposed only by major powers, which makes their legitimacy as a device for treaty enforcement suspect [25].
    • Linkages and Enforcement: Enforcement can be achieved through the threat of a loss of reputation as a reliable partner, specific costly retaliation, and broader forms of noncooperation [16].
    • Political Power: Political power is often deployed in the interest of greater compliance [27].
    • Importance of Depth of Cooperation: The depth of cooperation represented by a given treaty and the amount of enforcement needed are logically connected [28].
    • Treaty Design: Whether a treaty elicits compliance depends on identifiable characteristics of the regime’s compliance systems [29].

    Compliance in Different Contexts

    • Regulatory Treaties: If treaties require states to reduce some collectively dysfunctional behavior, compliance often results from the fact that most treaties require states to make only modest departures from what they would have done in the absence of an agreement [30].
    • Arms Agreements: Many arms agreements are observed voluntarily because each participant perceives them as valuable and that cheating would prove too costly [31].

    Compliance and Legalization

    • Legalization and Compliance: Legalization refers to the presumption that, once signed, nations will adhere to treaty obligations [32].
    • Interpreting Legal Obligations: Interpretations of legal responsibility are typically rendered by lawyers using a discourse focusing on rules and not on interests [32].
    • Ambiguity of Legal Obligations: Many treaty commitments are vague and general [33].
    • Domestic Legal Systems: In domestic legal systems, binding agreements are adjudicated and enforced by courts [34].

    In conclusion, treaty compliance is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including self-interest, reputational concerns, managerial strategies, and enforcement mechanisms. The specific context of each treaty, as well as the nature of the obligations it imposes, plays a crucial role in determining the level of compliance achieved. States may also deviate from treaty obligations due to ambiguity, capacity limitations, and the temporal dimension of the changes required by the treaty.

    International Legalization: A Multifaceted Analysis

    Legalization is a multifaceted concept in international relations, referring to the degree to which international institutions and agreements possess characteristics such as obligation, precision, and delegation [1-3]. It is not a simple binary but rather a continuum with varying degrees of these characteristics [4, 5].

    Key Dimensions of Legalization:

    • Obligation: This refers to the extent to which states are legally bound by rules or commitments [1, 3]. It involves the idea that states are subject to general rules and procedures [1]. Legal obligations can vary from “hard” legal rules, like those in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, to “soft” commitments that are not legally binding [6, 7].
    • Precision: This relates to the clarity and specificity of the rules [1, 7, 8]. Precise rules leave less room for interpretation and ambiguity [8]. The lack of precision can lead to legal inconsistencies, as seen in regime complexes where rules may overlap and have multiple interpretations [9].
    • Delegation: This involves the extent to which states delegate authority to third parties, such as courts or international organizations, to implement, interpret, and apply rules, as well as to resolve disputes and potentially make further rules [5, 7]. Delegation can range from ad hoc arbitration to more permanent institutions with significant powers [10].

    The Continuum of Legalization:

    • Legalization exists on a continuum, from “hard” legalization, where obligation, precision, and delegation are high, to “soft” legalization, with varying degrees of these attributes, and finally to situations where law is largely absent [4, 5, 11].
    • Most international legalization lies between the extremes, where actors combine and invoke varying degrees of obligation, precision, and delegation [4].
    • Each of these dimensions is a matter of degree and gradation, and they can vary independently [5].

    Legalization and International Relations:

    • The concept of legalization provides a common ground for political scientists and lawyers, moving beyond the narrow view of law as requiring enforcement by a coercive sovereign [12].
    • Legalization introduces new actors and new forms of politics into interstate relations [10].
    • Legalization is a form of institutionalization, distinguished by obligation, precision, and delegation [13].
    • Law and politics are intertwined at all levels of legalization [14].

    Variability of Legalization

    • The overall legalization of international norms, agreements, and regimes varies [15].
    • Different combinations of obligation, precision, and delegation result in different forms of legalization [11].
    • The concept encompasses a wide range of institutional possibilities [16].

    Critiques of Legalization

    • Narrow Definition: Some scholars argue that the definition of “legalization” as only obligation, precision, and delegation is too narrow, neglecting other important aspects of law, such as legitimacy, custom, and social practice [2, 17].
    • Limited Scope: The focus on formal institutions and dispute resolution overlooks law’s creative and generative powers in social life [18].
    • Problematic Application: The concept of legalization is sometimes seen as peripheral, in need of revision, or generating incorrect hypotheses when applied to empirical cases [17].
    • Unintended Consequences: Legalization may not always lead to greater cooperation, and may have unintended consequences on domestic political processes [19, 20]. For example, increased precision in trade agreements can mobilize protectionist groups [21, 22].
    • Causal Effects: It is difficult to identify the causal effects of legalization because compliance occurs for many reasons other than the legal status of the rules [14].

    Legalization and Trade

    • The international trade regime has become increasingly legalized over time [19].
    • Increased legalization has changed the information environment and the nature of government obligations, which in turn have affected the pattern of mobilization of domestic interest groups on trade [19].
    • Achieving the optimal level of legalization requires finding a balance between reducing the risks of opportunism and reducing the potential negative effects of legalization on domestic political processes [19].
    • Legalization in the trade regime has increased the obligatory nature of international rules [23].
    • Legalization has also changed the nature of dispute resolution in trade [24-26].

    Legalization and Dispute Resolution

    • Legalization affects the politics of dispute settlement [27].
    • The form that legalization takes matters [28].
    • The more we move toward transnational dispute resolution, the harder it is to trace individual judicial decisions and states’ responses to them back to any simple, short-term matrix of state or social preferences [29].
    • Legalization imposes real constraints on state behavior [29].

    In summary, legalization is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses a range of institutional possibilities [16]. While it is often viewed as a means to enhance cooperation and reduce opportunism, it also has potential negative consequences that must be carefully weighed [19, 20, 30]. The concept is not without its critics, who argue that it is too narrowly defined and fails to capture the full complexity of law in international relations [17, 31, 32].

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • Bollywood Hit Songs My Playlist on YouTube

    Bollywood Hit Songs My Playlist on YouTube

    YouTube Videos Links

    YouTube Playlist of Bollywood Hit Songs
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ky85oO2h0To&list=PLyEI3lz-I7cDvQJwHwf3I7xANnyTGt02l
    Mere Mehboob Qayamat Hogi (Original) – Mr. X In Bombay – Kishore Kumar’s Greatest Hits – Old Songs
    Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi Shikwa To Nahin | Lata Mangeshkar, Kishore Kumar | Aandhi 1975 Songs
    Zindagi Ke Safar Mein Guzar Jaate | Kishore Kumar | Aap Ki Kasam 1974 Songs
    Geet Gata Hoon Main | Kishore Kumar | Lal Patthar | Vinod Mehra, Raaj Kumar
    JAB BHI YE DIL UDAAS HOTA HAI Mohammad Rafi & Sharda Film: SEEMA 1971
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18dpAV2m2is
    ‪ CHALE THE SATH MIL KAR HD SONG MUHD RAFI FILM HASEENA MAAN JAYEGI‬‏ YouTube
    Choo Lene Do Najuk Hothon (HD) | Kaajal Songs | Meena Kumari | Raj Kumar | Mohd Rafi
    Yeh Dil Tum Bin Kahin Lagta Nahin | Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar | Izzat 1968 Songs
    Patthar Ke Sanam Tujhe Humne | Mohammed Rafi | Patthar Ke Sanam 1967 Songs| Waheeda Rehman
    Yeh Mera Deewanapan Hai (HD) | Yahudi Songs | Dilip Kumar | Meena Kumari | Mukesh | Filmigaane
    Milti Hai Zindagi Mein Mohabbat | Lata Mangeshkar | Ankhen 1968 Songs | Mala Sinha, Dharmendra
    Gum Hai Kisi Ke Pyar Mein | Lata Mangeshkar, Kishore Kumar | Raampur Ka Lakshman Songs 1972 | Rekha
    Kaun Hai Jo Sapnon Mein Aaya | Rajendra Kumar | Saira Banu | Jhuk Gaya Aasman Songs {HD}| Mohd. Rafi
    Unse Mili Nazar | Jhuk Gaya Aasman | Rajendra Kumar | Saira Banu | Bollywood Songs | Lata Mangeshkar
    Achha To Hum Chalte Hain | Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar | Aan Milo Sajna 1970 Songs| Asha Parekh
    Main Chali Main Chali | Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar | Professor | Shammi Kapoor
    Chookar Mere Mann Ko Kiya Tune Kya Ishara | Kishore Kumar | Yaarana 1981 Songs| Amitabh Bachchan
    Neele Neele Ambar Par (Male Version) – Kalaakaar|Kishore Kumar|Sridevi|Kunal Goswami
    Tum Aa Gaye Ho Noor Aa Gaya Hai | Lata Mangeshkar, Kishore Kumar | Aandhi 1975 Songs | Sanjeev Kumar
    Wada Karo Nahin Chodoge Tum Mera Saath | Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar | Aa Gale Lag Jaa 1973 Songs
    Tujhse Naraaz Nahin Zindagi (Male) | Masoom | Naseeruddin Shah | Jugal Hansraj | #TujhseNaraazNahin
    Amanat Ali’s TUJSHE NARAAZ NAHI ZINDAGI BEST PERFORMANCE YouTube
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YihgloytnU8
    Is Mod Se Jaate Hain | Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar | Aandhi 1975 Songs| Sanjeev Kumar
    Kora Kagaz Tha Yeh Man Mera 4K Video Song | Lata Mangeshkar| Kishore Kumar | Aradhana| Rajesh Khanna
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7TM2ccOGbU
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaJ7Qy0ADC8
    Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Main Song | Kishore Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar Hit Song | Hindi Romantic Song

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • Russian Women Soldiers Parade on Victory Day

    Russian Women Soldiers Parade on Victory Day

    YouTube Videos

    Women in Uniform – Belarus Female Soldiers in Victory Day Parade – Женщины в погонах (1080P)
    WOMEN’S TROOPS OF RUSSIA ★ Military parade in Moscow and other cities of Russia
    Women in Uniform – Belarus Female Soldiers in Victory Day Parade – Женщины в погонах (1080P)
    Women in Uniform – Russia Female Soldiers Parade in 10 Cities 2020 – Женщины в погонах (1080P)
    Farewell of Slavianka – Russian Female Soldiers in Victory Day Parade 2015-2020 (1080P)
    Russia Victory Day Parade: Russia Marks World War 2 Victory Day | Top Highlights of the Day
    Военный парад в честь 79-летия Великой Победы в Хабаровске / Прямая трансляция
    Soviet March | Советский Марш ☭
    WOMEN’S TROOPS. Parade in Minsk. Who is “cooler” Army or Police?
    WOMEN’S TROOPS 2020. Victory Day parade on May 9 in Minsk. “Flowers of Victory”
    WOMEN SOLDIERS at the Victory Parade in Russia ЖЕНЩИНЫ СОЛДАТЫ на параде Победы в России

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • Beginner Blender 4.0 Tutorial – Full Course

    Beginner Blender 4.0 Tutorial – Full Course

    Video Course

    Beginner Blender 4.0 Tutorial – Full Course
    Learn Complete Blender in Hindi (10+ Hours Course) | Blender Tutorial For Beginners

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • Mary Magdalena : The Story of Jesus: A Life, Death, and Resurrection

    Mary Magdalena : The Story of Jesus: A Life, Death, and Resurrection

    The text recounts biblical narratives, starting with creation and humanity’s fall from grace. It then shifts to Abraham’s test of faith and God’s promise of salvation. The focus moves to the birth, ministry, miracles, and teachings of Jesus. The pivotal events of his betrayal, crucifixion, and resurrection are described. Ultimately, the text emphasizes Jesus’s redemptive power to overcome sin and death, offering a path to restored relationship with God for all.

    A Study Guide: Exploring the Story of Jesus

    Quiz

    Answer each question in 2-3 sentences based on the provided text.

    1. According to the story, what was the consequence of Adam and Eve eating fruit from the Tree of Knowledge?
    2. What promise did God make to Abraham, and what event tested his faith?
    3. How was Jesus’s birth different from that of other people, according to the text?
    4. What did John the Baptist say about Jesus’s role and power?
    5. What was the significance of Jesus interacting with the Samaritan woman at the well?
    6. Describe one miracle performed by Jesus and explain its significance.
    7. What was Jesus teaching when he healed the woman on the Sabbath, who had been bent over for eighteen years?
    8. Why did the religious leaders want Jesus crucified?
    9. According to the text, what events occurred after Jesus’s death?
    10. How, according to the text, does one achieve salvation through Jesus?

    Quiz Answer Key

    1. Adam and Eve’s act of disobedience destroyed the harmony of the garden. They were banished from the Garden of Eden and cursed to lives of toil, hardship, and eventually death.
    2. God promised to bless Abraham and to bless all nations through him. Abraham’s faith was tested when God commanded him to sacrifice his son, Isaac, but God provided a ram instead.
    3. Jesus’s birth was miraculous because his mother, Mary, was a virgin. The Holy Spirit conceived him, making him the Son of the Most High.
    4. John the Baptist declared that Jesus was much greater than himself and that he was not worthy to untie Jesus’s sandals. He also said Jesus would baptize with the Holy Spirit and fire.
    5. Jesus’s interaction with the Samaritan woman at the well demonstrated his willingness to engage with those considered outcasts. He revealed himself as the Messiah to her, and many Samaritans believed in him as a result.
    6. Jesus healed a woman who had been bleeding for twelve years simply by her touching his robe. This demonstrated his power and compassion, as well as restoring her honor after years of shame.
    7. Jesus was teaching that God’s love and healing extended to all, even on the Sabbath. By healing the woman, he showed that compassion and restoration were more important than strict adherence to religious laws.
    8. The religious leaders wanted Jesus crucified because they believed he was misleading the people and blaspheming by claiming to be the Messiah and the Son of God. They feared his growing influence and the potential consequences from the Roman authorities.
    9. After Jesus’s death, his body was placed in a tomb. On the third day, the tomb was found empty, and Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene and later to his disciples, proving his resurrection.
    10. According to the text, one achieves salvation through Jesus by turning away from sin, believing in him as the Messiah, and following him in faith. This includes trusting in his sacrifice on the cross, praying to God, and being part of a community of believers.

    Essay Questions

    Consider these questions in essay format, using evidence from the source material to support your arguments.

    1. Discuss the role of women in the story, highlighting how Jesus interacted with them and how this defied social norms of the time.
    2. Analyze the concept of salvation presented, including what humans are saved from and what they are saved for.
    3. Explore the ways in which Jesus challenged the established religious and social hierarchies of his time.
    4. Examine the significance of Jesus’s miracles within the narrative, discussing what they reveal about his power and his compassion.
    5. Compare and contrast the portrayals of God in the Old Testament and the New Testament portions of the story.

    Glossary of Key Terms

    • Messiah: The promised deliverer of the Jewish people, prophesied in the Hebrew Bible.
    • Salvation: Deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Jesus.
    • Kingdom of God: The spiritual realm over which God reigns, both present and future.
    • Sin: An act against God’s will or law.
    • Resurrection: The act of rising from the dead, especially Jesus’s rising from the tomb on the third day after his crucifixion.
    • Gospel: The “good news” about Jesus, his life, death, and resurrection.
    • Miracle: An extraordinary event regarded as an act of God.
    • Disciple: A follower of Jesus.
    • Prophet: A person regarded as inspired to speak for God.
    • Baptism: A Christian rite of initiation, typically involving immersion in water, symbolizing purification or regeneration and admission to the Christian Church.

    Biblical Narrative: Creation, Redemption, and the Life of Jesus

    Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document summarizing the key themes and ideas from the provided excerpts of “01.pdf”.

    Briefing Document: Analysis of “01.pdf” Excerpts

    Document Overview:

    The provided text appears to be a narrative retelling of key events in the Bible, focusing on creation, the fall of humankind, God’s covenant with Abraham, and the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The story is presented through the lens of personal experiences, particularly that of Mary Magdalene and another character named Rifka. It aims to present a message of redemption, forgiveness, and the possibility of a restored relationship with God.

    Main Themes:

    • Creation and the Fall: The narrative begins with the biblical account of creation – God’s creation of the Earth, Adam and Eve, and the Garden of Eden. The story highlights the initial harmony and closeness between God and humanity, which was broken by Adam and Eve’s disobedience (“Adam and Eve’s shameful Act of Disobedience destroyed the harmony of the garden”). This act introduced sin, suffering, and separation from God.
    • God’s Covenant and Plan of Redemption: Despite humanity’s fall, God initiates a plan to restore harmony and honor. This plan is revealed through figures like Abraham, whose willingness to sacrifice his son demonstrates his trust in God (“Abraham trusted and honored God and God promised to bless Abraham and to bless people of all Nations through him”). The sacrifice of the ram in place of Isaac is presented as a foreshadowing of God’s ultimate provision for humanity’s redemption.
    • The Incarnation and Ministry of Jesus: The narrative emphasizes the miraculous birth of Jesus to the virgin Mary, emphasizing the Holy Spirit’s role in his conception (“Jesus’s conception was truly a miracle from the spirit of God”). Jesus’s ministry is characterized by teaching, miracles, and compassion for the marginalized. He is portrayed as fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah (“the scripture come true but only the Messiah can fulfill that promise”). His teachings emphasize love, forgiveness, and inclusion, even towards those considered outcasts (“Love your enemies and do good to them…”).
    • Sacrifice, Death, and Resurrection: The narrative culminates in Jesus’s betrayal, crucifixion, and resurrection. Jesus’s death is portrayed as a sacrifice to atone for the sins of humanity (“when Jesus died on the cross he took upon himself our curse my curse of sin and death”). His resurrection signifies victory over sin and death, and the promise of eternal life for those who believe in him.
    • Transformation and Redemption: The story highlights the transformative power of Jesus, particularly in the lives of marginalized women like Mary Magdalene and the woman healed from bleeding. Jesus is depicted as restoring their honor, freeing them from shame, and offering them a new life of purpose and belonging (“Jesus restored my honor…I wanted to do what pleased God”). The narrative emphasizes that God’s love and forgiveness are available to all, regardless of their past.
    • Faith and Trust: The narrative emphasizes that a close relationship with God is possible through faith and trust in Jesus Christ (“the criminal on the cross as he was dying believed in Jesus and Jesus promised him today you will be in Paradise with me”).

    Key Ideas and Facts:

    • God’s Creation: The creation of the world, Adam, and Eve, emphasizing their initial harmonious relationship with God.
    • The Fall: Adam and Eve’s disobedience, the introduction of sin, and the resulting separation from God.
    • Abraham’s Covenant: God’s promise to bless all nations through Abraham’s descendants.
    • Jesus’s Miraculous Birth: Born to the virgin Mary, conceived by the Holy Spirit.
    • Jesus’s Ministry: Teaching, miracles, compassion for the marginalized, fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.
    • Key Teachings: Love for enemies, forgiveness, inclusion, and the Kingdom of God.
    • Jesus as Messiah: Jesus is repeatedly identified as the Messiah, the promised savior.
    • The Crucifixion: Jesus’s death on the cross as a sacrifice for the sins of humanity.
    • The Resurrection: Jesus’s rising from the dead, signifying victory over sin and death.
    • Redemption and Forgiveness: The possibility of a restored relationship with God through faith in Jesus.
    • Eternal Life: The promise of eternal life in Paradise for those who believe in Jesus.
    • The Great Commission: “Go then and teach All Nations baptizing them in the name of the father and of the son and of the Holy Spirit.”

    Quotes:

    • “Adam and Eve’s shameful Act of Disobedience destroyed the harmony of the garden.”
    • “Abraham trusted and honored God and God promised to bless Abraham and to bless people of all Nations through him.”
    • “Jesus’s conception was truly a miracle from the spirit of God.”
    • “the scripture come true but only the Messiah can fulfill that promise”
    • “Love your enemies and do good to them…”
    • “Jesus restored my honor…I wanted to do what pleased God”
    • “when Jesus died on the cross he took upon himself our curse my curse of sin and death”
    • “the criminal on the cross as he was dying believed in Jesus and Jesus promised him today you will be in Paradise with me”
    • “Go then and teach All Nations baptizing them in the name of the father and of the son and of the Holy Spirit.”

    Potential Audience/Purpose:

    The text seems intended for an audience unfamiliar with the basic tenets of Christianity, or for those seeking a personal and relatable presentation of the gospel message. The use of personal stories and simple language suggests a desire to make the message accessible and emotionally engaging.

    Limitations:

    This analysis is based solely on the provided excerpts. A more comprehensive understanding would require examining the entire document and its context.

    The Story of Jesus: Frequently Asked Questions

    Frequently Asked Questions about the Story of Jesus

    Here are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the story described in the provided text:

    • What is the central message of the scriptures as presented in the narrative?
    • The narrative emphasizes God’s plan to restore harmony and honor to His creation, which was disrupted by the disobedience of Adam and Eve. This plan involves God blessing all nations through Abraham and ultimately sending Jesus, the promised Messiah, to destroy the curse of sin and death, restoring a relationship with God for those who follow Him.
    • What is the significance of the story of Adam and Eve in understanding the story of Jesus?
    • The story of Adam and Eve illustrates the original perfect relationship between God and humanity, which was broken by sin. This act brought suffering and separation from God. Jesus’s mission is presented as a means to undo the damage caused by this original sin, offering forgiveness and reconciliation with God.
    • How is Jesus portrayed as different from other prophets or teachers?
    • Jesus is depicted as more than just a prophet; he is presented as the Son of the Most High, conceived through a miracle by the Holy Spirit. He is seen as the fulfillment of ancient prophecies, capable of performing miracles, casting out demons, healing the sick, and even raising the dead. He is proclaimed as the Messiah who can save people from their sins and give them eternal life.
    • What role do women play in Jesus’s ministry and teachings according to the text?
    • Women are prominently featured as followers and beneficiaries of Jesus’s ministry. The narrative highlights women like Mary Magdalene, Mary (the mother of Jesus), Elizabeth, and the Samaritan woman, demonstrating that Jesus treated women with respect and compassion, restoring their dignity and honor, regardless of their past. He heals them, engages in theological discussions with them, and includes them in his teachings, defying societal norms of the time.
    • How does Jesus challenge societal norms and traditions in his teachings?
    • Jesus challenges several societal norms, including traditional religious practices and social hierarchies. He eats with tax collectors and outcasts, speaks with Samaritan women, touches those considered unclean, and prioritizes compassion and forgiveness over strict adherence to the law. His teachings emphasize love for enemies, mercy, and treating all people with dignity, regardless of their background or status.
    • What is the meaning and importance of Jesus’s death and resurrection?
    • Jesus’s death on the cross is presented as a sacrifice that takes upon itself the curse of sin and death. His resurrection is depicted as a triumph over evil and death, proving his divine power and offering the promise of eternal life to those who believe in him. His sacrifice is seen as the ultimate act of love and redemption.
    • What are the key elements to trusting and following Jesus?
    • The narrative suggests several elements for trusting and following Jesus: repentance from sins, belief in his identity as the Messiah and Son of God, prayer, obedience to his teachings, and fellowship with other believers. It also includes sharing the good news with others and being baptized in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
    • How can one establish a personal relationship with God according to the text?
    • A personal relationship with God is established through faith in Jesus Christ. By acknowledging one’s sins, accepting Jesus’s sacrifice as payment for those sins, and inviting Him into one’s life, one can be forgiven and reconciled with God. Prayer, obedience, and fellowship with other believers are essential for nurturing and growing this relationship.

    The Life, Teachings, Death, and Resurrection of Jesus Christ

    The sources describe Jesus Christ as the Messiah, the Son of God, whose life, death, and resurrection have great significance.

    Key aspects of Jesus Christ discussed in the sources:

    • Miraculous Birth: Jesus was born to Mary, a virgin, through the power of the Holy Spirit.
    • Ministry: Jesus traveled, taught, and performed miracles. His message included bringing good news to the poor, proclaiming release to captives, recovery of sight to the blind, and setting the oppressed free.
    • Compassion: Jesus showed compassion by healing people, including those considered unclean, and restoring their dignity. He also demonstrated authority over evil spirits and death.
    • Teachings: Jesus taught about loving one’s enemies, doing good to others, and being merciful. He emphasized that God seeks to rescue and restore even the worst sinners.
    • Death and Resurrection: Jesus was crucified and died, taking upon himself the curse of sin and death. However, he rose from the dead, triumphing over evil and death.
    • Sacrifice: God sent Jesus to die in place of humanity, restoring the relationship between God and those who follow him.
    • The Messiah: Only the promised Messiah sent from God could perform the miraculous things that Jesus did.
    • Following Jesus: The path to follow Jesus involves faith, obedience to his word, prayer, and fellowship with other believers.
    • Eternal Life: Those who trust in Jesus will escape eternal punishment and live with God forever.

    God’s Plan: Harmony, Redemption, and Eternal Life

    God’s plan, as described in the sources, is centered on restoring harmony and honor to creation and humanity’s relationship with God. This plan involves addressing the consequences of sin and offering redemption through Jesus Christ.

    Key components of God’s plan include:

    • Restoration of Harmony: God’s plan aims to restore the harmony that was lost due to Adam and Eve’s disobedience in the Garden of Eden. This involved mending the relationships between humanity, between man and woman, and between humanity and God.
    • Blessing through Abraham: God promised to bless Abraham and all nations through him. This promise is fulfilled through Jesus Christ, who is a descendant of Abraham.
    • Sacrifice of Jesus: God sent Jesus to die in place of humanity, providing a way to restore the relationship between God and those who turn and follow him. Jesus’s sacrifice on the cross addresses the curse of sin and death.
    • Redemption and Freedom: Through Jesus’s death and resurrection, people can be rescued from the power of darkness, redeemed from a life of fear and shame, and freed from the clutch of evil.
    • Eternal Life: Those who put their trust in Jesus will escape eternal punishment and live with God forever. The promise to the criminal on the cross, “today you will be in Paradise with me,” exemplifies this.
    • The Role of the Holy Spirit: The Holy Spirit plays a crucial role in God’s plan, including the conception of Jesus and enabling people to worship God in spirit and truth.
    • New Covenant: God’s plan involves a new covenant, where people can worship God not tied to a particular place but through the power of the Spirit.
    • The Great Commission: Followers of Jesus are called to teach all nations, baptize them, and share the teachings of Jesus, with the assurance of his presence always.

    God’s plan is characterized by compassion and love, extending even to those considered outcasts or sinners. Jesus embodies this compassion by healing the sick, restoring dignity to the marginalized, and offering forgiveness to those who repent. The plan aims to bring people back into a close relationship with God, offering them eternal life and freedom from sin and death.

    God’s Plan: Restoration, Redemption, and Eternal Life

    God’s plan is focused on the restoration of harmony to creation and humanity’s relationship with God, achieved through addressing sin and offering redemption via Jesus Christ.

    Key aspects of God’s plan, according to the sources, include:

    • Restoration of Harmony: God intends to restore what was lost due to Adam and Eve’s disobedience. This includes mending relationships between people, between men and women, and between humanity and God.
    • Blessing through Abraham: God promised to bless Abraham and all nations through him. Jesus Christ, as a descendant of Abraham, fulfills this promise.
    • Sacrifice of Jesus: God sent Jesus to die in humanity’s place, providing a means to restore the relationship between God and those who follow him. Jesus’s sacrifice on the cross addresses the curse of sin and death.
    • Redemption and Freedom: Through Jesus’s death and resurrection, people can be rescued from the power of darkness, be redeemed from fear and shame, and be freed from evil.
    • Eternal Life: Those who trust in Jesus will escape eternal punishment and live with God forever. The promise to the criminal on the cross, “today you will be in Paradise with me,” exemplifies this.
    • Role of the Holy Spirit: The Holy Spirit is crucial in God’s plan, including Jesus’s conception and enabling people to worship God genuinely.
    • New Covenant: God’s plan includes a new covenant where people can worship God through the Spirit, not tied to a specific location.
    • The Great Commission: Followers of Jesus are called to teach all nations, baptize them, and share Jesus’s teachings, with the assurance of his constant presence.

    God’s plan involves compassion and love, extending to outcasts and sinners. Jesus embodies this by healing the sick, restoring dignity, and offering forgiveness. The plan aims to bring people back into a close relationship with God, offering eternal life and freedom from sin and death.

    Mary Magdalene: Transformation, Devotion, and Witness

    The sources present Mary Magdalene as a follower of Jesus who experienced significant transformation and healing.

    Key aspects of Mary Magdalene, based on the sources:

    • Deliverance from Evil Spirits: Jesus drove evil spirits out of Mary Magdalene, restoring her honor after years of shame.
    • Transformation: Mary became a follower of Jesus after her healing, dedicating herself to doing what pleased God.
    • Devotion: Mary left everything to follow Jesus, drawn by the hope he offered amidst disappointment and struggle.
    • Witness to the Resurrection: Mary Magdalene was among the women who went to Jesus’ tomb on Sunday morning and found it empty.
    • Encounter with the Risen Jesus: Mary encountered the resurrected Jesus and was tasked with sharing the news with his brothers. She was the first to proclaim that she had seen the Lord.
    • Daughter of Abraham: Jesus called Mary Magdalene a daughter of Abraham, signifying that she was a cherished daughter whom God wished to bless.
    • Example of God’s Love: Mary’s story illustrates that none need to live in fear or shame and that all are cherished by God.

    The Holy Spirit: Role and Significance

    The Holy Spirit plays a crucial role in the events and teachings described in the sources.

    Key aspects of the Holy Spirit are:

    • Jesus’s Conception: The Holy Spirit is responsible for Jesus’s miraculous conception, as it is stated that the Holy Spirit would come upon Mary and God’s power would overshadow her, leading to the birth of Jesus.
    • Baptism: John the Baptist prophesied that Jesus would baptize with the Holy Spirit and fire, indicating a greater baptism than his own with water. The Holy Spirit descended upon Jesus in the form of a dove after his baptism.
    • Worship: God is spirit, and the Holy Spirit enables people to worship God genuinely. By the power of God’s spirit, people can worship the Father as he truly is, offering him the pure worship that he wants.
    • Empowerment: Jesus says the spirit of the Lord is upon him because he has been chosen to bring good news to the poor, proclaim release to the captives, recovery of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those who are oppressed and announce that the time has come when the Lord will save his people.

    Forgiveness of Sins Through Jesus Christ

    The sources emphasize that forgiveness of sins is a significant aspect of God’s plan, made possible through Jesus Christ.

    Key points about forgiveness of sins from the sources:

    • John the Baptist’s Message: John the Baptist urged people to turn away from their sins and be baptized so that God would forgive them.
    • Jesus’s Sacrifice: God sent Jesus to die in place of humanity to destroy the curse of shame and guilt, offering forgiveness through his sacrifice. Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection restored the relationship between God and those who turn and follow him.
    • Redemption and Freedom: Jesus’s sacrifice and resurrection freed people from the clutch of evil, rescued them from the power of darkness, and redeemed them from a life of fear and shame.
    • Call to Repentance: Jesus called outcasts to repent, indicating that forgiveness is available to all, not just those considered respectable.
    • The Adulterous Woman: Jesus forgave the adulterous woman, telling her to go and leave her life of sin.
    • Trust and Faith: Forgiveness is received by trusting in Jesus.
    • Prayer: Forgiveness can be sought through prayer, asking God for forgiveness and expressing a desire to follow Jesus.
    • Eternal Life: Those who put their trust in Jesus will escape eternal punishment and live with God forever.
    • Compassion: God’s plan is characterized by compassion and love, extending even to those considered outcasts or sinners. Jesus embodies this compassion by offering forgiveness to those who repent.
    Magdalena – A Jesus Story | English | Official Full Movie

    The Original Text

    over here can’t see me you can’t see me oh over here you can’t see me never catch me now oh look how beautiful is the Masterpiece God paints every evening it reminds me of his vast love for me for you The God Who created all of this I doubt he even sees me much less knows me perhaps God Almighty would love a holy man but not someone like me Rifka if only you had walked with me during those three years he taught us the prophet Jesus saira would you tell us about him Mary Magdalene yes please tell us your story yes I will come in [Music] well we must start at the beginning when you met Jesus no in order to understand Jesus’s story we must start at the very beginning as the holy scriptures teach us in the beginning God created the Earth and all the plants animals birds and creatures of the [Music] sea from the soil he formed the first man and he breathed into his nostrils the Breath of Life the first man was called Adam God said it is not good for man to live alone I will make a suitable companion to help him so God took one of Adam’s ribs and from it he made a woman named Eve Adam and Eve lived in God’s presence in a beautiful garden he had prepared for them called Eden [Music] God walked and talked with them in the garden and there was no suffering no oppression and no death God told Adam you may eat of all the trees in the garden except from the Tree of the knowledge of Good and Evil if you eat fruit from that tree you will die but one day Satan tempted Eve she picked the fruit and took a bite she also gave some to her husband who was with her and he ate [Music] it Adam and Eve’s shameful Act of Disobedience destroyed the harmony of the garden the harmony between the man and the woman woman and the harmony between them and God a man was cursed to a life of painful toil and the woman to increased hardship in childbirth and to be ruled over by her husband but God also gave a promise that someday the seed of the woman her own offspring would crush the snake’s head in the Holy scriptures God the compassionate speaks of a plan to restore Harmony and honor to his creation he revealed part of this plan to the prophet Abraham Abraham trusted and honored God and God promised to bless Abraham and to bless people of all Nations through [Music] him one day God tell tested Abraham he told Abraham to take his son and sacrifice him Abraham knew that it was through this son God had promised to give him many descendants and bless all nations yet he trusted God and obeyed him God called out Abraham now I know that you obey me because you have not kept back your beloved Son from me Abraham saw a ram nearby so Abraham sacrificed it to God instead of his son God’s provision of a ram in place of Abraham’s son was a picture a glimpse of his great plan this plan would destroy destroy the curse of sin and death and restore men and women to an intimate relationship with [Music] [Applause] himself there was a young girl living in Nazareth who was promised in marriage to a man named Joseph her name was Mary [Music] the Lord is with you and has greatly blessed you don’t be afraid Mary God has been gracious to you you will become pregnant and give birth to a son and you will name him Jesus but I am a virgin how can this be the holy spirit will come and God’s power will overshadow you the child you bear will be great and he will be called the son of the most high even Elizabeth your relative is going to have a child in her old age and she who was said to be Barren is in her sixth month for Nothing is Impossible with God I am the Lord’s servant may it happen to me as you have said [Music] so Mary hurried to visit her cousin Elizabeth Elizabeth Mary cousin Mary oh it is true but you’re the most blessed of all women and and blessed is the child you will bear why should this great thing happen to me that the mother of my Lord comes to visit me for as soon as I heard your greeting the baby Within Me jumped with gladness my heart praises the Lord my soul is glad because of God my savior for he has remembered me his lowly servant from now on all people will call me blessed [Music] Jesus was born in Bethlehem in a place where animals were kept because there was no room for Mary and Joseph in their relatives house and a multitude of angels proclaimed his birth when the time came for the baby to be circumcised he was given the name Jesus which means God Saves and Mary and Joseph took the child to the temple to present him to the Lord when I heard her story I knew Jesus would be more than an ordinary Prophet what did the angel mean when he called Jesus the son of the most high surely you don’t mean that God had relations with a woman no no no no remember Mary was a virgin Jesus’s conception was truly a miracle from the spirit of God God is able to do anything don’t you believe this because of his miraculous Beginnings Jesus was born of a woman like you and me yet he was so much more turn away from your sins and be baptized and God will forgive your sins God himself spoke of this when Elizabeth’s son John the Baptist was baptizing men and women in the Jordan River I baptize you with water but someone is coming who is much greater than I am I’m not good enough even to untie his sandals he will baptize you with the holy spirits and fire he has his threshing fork with him to thresh out all the Grain and gather the wheat into his [Music] bom and the Holy Spirit came down upon Jesus in the form of a dove and a voice came from heaven and said you are my own dear son I am pleased with [Music] you after his baptism Jesus traveled through the region teaching and his message affirmed his authority is that not Mary’s son yes it is be silent the spirit of the Lord is upon me because he has chosen me to bring good news to the poor he has sent me to Proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind to set at Liberty those who are oppressed and announce that the time has come when the Lord will save his people he speaks well this passage of scripture has come true today as you heard it being read the scripture come true but only the Messiah can fulfill that promise how do we know doubt his words stirred many to wonder and his miracles caused many to [Laughter] believe it’s her she’s at it again [Laughter] who is it it’s that teacher from Nazareth Jesus hello hello turn around you’re not wanted here teacher leave her you should not defile Yourself by even looking at [Music] her Mary what do you want with us Jesus of Nazareth we know who you are the Holy One Of God be quiet evil spirits come out of this woman she’s dead he’s killed her he’s going to touch her no a holy man wouldn’t do such a thing Mary daughter of Abraham daughter of Abraham she’s all right she’s alive it’s a miracle who is this man even the spirits OB Bey him it’s a miracle it’s a miracle how could it be thank you thank you thank you thank [Music] you from that day on I became his follower I wanted to do what pleased God [Music] for years I had lived in shame but Jesus restored my honor his power drove out those evil spirits saira Dina you heard Jesus teach and saw many of his miracles yes then you know why I left everything to follow him and I was not the only one we were hungry physically and spiritually and we needed someone to show us the way to God after years of disappointment and struggle most of us were unable even to Hope yet Jesus seemed to offer hope wherever he went [Music] who who is it a young man the only son of a [Music] widow young man get up [Music] a great prophet has appeared Among Us God has come to save his [Music] people if you love only the people who love you why should you receive a blessing for even Sinners love those who love them and if you do good to those who do good to you why should you receive a blessing even Sinners do that how could he touch her how could he talk to her disgusting no love your enemies and do good to them and lend expecting nothing back and then you will have a great reward for you will be sons of the most high God for he is good to The Ungrateful and to the wicked be merciful just as your father is merciful Jesus taught that God treats even the worst Sinners not as enemies to destroy but as lost sheep whom he seeks to rescue and restore to his flock we didn’t know this way of valuing and loving people was meant even for those we had despised for centuries half breeds with foreign traditions we found offensive until Jesus chose to travel through Samaria who is this woman the old despise she’s a Samaritan isn’t that enough come on we have to buy food and we don’t want to keep the teacher waiting [Music] will you give me a drink you are a Jew I am a Samaritan woman how can you ask me for a drink if you only knew what God gives and who it is that is ask asking you for a drink you would ask him and he would give you lifegiving water sir you have nothing to draw water with and the well is deep where would you get that water it was our ancestor Jacob who gave us this well he and his children and his flocks all drank from it you don’t claim to be greater than Jacob do you everyone who drinks this water will get thirsty again but whoever drinks the water I give them will never be thirsty again the water I give them will become in them a spring welling up with eternal life sir give me that water then I will never be thirsty again nor will I have to come here to draw water go and call your husband and come back I I don’t have a husband you are right when you say you don’t have a husband you have been married to five men and the man you live with now is not really your husband you have told me the truth I see you are a prophet sir my Samaritan ancestors worshiped God on this mountain him but you Jews say Jerusalem is the place where we should worship God believe me woman the time will come when you will worship the father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem you Samaritans do not really know whom you worship but the time is coming and is already here when by the power of God’s spirit people will worship the father as he really is offering him the pure worship that he wants God is spirit and only by the power of His Spirit can people worship him as he truly is it’s that woman what is he doing talking to her does he know who she is I know the Messiah will come and when he does he will tell us everything I am he I am he [Music] come and see the man who told me everything I’ve ever done could he be the Messiah Mah Messiah is a promis profet no it can’t be come and see [Music] come teacher have something to eat I have food to eat that you know nothing about did someone bring him food my food is to obey the will of the one who sent me and to finish the work he gave me to do the crops are now ripe and ready to be [Music] [Music] harvested look how many are coming it’s the good news for Samaritans too [Music] the people of the Town came to Jesus and begged him to stay and teach them we stayed 2 days and many Samaritans believed in him which of you by being anxious can add to the length of your life if you cannot do such a small thing why do you worry about the rest consider the lies how they grow they neither toil nor spin yet Solomon in all his glory was not dressed like a single one of them if God so clothe the wild grass today which tomorrow is thrown onto a fire how much more sure is he to clothe you oh you of little faith make our faith greater if you had Faith as big as a mustard seed you could say to this mury tree pull yourself up by the roots and plant yourself in the sea and it would obey you Temptations to sin are sure to come but woe to him by whom they come it will be better for him that the stone were tied about his neck and he were cast into the sea and that he should cause one of these little ones to sin what is the kingdom of God like it is like this a man takes a grain of mustard seed and plants it in his field the plant grows and becomes a tree and the birds make their nests in its branches I’m not sure what he’s talking about why do you eat and drink with tax collectors and other Outcast Outcast people who are well do not need a doctor but only the those who are sick I have not come to call respectable people to repent but [Music] outcasts if I can only touch his [Applause] robe I will be healed [Music] who touched me someone touched me for I knew it when power went out of me [Music] it was I who touched [Music] you I have suffered for 12 years with [Music] bleeding I spent all I had on doctors who could do [Music] nothing but when my fingers touched you I was [Music] healed daughter your faith has made you [Music] well go in peace go in peace thank you he called her daughter yes someone who had been unclean for 12 years according to our laws he saw her shame and restored her honor I don’t know which brings greater healing Jesus his power or his compassion do not be afraid Little Flock for your father is pleased to give you the kingdom sell all your belongings and give the money to the poor provide for yourself perses that don’t wear out and save your riches in heaven where they will never decrease because there no Thief can get to them and no moth can destroy them for your heart will always be where your riches are woman you are free from your sickness no look she’s cured it’s a miracle look look she’s cured come and see another miracle praise to the Lord 18 years God keep you Rive there are six days in which we should work so come on one of those days to be healed but not on the Sabbath you Hypocrites anyone of you would untie his ox or his donkey and take it out from the stall to give it water on the Sabbath now here is this daughter of Abraham whom Satan has kept in bonds these 18 years should she not be released on the [Music] Sabbath s adulterer adulterer adulterer teacher this woman was caught in a very Act of committing adultery in our law Moses commanded that such a woman be stoned to death Stone her guilty Stone her what do you say [Applause] [Music] teacher we have the testimony of two witnesses what do we do with this woman [Music] whichever one of you has committed no sin let him throw the first stone at her [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] woman where are they is there no one left to condemn you no one sir then neither do I condemn you [Music] then go now and leave your life of sin [Music] please pick me up onto my shoulder can you see now I can see [Music] Jesus he defies the law a so went out to sew his seed breaking the Sabbath as he scattered the grain some of it fell by the path converting with Sinners if we let him go on in this way everyone will believe in him and the Roman authorities will take action and destroy our Temple and some seeds fell in good soil they failed to trap Jesus or slow his following but they determined that his claims to be the promised Messiah must stop and they found someone willing to betray him Jesus often took his followers to the Mount of Olives to pray that night he seemed deeply troubled why are you sleeping get up and pray that you do not fall into temptation [Music] Judas is it with a kiss that you betray the son of man Lord shall we strike with a sword come on arrest him enough of this did you have to come with swords and clubs as though I were an outlaw I was with you every day in the temple and you did not try to arrest me but this is your hour to act when the power of Darkness [Music] rules arrest him his friend betrayed him one of his own followers someone we all knew well and trusted guard him well that night the guards mocked him him and beat him who hit you guess prophesy who’ll hit you next stop it stop it I said bring him before the council tell us are you the Messiah if I tell you you will not believe me and if I ask you a question you will not answer me but from now on the son of man will be seated at the right side of almighty God are you then the son of God you say that I am he has spoken blasphemy what further need of real Witnesses who gives him the authority to say now you’ve heard his blasphemy guilty we ourselves have heard what he said guilty and he deserves to die we will take him to Pilot yes yes away with me so they brought him before the Roman Governor pontious pilot a ruthless ruler pilate was responsible for the crucifixion of thousands and what do you want here at this hour of the morning we caught this man misleading our people he caus an uproar in the temple Market we found him guilty telling them not to pay taxes to the emperor claiming himself the Messiah a king a king are you the king of the Jews so you say we have no King but the emperor we have a law and by our law he ought to die because he claimed to be the Son of [Music] God this man has done nothing to deserve death so I will have him whipped and let him go if you free him you no friend to the emperor crucify him yes crucify [Music] him you you whip him everyone who claims to be a king is a rebel against the emperor what are you waiting for pilot away with him kill him crucify him he’s done nothing [Music] wrong crucify him [Music] [Applause] back get back get back get away keep away from it he move get back back get back get take move get out you out of the way move what I tell you get up you carry it come move [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] no raise the cross [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] forgive them Father well they don’t know what they’re doing Aunt you the Messiah save yourself and and us don’t you fear God we received the same sentence he did but he has done no wrong remember me Jesus when you when you come as [Music] king I promise you today you will be in Paradise with [Music] me at about noon the sky became dark for 3 [Applause] hours father into your hands I commit my spirit glory be to God certainly this was a righteous [Music] man there was a righteous member of the religious Council who had not taken part in condemning Jesus his name was Joseph of arthea he obtained permission from pontious pilate to lay Jesus’s body in a nearby tomb before the Sabbath began at sundown [Music] forgive us we are following the body of Our Lord all are welcome but come the Sabbath is approaching why did they have to kill him if he was from God why did he let them kill him I’ve asked all of those questions Jesus had power over evil spirits even the dead listened to him couldn’t he have stopped this I followed him for 3 years hoping he was the promised Messiah but now he was gone and where would I go this is a sad story but it has a glorious ending early on Sunday morning the third day after Jesus was crucified we went back to the tomb carrying the spices we had prepared to anoint his body the Stone’s been rolled away [Music] Peter James John listen the stone was rolled away we entered but the body of Our Lord was gone they have taken the Lord from the tomb and we don’t know where they have put him what the body of Our Lord gone go and see for yourself [Music] after examining the tomb Peter returned to the other disciples but I remained outside wondering and weeping the soldiers must have taken him or the Pharisees they killed all we hoped for at least they could have left us his body [Music] woman why are you crying they’ve taken my Lord away and I do not know where they have put him woman why are you crying who is it that you are looking for sir if you took him away tell me where you have put him and I will go and get him Mary teacher do not hold on to me for I have not yet ascended to the father you are alive Lord go and give this news to my [Music] brothers you have not forgotten us God has not left us tell [Music] them I have seen the Lord I have seen the [Music] Messiah he came back to life yes how death could not hold him then why did he have to die to conquer death oh I did not understand that day but Jesus appeared to us several times after that and he taught us hundreds of years before Jesus came the prophets foretold in the scriptures that the promised Messiah would suffer Isaiah wrote he was pierced for our transgressions he was crushed for our iniquities the punishment that brought us peace was upon him and by his wounds we are healed the prophet Moses declared anyone hanging on a tree is cursed by God when Jesus died on the cross he took upon himself our curse my curse of sin and death his sacrifice and Resurrection freed us from the clutch of evil rescued us from the power of darkness and redeemed us from a life of fear and shame [Music] this blessing is what God promised our ancestor Abraham when he declared that all people on Earth would be blessed through him all people even women Jesus called me a daughter of Abraham you are a cherished daughter a daughter he wishes to bless like the woman he heals healed from 12 Years of [Music] bleeding or like me none of us need to live in fear or shame we no longer need to feel unseen or unheard Jesus said of himself the spirit of the Lord is upon me because he has chosen me to bring good news to the poor he has sent me to Proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind to set at Liberty those who are oppressed and announce that the time has come when the Lord will save his [Music] people Jesus touched people even women ravaged by diseases though they were considered unclean and he healed them he taught children men and women the rich and the poor the righteous and The Sinner restor ing their dignity and demonstrating his great compassion he healed people casting out demons freeing men women and children from the bonds of Satan this demonstrated his authority over evil and every Spirit Jesus brought back daughters and sons from the Dead showing he has power even over death and though Satan and the evil spirits believed they had achieved the victory when they nailed Jesus to the Cross Jesus rose from the dead triumphing over all the powers of evil and death then he was the Messiah mhm only the promised Messiah sent from almighty God could do the miraculous things that Jesus did and only someone as compassionate and powerful and trustworthy as Jesus deserves our trust and devotion when God created the world he formed man and woman to live in his presence and feel his joy that was his [Music] plan but we didn’t believe him and disobeyed his command this shameful act separated us from God and marred the close relationship between the woman and the man we too have continued this Disobedience the scriptures declare there is no one who does not sin the result of this sin is death and separation from God but God was not satisfied for us to remain cut off from him and his love living in shame and fear so just as he provided a ram to die in place of Abraham’s son God sent Jesus to die in our place Jesus’s life death and Resurrection restored the relationship between God and all those who turn and follow him and this close relationship with almighty God will not end even though we die the criminal on the cross as he was dying believed in Jesus and Jesus promised him today you will be in Paradise with me those who put their trust in Jesus will escape Eternal punishment and live with God forever how by following him in faith but how can he accept me he accepted Mary and [Music] me how can I know trust him ask him talk to [Music] him God my Father in Heaven you are holy and righteous thank you that you love me I have sinned against you thank you that you sent the promised Messiah Jesus to destroy the curse of Shame and guilt thank you that he died in my place I want to follow my living savior thank you for forgiving me and accepting me amen amen amen thank you thank [Music] you Jesus said my sheep hear my voice I know them and they follow [Music] me he knows you Rifka and he loves you this is the beginning of an eternal relationship that grows as we know him better and Trust trust him more we grow by obeying his word by praying to him in faith and by being with those who follow and we tell others about him keeping in mind what Jesus said the Lord bless you and keep you all power is given to me in heaven and in Earth go then and teach All Nations baptizing them in the name of the father and of the son and of the Holy Spirit teaching them to observe all things I have commanded you and surely I Am With You Always even to the end of the world

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • The Gospel of John

    The Gospel of John

    This source presents a narrative centered on Jesus Christ, detailing his ministry, miracles, teachings, and interactions with various individuals and groups. It begins with a prologue establishing Jesus’ divine nature and role as the Word made flesh. The text recounts events such as John the Baptist’s testimony, Jesus’ calling of disciples, miraculous signs (including turning water into wine and raising Lazarus), and theological discourses on themes like eternal life, the nature of God, and the path to salvation. Growing opposition from Jewish leaders culminates in Jesus’s betrayal, arrest, crucifixion, and eventual resurrection. Finally, the narrative concludes with post-resurrection appearances and reaffirmations of faith, emphasizing the transformative power of belief in Christ.

    The Gospel of John: A Study Guide

    Quiz

    Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.

    1. What is John the Baptist’s primary role in the Gospel, and how does he define himself in relation to Jesus?
    2. Describe the significance of Jesus’ first miracle at the wedding in Cana of Galilee.
    3. What does it mean to be “born again” according to Jesus’ conversation with Nicodemus?
    4. Explain the exchange between Jesus and the Samaritan woman at the well, including the concept of “living water.”
    5. Why do the Jewish leaders persecute Jesus for healing the paralytic man at the pool of Bethesda?
    6. Explain how the feeding of the 5,000 connects to Jesus’ claim to be the Bread of Life.
    7. What does Jesus mean when he says, “I am the good shepherd?”
    8. Describe the events surrounding the raising of Lazarus from the dead and its impact.
    9. What is the significance of Jesus washing the disciples’ feet at the Last Supper?
    10. Explain Jesus’ promise of the Holy Spirit as the Advocate (or Helper).

    Quiz Answer Key

    1. John the Baptist’s primary role is to bear witness to Jesus as the Messiah and the “Lamb of God.” He defines himself as not the Messiah, Elijah, or the Prophet, but as a voice calling in the wilderness to prepare the way for the Lord, emphasizing his subordinate role.
    2. The miracle at the wedding in Cana demonstrates Jesus’ power and authority, and it serves as the first sign through which he reveals his glory. It symbolizes the transformation and abundance that Jesus brings, shifting from the old to the new covenant.
    3. Being “born again” means experiencing a spiritual rebirth through water and the Spirit, moving beyond physical birth. It signifies a transformation of the inner self, allowing one to see and enter the kingdom of God, and a renewed relationship with God.
    4. Jesus offers the Samaritan woman “living water,” which represents eternal life and a spiritual thirst that will never be quenched. He reveals himself as the Messiah, leading her and others in her town to believe, showcasing his mission to reach beyond Jewish boundaries.
    5. The Jewish leaders persecute Jesus for healing on the Sabbath because they view it as a violation of the law. They also see his claim to be working as his Father works as blasphemous, as he is making himself equal with God, challenging their religious authority.
    6. The feeding of the 5,000 demonstrates Jesus’ ability to provide abundantly and foreshadows his claim to be the Bread of Life. It connects to his later discourse where he declares that he is the true bread from heaven, offering eternal life to those who believe in him.
    7. When Jesus declares himself to be the Good Shepherd, he signifies that he is the one who leads, protects, and sacrifices himself for his sheep. Unlike the hired hand, he cares deeply for his followers and will lay down his life for them, highlighting his love and dedication.
    8. The raising of Lazarus from the dead demonstrates Jesus’ power over death and confirms his identity as the resurrection and the life. This miracle incites many to believe in him but also intensifies the opposition from the Jewish leaders, leading them to plot his death.
    9. Jesus washing the disciples’ feet exemplifies humility, service, and love. By performing this act, he sets an example for his followers to serve one another, demonstrating that true greatness lies in selfless service.
    10. Jesus promises the Holy Spirit as the Advocate (Helper) to guide, teach, and remind the disciples of all that he has said. The Spirit will empower them to continue Jesus’ work, testify about him, and live according to his teachings, ensuring his presence remains after his departure.

    Essay Questions

    1. Explore the theme of “light” and “darkness” in the Gospel of John. How does Jesus embody light, and what does darkness represent?
    2. Analyze the “I AM” statements of Jesus in the Gospel of John. What do these declarations reveal about his identity and mission?
    3. Discuss the role of belief and faith in the Gospel of John. How does one obtain eternal life, and what does it mean to “believe” in Jesus?
    4. Examine the relationships between Jesus and various individuals in the Gospel of John (e.g., Nicodemus, the Samaritan woman, Mary and Martha). What do these interactions reveal about Jesus’ character and teachings?
    5. Trace the increasing conflict between Jesus and the Jewish leaders in the Gospel of John. What are the root causes of this conflict, and how does it escalate throughout the narrative?

    Glossary of Key Terms

    • Logos (Word): In the prologue of John, refers to Jesus as the divine Word of God, existing from the beginning and intimately involved in creation.
    • Messiah (Christ): The promised deliverer of the Jewish people, prophesied in the Old Testament.
    • Lamb of God: A title used by John the Baptist to describe Jesus, signifying his role as the sacrifice for the sins of the world.
    • Born Again: A spiritual rebirth, essential for seeing and entering the Kingdom of God, involving a transformation of the inner self through the Spirit.
    • Living Water: A metaphor used by Jesus to describe eternal life, satisfying spiritual thirst and bringing unending spiritual refreshment.
    • Bread of Life: A symbolic title for Jesus, signifying that he is the source of spiritual nourishment and eternal life.
    • Good Shepherd: A metaphor used by Jesus to describe himself, emphasizing his care, protection, and willingness to sacrifice for his followers.
    • The Advocate (Paraclete): The Holy Spirit, promised by Jesus to guide, teach, and empower his disciples after his departure.
    • Glory: The manifestation of God’s presence and character, often revealed through Jesus’ miracles and teachings.
    • The World: In John, often refers to the system of values and beliefs that opposes God and rejects Jesus.

    Gospel of John: Themes, Events, and Teachings

    This document presents a detailed overview of the provided text, focusing on key themes, events, and teachings. The document appears to be excerpts from the Gospel of John in the New Testament.

    I. Main Themes

    • The Divinity of Jesus Christ: The text unequivocally presents Jesus as divine, the Word made flesh, and intimately connected with God. The opening verses establish this foundation: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” He is the source of life and light.
    • Witness and Testimony: John the Baptist plays a crucial role as a witness to Jesus. His purpose is to testify to the light, preparing the way for Jesus’s ministry. He states, “I am the voice of one calling in the wilderness, make straight the way for the Lord.” Others, such as the Samaritan woman and the healed blind man, also bear witness to Jesus.
    • Belief and Faith: A central theme is the necessity of belief in Jesus for salvation and eternal life. Many passages emphasize that believing in Jesus is the key to avoiding condemnation and receiving eternal life: “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.” The text illustrates different responses to Jesus, highlighting the choice individuals face.
    • Life and Light vs. Darkness: The Gospel contrasts Jesus, who is the light of the world, with the darkness of sin and unbelief. Those who believe in Jesus come into the light, while those who reject him remain in darkness. “This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but people loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil.”
    • Love and Obedience: Love for Jesus is directly linked to obedience to his commands. Jesus connects love and obedience by saying, “If you love me, keep my commands.” He presents a new command to love one another as he has loved them.
    • The Holy Spirit: The role of the Holy Spirit as the advocate and guide for believers is emphasized. “But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you.”
    • Eternal Life: A gift promised to all who believe in Jesus Christ. Jesus declares, “I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die; and whoever lives by believing in me will never die.”

    II. Key Events and Teachings

    • John the Baptist’s Ministry: John baptizes and testifies to Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. He acknowledges his subordinate role: “He must become greater; I must become less.”
    • Calling of the First Disciples: Jesus calls Andrew, Peter, Philip, and Nathanael to follow him. Nathanael initially doubts (“Nazareth! Can anything good come from there?”), but after an encounter with Jesus, he proclaims, “Rabbi, you are the Son of God; you are the king of Israel.”
    • The Wedding at Cana: Jesus performs his first sign by turning water into wine, revealing his glory and leading his disciples to believe in him.
    • Cleansing of the Temple: Jesus drives out the merchants and money changers from the temple, declaring, “Stop turning my Father’s house into a market!” This act demonstrates his zeal and authority.
    • Nicodemus’s Encounter with Jesus: Jesus teaches Nicodemus about the necessity of being “born again” through water and the Spirit to see the kingdom of God.
    • The Samaritan Woman at the Well: Jesus engages in a conversation with a Samaritan woman, revealing himself as the Messiah and offering “living water” that leads to eternal life. She becomes an evangelist to her town.
    • Healing on the Sabbath: Jesus heals a paralyzed man at the pool of Bethesda on the Sabbath, leading to conflict with the Jewish leaders who accuse him of breaking the law. He defends his actions by stating, “My Father is always at his work to this very day, and I too am working.”
    • Feeding of the 5000: Jesus miraculously feeds a large crowd with five loaves and two fish, demonstrating his power and compassion.
    • Walking on Water: Jesus walks on water and calms a storm, reassuring his disciples, “It is I; don’t be afraid.”
    • The Bread of Life Discourse: Jesus declares himself to be the “bread of life,” offering spiritual nourishment that leads to eternal life. This teaching causes some of his disciples to turn away.
    • Healing the Blind Man: Jesus heals a man born blind, leading to further conflict with the Pharisees who question the miracle and ultimately cast the man out.
    • The Good Shepherd: Jesus describes himself as the Good Shepherd who lays down his life for his sheep. He knows his sheep and they know him.
    • Raising of Lazarus: Jesus raises Lazarus from the dead after four days, demonstrating his power over death and foreshadowing his own resurrection. This event leads to increased opposition from the Jewish leaders.
    • Triumphal Entry: Jesus enters Jerusalem riding on a donkey, fulfilling prophecy and being hailed as the King of Israel.
    • The Last Supper and Foot Washing: Jesus washes his disciples’ feet, setting an example of humility and service. He institutes a new command to love one another.
    • Jesus Predicts His Betrayal: Jesus reveals that one of his disciples will betray him, causing distress among the apostles. Judas Iscariot is identified as the betrayer.
    • Farewell Discourse: Jesus delivers a lengthy discourse to his disciples, promising the Holy Spirit, giving them peace, and preparing them for his departure. He emphasizes love, obedience, and the importance of remaining in him.
    • The High Priestly Prayer: Jesus prays for his disciples and for all who will believe in him, asking that they be one as he and the Father are one.
    • Jesus’s Arrest and Trial: Judas betrays Jesus, leading to his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane. He is tried before Annas, Caiaphas, and Pontius Pilate.
    • Crucifixion: Despite Pilate’s initial reluctance, Jesus is crucified. He is crucified alongside two criminals, and a sign is placed on the cross proclaiming him King of the Jews.
    • Resurrection: Mary Magdalene discovers the empty tomb and encounters the resurrected Jesus. He appears to his disciples, proving his resurrection.
    • Appearance at the Sea of Galilee: Jesus appears to his disciples at the Sea of Galilee, providing them with a miraculous catch of fish and commissioning Peter to “feed my sheep.”

    III. Significant Quotes

    • “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”
    • “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.”
    • “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.”
    • “I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep.”
    • “I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die.”
    • “A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another.”
    • “Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid.”
    • “Very truly I tell you, unless a kernel of wheat falls to the ground and dies, it remains only a single seed. But if it dies, it produces many seeds.”
    • “These things I have spoken to you, so that in Me you may have peace. In the world you have tribulation, but take courage; I have overcome the world.”

    This briefing document provides a foundation for understanding the main themes and key events presented in the provided text.

    The Person and Ministry of Jesus Christ: An Overview

    FAQ

    1. What is the central theme of the passage?

    The central theme revolves around the person and ministry of Jesus Christ, emphasizing his divine nature, his role as the Messiah, his teachings, the miracles he performed, his sacrificial death, and his resurrection. It explores themes of belief, disbelief, love, sacrifice, eternal life, and the relationship between Jesus and God.

    2. What is the significance of John the Baptist in relation to Jesus?

    John the Baptist is presented as a key figure who prepared the way for Jesus. He testified about Jesus being the Messiah, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. John’s baptism was a precursor to the revelation of Jesus to Israel. He acknowledged his own inferiority to Jesus, stating that Jesus surpassed him because He was before him.

    3. What does it mean to be “born again” as Jesus explains to Nicodemus?

    Being “born again” signifies a spiritual transformation. It involves being born of both water and the Spirit, implying baptism and a new life empowered by the Holy Spirit. It’s a necessary condition for seeing or entering the kingdom of God, representing a fundamental shift in one’s relationship with God, moving from a life governed by flesh to one guided by the Spirit.

    4. What are the “signs” that Jesus performs, and what is their purpose?

    The signs that Jesus performs, such as turning water into wine, healing the sick, and raising Lazarus from the dead, are intended to reveal his glory and point to his divine nature and authority. They serve as evidence to inspire belief in him as the Messiah, the Son of God, and to demonstrate the power of God at work in him.

    5. How does Jesus describe his relationship with God the Father?

    Jesus portrays a deeply intimate and inseparable relationship with God the Father. He states that he only does what he sees the Father doing, emphasizing his obedience and unity with God. He claims to be one with the Father, indicating a shared divine essence. He is sent by the Father, and his teachings and actions are ultimately derived from the Father’s will and authority.

    6. What is the meaning of Jesus calling himself the “bread of life”?

    When Jesus calls himself the “bread of life,” he is using a metaphor to illustrate that he is the source of spiritual nourishment and eternal life. Just as physical bread sustains the body, Jesus sustains the spirit. Those who come to him and believe in him will never hunger or thirst, signifying that he satisfies the deepest longings of the human heart. Eating his flesh and drinking his blood represent partaking in his sacrifice and receiving eternal life.

    7. What is the significance of Jesus washing the disciples’ feet at the Last Supper?

    Jesus washing the disciples’ feet is an act of profound humility and service. It serves as an example of how his followers should treat one another. By performing this lowly task, Jesus demonstrates that true greatness lies in selfless service and love, challenging the disciples’ expectations of leadership and authority.

    8. What does Jesus mean when he says, “I am the way, the truth, and the life”?

    Jesus’ statement “I am the way, the truth, and the life” underscores his unique role as the sole path to God the Father and eternal life. “The way” signifies that he is the only means of access to God. “The truth” signifies that he embodies and reveals the true nature of God and reality. “The life” signifies that he is the source of true and eternal life, both now and in the future.

    The Relationship Between God and Jesus Christ

    The following points describe the relationship between God and Jesus, according to the source:

    • In the beginning, the Word was with God, and the Word was God. All things were made through Him. The Word became flesh and dwelt among people, and people have seen His glory as the one and only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.
    • No one has ever seen God, but the one and only Son, who is himself God and is in the closest relationship with the Father, has made Him known.
    • The Father loves the Son and shows Him all He does, and the Son can do nothing by Himself, but only what he sees his Father doing. The Father raises the dead and gives them life, and so does the Son.
    • The Father does not judge anyone but has entrusted all judgment to the Son, so that all may honor the Son just as they honor the Father. Whoever does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent Him.
    • Whoever hears Jesus’ word and believes in Him who sent Jesus has eternal life and will not be judged but has crossed over from death to life.
    • God’s love for the world is so great that He gave His one and only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life. God did not send His Son to condemn the world, but to save it through Him.
    • Jesus is the bread of life; whoever comes to Him will never go hungry, and whoever believes in Him will never be thirsty.
    • Jesus testifies that His teaching comes from the one who sent Him. He seeks the glory of the one who sent him and speaks the truth.
    • Jesus says that He knows God because He is from Him, and He sent Him.
    • Jesus declares that whoever follows Him will never walk in darkness but will have the light of life. He states that He knows where He came from and where He is going, and His testimony is valid because the Father who sent Him is His witness.
    • To know Jesus is to know the Father.
    • Jesus claims to be the light of the world.
    • Jesus says He and the Father are one.
    • God is love, as is Jesus.
    • Jesus states that He is the way, the truth, and the life, and no one comes to the Father except through Him.
    • The Father is in Jesus, and Jesus is in the Father. The Father, living in Jesus, does His work.
    • Jesus states that He came from the Father and entered the world and is now leaving the world and going back to the Father.
    • Jesus prays to the Father to glorify His Son, that the Son may glorify Him. Jesus states that eternal life is knowing God, the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom He has sent.
    • Jesus states that the Father loves the Son.
    • Jesus tells his disciples that those who have seen him have seen the Father.
    • After the resurrection, Jesus tells Mary Magdalene that He is ascending to the Father and her Father, to His God and her God.

    The Testimony of John the Baptist

    John the Baptist is an important figure, according to the source. Here’s a summary of his role:

    • John was sent by God to be a witness to testify concerning the Light, so that through him all might believe.
    • John himself was not the Light, but he came only as a witness to the Light.
    • John testified about Jesus, saying, “This is the one I spoke about when I said, ‘He who comes after me has surpassed me because he was before me’”.
    • John said he saw the Spirit come down from heaven as a dove and remain on Jesus.
    • John testified that Jesus is the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world.
    • John said that the reason he came baptizing with water was that Jesus might be revealed to Israel.
    • John was baptizing at Aenon near Salim because there was plenty of water, and people were coming and being baptized.
    • John’s disciples had a discussion with a Jew about ceremonial washing.
    • John testified, “A person can receive only what is given them from heaven”.
    • John said he was not the Messiah but was sent ahead of him.
    • John said, “He must become greater; I must become less”.
    • The Jewish leaders sent priests and Levites to ask John who he was. He confessed that he was not the Messiah, Elijah, or the Prophet. He described himself as “the voice of one calling in the wilderness, ‘Make straight the way for the Lord’”.
    • John said that he baptized with water, but among them stood one they did not know, who was coming after him, whose sandals he was not worthy to untie.
    • The events above happened at Bethany on the other side of the Jordan, where John was baptizing.
    • Many people came to Jesus because they remembered that everything John said about Jesus was true.
    • The source notes that John never performed a sign.

    The Kingdom of God: Entering and Seeing

    The Kingdom of God is mentioned in the source, particularly in the context of Jesus’ teachings and interactions with others.

    Key aspects of the Kingdom of God, according to the source:

    • Seeing the Kingdom: Jesus tells Nicodemus that no one can see the kingdom of God unless they are born again. He further explains that being born again involves being born of water and the Spirit.
    • Entering the Kingdom: Jesus states that no one can enter the kingdom of God unless they are born of water and the Spirit.
    • Citizenship: Jesus implies that those who believe in Him and are born of the Spirit are citizens of the Kingdom of God.
    • Light vs. Darkness: The source indicates a moral dimension to the Kingdom. Those who live by the truth come into the light so that it may be seen plainly that what they have done has been done in the sight of God.
    • The Son of Man: Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so the Son of Man must be lifted up, that everyone who believes may have eternal life in him.
    • Works: The source states that to do the works God requires is to believe in the one he has sent.

    Eternal Life Through Faith in Jesus

    The source discusses eternal life in connection with faith in Jesus and obedience to God.

    Key points about eternal life from the source:

    • Belief in Jesus: Whoever believes in Jesus will not perish but have eternal life. God gave his son so that everyone believing in him will have eternal life. Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life, but whoever rejects the Son will not see life, for God’s wrath remains on them.
    • Hearing and believing: Whoever hears Jesus’ word and believes in the one who sent him has eternal life and will not be judged but has crossed over from death to life.
    • Bread of Life: Jesus declares himself to be the bread of life, and whoever believes in him will never be thirsty.
    • Resurrection: My father’s will is that everyone who looks to the son and believes in him shall have eternal life, and I will raise them up at the last day. Whoever eats Jesus’ flesh and drinks his blood has eternal life, and Jesus will raise them up at the last day.
    • Following Jesus: Anyone who hates their life in this world will keep it for eternal life.
    • Knowing God: This is eternal life, that they know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent.
    • Obeying Jesus’ word: Whoever obeys Jesus’ word will never see death.
    • Jesus states that he gives eternal life to his sheep, and they shall never perish; no one will snatch them out of his hand.
    • Jesus states that the words he speaks lead to eternal life.

    Jesus: Signs, Miracles, and Their Impact on Belief

    The sources discuss signs and miracles primarily in the context of Jesus’ ministry, their impact on belief, and their significance as evidence of Jesus’ divine nature and purpose.

    Key aspects of signs and miracles, according to the source:

    • Source of Power: Jesus performed signs that led people to believe he was sent from God. Nicodemus acknowledged that no one could perform these signs unless God were with him. Jesus himself stated that the works he does testify that the Father has sent him.
    • Impact on Belief: Many people believed in Jesus’ name when they saw the signs he was performing at the Passover festival in Jerusalem. The miracle of turning water into wine in Cana of Galilee was the first of Jesus’ signs, through which he revealed his glory, and his disciples believed in him.
    • The Purpose of Signs: Jesus performed signs so that people might believe that he is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that by believing, they might have life in his name. The royal official and his entire household believed after Jesus healed his son.
    • Faith vs. Signs: Jesus sometimes expressed concern that people sought him out only because they had seen the signs and had their fill of food, rather than understanding the deeper meaning behind them. He told the royal official, “Unless you people see signs and wonders, you will never believe”.
    • Specific Miracles: The source mentions a range of specific miracles performed by Jesus:
    • Turning water into wine at Cana.
    • Cleansing the temple.
    • Healing a royal official’s son.
    • Healing a man who had been ill for a long time at the pool of Bethesda.
    • Feeding five thousand people with five barley loaves and two fish.
    • Walking on water.
    • Giving sight to a man born blind.
    • Raising Lazarus from the dead.
    • The Second Sign: Healing the royal official’s son is referred to as the second sign Jesus performed after coming from Judea to Galilee.
    • Response to Miracles: After witnessing the sign of the feeding of the 5000, people wanted to make Jesus their king by force.
    • Variety of Reactions: Some people questioned the source of Jesus’ power to perform signs, while others defended him, recognizing the divine nature of his works. Some believed, while others remained skeptical.
    • The Greatest Sign: Some people wondered if the Messiah would perform more signs than Jesus.
    • The Unbelieving: Despite witnessing many signs, some people still would not believe in Jesus.
    • The Condemned: The source states that Jesus came into the world so that the blind will see and those who see will become blind. Jesus said if he had not done works among them that no one else did, they would not be guilty of sin. As it is, they have seen and hated both him and his Father.
    • Not performing a sign: The source notes that John the Baptist never performed a sign.
    The Gospel of John | Full Movie | LUMO

    The Original Text

    [Music] in the beginning was the word and the word was with god and the word was god [Music] he was with god in the beginning through him all things were made without him nothing was made that has been made [Music] in him was life and that life was the light of all mankind [Music] the light shines in the darkness and the darkness has not overcome it [Music] [Music] there was a man sent from god whose name was john he came as a witness to testify concerning that light so that through him all might believe he himself was not the light he came only as a witness to the light the true light that gives light to everyone was coming into the world he was in the world and though the world was made through him the world did not recognize him he came to that which was his own but his own did not receive him yet to all who did receive him to those who believed in his name he gave the right to become children of god children born not of natural dissent nor of human decision or a husband’s will but born of god the word became flesh and made his dwelling among us we have seen his glory the glory of the one and only son who came from the father full of grace and truth john testified concerning him he cried out saying this is the one i spoke about when i said he who comes after me has surpassed me because he was before me out of his fullness we have all received grace in place of grace already given for the law was given through moses grace and truth came through jesus christ no one has ever seen god but the one and only son who is himself god and is in the closest relationship with the father has made him known [Music] now this was john’s testimony when the jewish leaders in jerusalem sent priests and levites to ask him who he was he did not fail to confess but confessed freely i am not the messiah they asked him then who are you are you elijah he said i am not are you the prophet he answered no finally they said who are you give us an answer to take back to those who sent us what do you say about yourself john replied in the words of isaiah the prophet i am the voice of one calling in the wilderness make straight the way for the lord now the pharisees who had been sent questioned it why then do you baptize if you are not the messiah nor elijah nor the prophet i baptize with water john replied but among you stands one you do not know he is the one who comes after me the straps of whose sandals i am not worthy to untie this all happened at bethany on the other side of the jordan where john was baptizing [Music] the next day john saw jesus coming towards him and said look the lamb of god who takes away the sin of the world [Music] this is the one i meant when i said a man who comes after me has surpassed me because he was before me i myself did not know him but the reason i came baptizing with water was that he might be revealed to israel then john gave this testimony i saw the spirit come down from heaven as a dove and remain on him and i myself did not know him but the one who sent me to baptize with water told me the man on whom you see the spirit come down and remain is the one who will baptize with the holy spirit i have seen and i testify that this is god’s chosen one [Music] the next day john was there again with two of his disciples when he saw jesus passing by he said look the lamb of god when the two disciples heard him say this they followed jesus turning round jesus saw them following and asked what do you want they said rabbi which means teacher where are you staying come he replied and you will see so they went and saw where he was staying and they spent that day with him it was about four in the afternoon andrew simon peter’s brother was one of the two who heard what john had said and who had followed jesus the first thing andrew did was to find his brother simon and tell him we have found the messiah that is the christ and he brought him to jesus jesus looked at him and said you are simon son of john you will be called cephas which when translated is peter [Music] the next day jesus decided to leave for galilee finding phillip he said to him follow me philip like andrew and peter was from the town of bethsider philip found nathaniel and told him we have found the one moses wrote about in the law and about whom the prophets also wrote jesus of nazareth the son of joseph nazareth can anything good come from there nathanael asked come and see said philip [Music] jesus saw nathanael approaching he said of him here truly is an israelite in whom there is no deceit how do you know me nathaniel asked jesus answered i saw you while you were still under the fig tree before philip called you then nathanael declared rabbi you are the son of god you are the king of israel jesus said you believe because i told you i saw you under the fig tree you will see greater things than that he then added very truly i tell you you will see heaven open and the angels of god ascending and descending on the son of man on the third day a wedding took place at cana in galilee jesus mother was there and jesus and his disciples had also been invited to the wedding when the wine was gone jesus’s mother said to him they have no more wine woman why do you involve me jesus replied my hour has not yet come his mother said to the servants do whatever he tells you nearby stood six stone water jars the kind used by the jews for ceremonial washing each holding from 80 to 120 liters jesus said to the servants fill the jars with water so they filled them to the brim then he told them now draw some out and take it to the master of the banquet they did so [Music] and the master of the banquet tasted the water that had been turned into wine he did not realize where it had come from though the servants who had drawn the water knew then he called the bridegroom aside and said everyone brings out the choice wine first and then the cheaper wine after the guests have had too much to drink but you have saved the best till now what jesus did here in canaa of galilee was the first of the signs through which he revealed his glory and his disciples believed in him after this he went down to capernaum with his mother and brothers and his disciples there they stayed for a few days when it was almost time for the jewish passover jesus went up to jerusalem [Music] no call hey catch your mom [Music] in the temple courts he found people selling cattle sheep and dubs and others sitting at tables exchanging money [Music] so he made a whip out of courts and drove all from the temple courts both sheep and cattle he scattered the coins of the money changes and overturned their tables to those who sold dubs he said get these out of here stop turning my father’s house into a market [Music] his disciples remembered that it is written zeal for your house will consume me the jews then responded to him what sign can you show us to prove your authority to do all this jesus answered them destroy this temple and i will raise it again in three days they replied it has taken 46 years to build this temple and you are going to raise it in three days but the temple he had spoken of was his body after he was raised from the dead his disciples recalled what he had said [Music] then they believed the scripture and the words that jesus had spoken [Music] now while he was in jerusalem at the passover festival many people saw the signs he was performing and believed in his name but jesus would not entrust himself to them for he knew all people he did not need any testimony about mankind for he knew what was in each person [Music] now there was a pharisee a man named nicodemus who was a member of the jewish ruling council he came to jesus at night and said rabbi we know that you are a teacher who has come from god for no one could perform the signs you are doing if god were not with him jesus replied very truly i tell you no one can see the kingdom of god unless they are born again how can someone be born when they are old nicodemus asked surely they cannot enter a second time into their mother’s womb to be born jesus answered very truly i tell you no one can enter the kingdom of god unless they are born of water and the spirit flesh gives birth to flesh but the spirit gives birth to spirit you should not be surprised at my saying you must be born again the wind blows wherever it pleases you hear it sound but you cannot tell where it comes from or where it is going so it is with everyone born of the spirit how can this be nicodemus asked you are israel’s teacher said jesus and do you not understand these things very truly i tell you we speak of what we know and we testify to what we have seen [Music] but still you people do not accept our testimony [Music] i have spoken to you of earthly things and you do not believe how then will you believe if i speak of heavenly things no one has ever gone into heaven except the one who came from heaven the son of man just as moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness so the son of man must be lifted up that everyone who believes may have eternal life in him for god so loved the world that he gave his one and only son that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life for god did not send his son into the world to condemn the world but to save the world through him whoever believes in him is not condemned but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because they have not believed in the name of god’s one and only son this is the verdict light has come into the world but people loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil [Music] everyone who does evil hates the light and will not come into the light for fear that their deeds will be exposed but whoever lives by the truth comes into the light so that it may be seen plainly that what they have done has been done in the sight of god [Music] after this jesus and his disciples went out into the judean countryside where he spent some time with them and baptized now john also was baptizing at aenon near salim because there was plenty of water and people were coming and being baptized this was before john was put in prison an argument developed between some of john’s disciples and a certain jew over the matter of ceremonial washing they came to john and said to him rabbi that man who was with you on the other side of the jordan the one you testified about look he is baptizing and everyone is going to him to this john replied a person can receive only what is given them from heaven you yourselves can testify that i said i am not the messiah but i’m sent ahead of him the bride belongs to the bridegroom the friend who attends the bridegroom waits and listens for him and he’s full of joy when he hears the bridegroom’s voice that joy is mine and it is now complete he must become greater i must become less the one who comes from above is above all the one who is from the earth belongs to the earth and speaks as one from the earth the one who comes from heaven is above all [Music] he testifies to what he has seen and heard but no one accepts his testimony whoever has accepted it has certified that god is truthful for the one whom god has sent speaks the words of god for god gives the spirit without limit the father loves the son and has placed everything in his hands whoever believes in the son has eternal life but whoever rejects the son will not see life for god’s wrath remains on them now jesus learned that the pharisees had heard that he was gaining and baptizing more disciples than john although in fact it was not jesus who baptized but his disciples [Music] so he left judea and went back once more to galilee now he had to go through some area so he came to a town in samaria called sikka near the plot of ground jacob had given to his son joseph jacob’s well was there and jesus tired as he was from the journey sat down by the well it was about noon when a samaritan woman came to draw water jesus said to her will you give me a drink his disciples had gone into the town to buy food the samaritan woman said to him you are a jew and i am a samaritan woman how can you ask me for a drink for jews do not associate with samaritans jesus answered her if you knew the gift of god and who it is that asks you for a drink you would have asked him and he would have given you living water sir the woman said you have nothing to draw with and the well is deep where can you get this living water are you greater than our father jacob who gave us the well and drank from it himself as did also his sons and his livestock [Music] jesus answered everyone who drinks this water will be thirsty again but whoever drinks the water i give them will never thirst [Music] indeed the water i give them will become in them a spring of water welling up to eternal life the woman said to him sir give me this water so that i won’t get thirsty and have to keep coming here to draw water he told her go call your husband and come back i have no husband she replied jesus said to her you are right when you say you have no husband the fact is you have had five husbands and the man you now have is not your husband what you have just said is quite true sir the woman said i can see that you are a prophet our ancestors worshipped on this mountain but you jews claim that the place where we must worship is in jerusalem woman jesus replied believe me a time is coming when you will worship the father neither on this mountain nor in jerusalem you samaritans worship what you do not know we worship what we do know for salvation is from the jews yet a time is coming and has now come when the true worshipers will worship the father in the spirit and in truth for they are the kind of worshipers the father seeks god is spirit and his worshipers must worship in the spirit and in truth the woman said i know that messiah called christ is coming when he comes he will explain everything to us then jesus declared i the one speaking to you i am he [Music] just then his disciples returned and was surprised to find him talking with a woman but no one asked what do you want or why are you talking with her then leaving her water jar the woman went back to the town and said to the people come see a man who told me everything i’ve ever done could this be the messiah they came out of the town and made their way towards him meanwhile his disciples urged him rabbi eat something but he said to them i have food to eat that you know nothing about then his disciples said to each other could someone have brought him food my food said jesus is to do the will of him who sent me and to finish his work don’t you have a saying it’s still four months until harvest i tell you open your eyes and look at the fields they are ripe for harvest even now the one who reaps draws a wage and harvests a crop for eternal life so that the sower and the reaper may be glad together thus the saying once those and another reaps is true i sent you to reap what you have not worked for others have done the hard work and you have reached the benefits of their labor many of the samaritans from that town believed in him because of the woman’s testimony he told me everything i’ve ever done so when the samaritans came to him they urged him to stay with them and he stayed two days and because of his words many more became believers they said to the woman we no longer believe just because of what you said now we have heard for ourselves and we know that this man really is the savior of the world after the two days he left for galilee now jesus himself had pointed out that the prophet has no honor in his own country when he arrived in galilee the galileans welcomed him they had seen all that he had done in jerusalem at the passover festival for they also had been there once more he visited cana in galilee where he had turned the water into wine and there was a certain royal official whose son lay ill at capernaum when this man heard that jesus had arrived in galilee from judea he went to him and begged him to come and heal his son who was close to death unless you people see signs and wonders jesus told him you will never believe the royal official said sir come down before my child dies go jesus replied your son will live the man took jesus at his word and departed while he was still on the way his servants met him with the news that his boy was living when he inquired as to the time when his son got better they said to him yesterday at one in the afternoon the fever left him then the father realized that this was the exact time at which jesus had said to him your son will live so he and his whole household believed this was the second sign jesus performed after coming from judea to galilee [Music] sometime later jesus went up to jerusalem for one of the jewish festivals now there is in jerusalem near the sheepgate a pool which in aramaic is called bethesda and which is surrounded by five covered colonies here a great number of disabled people used to lie the blind the lame paralyzed [Music] when jesus saw him lying there and learned that he had been in this condition for a long time he asked him do you want to get well sir the invite replied i have no one to help me into the pool when the water is stirred while i am trying to get in someone else goes down ahead of me then jesus said to him get up pick up your mat and walk [Music] [Applause] [Music] at once the man was cured [Applause] he picked up his mat and walked [Music] the day on which this took place was a sabbath and so the jewish leaders said to the man who had been healed it is the sabbath the law forbids you to carry you mat but he replied the man who made me well said to me pick up your mat and walk so they asked him who is this fellow who told you to pick it up and walk the man who was healed had no idea who it was but jesus had slipped away into the crowd that was there [Music] later jesus found him at the temple and said to him see you are well again stop sinning something worse may happen to you [Music] the man went away and told the jewish leaders that it was jesus who had made him well so because jesus was doing these things on the sabbath the jewish leaders began to persecute him in his defense jesus said to them my father is always at his work to this very day and i too am working [Music] for this reason they tried all the more to kill him not only was he breaking the sabbath but he was even calling god his own father making himself equal with god [Music] jesus gave them this answer very truly i tell you the son can do nothing by himself he can do only what he sees his father doing because whatever the father does the son also does but the father loves the son and shows him all he does yes and he will show him even greater works than these so that you will be amazed for just as the father raises the dead and gives them life even so the son gives life to whom he is pleased to give it [Music] moreover the father judges no one but has entrusted all judgment to the son that all may honor the son just as they honor the father whoever does not honor the son does not honor the father who sent him very truly i tell you whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life and will not be judged but has crossed over from death to life very truly i tell you a time is coming and has now come when the dead will hear the voice of the son of god and those who hear will live for as the father has life in himself so he has granted the son also to have life in himself and he has given him authority to judge because he is the son of man do not be amazed at this for a time is coming when all who are in their graves will hear his voice and come out those who have done what is good will rise to live and those who have done what is evil will rise to be condemned by myself i can do nothing i judge only as i hear and my judgment is just for i seek not to please myself but him who sent me if i testify about myself my testimony is not true there is another who testifies in my favor and i know that his testimony about me is true you have sent to john and he has testified to the truth not that i accept human testimony but i mention it that you may be saved john was a lamp that burned and gave light and you chose for a time to enjoy his light i have testimony weightier than that of john for the works that the father has given me to finish the very works that i am doing testify that the father has sent me and the father who sent me has himself testified concerning me you have never heard his voice nor seen his form nor does his word dwell in you for you do not believe the one he sent you studied the scriptures diligently because you think that in them you have eternal life these are the very scriptures that testify about me yet you refuse to come to me to have life i do not accept glory from human beings i have come in my father’s name and you do not accept me but if someone else comes in his own name you will accept him how can you believe since you accept glory from one another but do not seek the glory that comes from the only god but do not think i will accuse you before the father your accuser is moses on whom your hopes are set if you believed moses you would believe me for he wrote about me but since you do not believe what he wrote how are you going to believe what i say sometime after this jesus crossed to the far shore of the sea of galilee that is the sea of tiberias and a great crowd of people followed him because they saw the signs he had performed by healing those who were ill then jesus went up on the mountainside and sat down with his disciples the jewish passover festival was near when jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming towards him he said to philip where shall we buy bread for these people to eat he asked this only to test him for he already had in mind what he was going to do philip answered him it would take more than half a year’s wages to buy enough bread for each one to have a bite another of his disciples andrew simon peter’s brother spoke up here is a boy with five small barley loaves and two small fish but how far will they go among so many jesus said make the people sit down there was plenty of grass in that place and they sat down about five thousand men were there jesus then took the loaves gave thanks and distributed to those who were seated as much as they wanted [Music] he did the same with the fish when they had all had enough to eat he said to his disciples gather the pieces that are left over let nothing be wasted so they gathered them and filled 12 baskets with the pieces of the five barley loaves left over by those who had eaten after the people saw the sign jesus performed they began to say surely this is the prophet who is to come into the world jesus knowing that they intended to come and make him king by force withdrew again to a mountain by himself [Music] when evening came his disciples went down to the lake where they got into a boat and set off across the lake for capernaum by now it was dark and jesus had not yet joined them a strong wind was blowing and the waters grew rough [Music] when they had rode about three or four miles they saw jesus approaching the boat walking on the water and they were frightened but he said to them it is i don’t be afraid then they were willing to take him into the boat and immediately the boat reached the shore where they were heading [Music] the next day the crowd that had stayed on the opposite shore of the lake realized that only one boat had been there and that jesus had not entered it with his disciples but that they had gone away alone then some boats from tiberias landed near the place where the people had eaten the bread after the lord had given thanks once the crowd realized that neither jesus nor his disciples were there they got into the boats and went to capernaum in search of jesus [Music] oh [Music] when they found him on the other side of the lake they asked him rabbi when did you get here jesus answered very truly i tell you you are looking for me not because you saw the signs i performed but because you ate the loaves and had your fill do not work for food that spoils but for food that endures to eternal life which the son of man will give you for on him god the father has placed his seal of approval then they asked him what must we do to do the works god requires jesus answered the work of god is this to believe in the one he has sent so they asked him what sign then will you give that we may see it and believe you what will you do our ancestors ate the manner in the wilderness as it is written he gave them bread from heaven to eat jesus said to them very truly i tell you it is not moses who has given you the bread from heaven but it is my father who gives you the true bread from heaven for the bread of god is the bread that comes down from heaven and gives life to the world sir they said always give us this bread then jesus declared i am the bread of life whoever comes to me will never go hungry and whoever believes in me will never be thirsty [Music] but as i told you you have seen me and still you do not believe all those the father gives me will come to me and whoever comes to me i will never drive away for i have come down from heaven not to do my will but to do the will of him who sent me and this is the will of him who sent me that i shall lose none of all those he has given me but raised them up at the last day for my father’s will is that everyone who looks to the son and believes in him shall have eternal life and i will raise them up at the last day at this the jews there began to grumble about him because he said i am the bread that came down from heaven they said is this not jesus the son of joseph whose father and mother we know how can he now say i came down from heaven [Music] [Applause] stop grumbling among yourselves jesus answered no one can come to me unless the father who sent me draws them and i will raise them up at the last day it is written in the prophets they will all be taught by god everyone who has heard the father and learned from him comes to me no one has seen the father except the one who is from god only he has seen the father very truly i tell you the one who believes has eternal life i am the bread of life your ancestors ate the manna in the wilderness yet they died but here is the bread that comes down from heaven which anyone may eat and not die [Music] i am the living bread that came down from heaven whoever eats this bread will live forever this bread is my flesh which i will give for the life of the world [Music] then the jews began to argue sharply among themselves how can this man give us his flesh to eat jesus said to them very truly i tell you unless you eat the flesh of the son of man and drink his blood you have no life whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life and i will raise them up at the last day for my flesh is real food and my blood is real drink ever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me and i in them just as the living father sent me and i live because of the father so the one who feeds on me will live because of me this is the bread that came down from heaven your ancestors ate manna and died but whoever feeds on this bread will live forever he said this while teaching in the synagogue in capernaum on hearing it many of his disciples said this is a hard teaching who can accept it aware that his disciples were grumbling about this jesus said to them does this offend you and what if you see the son of man ascend to where he was before the spirit gives life the flesh counts for nothing the words i have spoken to you they are full of the spirit and life yet there are some of you who do not believe for jesus had known from the beginning which of them did not believe and who would betray him he went on to say this is why i told you that no one can come to me unless the father has enabled them [Music] from this time many of his disciples turned back and no longer followed him that’s right you do not want to leave too dave jesus asked the twelve simon peter answered him lord to whom shall we go you have the words of eternal life we have come to believe and to know that you are the holy one of god [Music] then jesus replied have i not chosen you the twelve yet one of you is a devil he meant judas the son of simon iscariot who though one of the twelve was later to betray him [Music] after this jesus went around in galilee he did not want to go about in judea because the jewish leaders there were looking for a way to kill him but when the jewish festival of tabernacles was near jesus’s brothers said to him leave galilee go to judea so that your disciples there may see the works you do no one who wants to become a public figure acts in secret since you are doing these things show yourself to the world for even his own brothers did not believe in him [Music] therefore jesus told them my time is not yet here for you anytime will do the world cannot hate you but it hates me because i testify that it works our evil i am not going up to this festival because my time has not yet fully come after he had said this he stayed in galilee however after his brothers had left for the festival he went also not publicly but in secret [Music] now at the festival the jewish leaders were watching for jesus and asking where is he among the crowds there was widespread whispering about him some said he is a good man others replied no he deceives the people but no one would say anything publicly about him for fear of the leaders not until halfway through the festival did jesus go up to the temple courts and begin to teach the jews there were amazed and asked how did this man get such learning without having been taught jesus answered my teaching is not my own it comes from the one who sent me anyone who chooses to do the will of god will find out whether my teaching comes from god or whether i speak on my own whoever speaks on their own does so to gain personal glory but he who seeks the glory of the one who sent him is a man of truth there is nothing false about him has not moses given you the law yet not one of you keeps the law why are you trying to kill me you are demon possessed the crowd answered who is trying to kill you jesus said to them i did one miracle and you are all amazed yet because moses gave you circumcision though actually did not come from moses but from the patriarchs you circumcise a boy on the sabbath now if a boy can be circumcised on the sabbath so that the law of moses may not be broken why are you angry with me for healing a man’s whole body on the sabbath stop judging by mere appearances but instead judge correctly at that point some of the people of jerusalem began to ask isn’t this the man they are trying to kill here he is speaking publicly and they are not saying a word to him have the authorities really concluded that he is the messiah but we know where this man is from when the messiah comes no one will know where he is from then jesus still teaching in the temple courts cried out yes you know me and you know where i am from i am not here on my own authority but he who sent me is true you do not know him but i know him because i am from him and he sent me at this they tried to seize him but no one laid a hand on him because his power had not yet come still many in the crowd believed in him [Music] they said when the messiah comes will he perform more signs than this man [Music] the pharisees heard the crowd whispering such things about him then the chief priests and the pharisees sent temple guards to arrest him jesus said i am with you only for a short time and then i am going to the one who sent me you will look for me but you will not fight me and where i am you cannot come the jews said to one another where does this man intend to go that we cannot find him will he go where our people live scattered among the greeks and teach the greeks [Music] what did he mean when he said you will look for me but you will not find me and where i am you cannot come [Music] [Music] on the last and greatest day of the festival jesus stood and said in a loud voice let anyone who is thirsty come to me and drink whoever believes in me as scripture has said rivers of living water will flow from within them by this he meant the spirit whom those who believed in him were later to receive up to that time the spirit had not been given since jesus had not yet been glorified on hearing his words some of the people said surely this man is the prophet others said he is the messiah still others ask how can the messiah come from galilee does not scripture say that the messiah will come from david’s descendants and from bethlehem the town where david lived thus the people were divided because of jesus some wanted to seize him but no one laid a hand on him finally the temple guards went back to the chief priests and the pharisees who asked them why didn’t you bring him in no one ever spoke the way this man does the guards replied you mean he has deceived you also the pharisees retorted have any of the rulers or of the pharisees believed in him no but this mob that knows nothing of the law there is a curse on them [Music] nicodemus who had gone to jesus earlier and who was one of their own number asked does our law condemn a man without first hearing him to find out what he has been doing they replied are you from galilee too look into it and you’ll find that a profit does not come out of galilee then they all went home but jesus went to the mount of olives [Music] he appeared again in the temple courts where all the people gathered around him and he sat down to teach them the teachers of the law and the pharisees brought in a woman caught in adultery they made her stand before the group and said to jesus teacher this woman was caught in the act of adultery in the law moses commanded us to stone such women now what do you say they were using this question as a trap in order to have a basis for accusing him [Music] but jesus bent [Music] and down to write on the ground with his finger [Music] when they kept on questioning him he straightened up [Music] and said to them let anyone of you who is without sin [Music] be the first to throw a stone at her [Music] again he stooped down and wrote on the ground out of this those who heard began to go away one at a time the older ones first until only jesus was left with the woman still standing there jesus straightened up and asked her woman where are they has no one condemned you no one sir she said then neither do i condemn you jesus declared go now and leave your life of sin [Music] when jesus spoke again to the people he said i am the light of the world whoever follows me will never walk in darkness [Music] but will have the light of life the pharisees challenged him here you are appearing as your own witness your testimony is not valid jesus answered even if i testify on my own behalf my testimony is valid for i know where i came from and where i am going but you have no idea where i come from or where i’m going you judge by human standards i pass judgment unknown but if i do judge my decisions are true because i am not alone i stand with the father who sent me in your own law it is written that the testimony of two witnesses is true i am one who testifies for myself my other witness is the father who sent me then they asked him where is your father you do not know me or my father jesus replied you would know my father also he spoke these words while teaching in the temple courts near the place where the offerings were put yet no one sees him because his hour had not yet come once more jesus said to them i am going away and you will look for me and you will die in your sin where i go you cannot come this made the jews ask will he kill himself is that why he says where i go you cannot come but he continued you are from below i am from above you are of this world i am not of this one i told you that you would die in your sins if you do not believe that i am he you will indeed die in your sins who are you they asked just what i have been telling you from the beginning jesus replied i have much to say in judgment of you but he who sent me is trustworthy and what i have heard from him i tell the world they did not understand that he was telling them about his father so jesus said when you have lifted up the son of man then you will know that i am he and that i do nothing on my own but speak just what the father has taught me the one who sent me is with me he has not left me alone for i always do what pleases him even as he spoke many believed in him [Music] to the jews who had believed him jesus said if you hold to my teaching you are really my disciples then you will know the truth and the truth will set you free they answered him we are abraham’s descendants and have never been slaves of anyone how can you say that we shall be set free [Music] jesus replied very truly i tell you everyone who sins is a slave to sin now a slave has no permanent place in the family but the sun belongs to it forever so if the sun sets you free you will be free indeed i know you are abraham’s descendants yet you are looking for a way to kill me because you have no room for my word i am telling you what i have seen in the father’s presence and you are doing what you have heard from your father abraham is our father if you were abraham’s children said jesus then you would do what abraham did as it is you are looking for a way to kill me a man who has told you the truth that i heard from god abraham did not do such things you are doing the works of your own father we are not illegitimate children they protested the only father we have is god himself jesus said to them if god were your father you would love me but i have come here from god i have not come on my own god sent me [Music] why is my language not clear to you because you are unable to hear what i say you belong to your father the devil and you want to carry out your father’s desires he was a murderer from the beginning not holding to the truth but there is no truth in him when he lies he speaks his native language for he is a liar and the father of lies yet because i tell the truth you do not believe me can any of you prove me guilty of sin if i am telling the truth why don’t you believe me whoever belongs to god hears what god says the reason you do not hear is that you do not belong to god the jews answered him aren’t we right in saying that you are a samaritan and demon possessed i am not possessed by a demon said jesus but i honor my father and you dishonor me i am not seeking glory for myself but there is one who seeks it and he is the judge very truly i tell you whoever obeys my word will never see death at this they exclaimed now we know that you are demon possessed abraham died and so did the prophets yet you say that whoever obeys your word will never taste death are you greater than our father abraham he died and so did the prophets who do you think you are right jesus replied if i glorify myself my glory means nothing my father whom you claim as your god is the one who glorifies me though you do not know him i know him if i said i did not i would be a liar like you but i do know him and obey his word your father abraham rejoiced at the thought of seeing my day he saw it and was glad you are not yet 50 years old they said to him and you have seen abraham very truly i tell you jesus answered before abraham was born i am at this they picked up stones to stone him but jesus hid himself slipping away from the temple grounds as he went along he saw a man blind from birth his disciples asked him rabbi who sinned this man or his parents that he was born blind neither this man nor his parent’s sin said jesus but this happened so that the works of god might be displayed as long as it is day we must do the works of him who sent me night is coming when no one can work while i am in the world i am the light of the world after saying this he spat on the ground made some mud with the saliva and put it on the man’s eyes [Music] [Music] this word means sent [Music] so the man went and washed [Music] [Applause] [Music] and came home seeing his neighbors and those who had formerly seen him begging asked isn’t this the same man who used to sit and beg some claim that he was others said no he only looks like him but he himself insisted i am the man how then were your eyes opened they asked he replied the man they called jesus made some mud and put it on my eyes he told me to go to siloam and wash so i went and washed and then i could see where is this man they asked him i don’t know he said [Applause] they brought to the pharisees the man who had been blind now the day on which jesus had made the mud and opened the man’s eyes was a sabbath [Music] therefore the pharisees also asked him how he had received his sight he put mud on my eyes the man replied and i washed and now i see some of the pharisees said this man is not from god for he does not keep the sabbath but others asked how can a sinner perform such signs so they were divided then they turned again to the blind man what have you to say about him it was your eyes he opened the man replied he is a prophet they still did not believe that he had been blind and had received his sight until they sent for the man’s parents is this your son they asked is this the one you say was born blind how is it that now he can see we know he is our son the parents answered and we know he was born blind but how he can see now or who opened his eyes we don’t know ask him he is of age he will speak for himself his parents said this because they were afraid of the jewish leaders who already had decided that anyone who acknowledged that jesus was the messiah would be put out of the synagogue that was why his parents said he is of a age time they summoned the man who had been blind give glory to god by telling the truth they said we know this man is a sinner he replied whether he is a sinner or not i don’t know one thing i do know i was blind but now i see then they asked him what did he do to you how did he open your eyes he answered i have told you already and you did not listen why do you want to hear it again do you want to become his disciples too then they hurled insults at him and said you are this fellow’s disciple we are disciples of moses we know that god spoke to moses but as for this fellow we don’t even know where he comes from the man answered now that is remarkable you don’t know where he comes from yet he opened my eyes we know that god does not listen to sinners he listens to the godly person who does his will nobody has ever heard of opening the eyes of a man born blind if this man were not from god he could do nothing to this they replied you were steeped in sin at birth how dare you lecture us and they threw him out jesus heard that they had thrown him out and when he found him he said do you believe in the son of man who is he sir the man asked so that i may believe in him jesus said you have now seen him in fact he is the one speaking with you then the man said lord i believe and he worshipped him jesus said for judgment i have come into this world so that the blind will see and those who see will become blind some pharisees who were with him heard him say this and asked what are we blind to jesus said if you were blind you would not be guilty of sin but now that you claim you can see your guilt remains very truly i tell you pharisees anyone who does not enter the sheepfold by the gate but climbs in by some other way is a thief and a robber the one who enters by the gate is the shepherd of the sheep the gatekeeper opens the gate for him and the sheep listen to his voice he calls his own sheep by name and leads them out when he has brought out all his own he goes on ahead of them and his sheep follow him because they know his voice but they will never follow a stranger in fact they will run away from him because they do not recognize a stranger’s voice jesus used this figure of speech but the pharisees did not understand what he was telling them therefore jesus said again very truly i tell you i am the gate for the sheep all who have come before me are thieves and robbers but the sheep have not listened to them i am the gate whoever enters through me will be saved they will come in and go out and find pasture the thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy i have come that they may have life and have it to the full [Music] i am the good shepherd the good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep the hired hand is not the shepherd and does not own the sheep so when he sees the wolf coming he abandons the sheep and runs away then the wolf attacks the flock and scatters it the man runs away because he is a hired hand and cares nothing for the sheep i am the good shepherd i know my sheep and my sheep know me just as the father knows me and i know the father and i lay down my life for the sheep i have other sheep that are not of this sheepfold i must bring them also they too will listen to my voice and there shall be one flock and one shepherd the reason my father loves me is that i lay down my life only to take it up again no one takes it from me but i lay it down of my own accord i have authority to lay it down and authority to take it up again this command i received from my father [Music] the jews who heard these words were again divided many of them said he is demon-possessed and raving mad why listen to him but others said these are not the sayings of a man possessed by a demon can a demon open the eyes of the blind [Music] then came the festival of dedication at jerusalem it was winter and jesus was in the temple courts walking in solomon’s colonnade the jews who were there gathered round him saying how long will you keep us in suspense if you are the messiah tell us plainly jesus answered i did tell you but you do not believe the works i do in my father’s name testify about me but you do not believe because you are not my sheep my sheep listen to my voice i know them and they follow me i give them eternal life and they shall never perish no one will snatch them out of my hand my father who has given them to me is greater than all no one can snatch them out of my father’s hand i and the father are one again his jewish opponents picked up stones to stone him but jesus said to them i have shown you many good works from the father for which of these do you stone we are not stoning you for any good work they replied but for blasphemy because you and me a man claim to be god jesus answered them is it not written in your law i have said you are gods if he called them gods to whom the word of god came and scripture cannot be set aside what about the one whom the father set apart as his very own and sent into the world [Music] why then do you accuse me of blasphemy because i said i am god’s son do not believe me unless i do the works of my father but if i do them even though you do not believe me believe the works that you may know and understand that the father is in me and i in the father again they tried to seize him but he escaped their grasp then jesus went back across the jordan to the place where john had been baptizing in the early days there he stayed and many people came to him they said though john never performed a sign all that john said about this man was true and in that place many believed in jesus [Music] now a man named lazarus was ill he was from bethany the village of mary and her sister martha this mary whose brother lazarus now lay ill was the same one who put perfume on the lord and wiped his feet with her hair [Music] so the sisters sent word to jesus lord the one you love is ill when he heard this jesus said this illness will not end in death no it is for god’s glory so that god’s son may be glorified through it now jesus loved martha and her sister and lazarus so when he heard that lazarus was ill he stayed where he was two more days and then he said to his disciples let us go back to judea but rabbi they said a short while ago the jews there tried to stone you and yet you are going back jesus answered are there not 12 hours of daylight anyone who walks in the daytime will not stumble or they see by this world’s light it is when a person walks at night that they stumble for they have no light after he had said this he went on to tell them our friend lazarus has fallen asleep but i am going there to wake him up his disciples replied lord if he sleeps he will get better jesus had been speaking of his death but his disciples thought he meant natural sleep [Music] so then he told them plainly lazarus is dead and for your sake i am glad i was not there so that you may believe but let us go to him then thomas also known as didymus said to the rest of the disciples let us also go that we may die with him [Music] on his arrival jesus found that lazarus had already been in the tomb for four days now bethany was less than two miles from jerusalem and many jews had come to martha and mary to comfort them in the loss of their brother when martha heard that jesus was coming she went out to meet him but mary stayed at home lord martha said to jesus if you had been here my brother would not have died but i know that even now god will give you whatever you ask jesus said to her your brother will rise again martha answered i know he will rise again in the resurrection at the last day jesus said to her i am the resurrection and the life the one who believes in me will live even though they die and whoever lives by believing in me will never die do you believe this [Music] yes lord she replied i believe that you are the messiah the son of god who has come into the world after she had said this she went back and called her sister mary aside the teacher is here she said and is asking for you [Music] when mary heard this she got up quickly and went to him [Music] now jesus had not yet entered the village but was still at the place where martha had met him when the jews who had been with mary in the house comforting her noticed how quickly she got up and went out they followed her supposing she was going to the tomb to mourn there when mary reached the place where jesus was and saw him she fell at his feet and said lord if you had been here my brother would not have died when jesus saw her weeping and the jews who had come along with her also weeping he was deeply moved in spirit and troubled where have you laid him he asked come and see lord they replied jesus wept [Music] then the jews said see how he loved him but some of them said could not he who opened the eyes of the blind man have kept this man from dying [Music] jesus once more deeply moved came to the tomb it was a cave with a stone laid across the entrance take away the stone he said but lord said martha the sister of the dead man by this time there is a bad odor for he has been there four days then jesus said did i not tell you that if you believe you will see the glory of god they took away the stone then jesus looked up and said father i thank you that you have heard me i knew that you always hear me but i said this for the benefit of the people standing here that they may believe that you sent me when he had said this jesus called out in a loud voice lazarus come out the dead man came out his hands and feet wrapped with strips of linen and a cloth round his face jesus said to them take off the grave clothes and let him go [Music] therefore many of the jews who had come to visit mary and had seen what jesus did believed in him but some of them went to the pharisees and told them what jesus had done then the chief priests and the pharisees called a meeting of the sanhedrin are we accomplishing they asked here is this man performing many signs if we let him go on like this everyone will believe in him and then the romans will come and take away both our temple and our nation then one of them named caiaphas who was high priest that year spoke up you know nothing at all you do not realize that it is better for you that one man die for the people than that the whole nation perish [Music] he did not say this on his own but as high priest that year he prophesied that jesus would die for the jewish nation and not only for that nation but also for the scattered children of god to bring them together and make them one so from that day on they plotted to take his life therefore jesus no longer moved about publicly among the people of judea instead he withdrew to a region near the wilderness to a village called ephraim where he stayed with his disciples when it was almost time for the jewish passover many went up from the country to jerusalem for their ceremonial cleansing before the passover they kept looking for jesus and as they stood in the temple courts they asked one another what do you think isn’t he coming to the festival at all but the chief priests and the pharisees had given orders that anyone who found out where jesus was should report it so that they might arrest him six days before the passover jesus came to bethany where lazarus lived whom jesus had raised from the dead here a dinner was given in jesus honor martha served while lazarus was among those reclining at the table then mary took about half a liter of pure an expensive perfume she poured it on jesus’s feet and wiped his feet with her hair and the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume [Music] but one of his disciples judas iscariot who was later to betray him objected why wasn’t this perfume soul and the money given to the poor it was worth a year’s wages he did not say this because he cared about the poor but because he was a thief as keeper of the money bag he used to help himself to what was put into it leave her alone jesus replied it was intended that she should save this perfume for the day of my burial you will always have the poor among you but you will not always have me meanwhile a large crowd of jews found out that jesus was there and came not only because of him but also to see lazarus whom he had raised from the dead so the chief priests made plans to kill lazarus as well for on account of him many of the jews were going over to jesus and believing in him the next day the great crowd that had come for the festival heard that jesus was on his way to jerusalem they took palm branches and went out to meet him shouting hosanna blessed is he who comes in the name of the lord blessed is the king of israel jesus found a young donkey and sat upon it as it is written do not be afraid daughter zion see your king is coming seated on a donkey’s cult at first his disciples did not understand all this only after jesus was glorified did they realize that these things had been written about him and that these things had been done to him now the crowd that was with him when he called lazarus from the tomb and raised him from the dead continued to spread the word many people because they had heard that he had performed this sign went out to meet him so the pharisees said to one another see this is getting us nowhere look how the whole world has gone after him now there were some greeks among those who went up to worship at the festival they came to philip who was from bethsaida in galilee with a request sir they said we would like to see jesus philip went to tell andrew andrew and philip in turn told jesus [Music] jesus replied the hour has come for the son of man to be glorified very truly i tell you unless a grain of wheat falls to the ground and dies it remains only a single seed but if it dies it produces many seeds anyone who loves their life will lose it while anyone who hates their life in this world will keep it for eternal life whoever serves me must follow me and where i am my servant also will be my father will honor the one who serves me now my soul is troubled and what shall i say father save me from this hour no it was for this very reason i came to this power father glorify your name then a voice came from heaven i have glorified it and will glorify it again the crowd that was there and heard it said it had thundered others said an angel had spoken to him jesus said this voice was for your benefit not mine now is the time for judgment on this world now the prince of this world will be driven out and i when i am lifted up from the earth would draw all people to myself he said this to show the kind of death he was going to die the crowd spoke up we have heard from the law that the messiah will remain forever so how can you say the son of man must be lifted up who is this son of man then jesus told them you are going to have the light just a little while longer walk while you have the light before darkness overtakes you whoever walks in the dark does not know where they are going believe in the light while you have the light so that you may become children of light when he had finished speaking jesus left and hid himself from them even after jesus had performed so many signs in their presence they still would not believe in him this was to fulfill the word of isaiah the prophet lord who has believed our message and to whom has the arm of the lord been revealed for this reason they could not believe because as isaiah says elsewhere he has blinded their eyes and hardened their hearts so they can neither see with their eyes nor understand with their hearts nor turn and i would heal them isaiah said this because he saw jesus his glory and spoke about him yet at the same time many even among the leaders believed in him but because of the pharisees they would not openly acknowledge their faith for fear they would be put out of the synagogue for their loved human praise more than praise from god then jesus cried out the one who looks at me is seeing the one who sent me i have come into the world as a light so that no one who believes in me should stay in darkness if anyone hears my words but does not keep them i do not judge that person for i did not come to judge the world but to save the world there is a judge for the one who rejects me and does not accept my words the very words i have spoken will condemn them at for i did not speak on my own but the father who sent me commanded me to say all that i have spoken i know that his command beats to eternal life so whatever i say is just what the father has told me to say [Music] it was just before the passover festival jesus knew that the hour had come for him to leave this world and go to the father having loved his own who were in the world he loved them to the end the evening meal was in progress and the devil had already prompted judas the son of simon iscariot to betray jesus jesus knew that the father had put all things under his power and that he had come from god and was returning to god so he got up from the meal took off his outer clothing and wrapped a towel round his waist after that he poured water into a basin and began to wash his disciples feet drying them with the towel that was wrapped around him he came to simon peter who said to him lord are you going to wash my feet jesus replied you do not realize now what i am doing but later you will understand no said peter you shall never wash my feet jesus answered unless i wash you by the way you have no part with me then lord simon peter replied not just my feet but my hands and my head as well jesus answered those who have had a bath need only to wash their feet their whole body is clean and you are clean though not every one of you for he knew who was going to betray him and that was why he said not everyone was clean when he had finished washing their feet he put on his clothes and returned to his place do you understand what i have done for you he asked them you call me teacher and lord and rightly so for that is what i am now that i your lord and teacher have washed your feet you also should wash one another’s feet i have set you an example that you should do as i have done for you very truly i tell you no servant is greater than his master nor is a messenger greater than the one who sent him now that you know these things you will be i am not referring to all of you i know those i have chosen but this is to fulfill this passage of scripture [Music] i am telling you now before it happens so that when it does happen you will believe that i am who i am very truly i tell you whoever accepts anyone i send accepts me [Music] and whoever accepts me accepts the one who sent me [Music] after he had said this jesus was troubled in spirit and testified very truly i tell you one of you is going to betray me his disciples stared at one another at a loss to know which of them he meant one of them the disciple whom jesus loved was reclining next to him simon peter motioned to this disciple and said ask him which one he means leaning back against jesus he asked him lord who is it jesus answered it is the one to whom i will give this piece of bread when i have dipped it in the dish then dipping the piece of bread [Music] he gave it to judas the son of simon iscariot as soon as judas took the bread satan entered into him so jesus told him what you’re about to do do quickly but no one at the meal understood why jesus said this to him since judas had charge of the money some thought jesus was telling him to buy what was needed for the festival or to give something to the poor as soon as judas had taken the bread he went out and it was night [Music] when he was gone jesus said now the son of man is glorified and god is glorified in him if god is glorified in him god will glorify the son in himself and will glorify him at once my children i will be with you only a little longer you will look for me and just as i told the jews so i tell you now where i am going you cannot come a new command i give you love one another yes as i have loved you so you must love one another [Music] by this everyone will know that you are my disciples if you love one another simon peter asked him lord where are you going jesus replied where i am going you cannot follow now but you will follow later peter asked lord why can’t i follow you now i will lay down my life for you then jesus answered will you really lay down your life for me very truly i tell you before the crows you will disown me three times [Music] do not let your hearts be troubled you believe in god believe also in me my father’s house has many rooms if that were not so would i have told you that i am going there to prepare a place for you and if i go and prepare a place for you i will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where i am you know the way to the place where i am going [Music] thomas said to him lord we don’t know where you are going so how can we know the way [Music] jesus answered i am the way and the truth and the life no one comes to the father except through me if you really know me you will know my father as well from now on you do know him and have seen him philip said lord show us the father and that will be enough for us jesus answered don’t you know me philip even after i have been among you such a long time anyone who has seen me has seen the father how can you say show us the father don’t you believe that i am in the father and that the father is in me the words i say to you i do not speak on my own authority rather it is the father living in me who is doing his work believe me when i say that i am in the father and the father is in me or at least believe on the evidence of the works themselves [Music] very truly i tell you whoever believes in me will do the works i have been doing [Music] and they will do even greater things than these because i am going to the father [Music] and i will do whatever you ask in my name so that the father may be glorified in the sun you may ask me for anything in my name and i will do it [Music] if you love me keep my commands [Music] and i will ask the father and he will give you another advocate to help you and be with you forever the spirit of truth the world cannot accept him because it neither sees him nor knows him but you know him for he lives with you and will be in you i will not leave you as orphans i will come to you before long the world will not see me anymore but you will see me because i live you also will live on that day you will realize that i am in my father and you are in me and i am in you whoever has my commands and keeps them is the one who loves me the one who loves me will be loved by my father and i too will love them and show myself to them then judas not judas iscariot said but lord why do you intend to show yourself to us and not to the world jesus replied anyone who loves me will obey my teaching my father will love them and we will come to them and make our home with them anyone who does not love me will not obey my teaching [Music] these words you hear are not my own they belong to the father who sent me all this i have spoken while still with you but the advocate the holy spirit whom the father will send in my name will teach you all things and will remind you of everything i have said to you peace i leave with you my peace i give you i do not give to you as the world gives do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid you heard me say i am going away and i’m coming back to you if you loved me you would be glad that i am going to the father for the father is greater than i i have told you now before it happens so that when it does happen you will believe i will not say much more to you for the prince of this world is coming [Music] he has no hold over me but he comes so that the world may learn that i love the father and do exactly what my father has commanded me come now let us leave [Music] [Music] oh i am the true vine and my father is the gardener [Music] he cuts off every branch in me that bears no fruit while every branch that does bear fruit he prunes so that it will be even more fruitful you are already clean because of the word i have spoken to you [Music] remain in me as i also remain in you no branch can bear fruit by itself it must remain in the vine neither can you bear fruit unless you remain in me i am the vine you are the branches if you remain in me and i in you you will bear much fruit apart from me you can do nothing if you do not remain in me you are like a branch that is thrown away and withers such branches are picked up thrown into the fire and burned if you remain in me and my words remain in you ask whatever you wish and it will be done for you this is to my father’s glory that you bear much fruit showing yourselves to be my disciples [Music] as the father has loved me so have i loved you now remain in my love if you keep my commands you will remain in my love just as i have kept my father’s commands and remain in his love i have told you this so that my joy may be in you and that your joy may be complete my command is this love each other as i have loved you greater love has no one than this to lay down one’s life for one’s friends you are my friends if you do what i command i no longer call you servants because a servant does not know his master’s business instead i have called you friends for everything that i learned from my father i have made known to you [Music] you did not choose me but i chose you and appointed you so that you might go and bear fruit fruit that will last and so that whatever you ask in my name the father will give you this is my command love each other if the world hates you keep in mind that it hated me first if you belonged to the world it would love you as its own as it is you do not belong to the world but i have chosen you out of the world that is why the world hates you remember what i told you a servant is not greater than his master if they persecuted me they will persecute you also if they obey my teaching they will obey yours also they will treat you this way because of my name for they do not know the one who sent me if i had not come and spoken to them they would not be guilty of sin but now they have no excuse for their sin whoever hates me hates my father as well if i had not done among them the works no one else did they would not be guilty of sin as it is they have seen and yet they have hated both me and my father but this is to fulfill what is written in their lord they hated me without reason when the advocate comes whom i was sent to you from the father the spirit of truth who goes out from the father he will testify about me and you also must testify for you have been with me from the beginning all this i have told you so that you will not fall away they will put you out of the synagogue in fact the time is coming when anyone who kills you will think they are offering a service to god [Music] they will do such things because they have not known the father or me i have told you this so that when their time comes you will remember that i warned you about them i did not tell you this from the beginning because i was with you but now i am going to him who sent me none of you asks me where are you going rather you are filled with grief because i have said these things but very truly i tell you it is for your good that i am going away unless i go away the advocate will not come to you but if i go i will send him to you when he comes he will prove the world to be in the wrong about sin and righteousness and judgment about sin because people do not believe in me about righteousness because i am going to the father where you can see me no longer and about judgment because the prince of this world now stands condemned i have much more to say to you more than you can now bear but when he the spirit of truth comes he will guide you into all the truth he will not speak on his own he will speak only what he hears and he will tell you what is yet to come [Music] he will glorify me because it is from me that he will receive what he will make known to you all that belongs to the father is mine [Music] that is why i said the spirit will receive from me what he will make known to you [Music] jesus went on to say in a little while you will see me no more then after a little while you will see me at this some of his disciples said to one another what does he mean by saying in a little while you will see me no more and then after a little while you will see me and because i am going to the father they kept asking what does he mean by a little while we don’t understand what he is saying jesus saw that they wanted to ask him about this so he said to them are you asking one another what i meant when i said in a little while you will see me no more and then after a little while you will see me very truly i tell you you will weep and mourn while the world rejoices you will grieve but your grief will turn to joy a woman giving birth to a child has pain because her time has come but when her baby is born she forgets the anguish because of her joy that a child is born into the world so with you now is your time of grief but i will see you again and you will rejoice and no one will take away your joy in that day you will no longer ask me anything very truly i tell you my father will give you whatever you ask in my name until now you have not asked for anything in my name ask and you will receive and your joy will be complete though i have been speaking figuratively a time is coming when i will no longer use this kind of language but will tell you plainly about my father in that day you will ask in my name i am not saying that i will ask the father on your behalf no the father himself loves you because you have loved me and have believed that i came from god i came from the father and entered the world now i am leaving the world and going back to the father then jesus’s disciples said now you are speaking clearly and without figures of speech now we can see that you know all things and that you do not even need to have anyone ask you questions this makes us believe that you came from god do you now believe jesus replied a time is coming and in fact has come when you will be scattered each to your own home you will leave me all alone yet i am not alone for my father is with me i have told you these things so that in me you may have peace in this world you will have trouble but take heart i have overcome the world [Music] after jesus said this he looked towards heaven and prayed father the hour has come glorify your son that your son may glorify you [Music] for you granted him authority over all people that he might give eternal life to all those you have given him now this is eternal life that they know you the only true god and jesus christ whom you have sent i have brought you glory on earth by finishing the work you gave me to do and now father glorify me in your presence with the glory i had with you before the world began i have revealed you to those whom you gave me out of the world they were yours you gave them to me and they have obeyed your word now they know that everything you have given me comes from you for i gave them the words you gave me and they accepted them they knew with certainty that i came from you and they believed that you sent me [Music] i pray for them i am not praying for the world but for those you have given me for they are yours all i have is yours and all you have is mine and glory has come to me through them i will remain in the world no longer but they are still in the world and i am coming to you holy father protect them by the power of your name the name you gave me so that they may be one as we are one while i was with them i protected them and kept them safe by that name you gave me none has been lost except the one doomed to destruction so that scripture would be fulfilled i am coming to you now but i say these things while i am still in the world so that they may have the full measure of my joy within them i have given them your word and the world has hated them for they are not of the world any more than i am of the world my prayer is not that you take them out of the world but that you protect them from the evil one they are not of the world even as i am not of it sanctify them by the truth your word is truth as you sent me into the world i have sent them into the world for them i sanctify myself that they too may be truly sanctified my prayer is not for them alone i pray also for those who will believe in me through their message that all of them may be one father just as you are in me and i am in you may they also be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me i have given them the glory that you gave me that they may be one as we are one i in them and you in me so that they may be brought to complete unity then the world will know that you sent me and have loved them even as you have loved me father i want those you have given me to be with me where i am and to see my glory the glory you have given me because you loved me before the creation of the world righteous father though the world does not know you i know you and they know that you have sent me i have made you known to them and will continue to make you known in order that the love you have for me may be in them and that i myself may be in them when he had finished praying jesus left with his disciples and crossed the kidron valley on the other side there was a garden and he and his disciples went into it now judas who betrayed him knew the place because jesus had often met there with his disciples so judas came to the garden guiding a detachment of soldiers and some officials from the chief priests and the pharisees [Music] they were carrying torches lanterns and weapons jesus knowing all that was going to happen to him went out and asked them who is it you want jesus of nazareth they replied i am he jesus said and judas the traitor was standing there with them when jesus said i am he they drew back and fell to the ground again he asked them who is it you want jesus of nazareth they said jesus answered i told you that i am he if you are looking for me then let these men go happened so that the words he had spoken would be fulfilled i have not lost one of those you then gave peter who had a sword drew it and struck the high priest’s servant cutting off his right ear the servant’s name was malcus because jesus commanded peter put your sword away [Music] shall i not drink the cup the father has given me [Music] so [Music] [Music] then the detachment of soldiers with its commander and the jewish officials arrested jesus they bound him and brought him first to anas who was the father-in-law of caiaphas the high priest that year caiaphas was the one who had advised the jewish leaders that it would be good if one man died for the people simon peter and another disciple were following jesus because this disciple was known to the high priest he went with jesus into the high priest’s courtyard but peter had to wait outside at the door the other disciple who was known to the high priest came back spoke to the servant girl on duty there and brought peter in you aren’t one of this man’s disciples too are you she asked peter he replied i am not it was cold and the servants and officials stood round of fire they had made to keep warm peter also was standing with them warming himself meanwhile the high priest questioned jesus about his disciples and his teaching i have spoken openly to the world jesus replied i always taught in synagogues or at the temple where all the jews come together i said nothing in secret why question me ask those who heard me surely they know what i said when jesus said this one of the officials nearby slapped him in the face is this the way you answer the high priest you demanded if i said something wrong jesus replied testify as to what is wrong but if i spoke the truth why did you strike me [Music] then ana sent him bound to caiaphas the high priest meanwhile simon peter was still standing there warming himself so they asked him you aren’t one of his disciples too are you he denied it saying i am not one of the high priest’s servants a relative of the man whose ear peter had cut off challenged him didn’t i see you with him in the garden again peter denied it and at that moment a began to crow [Music] then the jewish leaders took jesus from caiaphas to the palace of the roman government by now it was early morning and to avoid ceremonial uncleanness they did not enter the palace because they wanted to be able to eat the passover so pilate came out to them and asked what charges are you bringing against this man if he were not a criminal they replied we would not have handed him over to you [Music] [Applause] pilate said take him yourselves and judge him by your own law but we have no right to execute anyone they objected this took place to fulfill what jesus had said about the kind of death he was going to die pilate then went back inside the palace summoned jesus and asked him are you the king of the jews is that your own idea jesus asked or did others talk to you about me am i a jew pilate replied your own people and chief priests handed you over to me what is it you have done jesus said my kingdom is not of this world if it were my servants would fight to prevent my arrest by the jewish leaders but now my kingdom is from another place [Music] you are a king then said pilate jesus answered you say that i am a king in fact the reason i was born and came into the world is to testify to the truth everyone on the side of truth listens to me [Music] what is truth we taught it pilate with this he went out again to the jews gathered there and said i find no basis for a charge against him but it is your custom for me to release to you one prisoner at the time of the passover do you want me to release the king of the jews they shouted back no not him give us barabbas now barabbas had taken part in an uprising then pilate took jesus and had him flogged the soldiers twisted together a crown of thorns and put it on his head they clothed him in a purple robe and went up to him again and again saying hail king of the jews and they slapped him in the face [Music] once more pilate came out and said to the jews gathered there look i am bringing him out to you to let you know that i find no basis for a charge against him [Applause] when jesus came out wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe pilate said to them here is the man as soon as the chief priests and the officials saw him they shouted crucify crucify but pilate answered you take him and crucify him as for me i find no basis for a charge against him [Applause] the jewish leaders insisted we have a law and according to that law he must die because he claimed to be the son of god when pilate heard this he was even more afraid and he went back inside the palace where do you come from he asked jesus but jesus gave him no answer do you refuse to speak to me pilate said don’t you realize i have power either to free you or to crucify you jesus answered you would have no power over me if it were not given to you from above therefore the one who handed me over to you is guilty of a greater sin from then on pilate tried to set jesus free but the jewish leaders kept shouting if you let this man go you are no friend of caesar anyone who claims to be a king opposes caesar when pilate heard this he brought jesus out and sat down on the judge’s seat at a place known as the stone pavement which in aramaic is gabatha it was the day of preparation of the passover it was about noon here is your king pilate said to the jews but they shouted take him away take him away crucify him shall i crucify your king pilate asked we have no king but caesar the chief priests answered finally pilate handed him over to them to be crucified [Music] so the soldiers took charge of jesus [Music] [Music] carrying his own cross he went out to the place of the skull which in aramaic is called [Applause] there they crucified him and with him two others one on each side and jesus in the middle [Music] pilate had a notice prepared and fastened to the cross it read jesus of nazareth the king of the jews many of the jews read this sign for the place where jesus was crucified was near the city and the sign was written in aramaic latin and greek the chief priests of the jews protested to pilate do not write the king of the jews but that this man claimed to be king of the jews pilate answered what i have written i have written when the soldiers crucified jesus they took his clothes dividing them into four shares one for each of them with the undergarment remaining this garment was seamless woven in one piece from top to bottom let’s not tear it they said to one another let’s decide by lot and we’ll get it [Music] this happened that the scripture might be fulfilled that said they divided my clothes among them and cast lots for my garment so this is what the soldiers did near the cross of jesus stood his mother his mother’s sister mary the wife of clophas and mary magdalene when jesus saw his mother there and the disciple whom he loved standing nearby he said to her woman here is your son and to the disciple here is your mother from that time on this disciple took her into his home [Music] later knowing that everything had now been finished and so that scripture would be fulfilled jesus said i am thirsty [Music] a jar of wine vinegar was there so they soaked a sponge in it put the sponge on a stalk of the hyssop plant and lifted it to jesus’s lips when he had received the drink jesus said it is finished [Music] with that he bowed his head and gave up his spirit [Music] amen [Music] now it was the day of preparation and the next day was to be a special sabbath because the jewish leaders did not want the bodies left on the crosses during the sabbath they asked pilate to have the legs broken and the bodies taken down the soldiers therefore came and broke the legs of the first man who had been crucified with jesus and then those of the other but when they came to jesus and found that he was already dead they did not break his legs instead one of the soldiers pierced jesus’s side with a spear bringing a sudden flow of blood and water [Music] the man who saw it has given testimony and his testimony is true he knows that he tells the truth and he testifies so that you also may believe these things happened so that the scripture would be fulfilled not one of his bones will be broken and as another scripture says they will look on the one they have pierced [Music] later joseph of arimathea asked pilate for the body of jesus now joseph was a disciple of jesus but secretly because he feared the jewish leaders with pilate’s permission he came and took the body away he was accompanied by nicodemus the man who earlier had visited jesus at night [Music] nicodemus brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes about 35 kilograms taking jesus’s body the two of them wrapped it with the spices in strips of linen this was in accordance with jewish burial custom at the place where jesus was crucified there was a garden and in the garden a new tomb in which no one had ever been laid because it was the jewish day of preparation and since the tomb was nearby they laid jesus there [Music] early on the first day of the week while it was still dark mary magdalene went to the tomb and saw that the stone had been removed from the entrance so she came running to simon peter and the other disciple the one jesus loved and said they have taken the lord out of the tomb and we don’t know where they have put him so peter and the other disciples started for the tomb both were running but the other disciple outran peter and reached the tomb first he bent over and looked in at the strips of linen lying there but did not go in then simon peter came along behind him and went straight into the tomb he saw the strips of linen lying there as well as the cloth that had been wrapped around jesus’s head the cloth was still lying in its place separate from the linen finally the other disciple who had reached the tomb first also went inside he saw and believed they still did not understand from scripture that jesus had to rise from the dead [Music] then the disciples went back to where they were staying [Music] now mary stood outside the tomb crying as she wept she bent over to look into the tomb and saw two angels in white seated where jesus’s body had been one at the head and the other at the foot they asked her woman why are you crying they have taken my lord away she said and i don’t know where they have put him at this she turned round and saw jesus standing there but she did not realize that it was jesus he asked her woman why are you crying who is it you are looking for thinking he was the gardener she said sir if you have carried him away tell me where you have put him and i will get him jesus said to her mary she turned towards him and cried out in aramaic rabbuni which means teacher [Music] jesus said do not hold on to me for i have not yet ascended to the father go instead to my brothers and tell them i am ascending to my father and your father to my god and your god [Music] mary magdalene went to the disciples with the news i have seen the lord and she told them that he had said these things to her on the evening of that first day of the week when the disciples were together with the doors locked for fear of the jewish leaders jesus came and stood among them and said peace be with you [Music] after he said this he showed them his hands inside the disciples were overjoyed when they saw the lord again jesus said peace be with you as the father has sent me i am sending you and with that he breathed on them and said receive the holy spirit if you forgive anyone’s sins their sins are forgiven if you do not forgive them they are not forgiven now thomas also known as didymus one of the twelve was not with the disciples when jesus came so the other disciples told him we have seen the lord but he said to them unless i see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were and put my hand into his side i will not believe a week later his disciples were in the house again and thomas was with them though the doors were locked jesus came and stood among them and said peace be with you oh then he said to thomas put your finger here see my hands reach out your hand and put it into my side stop doubting and believe thomas said to him my lord and my god then jesus told him because you have seen me you have believed [Music] blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed [Music] jesus performed many other signs in the presence of his disciples which are not recorded in this book [Music] but these are written that you may believe that jesus is the messiah the son of god and that by believing you may have life in his name [Music] afterwards jesus appeared again to his disciples by the sea of galilee it happened this way simon peter thomas also known as didymus nathaniel from cana in galilee the sons of zebedee and two other disciples were together i’m going out to fish simon peter told them and they said we’ll go with you so they went out and got into the boat but that night they caught nothing [Music] early in the morning jesus stood on the shore but the disciples did not realize that it was jesus he called out to them friends haven’t you any fish no they answered he said throw your net on the right side of the boat and you will find some when they did they were unable to haul the net in because of the large number of fish then the disciple whom jesus loved said to peter it is the lord as soon as simon peter heard him say it is the lord he wrapped his outer garment around him for he had taken it off and jumped into the water the other disciples followed in the boat towing the net full of fish for they were not far from shore about a hundred meters when they landed they saw a fire a burning coals there with fish on it and some bread jesus said to them bring some of the fish you have just caught so simon peter climbed back into the boat and dragged the net ashore it was full of large fish 153 but even with so many the net was not torn jesus said to them come and have breakfast none of the disciples dared ask him who are you they knew it was the lord jesus came took the bread and gave it to them and did the same with the fish this was now the third time jesus appeared to his disciples after he was raised from the dead [Music] when they had finished eating jesus said to simon peter simon son of john do you love me more than these yes lord he said you know that i love you jesus said feed my lambs again jesus said simon son of john do you love me he answered yes lord you know that i love you jesus said take care of my sheep the third time he said to him simon son of john do you love me peter was hurt because jesus asked him the third time do you love me he said lord you know all things you know that i love you jesus said feed my sheep very truly i tell you when you were younger you dressed yourself and went where you wanted but when you are old you will stretch out your hands and someone else will dress you and lead you where you do not want to go jesus said this to indicate the kind of death by which peter would glorify god then he said to him follow me peter turned and saw that the disciple whom jesus loved was following them this was the one who had leaned back against jesus at the supper and had said lord who is going to betray you when peter saw him he asked lord what about him [Music] jesus answered if i want him to remain alive until i return what is that to you you must follow me because of this the rumor spread among the believers that this disciple would not die but jesus did not say that he would not die he only said if i want him to remain alive until i return what is that to you this is the disciple who testifies to these things and who wrote them down [Music] we know that his testimony is true jesus did many other things as well if every one of them were written down i suppose that even the whole world would not have room for the books that would be written [Music] you

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • CorelDraw Complete Course 21+ Hours in Hindi Simplified Tuts

    CorelDraw Complete Course 21+ Hours in Hindi Simplified Tuts

    Video Course

    CorelDraw Complete Course (21+ Hours) in Hindi
    CorelDraw Complete Course (21+ Hours) in Hindi

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • Buddha: The Path to Nirvana

    Buddha: The Path to Nirvana

    The text depicts the life story of Buddha, from his royal birth and prophecy of becoming either a great emperor or sage, to his renunciation of worldly life. It showcases his marriage, the birth of his son, and his ultimate departure from his kingdom in search of enlightenment. The narrative highlights Buddha’s encounters, teachings on overcoming sorrow and finding truth, and his interactions with various individuals like kings, Brahmins, and even outcasts. It further explores the establishment of his monastic order, the challenges he faced, and the eventual passing of key disciples and family members. The text concludes with Buddha’s final instructions and his attainment of Nirvana, leaving behind a path of compassion and non-violence.

    The Life of Buddha: A Study Guide

    Quiz: Short Answer Questions

    1. What was the significance of Queen Mayadevi’s dream before Siddhartha’s birth, according to the Brahmans?
    2. What were King Shuddhodhan’s initial hopes and plans for Siddhartha’s future?
    3. Why did Siddhartha leave his royal life? What motivated his renunciation?
    4. What is the meaning of the name Rahul, and how did Siddhartha react to this name?
    5. Describe Siddhartha’s encounter with Emperor Bimbisar and the offer Bimbisar made to him.
    6. What are the Four Noble Truths that Buddha discovered?
    7. What is the Eightfold Path (Ashtanga yoga), and what is its purpose?
    8. Why did Buddha initially refuse to induct women into the Buddhist order (Sangha)?
    9. Who was Angulimal, and what was the turning point in his life after meeting Buddha?
    10. What were Buddha’s final instructions to his disciples before his death (parinirvana)?

    Quiz Answer Key

    1. The Brahmans interpreted Queen Mayadevi’s dream of a white elephant with six tusks entering her womb as a sign that she would give birth to a divine and learned son. They believed this son would either be a great emperor or a sage who would establish a new religion.
    2. King Shuddhodhan initially hoped that Siddhartha would become a powerful emperor of the Shakya dynasty, following in the footsteps of his ancestors. He wanted Siddhartha to marry, have children, and fulfill his royal duties.
    3. Siddhartha left his royal life because he was deeply troubled by the suffering and misery he observed in the world. He sought a path to liberate himself and others from worldly miseries, old age, sickness, and death.
    4. The name Rahul means “hindrance.” Siddhartha expressed that there can be no hindrance in his path upon hearing the name.
    5. Emperor Bimbisar encountered Siddhartha begging for alms and, impressed by his presence and goals, offered him a high position in his kingdom to serve society. Siddhartha declined, stating that such service wouldn’t solve the deep roots of human misery.
    6. The Four Noble Truths are: (1) There is suffering (dukkha) in the world; (2) There is a cause of suffering; (3) There is a way to end suffering; and (4) The way to end suffering is the Eightfold Path.
    7. The Eightfold Path (Ashtanga Yoga) is the means to defeat the misery.
    8. Buddha initially refused to induct women into the Sangha because he believed that their presence would weaken the order. He feared it would become like a house with women and children, requiring additional security and care, which would shorten the lifespan of his teachings.
    9. Angulimal was a fierce killer who collected fingers from his victims to make a garland. His turning point occurred when he encountered Buddha, who confronted him about his fear and restlessness. This led Angulimal to renounce violence, become a disciple of Buddha (renamed Ahinsak), and walk the path of non-violence.
    10. Buddha’s final instructions included emphasizing the importance of the teachings (dharma) as the path forward, urging his disciples to remember that everything he taught was the path, and stating that after he departed if anyone said anything claiming it was his word they should not believe it.

    Essay Questions

    1. Analyze the factors that contributed to Siddhartha’s decision to renounce his royal life and pursue a path of asceticism. How did his interactions with his family, particularly his father and wife, shape his choices?
    2. Discuss the significance of key figures in Siddhartha’s journey to enlightenment, such as Emperor Bimbisar, the Brahmins, and his disciples. How did their interactions with Siddhartha/Buddha influence his development and the spread of his teachings?
    3. Examine the role of women in the story of Buddha, focusing on figures such as Queen Mayadevi, Yashodhara, Prajapati Gautami, and Amrapali. How are they portrayed, and what do their experiences reveal about the social and spiritual landscape of the time?
    4. Explain the core principles of Buddha’s teachings, including the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. How do these concepts address the problem of human suffering, and what do they offer as a solution?
    5. Evaluate the challenges and controversies that Buddha faced throughout his life, such as Devadatta’s opposition, the initial reluctance to include women in the Sangha, and criticisms from Brahmins. How did Buddha respond to these challenges, and what do they reveal about the nature of his teachings?

    Glossary of Key Terms

    • Tathagat Buddha: Another name for Buddha, often used in honorific contexts, meaning “one who has thus come” or “one who has thus gone.”
    • Kapilavastu: The capital city of the Shakya kingdom, where Siddhartha (Buddha) was born and raised.
    • Shakya Dynasty: The royal family to which Siddhartha (Buddha) belonged.
    • Lumbini Forest: The place where Queen Mayadevi gave birth to Siddhartha.
    • Devdah: The hometown of Queen Mayadevi.
    • Koliya Dynasty: The royal family from which Yashodhara, Siddhartha’s wife, came.
    • Rahul: Siddhartha’s son; his name means “hindrance.”
    • Channa: Prince Siddhartha’s loyal charioteer and attendant.
    • Kanthak: Siddhartha’s loyal horse, which he rode when he left the palace to begin his ascetic life.
    • Rajgruh: A city in Magadha and the capital of King Bimbisar, where Siddhartha went seeking alms.
    • Bimbisar: The King of Rajgruh who befriended Siddhartha and offered him a position in his kingdom.
    • Sarnath: The place where Buddha gave his first sermon after achieving enlightenment, setting in motion the “Wheel of Law.”
    • Kaundinya: A Brahmin who predicted Siddhartha’s destiny at birth and later became one of Buddha’s first disciples.
    • Sujata: A woman who offered Siddhartha a bowl of milk rice, nourishing him after his period of extreme asceticism.
    • Mara: A demon-like figure who tempted Siddhartha during his meditation under the Bodhi tree.
    • Sambuddha: A term for Buddha meaning “fully enlightened one”.
    • Four Noble Truths: The fundamental teachings of Buddhism, outlining the nature of suffering and the path to liberation.
    • Ashtanga Yoga: The Eightfold Path, the means to defeat the misery.
    • Nirvana: The ultimate goal of Buddhism, representing liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.
    • Upali: A barber who joined the Buddhist order and became a senior disciple.
    • Sangha: The Buddhist community of monks, nuns, and lay practitioners.
    • Devdutt: A cousin of Buddha who became his rival and attempted to undermine his teachings.
    • Ajatshatru: King Bimbisar’s son, who, influenced by Devadatta, murdered his father and later sought refuge in Buddha’s teachings.
    • Angulimal (Ahinsak): A notorious murderer who was reformed by Buddha and became a monk, adopting the name Ahinsak (“non-violent”).
    • Amrapali: A courtesan from Vaishali who became a devoted follower of Buddha and offered him alms.
    • Anand: One of Buddha’s principal disciples, known for his memory and devotion, and instrumental in establishing the nuns’ order.
    • Kushinagar: The place where Buddha passed away and attained parinirvana.
    • Buddham Sharanam Gacchami: “I go to the Buddha for refuge.”
    • Dhammam Sharanam Gacchami: “I go to the Dharma for refuge.”
    • Sangham Sharanam Gacchami: “I go to the Sangha for refuge.”

    Tathagat Buddha: Enlightenment, Compassion, and the Wheel of Law

    Okay, here is a detailed briefing document summarizing the main themes and important ideas from the provided text excerpt, using quotes to illustrate key points.

    Briefing Document: “Tathagat Buddha” Excerpts

    Overview:

    This document provides a summary of key themes and plot points extracted from excerpts related to the film “Tathagat Buddha.” The text outlines the life of Siddhartha Gautama, his journey from prince to Buddha, and the core tenets of his teachings. It highlights his renunciation of worldly life, his search for enlightenment, and the establishment of his ‘wheel of law’ with the goal of relieving mankind of misery. The excerpts emphasize the importance of non-violence, compassion, and the understanding of suffering as a path to liberation.

    Main Themes and Ideas:

    1. Suffering and the Search for Liberation: A central theme is the inherent suffering in the world and Siddhartha’s quest to find a way to overcome it. He says, “I wish to look for a path.. ..that will liberate one from worldly miseries.” This quest motivates his renunciation of his royal life. He observes, “This world around us.. is in a state of misery. Man is constantly harvesting misery.”
    2. Renunciation and Asceticism: The text describes Siddhartha’s decision to leave his life of privilege and embrace asceticism as a means to find enlightenment. He states, “Traditions won’t be able to restrict me,” indicating his determination to follow his own path, even if it deviates from societal norms. The excerpt notes, “Prince Siddharth forsake his royal attire and jewellery.. ..and donned the garments of recluses.”
    3. The Middle Path: The importance of maintaining the body is highlighted. This is contrary to the belief of extreme asceticism being the path to freedom. “Dear friends, by abstaining from food.. ..and by hurting and torturing this body.. ..we did not find any path. We must keep this bodily device healthy. We won’t remain hungry any longer. Hereafter I shall eat whatever I wish.” This signals a shift away from extreme self-denial toward a more balanced approach.
    4. Enlightenment and the Four Noble Truths: The text outlines Siddhartha’s enlightenment experience and the core principles he discovered. After achieving enlightenment, he declares, “I am Sambuddha now. I have found the path to truth and knowledge.” He introduces the Four Noble Truths: “There is only sorrow in this world. There are several reasons for the misery.. ..as well as their consequences. Via my Ashtanga yoga it can be defeated.”
    5. The Wheel of Law (Dharma Chakra): Buddha’s teachings are presented as a ‘wheel of law’ designed to alleviate suffering and guide people toward enlightenment. “Now I shall establish my wheel of law here in Sarnath. This wheel of law will move from one village to another.. ..and one city to another to relieve mankind of misery.” The core components of this wheel are ignorance, attachment, aversion, and intense meditation.
    6. Compassion and Non-Violence: The text stresses the importance of compassion and non-violence as fundamental principles. This is emphasized in the story of Angulimal, a fierce killer who is transformed by Buddha’s teachings: “Letting go of hatred and violence.. ..will bring you peace of mind.” This highlights Buddha’s belief that even the most hardened individuals can find redemption through compassion. “With the power of mercy, compassion and forgiveness.. ..and by spreading the feeling of remorse in criminals.. ..justice can be established as well as protected.”
    7. Equality and Inclusivity: The teachings of Buddha welcome everyone including members from all parts of society. “Lord, by your grace Brahmins, fallen women.. ..Kings, Queens and lower classes of the world.. ..such as barbers are taking this path together.”
    8. Impermanence: One element emphasized often is that everything that is happening is not permanent. “Learned Brahmins, everything we see is temporary. There is no element of truth in it. These are sources of sorrow.”

    Key Plot Points and Characters:

    • Early Life and Prophecy: The text describes the prophecy surrounding Siddhartha’s birth, foretelling his potential to become either a great emperor or a great sage. “There is a possibility that your son will be a great sage.. ..who will go on to establish religion in the world. But I am a little doubtful about him becoming an Emperor.”
    • Marriage to Yashodhara: Siddhartha marries Yashodhara, but remains troubled by the suffering he observes in the world. Even though he has been given everything he wants, he is “restless.”
    • Birth of Rahul: The birth of his son, Rahul, is viewed as a ‘hindrance’ to Siddhartha’s path, furthering his resolve to seek enlightenment. He views the son as a “web of worldly restrictions being woven around me.”
    • The Great Departure: Siddhartha’s renunciation of his kingdom and family marks the beginning of his spiritual quest. The text notes, “Accompanied by his companion.. ..Prince Siddharth forfeited Kapilavastu..”
    • Meeting with Bimbisar: Siddhartha’s encounter with King Bimbisar highlights his growing reputation and influence. Bimbisar says, “Siddharth, you are unique. Your body is special. I get the feeling you will definitely succeed.”
    • Disciples: Kaundinya, Bhadrak, Vashwa, Mahanama, and Ashwajit are listed.
    • Sujata: Offers Siddhartha custard as a sign of devotion.
    • Devdutt’s Opposition: The text introduces Devdutt, a rival figure who challenges Buddha’s authority and eventually forms his own organization. He attempts to take over Buddha’s place in leadership.
    • Amrapali’s Redemption: Buddha’s acceptance of alms from Amrapali, a courtesan, demonstrates his inclusive approach and challenges societal stigmas. Buddha states, “It doesn’t concern me what people say. I shall come to your house for alms tomorrow.. ..accompanied by my disciples.”
    • Angulimal’s Transformation: The story of Angulimal’s conversion showcases the power of compassion to overcome violence.
    • Death and Final Instructions: The text outlines Buddha’s impending death and his final instructions to his disciples. He advises them to follow the path he has shown them and not to believe anything claiming to be his word after his departure. He states, “Everything I said and taught is the path.”

    Significance:

    The excerpts provide insight into the key events and philosophical underpinnings of Buddha’s life and teachings. They illustrate his journey from a sheltered prince to an enlightened teacher who offered a path to liberation from suffering. The themes of compassion, non-violence, and the understanding of impermanence remain relevant and influential in contemporary society.

    This briefing document should provide a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of the provided text excerpts.

    Siddhartha’s Journey: Enlightenment, Truths, and Social Justice

    FAQ on Key Themes and Ideas from the Source

    Q1: What were the initial signs and predictions surrounding Prince Siddhartha’s birth?

    A1: Queen Mayadevi had a dream of a white elephant entering her womb, which was interpreted as a sign that she would give birth to a divine and learned son. Priests predicted he would either be a great emperor or a sage who would establish a new religion.

    Q2: What prompted Prince Siddhartha to leave his royal life and seek enlightenment?

    A2: Siddhartha was deeply troubled by the worldly miseries and suffering he observed. He sought a path to liberate people from this suffering and questioned the meaning of worldly attachments, leading him to renounce his royal life.

    Q3: What were some of the key challenges and turning points Siddhartha faced during his search for enlightenment?

    A3: Siddhartha tried extreme asceticism but found it ineffective. He was tempted by Mara, who questioned his defeat of desire and attachment. Ultimately, he realized the path was not through self-mortification but through understanding the Four Noble Truths.

    Q4: What are the Four Noble Truths, according to the source?

    A4: The Four Noble Truths are that there is suffering in the world, there are reasons for this misery and its consequences, this misery can be defeated through the Ashtanga yoga (the Eightfold Path), and Nirvana is emancipation from constraints.

    Q5: What is the “Wheel of Law” (Dharma)?

    A5: The “Wheel of Law” is the confidential truth, ignorance, attachment and aversion. All sorrow is due to this. Liberation from them and its methods are its spokes. That is the Ashtanga Path.

    Q6: How did Buddha address social inequalities and injustices prevalent during his time, as demonstrated in the source?

    A6: Buddha welcomed people from all social classes and backgrounds into his order, including those considered outcasts like Amrapali (a courtesan) and Upali (a barber). He challenged the rigid caste system and emphasized that deeds, not social standing, determined a person’s worth.

    Q7: What is the significance of compassion and non-violence in Buddha’s teachings, according to the source?

    A7: Buddha emphasized that spreading the feeling of remorse in criminals, establishing and protecting justice could be accomplished with compassion, non-violence, and forgiveness. This is evident in his transformation of Angulimal from a fierce killer to a monk. He showed that these qualities can overcome evil.

    Q8: What were Buddha’s final instructions to his disciples regarding leadership and the future of the organization?

    A8: Buddha stated that after his departure, no one should believe anything that anyone says claiming that is his word. There is no successor and to understand the world and recognize the outcome of deeds is the same as understanding him. Everyone is equal and can achieve Nirvana.

    The Life of Buddha: Renunciation, Enlightenment, and Teachings

    Buddha’s life, as depicted in the source, involves key events and transformations:

    • Early Life and Prophecy: Born as Prince Siddharth to King Shuddhodhan and Queen Mayadevi of the Shakya dynasty in Kapilavastu, his birth was prophesied to produce either a great emperor or a sage who would establish a religion. A bizarre dream by Queen Mayadevi foretold the birth of a divine and learned son.
    • ** sheltered upbringing**: Prince Siddharth was known to be learned and studied scriptures very well.
    • Marriage and Discontent: Despite marrying Yashodhara and having a son named Rahul, Siddharth was restless and questioned the worldly sorrows, seeking a path to liberate people from misery. The name ‘Rahul’ meant ‘hindrance,’ which Siddharth felt it was in his path.
    • Renunciation: Witnessing human suffering, Siddharth renounced his royal life, wife, and child to seek salvation. Accompanied by his companion Channa, Prince Siddharth left Kapilavastu on a full moon night in spring to look for salvation. He forfeited his royal attire and donned the garments of recluses.
    • Asceticism and the Middle Path: Siddharth practiced penance and meditation, analyzing the secrets of the universe. He realized that abstaining from food and torturing the body did not lead to enlightenment, advocating instead for a “Middle Path”.
    • Enlightenment: Under a tree, Siddharth meditated until he achieved his goal and became Sambuddha, finding the path to truth and knowledge and discovering the Four Noble Truths.
    • The Four Noble Truths: According to the source, after becoming Sambuddha, Buddha spoke of the Four Noble Truths, which address the existence of sorrow, the reasons for misery and their consequences, and the defeat of misery via Ashtanga yoga.
    • Establishing the Wheel of Law: In Sarnath, Buddha established his wheel of law to relieve mankind of misery. The wheel’s center is confidential truth, ignorance, attachment and aversion. Intense meditation is the surrounding rim and liberation from them and its methods are its spokes.
    • Ministry and Teachings: Buddha returned to Rajgruh, where he was received by King Bimbisar, and shared his experiences and path. He converted Sariputta and Maudgalyan, who became key figures in publicizing his path. Encounters with his family followed, including his father, wife, and son Rahul.
    • Compassion and Inclusivity: The source claims that Buddha’s compassion extended to all, regardless of their social standing, and he accepted all into his order, including women. This included figures like Amrapali, a courtesan, and Angulimal, a fierce killer.
    • Final Days: Nearing the end of his life, Buddha left Vaishali and headed to Kushinagar, knowing he had 100 days left. He emphasized that his teachings and path were the guide, not a successor.

    The Path to Nirvana: Core Concepts and Practices

    The path to Nirvana, as depicted in the source, involves several key concepts and practices:

    • The Middle Path: Rejecting extreme asceticism, the source indicates Buddha advocated for a balanced approach to life, avoiding self-mortification and focusing on maintaining a healthy body and mind.
    • The Four Noble Truths: The source notes that Buddha’s enlightenment led him to discover the Four Noble Truths, which address the nature of suffering, its origins, its cessation, and the path to its cessation.
    • Ashtanga Yoga: According to the source, Buddha suggested misery can be defeated through Ashtanga yoga. The source does not fully describe what is meant by Ashtanga yoga.
    • Wheel of Law: Establishing the wheel of law involves understanding the confidential truth, overcoming ignorance, attachment, and aversion through intense meditation, and practicing the Ashtanga path. According to the source, the wheel of law moves from one village to another to relieve mankind of misery.
    • Understanding the Nature of Reality: Recognizing that everything is temporary and without inherent truth is crucial. Craving leads to sorrow, and terminating craving ends reincarnation and sorrow.
    • Compassion, Mercy, and Forgiveness: Overcoming evil requires mercy, compassion, and forgiveness, and spreading the feeling of remorse can establish and protect justice.
    • Detachment: One must renounce worldly ties and material desires. The story of Sudutt (Anathpindak) exemplifies this, as he contributed everything he had, demonstrating sacrifice and surrender.
    • Self-Realization: The source indicates Buddha emphasized the importance of individual experience and realization over external validation or recognition.
    • Following the Teachings: In Buddha’s final instructions, he emphasized that his teachings and path were the guide, not a successor.

    Key Buddhist Concepts

    Key Buddhist concepts, according to the source, encompass a range of philosophical and practical principles centered on understanding suffering, achieving liberation, and living ethically:

    • The Middle Path: Rejecting extremes, the source says Buddha advocated for a balanced approach, avoiding self-mortification and indulgence. This involves maintaining a healthy mind and body through moderate practices.
    • The Four Noble Truths: The source says that at its core, Buddhism identifies the nature of suffering, its origins, its cessation, and the path to its cessation.
    • Ashtanga Yoga: The source notes that misery can be defeated through Ashtanga yoga.
    • Nirvana: The source defines Nirvana as emancipation from constraints. It involves freedom from ignorance and the destruction of deeds, leading to salvation. After achieving Nirvana, there is no heaven or hell.
    • Reincarnation: The source states that Buddha understood the secret of reincarnation and found a path to terminate it. Terminating craving puts an end to reincarnation and sorrow.
    • The Wheel of Law: Establishing the wheel of law involves understanding the confidential truth, overcoming ignorance, attachment, and aversion through intense meditation, and practicing the Ashtanga path. According to the source, the wheel of law moves from one village to another to relieve mankind of misery. The center of this wheel of law is the confidential truth: ignorance, attachment, and aversion. Intense meditation is the surrounding rim, and liberation from them and its methods are its spokes.
    • Compassion and Non-Violence: Overcoming evil requires mercy, compassion, and forgiveness. Spreading the feeling of remorse can establish and protect justice. Buddha’s teachings emphasize non-violence (Ahinsa) as a way to find peace of mind and begin life anew.
    • Impermanence: Recognizing that everything is temporary and without inherent truth is crucial.
    • Ethical Living and Karma: Actions (karma) have consequences, and negative emotions like envy and aversion can lead to vile actions.
    • The Role of Deeds: The standing of a profession is subject to deeds, but conscience is above man’s profession.
    • Detachment and Sacrifice: Renouncing worldly ties and material desires is essential.
    • Equality: Buddha’s path leads to salvation and nirvana, wherein everyone is equal.

    King Shuddhodhan: Buddha’s Father, Ruler, and Disciple

    King Shuddhodhan, as depicted in the source, is a key figure in the story of Buddha, and the source presents him as:

    • A Just Ruler: He is presented as a king of the Ikshvaku dynasty who followed the path of justice and served his people, following in the footsteps of his ancestors, Kings Dilip and Dashrath.
    • A Father: He is depicted as concerned about his son Siddharth’s future, and he wants him to lead a matrimonial life and carry out his duties as a king. He arranges for Siddharth to be introduced to eligible girls from the Koliya dynasty.
    • Seeking an Heir: The source indicates that King Shuddhodhan is concerned with continuing his lineage and wants Siddharth to marry and produce an heir to the throne. He is pleased when Siddharth has a son, Rahul, and wants Siddharth to take charge of the state soon.
    • Troubled by Prophecy: Shuddhodhan is concerned by the prophecy that Siddharth might become a sage instead of an emperor.
    • A Disciple: As the story progresses, the source notes that King Shuddhodhan eventually accepts Buddha’s path and expresses that sorrows have left him.
    • Fulfillment of Last Rites: Despite his initial hopes for Siddharth to be a traditional successor, Shuddhodhan’s last wish is fulfilled when Buddha (Siddharth) performs his final rites.
    • Realization of Solitude: Toward the end of his life, King Shuddhodhan realizes that every individual is alone in this world.
    • A Father Grieving: The source also indicates, that King Shuddhodhan was grief-stricken at the departure of his heirs. He mourns the fact that his son and the next generation have left him.

    Buddha’s Social Impact: Equality, Justice, and Spiritual Transformation

    The social impact of Buddha’s teachings and actions, as depicted in the source, is significant and multifaceted:

    • Challenge to Social Norms: Buddha challenged existing social norms and hierarchies by accepting individuals from all backgrounds into his order, regardless of their caste, profession, or social standing. This included women, courtesans like Amrapali, and even criminals like Angulimal.
    • Emphasis on Equality: Buddha’s path leads to salvation and nirvana, wherein everyone is equal. This egalitarian approach challenged the rigid social structures of the time.
    • Empowerment of Women: By allowing women to join his order, Buddha provided them with an opportunity for spiritual growth and liberation that was not traditionally available. However, the source also notes that Buddha was hesitant to allow women into the organization and that he believed their inclusion would weaken it.
    • Social Justice and Rehabilitation: Buddha’s compassion and forgiveness extended even to criminals, offering them a path to rehabilitation and redemption. The story of Angulimal demonstrates the transformative power of remorse, compassion, and forgiveness in reforming even the most violent individuals.
    • Conflict Resolution: Buddha intervened in social disputes, such as the conflict over water rights to the Rohini river, advocating for non-violence and peaceful resolution. He emphasized the value of human life and the importance of avoiding violence, even in conflicts over resources.
    • Influence on Rulers: Kings like Bimbisar and Prasanjit were influenced by Buddha’s teachings and sought his guidance. This suggests that Buddha’s ideas had an impact on governance and leadership, promoting ethical principles and social responsibility.
    • Critique of Materialism: The source indicates that Buddha critiqued materialism and the pursuit of worldly pleasures, emphasizing the importance of spiritual development and detachment from material desires. The story of Sudutt (Anathpindak) exemplifies this, as he contributed everything he had, demonstrating sacrifice and surrender.
    • Promotion of Remorse and Accountability: By spreading the feeling of remorse among criminals, Buddha sought to establish and protect justice. He believed that true penitence and a change of heart were more effective than punishment alone.
    • Emphasis on Personal Experience and Understanding: Buddha emphasized the importance of individual experience and realization over external validation or recognition. He encouraged his followers to understand the world and recognize the outcome of their deeds, rather than blindly following traditions or beliefs.
    • Impact on Vedic Traditions: The source notes that many learned Brahmins abandoned the Vedic path and adopted Buddha’s path. Buddha also debated with Brahmins, challenging their practices and beliefs.
    Tathagatha Buddha | Full Movie | Sunil Sharma, Kausha Rach, Suman | HD 1080p | English Subtitles

    The Origianl Text

    ‘I go to Buddha for refuge.’ ‘Today there is need for peace in the world..’ ‘..because the orgy of terrorism, explosion and violence..’ ‘..is pervading the entire world.’ ‘In 500 BC Buddha personally preached the great lesson..’ ‘..of sacrifice and non-violence.’ ‘It is our aim to spread Lord Buddha’s message of peace..’ ‘..and non-violence through the whole world..’ ‘..by means of this film Tathagat Buddha.’ Shuddhodhan greets all you learned Brahmans. As you are well aware, my ancestors King Dilip.. ..and King Dashrath tread the path of justice.. ..and always served the people. And with your blessings.. ..I hope the Ikshvaku dynasty tradition will carry on. Last night Queen Mayadevi had a bizarre dream. A white elephant with six tusks alit from the skies.. ..and embedded in the right side of her womb. What is the implication of this dream? And what does it symbolize? Your Highness, both the implication and premonition.. ..of the dream are auspicious. It symbolizes you will sire a son who is divine and learned. We all feel the same. But priest Kaushike would like to say something. Noble King, I concur with what the learned priests have said.. ..about the greatness of the son that the Queen is carrying. But.. – Yes, yes, tell me. What is your opinion? There is a possibility that your son will be a great sage.. ..who will go on to establish religion in the world. But I am a little doubtful about him becoming an Emperor. I am grateful to all your learned men. “Colorful patterns were made in every house.” “Every house became invoking.” “Kapilavastu became festive.” “Men and women danced.” “Congratulations! Congratulations!” “Let’s get together and sing happy songs.” “Congratulations! Congratulations!” “Let’s get together and sing happy songs.” “Dance with gusto.” “Dance with gusto. Play the instruments, brother.” “Congratulations! Congratulations!” “Congratulations! Congratulations!” “There is joy all over the King’s palace.” “Hermits, recluses, the austere and the sages arrive.” “Brahmin chant mantras while poets sing verses.” “Everyone is showering blessings with great joy in the heart.” “Congratulations! Congratulations!” “Let’s get together and sing happy songs.” “Congratulations! Congratulations!” “Let’s get together and sing happy songs.” Lord, as is customary.. ..my parents have extended an invitation. They have requested you.. ..to permit me to go to Devdah for my delivery. Dear lady, may God protect you. I pray everything goes well. Sire, as mother Sita presented Sri Ram with two divine sons.. ..called Luv and Kush, I shall present you with one great son. Queen, I shall wait for this good news from you. Of course. Maidens, inform the chief of the unit.. ..we shall rest in this beautiful Lumbini forest tonight. Yes, Your Highness. The Shakya dynasty and Kapilavastu.. ..has got its new heir and future Emperor. My joy is out of bounds today. Greetings, Queen Prajapati. Your sister Mayadevi is unwell. – What? You must leave for Lumbini forest immediately. You proceed and I shall follow you. Praja.. This is Siddharth. The fruit of my penance. I went to pilgrims and I performed rituals for him. He is the successor to Kapilavastu and Shakya dynasty. Your son. You will be his mother hereafter. Sister.. No, sister! Sister! Sister! Sister! Sister! Sis.. Siddharth, sister left us forever. King Shuddhodhan.. ..your divine son will be a great preacher. He will convey a new message to the world. He will adopt the path of asceticism. I am very fortunate to have had a glimpse of him. He has 32 favorable symbols on his body.. ..which reveal that he is a supreme being. Enlightened soul, a short time after his birth.. ..his mother, Queen Mayadevi passed away. I am very concerned. God will ensure everything goes well. Young Prince Siddharth is very learned. The Prince has studied the scriptures very well. Prince Siddharth, King Shuddhodhan wishes to see you. Greetings, father. Bless you! Siddharth, you are mature now. It is time for you to select your life partner. According to tradition.. ..you must choose a nice girl from the Koliya dynasty. Revered father, I do not wish to lead a life of matrimony. What? You don’t want to lead a life of matrimony. Then what will you do? I do not know. I wish to look for a path.. ..that will liberate one from worldly miseries. For people who want such liberation.. ..there are many ancient paths that can be lead. They aren’t simple. Only a few can attain them. Many people opt for matrimonial life.. ..and become ascetics in their old age. Even that path is meant for some people. That is true. Very true. But there are only a few people who opt for it.. ..of their own free will. And this way they leave behind immense masses.. ..to deal with their fate. Even if you find a new path.. ..it is possible only a few people will adopt it. That is also possible, father. But I wish to arouse those people.. ..who are surrounded by misery out of ignorance. Every man must recognize the importance of freedom. The joys of the world.. tie people to life’s bonds, not freedom. All these bonds will leave them. They will only gain sorrow and grief. And that is the way of the world. Can you change it? That is the only challenge I am confronted with. Siddharth, I would like you to follow our custom.. ..and step into a matrimonial life. You must carry out your duties towards your family.. ..and to your subjects as a King. And you may fulfill this strange wish of yours.. ..at a more suitable time. Can’t you liberate me from all this? I am bound by my traditions, son. I cannot offer you any such freedom. Okay, respected father. If it is not possible for you to do this.. ..then I shall accept all your wishes. But my aim will always be in front of me. Traditions won’t be able to restrict me. Siddharth, I am carrying out my duty. You will be introduced to eligible girls of Koliya dynasty. Okay, father. Ladies, I thank you all for coming here. I have some gifts for you. Prince. – Yes. My name is Yashodhara. Where is my gift? Don’t you have any gift for me? Take this. Salutations, father. Bless you! Yashodhara. Lord, you are lost in thought. What is preoccupying your mind? Yasho, you know nothing about me. I hope you are well. I am well. Lord, why do you remain in solitude these days? You are right. I am uneasy. Could I help you in any manner? Yashodhara, you have given me everything. You’ve been a very good companion to me. What more could I demand of you? Then why are you so restless? For this world. I guess you are talking about the worldly ills. That’s right, Yashodhara. But what can one do about it? Even I don’t know the answer to that. Who is responsible for these sorrows? All of us, Yashodhara. All of us? Yes. You, me and every person present. In that case, Lord, you must find out yourself.. ..and reveal it to the world. Something surely needs to be revealed to the world. But first we must know what it is. Yes. But I still have to find it. “Beloved, you occupy my mind like the moon dwells in the sky.” “Like the moon dwells in the sky.” “You dwell in my eyes, you dwell in my eyelids.” “You dwell in my breath and in my heartbeat.” “You dwell in my breath and in my heartbeat.” “Beloved, you occupy my mind like the moon dwells in the sky.” “You are my life, you are my God.” “You are my whole world.” “Don’t bat your eyelid even for a moment, my love.” “Continue looking at the beautiful form.” “The sound of the wristband is heavenly..” “..and that pearl necklace on your neck.” “With dusky looks, attractive features and huge eyes.” “With huge eyes.” “Beloved, you occupy my mind like the moon dwells in the sky.” “Like the moon dwells in the sky.” Dear students, nobody knows the secrets of destiny. At the time of the birth of Prince Siddharth.. ..son of King Shuddhodhan the priests predicted.. ..that he would become an ascetic.. ..but he is going to be the Emperor of Kapilavastu now. Hail the Prince! – Yes, Channa. King Shuddhodhan congratulates you. Your son is born. Dear Siddharth.. ..His Highness has named the tiny Prince Rahul. Oh. ‘Rahul.’ ‘Rahul means hindrance.’ ‘There can be no hindrance in my path.’ Here’s your gift. Thank you. Lord, your son is as majestic as you are. Hail, the Prince. King Shuddhodhan has sent a message for you. He says if you take charge of the state soon.. ..he would be pleased. Kapilvastu seems to be dancing with joy today. There is no doubt that Prince Siddharth will follow the path.. ..of King Shuddhodhan.. ..and tread and protect the path of justice. ‘Webs of worldly restrictions are being woven around me.’ ‘I must find a way to free myself from them. Soon.’ “This is the grief of love.” “Don’t ever fall in love.” “Sleep has become my enemy.” “My eyes slept unaware.” “Sleep has become my enemy.” “My eyes slept unaware.” “This is the grief of love.” “Don’t ever fall in love.” “This is the grief of love.” “Don’t ever fall in love.” “On a spring full moon night it became extremely dark.” “Don’t leave me alone and go, sweetheart.” “My heart bleeds. This parting is killing.” “Such a night came into my life that had no morning.” “This is the grief of love.” “Don’t ever fall in love.” “Sleep has become my enemy.” “My eyes slept unaware.” “My enemy.” “All the bonds are false.” “He headed toward salvation.” “Neither beauty nor affection could constrain him.” “This is the grief of love.” “Don’t ever fall in love.” “Sleep has become my enemy.” “My eyes slept unaware.” “My enemy.” Where are you going at this time, Prince? Don’t ask me any questions, Channa. Follow me. ‘Accompanied by his companion..’ ‘..Prince Siddharth forfeited Kapilavastu..’ ‘..and mounted Kanthak on a full moon night in spring..’ ‘..and set out to look for salvation.’ Why don’t you understand, Channa? I am leaving. You must return. – Where will you go, Prince? To search this vast and open world. Search for what? The search for the ultimate answers to my questions. I shall not return until I have the answers. Dear Prince, I appeal to you to return home. You go back, Channa. Inform the King, the Queen and Yashodhara of my wellbeing.. ..so they aren’t saddened. Dear Siddharth, your parents, Yashodhara.. ..and even Kapilavastu can be separated from you. I appeal to you to please return. Separation is destiny. Doesn’t death separate us? Take this, Channa. Keep it. Go back now. I am leaving. Dear Kanthak, you have served me well. I am grateful to you. Dear monk, whoever you are.. ..please give me the orange clothes.. ..and begging bowl you have in your satchel. ‘Prince Siddharth forsake his royal attire and jewellery..’ ‘..and donned the garments of recluses.’ ‘To explore the path of salvation in this world of grief..’ ‘..Siddharth started penance and meditation.’ ‘He tried to analyze the secrets of the universe.’ ‘When he arrived in the Rajgruh city of Magadh for alms..’ ‘..the people there stared in amazement..’ ‘..at his divine and attractive form.’ Please give me alms. ‘Emperor Bimbisar was informed..’ ‘..that a great yogi was begging in the streets of Rajgruh.’ ‘He decided to personally meet him.’ Is this the same food that people eat? How can anyone eat this interestedly? But I am an ascetic. I have nothing. This food is a donation from compassionate people. There is something pure about this. I should eat it with sincerity. Greetings, ascetic. I am Bimbisar. The King of Rajgruh. May I ask you something? What do you wish to know? You appear to be from a royal family. Who are you? Why did you opt for asceticism? I am Siddharth. Son of King Shuddhodhan of Kapilavastu. Dear Siddharth, I asked you why you opted for asceticism. What is your goal? Did some personal misery compel you to do this? Your Highness, I have no reason to grieve. This world around us.. is in a state of misery. Man is constantly harvesting misery. But that is the way of the world. Several monks are doing penance.. ..to find a remedy for the eternal problems of humanity. Perhaps that path might bring you some peace of mind. My goal is not my personal peace of mind. Merely a handful of monks and sages.. ..cannot eradicate human misery. So what is it you wish to do, Siddharth? I do not know. My search has only just begun. I could offer you a high position in my kingdom. That way you can serve society.. ..and find peace of mind. Serving mankind in that manner isn’t the solution. Such service or charity cannot please them for long.. ..and even that ends in misery. The roots of this problem are very deep.. ..and complex too, Your Highness. Siddharth, you are unique. Your body is special. I get the feeling you will definitely succeed. Thank you. Siddharth, I have become old now. I might not live long. When you find the answers to your questions.. ..I would like you to make me aware of it before all others. May I make that demand? Learned King, if I find the answers to my questions.. ..I promise you I will surely come.. ..to tell you of my experience. Yes. I shall pray to God for your success. ‘This is our world.’ ‘There is so much variation and diversity in it.’ ‘People find different paths to achieve salvation.’ ‘But ordinary man doesn’t even know which path he wants.’ Gautam, my name is Kaundinya. I am a Brahmin from Kapilavastu. I had foreseen your future at the time of your birth. I have four Brahmins with me. Bhadrak, Vashwa, Mahanama and Ashwajit. We are Rudrak’s disciples. We wish to follow your path. Greetings, enlightened soul. I am Sujata. Mayor Nandank’s daughter. I have been worshipping this tree for years. The Goddess of this tree fulfilled all my wishes. I have a gentle husband and loving son by its virtue. I came here today to offer this custard.. ..as a sign of my devotion. You look like the God of this tree to me. Please accept my gift. And give me your blessings. Siddharth. Dear friends, by abstaining from food.. ..and by hurting and torturing this body.. ..we did not find any path. We must keep this bodily device healthy. We won’t remain hungry any longer. Hereafter I shall eat whatever I wish. You are free to make your own decisions. That is your end, not your progress. We shall leave you. Let’s go. ‘Siddharth, the shade under this tree is your final stop.’ ‘You must sit here and meditate..’ ‘..until you achieve your goal.’ ‘Even if this body gets destroyed..’ ‘..you are not to move from here.’ Siddharth, I am Mara. You said you have defeated temptation.. ..desire and attachments. What evidence do you have of this? Answer my questions, Siddharth. This soil is witness to the fact, Mara. I am satisfied. Why am I feeling a peculiar sense of joy and peace? Could it be the shadow of the great joy my Lord has achieved? ‘This world is my source of inspiration..’ ‘..and the cause of my accomplishment.’ ‘This world is my guru.’ ‘How will I repay my debt to this world..’ ‘..if I don’t approach people to preach them?’ Perpetual one, from where are you coming? Friends, please don’t call me Perpetual one. There is a difference between you and me now. I am no longer that Siddharth whom you left. I am Sambuddha now. I have found the path to truth and knowledge. What did you find? Four noble truths. There is only sorrow in this world. There are several reasons for the misery.. ..as well as their consequences. Via my Ashtanga yoga it can be defeated. You mean penance that leads us to enlightenment? I did not say it is enlightenment. What is required then? Nirvana. What is the meaning? Emancipation from constraints. What is the difference? The constraints of ignorance and destruction of deeds. So what did you find on your path? I witnessed my past lifetimes during my meditation. Did transgression and ignorance exist in those births? No. Only search and progress. Is this search over now? Yes. That means we have to take several births in this manner.. ..just like you did to find the truth. That is not necessary. – Why? I have found a solution for all of you. We can achieve salvation even by God’s grace. You have no idea what salvation is. You don’t even know what God is. Are you trying to say God does not exist? Un-manifested. This question is insignificant in my path. What is a spirit? Un-manifested. This question too is insignificant in my path. Then what is man? And how does he get an ego? The spirit or soul, which I call matter.. ..is a combination of five elements. The conscience, suffering, sense, values and science. The mixture of all these is ego.. ..which is born in various bodies in various lifetimes. Any example. Look at a chariot. From the wheels to the roof.. ..it is an assembly of many factors. If you disassemble them, it won’t remain a chariot. Monk, we are confident you have found the path of truth. We accept your path. Please take us under your wing. Now I shall establish my wheel of law here in Sarnath. This wheel of law will move from one village to another.. ..and one city to another to relieve mankind of misery. What is the wheel of law? The centre of this wheel of law is the confidential truth. Ignorance, attachment and aversion. And intense meditation is the surrounding rim. All the sorrow is due to this. And liberation from them and its methods are its spokes. That is the Ashtanga path. This is my path. “The wheel of law turns. The wheel of law turns.” “The wheel of law turns. The wheel of law turns.” “Freedom from the wheel of life and death.” “The search for truth.” “The search for truth.” “He has brought a ticket to show us the path to truth.” “With a ticket.” “He goes on a crusade with his disciples..” “..armed with the path of Ashtanga.” “The wheel of law turns. The wheel of law turns.” “He promised he would return when he gained knowledge.” “The first place he went was Rajgruh.” “He promised he would return when he gained knowledge.” “The first place he went was Rajgruh.” “Bimbisar obtained a new stairway to theology.” “The wheel of law turns. The wheel of law turns.” Please sit. Lord, I have heard about your great achievement. Many yogis and Brahmins have accepted your preaching. Dear King Bimbisar, armed with your good wishes.. ..for six years I practiced austerity and explored. With my own efforts and without the help of a guru.. ..I have found a new path. My path and its consequences are my own experiences. I do not want official recognition from anyone. I am pleased I survived for so long.. ..to see you again and to hear your discourse. Know my four noble truths. My path is the path of Ashtanga yoga. Practice it till you attain the level of meditation. You will know of your past lifetimes. Look at the entire world and arrive at your final halt. I am blessed, Lord. I request you and your disciples to stay at Rajgruh. The beautiful Venu forest at the periphery of my kingdom.. ..is my small gift to you. Please gratify me by staying there. Goodbye. Let’s go. Greetings, Gautam. I am Sariputta and this is Maudgalyan. We have studied all the scriptures and Vedas. We are disciples of the great monk Sanjay. We are surprised to hear.. ..that Gayakashyap, Nadikashyap and Urvelkashyap.. ..have renounced the path of sacred fire worship.. ..and accepted your path. We met your disciples Ashwajeet and Vashwa.. ..in Rajgruh yesterday. We learned about you from them. Lord, we wish to adopt your path to salvation.. ..and we wish to hear your discourse. Learned Brahmins.. ..Buddha has learned the secret of reincarnation. And he has also found the path to terminate it. You must learn it. What is your advice for us, Lord? Learned Brahmins, everything we see is temporary. There is no element of truth in it. These are sources of sorrow. Sorrow is the result of craving. Terminating your craving will put an end.. ..to reincarnation and sorrow. This is Buddha’s path. Please accept us as your disciples. Dear Buddhist monks.. ..these two Brahmins will publicize my path. Give them the attire. I once dreamed.. ..someday Siddharth would be Emperor of Kapilavastu. But today he is begging in the lanes of this city. Shuddhodhan has so much wealth.. ..he can give all the beggars in India anything they desire. Chief Minister, my mind is full of guilt and anguish. Go and inform him I would like to see him. As you please, Lord. Lord, you have renounced, your parents, wife.. ..child and his house. Do you wish to let them see you again? You are a recluse. But it is also my duty to console them. Because I have inflicted them with dire pain of separation. I must fill Yashodhara’s deep wounds. Greetings, great soul. Please take a seat. Great soul, if your expedition has been a success.. ..then you can meet people even while living in Kapilavastu. I am old. Your mother and your wife will find solace. Your Majesty, I am no longer related.. ..to Kapilavastu or your family. I am obliged to wander and begging. Gautam Buddha, Yashodhara has spent so many years.. ..waiting for you to return.. abstaining from food. Look at her condition. The only reason she endured separation from you is Rahul. Go and meet her. Lord! Yashodhara, I had to give up your companionship.. ..for my obligation to the world. It is natural to cry at the death of a dear one. But if asceticism is the reason for separation.. ..then you haven’t lost your husband. Mourning is pointless. Think about yourself.. ..and adopt the path to truth. Greetings, grandfather. Come Rahul. Come. Son, you will be the successor to Kapilavastu. Go meet your father. Okay, grandfather. Rahul, this is your father. Greetings, father. A son has the right to be his father’s successor. Go, demand your privilege. Demand your wealth. Rahul, your mother is right. You have every right to my wealth. Today I will give you the kind of wealth.. ..that no father has ever given to his son till date. This is total wealth. Rahul, you must be ready to accept it. Okay, father. Greetings, monk. Greetings. I am Anand. This is Aniruddh, Bhadra, Kimbila and Braghu. We are the Shakya dynasty Princes of Kapilavastu.. ..and we wish to meet our brother Buddha. God, you have showed us the path.. ..to salvation from this material world and knowledge. We have been inspired by you. Please induct us. Upali, why have you come? Lord, please let me follow the Shakya Princes. I shall serve you in the form of a beggar. Upali, you are correct. You have no property or desire. Your induction is rich. Sariputta. – Yes, Lord. My Shakya brothers will be inducted tomorrow.. ..but let Upali be inducted today. Okay, Lord. Lord, Upali will be a senior and preceding disciple. Did you wish to see me, father? Any particular reason? Yes, Ajatshatru. The kingdom and the throne vouch for the king’s competence. Our ancestors maintained the dignity.. ..of the throne that they occupied. I am getting old now. I wish to retire from the royal duties. Yes, father. I wish to carry out this duty. I know, son. Rajgruh’s throne is awaiting you.. ..and Lord Buddha’s path is awaiting me. A king shouldn’t emulate another to carry out his duties. He can emulate any guru for his spirituality. Respected father, my nature is spotless. If you are referring to Devdutt being my guru.. ..then that is true. Because he is my well-wisher. I am your well-wisher, son. Tomorrow will be a good day for your coronation. I shall seek Lord Buddha’s blessings tomorrow. Mother. It has been seven days since I met father. You told me I should demand my property from him. He is still in Kapilavastu and he has summoned me. Permit me to go to him. Rahul, when your father left me I thought I was alone. Now I am not feeling hurt watching you leave. I shall learn to live without you. May God give you a long life! Goodbye. Learned Brahmins, what doubts do you have? Lord, our lives are based only on the Vedas. Don’t you concur with that? Great sage, Gautam, Vashisht, Jamdagni.. ..and Vishwamitra formulated the mantras of the Vedas. How did they live their lives? Did they don priceless jewellery like you? No, Lord. Did those great souls travel by chariots? No, Lord. Did they eat good food and wear good clothes like you? Did they live in grand homes like the rich Brahmins? Never, Lord. But you are uttering those mantras.. ..without adopting their penance, discipline and lifestyle. Can you hope to go heaven simply by chanting mantras? No, Lord. When we aren’t adopting the sages’ lifestyle.. ..in our lives, how can we get the power of their mantras? Please guide us, Lord. My Lady, I don’t have much time left. No. Has Buddha been notified? Don’t say that, Lord. I pray you live to be a hundred. The Chief Minister has personally gone to him. Lord, Siddharth has become Buddha. Will he come here as a son? Bless you. Greetings, Buddha. Greetings. My death is close. All my heirs have left me. My wife Prajapati and my daughter-in-law Yashodhara.. ..are the only ones close to me. Learned King Shuddhodhan.. ..even if your heirs were here with you.. ..your departure from the world would be reason to mourn. Don’t grieve for them. You spent several years of your life praying. You are at your final stage now. Thanks to you. Sorrows have left me.. ..but you know only too well.. ..that every father wishes.. ..that his son perform the final rites for his father. I know about values and human nature. But I cannot expect that now.. ..because my son and the next generation too.. ..have left me. Every individual is always alone in this world. I have understood this now. Learned King and my dear father.. ..your last wish will be fulfilled. How? Buddha is also your son Siddharth.. ..who will carry out his duty towards his father. If your path permits this then I am blessed. I have created my own path. My path is my obligation. My path entails compassion. Compassion liberates one from suffering. “There is only suffering in this mortal life.” “Even the outcome of every joy is suffering.” “There is only suffering in this mortal life.” “Even the outcome of every joy is suffering.” “Understand the noble truth, which is peaceful and true joy.” “Understand the noble truth, which is peaceful and true joy.” Lord.. “Grace, meditation, intelligence and discipline..” “..are the findings of the rules of begging.” “The wheel of law turns. The wheel of law turns.” Come on compatriots! – We have a right to this river. Come on compatriots! – We have a right to this river. It belongs to us. Let’s go! Come on! God, there is an atmosphere of fierce battle.. ..near the dam at river Rohini. – What happened, monk? Both kingdoms utilize the water of the Rohini river. Due to less rainfall this year.. ..the level of water is way below the dam. Both the groups can share the water with each other. The two sides are unable to come to an agreement. Both sides want complete privilege to it. God, both groups have assembled at the dam. They are thirsting for each other’s blood at the water spot. Let’s go, compatriots. Let’s go! Let’s go! Let’s go! Hit them! Hit them! Hit them! Hit them! Stop this violence. Greetings, God. I completely understand your dispute. Both sides require water. But I wish to ask you some questions. What is the value of a warrior soldier? Priceless. How much will his family grieve if he is killed in battle? Infinite. If this is a battle over water which is of very little value.. ..can one sacrifice a few people’s lives? If one family loses one youth.. ..can that loss be compensated? No, Lord, it cannot. If several such lives are lost in this battle.. ..their families will be so aggrieved. Therefore you cannot fight to extinguish any life. God, we realize the truth, but what will become of our dispute. Tell us, God. Who will get the water? Nobody. We don’t understand, God. If you wait patiently for a few days.. ..you will find sufficient water on both sides of the Rohini. Waiting patiently won’t make you paupers. Goodbye. Brother-in-law, Anathpindak there is no other as altruistic.. ..wealthy and generous as you in the country. I have heard your fame everywhere. Brother was telling me about the greatness of Lord Buddha. He is in Rajgruh at this time. That’s right, brother-in-law. It is true. You should visit Lord Buddha. How do I describe his greatness to you? You may not see anything special about him.. ..and yet you would give him everything you have. Lady, I can merely offer him material wealth.. ..which is perishable But a learned one can offer his followers.. ..the wealth of knowledge.. ..which can’t be obtained even with infinite wealth. That’s right. So much so, even King Bimbisar.. ..the Emperor of Rajgruh, is his disciple. Many learned Brahmins have accepted him.. ..as great yogi, an intellectual and savior of mankind. I would like to see him. Please take me to him. Lord Buddha appears in front of his devotees in the evening. I shall send a servant to him to fix an appointment. No, I would like to meet him as a stranger. It is said a great soul can recognize unknown people. I know Lord Buddha will recognize you. But I would like Buddha to address me by my actual name. I shall personally go to Rajgruh tomorrow. I shall meet Buddha, the great soul, over there. Greetings, Lord. Lord, that man who is coming to visit you.. ..is a prosperous trader from Shrawasti. His name is Anathpindak. Greetings, great soul. Sudutt. Welcome Sudutt. Please forgive me, Lord. Lord, you knew what was on my mind. I wanted you to call me by my old name. Please forgive me for testing you. I am very fortunate for having seen you. What is your wish, Sudutt? Lord, I am a resident of Shrawasti. May I invite you to my home for alms? Sudutt, I would be pleased to come to your home. There is a beautiful forest in Shrawasti called Jate forest.. ..which would be a suitable place for the month of March. Jate forest belongs to the Prince Jate of Shrawasti. I know. He has invited me in the past.. ..but I could not go there. Please give me your blessings.. ..so that I may lease Jate forest for your stay. I shall visit you as soon as I succeed in this task. Prince Jate, as per our agreement.. ..I have spread gold coins on thirty acres of the land. Anathpindak, thirty acres of Jate forest belongs to you now. You may use it as you see fit. Thank you, Prince. Greetings, Lord. – Greetings. Lord, by your grace I have succeeded in my effort. Please oblige me by accepting Jate forest. Sudutt, you contributed everything you had for this. Lord, everything I had belonged to you. Lord, never before have I seen so much excitement.. ..and delight on my husband’s face. You have given us eternal peace.. ..by accepting our small gift. Giving is charity. Sudutt gave everything he had. That is sacrifice. It is surrender. Lord, Sudutt is a trader. How did he do this without giving it a second thought? This is courage, faith. Lord, what is faith The faith of truth is for man to know.. ..that this world is not his goal. His goal is the path of sacrifice and salvation. The journey of life ends here. The Lord walked 45 days from Rajgruh to Shrawasti.. ..only to bless me. Any sacrifice is miniscule compared to his compassion. Sariputta, this Jate forest which Anathpindak offered us.. ..is extremely good. We shall spend the year over here. As you wish, Lord. Yes. – Greetings. Lord.. ..a lady is here to see you. I am feeling hesitant to let her enter. Who is she? – Lord, her name is Amrapali. She is a prostitute. The standing of a profession is subject to deeds. The conscience is above man’s profession. “Beloved. Beloved. Beloved.” “A thirst from several lifetimes.” “A thirst from several lifetimes.” “I am depressed every day.” “A thirst from several lifetimes.” ” Beloved. Beloved.” “A thirst from several lifetimes.” “I don’t feel sleepy. I miss him.” “The anticipation of meeting you, beloved. Beloved.” “A thirst from several lifetimes.” “A thirst from several lifetimes.” “She was the royal courtesan of Vaishali.” “I couldn’t become a daughter-in-law.” “I bloomed from a bud in the garden..” “..but I could not touch my Lord’s feet.” “Please appear to me, God.” “That is my request.” “That is my request, beloved. Beloved.” “The lotus is a beautiful flower, but it wilts. It is useless.” “A mango flower turns into a sweet fruit.” “My life is blessed. My existence is blessed.” “My existence is blessed.” “Beloved. Beloved.” “A thirst from several lifetimes.” Let her come. Greetings, Lord. I am blessed now. I don’t know if I am worthy of seeing you. Amrapali, what is your request? Lord, I am Vaishali’s Amrapali. People call me a prostitute. A characterless woman. What is your wish? If you come to my house and accept alms from me.. ..I shall be blessed. Amrapali, it doesn’t concern me what people say. I shall come to your house for alms tomorrow.. ..accompanied by my disciples. I shall wait for you. Permit me to leave now. Lord, is Amrapali eligible to offer you alms? Ayushman, isn’t the society accountable.. ..for making her a courtesan? The stigma attached to her is Vaishali’s stigma. She is untainted. This no logic to it. No matter how amoral one might be.. ..the person has a right to rise above that situation. She is untainted. You accepted alms from Amrapali. You are an ocean of compassion. But why did you say she is untainted? Listen. In her past birth Amrapali was a gardener.. ..called Nalad in a garden in Rajgruh. One day a great sage came there. She served him and was hospitable to him. When there were no flowers.. ..she offered mango flowers at his feet. He was pleased with her and he asked her to make a wish. Lord, please bless me.. ..so that I am a princess in my next lifetime. And that my son becomes a Crown Prince. The sage blessed her. What happened to her next, Lord? A palace official called Mahavan.. ..found her in Amra forest when she was a baby. According to the Vaishali’s laws.. ..the women from there had to marry men from that state. King Bimbisar stayed incognito.. ..with Amrapali for seven whole days. She gave birth to a son out of that alliance. She served me with a pure heart. She too will achieve salvation. “The monks are blessed. He taught ethics to his disciples.” “The monks are blessed. He taught ethics to his disciples.” “At the courtesan’s invitation he went to her home for alms.” “At the courtesan’s invitation he went to her home for alms.” “Amrapali, the royal courtesan was blessed with salvation.” “The wheel of law turns. The wheel of law turns.” Lord, you are an ocean of compassion. Your arrival has blessed ill-fated Amrapali. Amrapali, all of mankind is submerged in an ocean.. ..of ignorance and suffering. It is futile expecting this society to understand you. Lord, all the sorrows and misery in my life have ended. I don’t want anything more from this world. You have obliged me by coming to my house.. ..and it has brought me remarkable peace. Please accept this. I bless you. All your wishes are fulfilled. The purpose of your living ends here. Please give me alms. Dear friend.. – Greetings from Devdutt.. ..to the respected brother Buddha. Devdutt, you are my brother.. ..but you failed to become my prime pupil. Buddha, you have become old, weak and sick now. You are no longer capable of operating.. ..this colossal Buddhist organization. You can merely extend blessings. I would like you to allocate the burden.. ..of operating this entire Buddhist organization. Devdutt, all the men in this organization.. ..are senior and learned like Maudgalayan. When I haven’t allocated the burden on them.. ..how could I allocate it to you? You are not even qualified for this. I knew it. I knew that would be your response. Because you want to stay on the highest position.. ..of the organization all your life. Buddha, I am abandoning your organization hereafter. I shall have my own organization after this. I shall be the Guru. I shall be the creator. Wait and watch. Your disciples will become my disciples. Not only the disciples.. ..even their descendants will be my disciples. Just like King Bimbisar’s son Ajatshatru is my disciple now. Wait and watch. Wait and watch, Buddha. Come here, dear Ajatshatru. Father, my friend Devdutt is calling out to me. I am going to him. Lord, please bless me with peace. Lord, you have suffered hardships for 20 years.. ..for the spread of religion. But you never had anyone close to you.. ..to personally serve you. I would like to stay close to you to serve you. Anand, I too wanted a person like you for a while now. Who better than you? Oh, infinite powers, come! Come and embody me! – Greetings, Guru Devdutt. Guru, King Bimbisar has been murdered in prison. Go. Bimbisar’s murder is my first success. Devdutt’s first success. What is your command now, Guru Devdutt? Ajatshatru, your father Bimbisar.. ..was highly influenced by Buddha.. ..and he had started to serve him. That’s why. That’s why I killed him at your orders. That’s why. That’s why you are completely safe, Ajatshatru. Isn’t killing one’s father a sin? You have not committed any sin, Ajatshatru. Every Emperor has to pay some price to protect himself. My mother is extremely aggrieved. Ajatshatru. Buddha isn’t as powerful as you imagine. If he was powerful, why didn’t he protect your father? He was his devotee. That’s true. That’s true. You are speaking the truth, Guru. Buddha has a distinct place in society. I told him I could carry his burden.. ..to run the organization independently. But he rejected my suggestion and insulted me. Buddha is not a recluse. But so many learned Brahmins.. ..abandoned the Vedic path and adopted Buddha’s path. Ajatshatru, Buddha is craftily influencing good people. I want to meet him once to find out more about him. Beware! Beware, Ajatshatru! Lest even you get trapped in his web. I am cautioning you to beware of Buddha. Anand. Yes, Lord. I hear a group coming this way. Lord, your mother, my mother, Queen Prajapati Gautami.. ..Princess Yashodhara, Janpath Kalyani.. ..and many other people are coming. Anand.. ..you know only too well I have denied them induction earlier. Mother Prajapati has served you since your birth. She has had love and affection for you. She has nothing left now. The world has nothing to offer her now. She wants salvation from the world. The salvation that you have promised to the world. Lord, with renunciation and asceticism from this world.. ..she is waiting for you without hopes and expectations. Please forgive me for saying this. It is your duty to reward her for her services. Mother Gautami has walked all the way here from so far. Her tender feet are bleeding. Yashodhara’s condition is the same. Anand, I am compelled to change my decision.. ..as I have no alternative. They will be included in the organization. But the rules will be different for women. Greetings, Lord. Lord, you have sanctioned women’s entry.. ..into the organization? The events were the fate of the organization. What kind of fate is this, Lord? If the number of women in the organization increase.. ..the house becomes weak. ..like it does if there are women and kids in the house. How will they make it weak, Lord? If there are women and children.. ..one has to ensure additional security to the house. The situation with the Buddhist organization will be the same. I had hoped my path would exist for 1000 years. But after this change it will exist only for half the time.. ..that is to say only for 500 years. Respected Buddha. I am Ajatshatru. King Bimbisar’s son. You claim to be the creator of your path. What is the evidence of that? My experience. Your path is founded on the fact.. ..that there is only sorrow in the world. Yes. But there is joy as well. That will go. It is temporary. Man can make it permanent with his good deeds. Death is assured. That is the grief. That is a fraternal path for joy. Man is chasing joy. What is wrong with that? Seeking joy and pursuit of joy.. ..is for running away from sorrow. That is the noble truth. I understand, Gautam.. ..but I have my doubts about the monastic path. What is that? A Buddhist does nothing. He earns nothing. He serves nobody. What would you call that? Have you ever discussed this with a teacher? Yes. Purna Kashyap, Bhaskari Ghosal and Ajit Keshkambli.. ..told me about their paths, functionalities. But none of them could resolve my doubts. I would like you to answer my questions. In my path this Buddhism is respected.. ..because a Buddhist has defeated his desires. A Buddhist inspires a family man to sacrifice and truth. He experiences peace himself. Gautam Buddha, you have resolved all my doubts. I wish to seek shelter in your path. If you didn’t have your sins.. ..you would get the highest position. I have remorse for murdering my father. I know. But you did it at Devdutt’s behest.. ..whom you chased as a disciple. The burden of my crime hounds me day and night. I am restless. Devdutt is mostly responsible for that sin. Any Guru who feels envy, conceit and aversion.. ..towards another guru will instill vile emotions.. ..even in his disciples. Your Highness, wash away your sins.. ..on the path of peace and non-violence. You have a future, Devdutt doesn’t. Lord, fierce killer Angulimal has entered the Jate forest. It is said that he kills people and dons their fingers.. ..in a garland on his neck. Buddha! What do you want from me, Angulimal? Buddha, I want to kill you. I want to cut your fingers and put them on my garland. So what is the delay? Fulfill your wish. I have no objection. What? You aren’t afraid of me? People tremble at the mention of my name. I am not afraid of you, Angulimal. You are afraid and restless. What are you saying, Buddha? Angulimal afraid? You are jesting with me. Your fear is concealed in your violence. Are you aware, Buddha, if I kill you.. ..my aim to kill 100 people will be fulfilled. How will you benefit from it? You will become more fearful and restless that way. Restless? Why will I be restless? All your life you will regret the murders you committed. Your life will become a living hell. You will be inundated by ceaseless fear. Why? Because the terror and violence you spread.. ..only comes back to you. If that is true, what should I do? Forgo the path of violence and begin life anew. But how is that possible? Letting go of hatred and violence.. ..will bring you peace of mind. I understand exactly what it is that I want. Please give me the armor of your mercy.. ..and compassion, Lord. If you forgive me for my sins, I shall seek ordinance from you. Hereafter your name shall be Ahinsak, not Angulimal. Walk the path of non-violence and find nirvana. Chant this great mantra with me, companion. Buddham Sharanam Gacchami. Buddham Sharanam Gachchami. Dhammam Sharanam Gachchami. Sangham Sharanam Gachchami. Lord, you have perceived.. ..that human life is nothing but sorrow. It would be best to live several lives happily.. ..and go to heaven as a result of Vedic sacred fire worships. What is wrong with that, Lord? Learned Brahmins, do any of you know what heaven is like? No, Lord. Have your teachers who taught you seen heaven? No, Lord. Have you heard of anyone who has seen heaven? No, Lord. Without knowing or hearing about heaven.. ..where will you go by performing sacred fire worships? Are you saying that heaven does not exist? I myself have seen heaven. Close your eyes. You can see heaven for yourself. Lord, I saw the joy of heaven. We saw angels, deities, the opulence there and ambrosia. We also saw end of organism in heaven, Lord. Which path should we follow? My path is the path to salvation, learned ones. Adopt it and get nirvana. There will be no heaven or hell after nirvana. Lord, King Prasanjit has come to see you. Greetings, Lord. A fierce killer Angulimal has tricked our soldiers.. ..and become a fugitive. Lord, I have been told that he is your aegis. No, Your Highness, the killer Angulimal.. ..is no longer an aegis of mine. The criminal Angulimal has died. Scorched by remorse, Angulimal has completely changed. I have forgiven him. He is not a criminal now. He is a monk. Lord, should a criminal escape punishment simply by regret? If every criminal is forgiven this way.. ..how will justice and people be protected? With the power of mercy, compassion and forgiveness.. ..and by spreading the feeling of remorse in criminals.. ..justice can be established as well as protected. Will that be possible? Yes. One can overcome evil powers.. ..with mercy, compassion and forgiveness. Then nobody will be left to punish. Lord, a criminal could pretend to be remorseful.. ..just to escape punishment. The virtue of any kingdom is linked with the king’s character. There are many emperors who have become killers.. ..because of their arrogance and thirst for battle. But they do not regret it. Lord, I am a killer. I have committed heinous crimes. I should be punished, even if it is the death penalty. I am ready for it, Lord. I have no more fear or restlessness. I am completely free of fear now. Isn’t he truly penitent? Lord, I have understood. Tathagat has protected you. You don’t need to be punished. You are free. Lord, I understand the real penitence of man now. Permit me to leave. Goodbye. Disciples, life and death are eternal. It is a certainty. Lord, I have some bad news. Yes, Anand. What is it? Our dear Rahul is no more. It was meant to be. I pray dear Rahul gets nirvana. I pray Yashodhara faces this sorrow with fortitude. Anand, the two backbones of the organization.. ..Sariputta and Maudgalyan have exited the cycle of rebirth.. ..and found nirvana. Anand. Lord. I have 100 days of life left. We need to leave Vaishali now and reach Kushinagar. Have you fulfilled your goal, Lord? There is no end to it. When someone departs this world to never return.. ..that’s when his task is complete. If a person feels his task is incomplete.. ..then he must be reborn. Lord, what are your instructions for the organization? I have said a lot so far. Everything I said and taught is the path. Always keep this in mind, after I have departed.. ..if anyone says anything claiming it is my word.. ..do not believe one word he says. I understand, Lord. You have shown us the path. This organization has taken a colossal form. It needs someone to show the path. A successor. Anand, Sariputta and Maudgalyan understood me.. ..and they followed me too. But they are no more. Do you mean to say you don’t need a successor? Yes. Like there is no successor to the throne of Kapilavastu. “The Royal Palace is deserted.” “There is no royal official.” “The Royal Palace is deserted.” “There is no royal official.” “Beautiful Kapilavastu city lies in ruins.” “The Royal Palace is deserted.” “There is no royal official.” “The Royal Palace is deserted.” “There is no royal official.” Maybe it was meant to be. King Shuddhodhan, mother Queen Prajapati.. ..Princess Yashodhara, Rahul and Nand. I don’t know if any of them achieved nirvana. Many Shakyas were murdered. Kapilavastu city, which used to be as lavish as Indra’s city.. ..now lies in ruins. I know. Don’t mourn for any of that. Do you think I did it? Anand, always bear in mind all of us have to leave this world. I am trying to understand your words. I have always tried to understand Buddha. That should be your only goal, Anand. Dear Princes.. ..the joys of youth, enjoyment.. ..and luxury are momentary. Recognize the significance of life. Carry out your duties with integrity. Why are you afraid of death? It is natural. Think of religion. Be willing to give up this body. Your pain will decrease. Lord, we have crossed Pahwa, Bhanda and Jambu villages. Kushinagar is about 6 miles from here. You appear to be exhausted. That is a physical feature. Lord, how do we understand the meaning of your words? Understanding this world and recognizing the outcome of deeds.. ..is the same as understanding me. Lord, will the Vedic path be lost forever? Possibly. I had cautioned them. Lord, by your grace Brahmins, fallen women.. ..Kings, Queens and lower classes of the world.. ..such as barbers are taking this path together. Anand, always bear in mind.. ..every journey and stop in life is correlated to the life of earth. The differences are insignificant. Lord, the Brahmins’ claim your path is free from all bonds. Will this path always be sustained in the country? I do not know. Lord, please bless the organization.. ..so it consolidates and becomes strong.. ..and publicizes your path. “The body is a cage and the mind is a bird.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The body is a cage and the mind is a bird.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The cycle of birth and death is distressing.” “Freedom from grief is the best.” “Luxury, endearment, temptation are melancholy.” “The middle path is natural and simple.” “The bird explains this to everyone.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “You are a foreigner. This is a foreign land.” “You haven’t understood this.” “Youth passed and entered old age.” “The golden body turned to dust.” “The bird sings songs of farewell.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” Anand. – Yes, Lord. Chandu was the last one to offer me food. He should not feel I died by eating his food. After starving for six years.. ..I received delicious food from Sujata. That was the first meal for Buddha. Lord. And Chandu’s alms were the last. Both of them satiated my hunger. Anand.. ..you have tended to me devotedly. I am pleased. You should meditate instead of mourning me. Soon you will be leader. I found the path to salvation and nirvana.. ..wherein everyone is equal. You have this knowledge. Follow it. You too will achieve nirvana. All of you too will achieve nirvana. “Practice the best path.” “Modesty, introspection, intelligence and consciousness.” “The bird pecks these pearls. “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “Forsaking comfort and grandeur he became a hermit.” “He explored the path to salvation.” “Peace, non-violence and advisable life.” “Affection amongst all classes.” “The bird gives the message of truth.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The bird explains this to everyone.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.” “The body is a cage and the mind is a bird.” “The bird will leave the cage and fly away.”

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog

  • How to Write Better Essays

    How to Write Better Essays

    This book, “How to Write Better Essays,” by Bryan Greetham, guides university students through the essay-writing process. It emphasizes a multi-stage approach encompassing interpretation of the essay question, thorough research using effective note-taking strategies, and careful planning to structure arguments. The text then addresses the writing process itself, promoting clarity and conciseness in style and the use of evidence to support claims. Finally, it details the revision process, advocating for separating the creative writing phase from the editing phase to produce a polished and impactful essay. The book includes numerous practical exercises and examples to illustrate the concepts.

    Essay Writing Study Guide

    Quiz

    1. According to the text, why is it important to identify the “instructional verbs” in an essay question?
    2. Explain the three-step technique described in the text for analyzing concepts.
    3. What is the danger of relying too heavily on “authorities,” and how can this be avoided?
    4. Describe how “linear notes” can be useful in the planning stage of writing an essay?
    5. What is the purpose of using “logical indicators” in sentences and paragraphs?
    6. The text discusses using short sentences. What effect can they have on the reader?
    7. In the context of the text, explain what it means to “write in talk in print.”
    8. According to the six-point code, when is it necessary to cite a source?
    9. What is the function of a topic sentence in a paragraph?
    10. What are the key elements of “active learning” described in the text?

    Quiz Answer Key

    1. Identifying instructional verbs is crucial because they indicate the specific range of abilities the examiner wants to assess in the essay, guiding you on what type of answer is expected (e.g., analyze, discuss, define).
    2. The three-step technique involves first, identifying the different ways you use a concept, then, refining the concept by comparing examples and non-examples, and finally, testing the refined concept by considering borderline cases and contrasting it against other cases.
    3. Relying too heavily on authorities can lead to passive acceptance of ideas without critical analysis, hindering the development of your own thoughts, and examiners can mark you down for uncritical acceptance. To avoid this, the text advocates engaging with sources through questioning, evaluation, and forming your own interpretations.
    4. Linear notes can help in the planning process by providing a clear structure for your ideas, helping you organize them in a logical sequence, and ensuring that your essay remains focused and coherent.
    5. Logical indicators are words or phrases used to indicate the relationship between ideas in a sentence or paragraph, helping guide the reader through your argument and making the connections and transitions clear, such as by using words like, “therefore, ‘however’ or ‘moreover”.
    6. Short sentences can make the reader carefully consider your point, particularly when used after a series of longer sentences, which tend to feel more comforting and are best suited for analysis and elaboration.
    7. Writing in talk in print means striving to achieve a style that mirrors spoken language, with natural rhythms and phrasing that is easy to understand and follow, and avoiding overly complex or stilted language.
    8. According to the six-point code, it’s necessary to cite a source whenever the ideas or opinions are distinctive to a particular source, when the structure of organization is distinctive, and when the author provides distinctive phrases, passages, or even a single word used in their work.
    9. A topic sentence introduces the main idea of a paragraph, establishes its relevance to the essay, indicates the direction of your argument and acts as a transition to the new idea by connecting it with what came before.
    10. Key elements of active learning involve consciously and actively processing information, engaging critically with sources, and forming your own ideas, rather than simply passively absorbing and reproducing what you read.

    Essay Questions

    1. Discuss the claim that the ability to effectively interpret and analyze a question is the most important skill for successful essay writing.
    2. Analyze the role of note-taking in the development of critical thinking and independent thought, as suggested in the provided text.
    3. Evaluate the importance of revision and editing in the essay-writing process, considering the various stages and techniques described in the text.
    4. Critically assess the relationship between an effective style of writing and the clarity and persuasiveness of an argument.
    5. To what extent does understanding the difference between passive and active learning styles influence an individual’s ability to succeed in higher education?

    Glossary of Key Terms

    • Active Learning: A mode of learning where the student engages with the material, questions assumptions, and constructs their own understanding rather than passively absorbing information.
    • Analysis: The process of breaking down a complex topic or idea into its component parts in order to understand it more deeply.
    • Authorities: Individuals or sources that are often cited as reliable or experts in a particular field, but that should not be accepted uncritically.
    • Brainstorming: A technique for generating a large number of ideas on a particular topic in a short period of time, often used as a starting point for planning.
    • Concepts: Abstract ideas or mental representations of things or categories of things.
    • Criticism and Evaluation: The process of assessing the strengths and weaknesses of an idea or argument, and forming an informed judgment about its validity or usefulness.
    • Economy: A writing style where only the words necessary to convey the idea clearly are included, with nothing superfluous included.
    • Fluency: The ability to write in a smooth, clear, and easily understandable manner without pauses or interruptions.
    • Instructional Verbs: Words used in essay questions that indicate the type of thinking or approach that is required in the answer (e.g., analyze, compare, discuss).
    • Linear Notes: A method of taking notes in a sequential list of lines, often using an outline structure, that help organize and present information.
    • Logical Indicators: Words and phrases used to signal the connections and relationships between ideas, such as “therefore,” “however,” or “in addition”.
    • Mnemonics: Techniques or devices used to aid memory, often involving creating acronyms or rhymes to remember key points.
    • Pattern Notes: A visual method of note-taking that uses a central idea and branches out to associated ideas, commonly known as mind maps.
    • Plagiarism: Presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, without proper acknowledgment.
    • Readability: The quality of writing that makes it easy to read and understand, often achieved through clear, concise language and appropriate structure.
    • Retrieval System: The methods and strategies used to recall and access information, including mental processes and external systems.
    • Revising: The process of reviewing and refining your writing to improve its clarity, coherence, and overall quality.
    • Style: The manner in which an author writes, including word choice, sentence structure, and overall tone.
    • Topic Sentence: A sentence that states the main point or idea of a paragraph, usually placed at the beginning.
    • Transitions: Words or phrases that provide a link between ideas or paragraphs to create a smooth flow of thought in writing.
    • Talk in Print: A writing style that mimics natural spoken language, aiming for clarity and ease of understanding.

    How to Write Better Essays: A Comprehensive Guide

    Okay, here’s a detailed briefing document based on the provided excerpts from “How to Write Better Essays”:

    Briefing Document: “How to Write Better Essays”

    Introduction

    This document provides a comprehensive overview of the key themes and concepts presented in the provided excerpts from Bryan Greetham’s “How to Write Better Essays.” The focus is on understanding the stages of essay writing, from interpreting the question to effective revision, and emphasizes the importance of analytical skills and original thought. The document highlights techniques for improving writing style, research, and time management to enhance essay quality and academic performance.

    Key Themes and Concepts:

    1. The Stages of Essay Writing:
    • Interpretation of the Question: This crucial first step involves a deep analysis of the question’s core concepts and structure. It requires identifying key words and understanding their multiple potential meanings.
    • Analysis of Concepts: This stage focuses on breaking down concepts into their component parts, revealing their various uses and implications. The text provides a practical example involving ‘power’ and ‘authority’ where each concept can be broken down into multiple applications. For example: “From these examples you might conclude that the most obvious way in which we use the word ‘power’ is to describe somebody as having force, the capacity to compel us to do something against our wishes… But we also use it in the phrase ‘the power of persuasion’.”
    • Testing Concepts: This involves refining the initial understanding of the concepts by considering borderline cases and contrasting examples, allowing for a more nuanced and precise definition. “Then, test it. Think up a borderline case, one that doesn’t easily fit. This will lead you to refine your original concept.”
    • Planning: The process of organizing research and ideas into a coherent and logical structure before writing. Planning is presented as an essential activity for crafting cohesive arguments and saving time during the writing process.
    • Writing: This involves using appropriate language, clear sentence structures, and logical indicators to effectively communicate ideas. Style should be “talk in print.” “Aim to create writing that is talk in print.”
    • Revision: A multi-stage process to check for structure, clarity, style, and accuracy. It includes proofreading and reading out loud.
    1. Analytical Skills & Critical Thinking:
    • Importance of Analysis: The text stresses the need to move beyond mere description to critically examine and deconstruct arguments and concepts. “Analyse: Separate an argument, a theory, or a claim into its elements or component parts; to trace the causes of a particular event; to reveal the general principles underlying phenomena.”
    • Revealing Structure: Learning to see the underlying structure of questions and arguments, such as the implied relationship between concepts or assumptions in the question being asked. For example, highlighting the importance of understanding the word ‘only’ in the essay prompt: “‘Advertisers seek only to ensure consumers make informed choices.’ Discuss… Yet it not only alerts the reader to the suspicion that this may be a question largely about concepts, it also reveals the structure of the question.”
    • The Three-Step Technique: The book introduces a three-step method to help students discover the multiple aspects of a concept. This involves: 1. Identifying how a concept is used in more than one way. 2. Exploring the implications of each way a concept is used. 3. Testing the concept through borderline examples and comparing with contrasting cases.
    • Devil’s Advocate: The author recommends exploring multiple sides of an argument even those one may not agree with: “It means playing devil’s advocate by arguing not just for the side of the argument that you support, but for the side with which you may have little sympathy.”
    • Challenging Authorities: Encouraging students not to blindly accept authorities but to analyze, evaluate, and criticize them. “There are some students who, realising that they should not be taking authorities on trust, that they should be analysing, criticising and evaluating them, jump from a statement of the problem in the topic sentence to evaluation, without any attempt to analyse and discuss the issues.”
    1. Concept Exploration:
    • Multiple Meanings: The importance of understanding that concepts can have multiple meanings and implications which need to be revealed before answering the essay question.
    • Use of Examples: Summoning up examples is key to breaking a concept down into its multiple meanings.
    • Identifying Core Characteristics: The book provides an example of forming the concept of an ‘Olic’ using a series of figures to show how essential common characteristics can emerge from a set of different items.
    1. Effective Research and Note-Taking:
    • Active Reading: Reading with a purpose beyond just passive intake of information. “If you’ve left sufficient time between reading the text the first time for comprehension, and then reading it for structure, you’re more likely to have a clear, uncluttered set of notes free from all unnecessary ma-terial.”
    • Clear Note Structures: Emphasizing the need to take clear, concise notes using techniques such as linear notes or pattern notes (mind maps). “Remember, notes are of little use if they’re not a record of your understanding of the subject.”
    • Organized Systems: Creating systems for efficient storage and retrieval of information, using tools like notebooks and index cards.
    • Personal Insights: Using times of solitude to actively process ideas and develop personal insights and arguments. “Such moments of reverie are the time when the mind can process the material it’s taken in during the day, and organise it into structures for us to use if we have the will to access it.”
    1. Writing Style and Communication:
    • “Talk in Print”: The concept of aiming for a style that is natural, clear, and engaging, mimicking the tone of spoken conversation. “Aim to create writing that is talk in print.”
    • Simplicity and Economy: Emphasizing the use of short, clear sentences, specific nouns and verbs, and avoiding superfluous language. “In a nutshell: Aim to create writing that is talk in print. Don’t lose the reader in long sentences. Wherever possible use short sentences with clear structures.”
    • Logical Indicators: The importance of using transition words and phrases to indicate the direction and logic of an argument. “In effect these work as ‘logical indicators’: they indicate what you will be doing in the paragraph. You might be striking a contrast with what you’ve just done in the previous paragraph (‘In contrast’, ‘However’).”
    • Avoiding Jargon and Clichés: The text emphasizes the need for precise language and avoidance of tired phrases.
    • Active Voice: The need to write in the active voice rather than the passive where appropriate.
    1. Planning and Time Management:
    • Timetabling: Structuring study time into a consistent timetable to maximize efficiency and reduce stress.
    • Specificity: Creating a specific plan for studying each task rather than vague intentions.
    • Planning in the Exam: The necessity of planning within the time constraints of the exam to ensure a well-structured response.
    • Subconscious Processing: Alerting the subconscious mind to gaps in knowledge to be filled in while doing other tasks.
    1. Avoiding Plagiarism
    • Citing Sources: Providing references for ideas, arguments and distinctive structures.
    • Common Knowledge: Understanding what does and does not need a citation.
    • The Six-Point Code: The book recommends following a six-point code to assist students in knowing what needs to be cited:
    1. Distinctive Ideas
    2. Distinctive Structure or organizing strategy
    3. Phrases Used Verbatim
    4. Any single word used distinctively.
    5. Revision
    • Purposeful Revision: Check the essay for a range of different things in a series of revisions.
    • Read Aloud: Reading the essay out loud to check for fluency and rhythm.
    • Check for Specificity: Ensure the essay is as clear and specific as possible.
    • Multiple Passes: Not to tackle everything in one revision but to look at different aspects at each revision stage.

    Illustrative Examples:

    • The text uses the example of the phrase “PARIS IN THE THE SPRING” to illustrate that people selectively ignore words to see what their mind wants to see.
    • The example of the ‘Olic’ figures illustrates how to analyze the common characteristics of a concept.
    • The use of advertising examples, such as emphasizing a car’s acceleration while ignoring its rusting issues, shows how advertisers selectively omit information.

    Conclusion:

    “How to Write Better Essays” offers a systematic and practical guide to essay writing, emphasizing the importance of analysis, original thought, and clear communication. By mastering the stages of essay writing, improving critical thinking skills, and effectively organizing research and time, students can significantly improve the quality of their academic work. The book provides tools and techniques not only for writing essays but also for becoming more effective and independent learners. This document highlights the core components of the book, which if put into practice by students could radically change their approach to academic study.

    Essay Writing and Academic Skills FAQs

    Frequently Asked Questions on Essay Writing and Academic Skills

    1. How do I effectively interpret an essay question to ensure I’m addressing the core issues?
    2. The first step is to identify the key concepts in the question by underlining them. Then, examine how you use these concepts in different contexts. Consider whether a concept has multiple meanings or uses. For example, “power” can refer to physical force or the ability to persuade. Breaking down key terms and their relationships (e.g. ‘power’ and ‘authority’) reveals the structure of the question and the necessary arguments. Pay close attention to instructional verbs like “analyse,” “discuss,” or “evaluate,” as these indicate what kind of approach you need to take in your response. Finally, you must consider what are not the main topics of discussion in the prompt.
    3. What is the three-step technique for analyzing concepts, and how can I apply it to essay writing?
    4. The three-step technique is a method for examining concepts in depth and preparing for a thorough essay. The first step is to analyze the concept by exploring its various uses. The second step is to form an initial concept and list essential characteristics. The final step is to test the concept by identifying a borderline case that doesn’t quite fit, then adjusting the concept. For example, in analyzing the concept of ‘advertising,’ you might start with the idea that its only goal is to inform consumers, then consider advertising that does the opposite. This testing and refinement allows for more nuanced and robust arguments in your essay.
    5. How can I effectively use brainstorming to generate ideas for my essays?
    6. Brainstorming is a creative way to generate ideas. Start by identifying the main concept(s) and thinking of any related examples, points, or arguments that come to mind. Don’t censor your initial thoughts, even if they seem irrelevant or absurd. The goal is to get a range of possible arguments and ideas on paper. Then, analyze and organize these ideas to reveal a structure for your essay, filtering the less relevant items and combining related ideas into larger points. You may then organize these points into a linear note format to begin structuring your essay.
    7. What’s the difference between power and authority, and how is that relevant to essay writing?
    8. Power is the capacity to compel someone to do something, often through force or the threat of it. A police officer has the power to arrest you. Authority, in contrast, involves a legitimate right to demand compliance, often because of an institution or a moral understanding. Authority can also come from expertise or experience. A mugger has the power to coerce compliance, but does not possess the authority to do so. Understanding this distinction allows for a more nuanced discussion when dealing with these concepts in essays, helping you formulate original arguments and insights based on your analysis.
    9. What are some effective note-taking strategies that will support my essay writing process?
    10. Effective note-taking should help you organize ideas and arguments. Linear note-taking, although useful for specific subjects, may not be the best for essays. Linear notes should include a structure of main points, sub points and specific examples. Pattern notes allow more flexibility by visually mapping out connections between ideas, allowing you to develop more original ideas, or to evaluate an argument from multiple perspectives. Notes should be brief, using abbreviations, without unnessicary clutter. Further, consider taking “notes on notes,” as this allows you to take advantage of how your mind recalls the information.
    11. How can I make my writing style clearer and more impactful, and avoid losing the reader?
    12. Clarity and impact can be achieved through multiple methods. Use concise language, avoid jargon and clichés, and focus on specific and definite nouns. Avoid using too many adjectives and adverbs. Favor the active voice over the passive voice. Prioritize short, simple sentences that are easy to follow. When using longer sentences, use clear logical indicators (“therefore,” “however,” “similarly”) to guide the reader through your argument. Think of your writing as talk in print, and read your work out loud to evaluate its flow. Also, make use of logical indicators (connectives), which guide readers along the points you are making.
    13. What are the key elements of a well-structured essay, and how do I plan for each element?
    14. A well-structured essay includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should interpret the question and indicate your thesis or main argument. Each body paragraph should focus on a single idea related to the main argument. Start each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that connects back to your thesis. Support your claims with examples and evidence. Make sure each paragraph has a clear structure and each part leads naturally to the next. Use transition words and phrases to link ideas smoothly between paragraphs. Your conclusion should provide a summary of your argument and its implications and show your own original analysis of the argument or prompt. Further, in order to maintain the reader’s focus, you must consider not simply the content, but how your essay “sounds,” as your pace and flow can impact the reader’s perception.
    15. How should I revise my essays to improve their quality, and what are the common pitfalls to avoid?
    16. Effective revision is not merely proofreading for errors but should occur over multiple stages and with different goals. A common mistake is to jump immediately into editing. First, reread your work to analyze the flow of your arguments and make sure the structure is clear. Next, revise it to ensure the meaning is clear and the language is concise. Then you will revise for the evidence and the points you are making, making sure each argument is properly supported. Then check for clarity and finally listen for the “sound” of the essay. Avoid the temptation to simply offer your opinion without supporting it with argument and evidence, and do not simply offer a restatement of previous arguments. Also, be wary of plagiarism and avoid using overly complicated sentences.

    How to Write Better Essays: A Critical Analysis

    Okay, here is the detailed timeline and cast of characters based on the provided text:

    Timeline of Main Events & Concepts

    • 2001:
    • First publication of “How to Write Better Essays” by Bryan Greetham.
    • General Study Techniques (Throughout the book, no set date)
    • Emphasis on active learning, not passive.
    • Use of three-step technique for analysis and defining concepts
    • Brainstorming and using your own ideas.
    • Use of pattern notes and linear notes.
    • Focus on planning and structuring arguments.
    • Importance of critical evaluation and evidence.
    • Development of clear, concise writing style.
    • Organization of study time, creating a schedule and using downtime effectively.
    • Importance of revisions
    • Importance of citing sources
    • Emphasis on preparation for essay exams
    • Concepts/Arguments Discussed (Throughout the book, no set date)
    • The nature of rules vs. standards in law (referencing Duncan Kennedy)
    • Hobbes’s view on covenants extorted by force.
    • The concept of human equality.
    • Compatibility of democracy and individual freedom.
    • The relevance of anomie and subculture to criminality.
    • Efficient levels of smoking and immunizations.
    • The nature of freedom (being free from vs. being free to)
    • The relationship between authority and power.
    • The influence of preconceptions on perception.
    • The role of advertising (and whether it serves to ensure consumers make informed choices)
    • Manipulation techniques in advertising (e.g. selective info, distortions, association, subliminal)
    • Totalitarian leaders/states. (with reference to Schapiro)
    • The rise of dictators.
    • The value of the Rule of Law (referencing A. V. Dicey)
    • John Stuart Mill’s harm principle.
    • Legal vs. moral obligations.
    • Arguments for civil disobedience (using examples from Gandhi, Suffragettes and other relevant figures.)
    • The concept of “pain” being both necessary and sufficient for the justification of personal interest.
    • The nature of interest, including “proxy interests” (using examples from Frey and Karen Quinlan).
    • Arguments against private languages (referencing Wittgenstein)
    • The role of logical indicators (i.e. transitions) in writing.
    • Importance of the active voice, and concrete nouns.
    • Understanding plagiarism.
    • University/Academic Citations and Concepts (Throughout the book, no set date)
    • Specific examples of university exam questions used from Cornell, Maryland, York, and Oxford.
    • Citations for works from London, Harvard, Oxford.
    • Example reference to the University of Newcastle.
    • 1930s:
    • Mention of the Moscow joke about paranoia and lack of trust under totalitarian rule.

    Cast of Characters

    • Bryan Greetham: The author of “How to Write Better Essays.” He dedicates the book to Pat, Robert Greetham (his father), and Harry Rowe.
    • Pat: Mentioned as a crucial figure in the author’s life, “without whom nothing is possible.”
    • Robert Greetham: The author’s father, cited as one of two great men that inspired the author.
    • Harry Rowe: Cited as an inspiration to the author.
    • John Peck and Martin Coyle: Authors of “How to Study Television.”
    • Keith Selby and Ron Cowdery: Authors of “How to Study Television.”
    • Duncan Kennedy: A legal scholar whose claim about rules vs. standards and individualism vs. altruism is discussed.
    • Hobbes: A philosopher whose views on covenants and obligation are examined.
    • Schapiro: (Assumed to be Leonard Schapiro, based on context) A historian or political scientist, who the author references in relation to the “totalitarian state” concept.
    • Ernst Röhm: Mentioned as an opponent of Hitler.
    • Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev & Bukharin: All mentioned as opponents of Stalin.
    • Wilson: Referenced in the context of the Treaty of Versailles.
    • A.V. Dicey: A legal scholar whose arguments for the importance of the Rule of Law are mentioned.
    • John Stuart Mill: A philosopher whose principle about restrictions of freedom is discussed.
    • Mahatma Gandhi: A key historical figure whose actions in relation to civil disobedience are discussed.
    • Martin Luther King, Jr: Mentioned as a figure related to acts of civil disobedience in the US.
    • Frey: A person referenced in a discussion about pain as it relates to personal interests.
    • Karen Quinlan: A person referenced in the same discussion about pain and personal interests.
    • A. Huxley: (likely Aldous Huxley) Referenced in the section of the text concerning political and social manipulation, as well as the dangers of propaganda, relating to his book Brave New World Revisited.
    • Matthew Arnold: Referenced, with a quote from him in a footnote.
    • G. W. E. Russell: Referenced as the source of the Matthew Arnold Quote.
    • Ignaz Semmelweis: A person referenced in a discussion about analysis in the scientific method.
    • Ludwig Wittgenstein: A philosopher whose ideas on private language are discussed.
    • David Dockrill, Joe Mintoff, John Wright, C.A. Hooker: Academics referenced by way of personal acknowledgement.

    This timeline and cast of characters should give a solid overview of the content of the source document.

    Mastering Essay Writing: A Structured Approach

    The sources provide a comprehensive guide to essay writing, emphasizing a structured approach that incorporates both study and thinking skills [1]. The guide is designed to assist students at various levels, from school to university, by providing a step-by-step process for writing essays [1, 2].

    Here are some key aspects of essay writing skills covered in the sources:

    • Understanding the value of essay writing: Writing essays is a crucial step in the learning process as it helps in organizing thoughts and developing ideas [3]. It also offers opportunities for feedback from tutors, and can be used as revision material [4].
    • Stages of Essay Writing: The sources outline five distinct stages for writing a good essay [5]:
    • Interpretation of the question: This involves understanding the meaning and implications of the question to avoid irrelevance [6, 7]. Analyzing the key concepts in the question is also a critical step [8, 9].
    • Research: This stage involves gathering relevant material and focusing on answering the questions identified in the interpretation stage [10, 11].
    • Planning: Planning is essential to provide a clear structure to the essay [12-15]. It involves editing and ordering ideas [16-18].
    • Writing: This stage focuses on getting ideas down freely, while keeping the inner editor at bay to allow for fluency [19, 20].
    • Revision: This involves reviewing the essay for structure, content, and style [21, 22].
    • Interpretation of the Question:
    • It is essential to avoid jumping straight into research, which can result in irrelevant notes [6].
    • It’s important to understand the range of abilities the examiner wants to see [23].
    • Careful interpretation helps in revealing the structure that the essay should adopt [7, 24].
    • Analyzing key concepts is important to ensure the essay qualifies for the highest marks [8].
    • A three-step technique can be used to analyze concepts, which involves generating examples, analyzing core characteristics, and testing these characteristics [25-28].
    • Research Skills:
    • The sources discuss how to process ideas effectively, including reading analytically and critically [29].
    • Effective note-taking strategies such as pattern notes and linear notes are essential [30, 31].
    • The ability to criticize and evaluate arguments is crucial, and a four-step technique for doing so is provided [32, 33].
    • Using a card system or project box helps in organizing research material [34, 35].
    • Planning the Essay:
    • Planning helps in avoiding losing the reader and in strengthening weaker arguments [13, 15].
    • Rehearsing arguments in detail before writing is important [36, 37].
    • Planning includes editing the material to remove irrelevance [17, 38].
    • Ordering ideas from simple to complex helps in creating a persuasive argument [18].
    • Planning is also useful for examinations as it helps in structuring ideas for improved memory and recall [39, 40].
    • Writing the Essay:
    • The guide emphasizes the importance of writing freely by keeping the inner editor at bay, and of splitting the writing and revision stages [19, 20].
    • It suggests hanging a question over what is written rather than imposing a narrow thesis statement [41, 42].
    • Introductions should analyze the implications of the question and outline the structure of the essay [43].
    • Paragraphs should have clear topic sentences, and each paragraph should be tied to the major issues identified in the introduction [44, 45].
    • Conclusions should tie back to the introduction to make the essay cohesive [46-48].
    • Style: The sources focus on simplicity, economy and clarity [49-52].
    • Writing should be like “talk in print” [50, 51].
    • Sentences should be clear and concise, and logical indicators should be used to guide the reader [53].
    • The active voice is preferable to the passive voice [54].
    • Transitions should be used to create fluency between paragraphs [55].
    • Evidence should be used to “show rather than tell” [56].
    • Revision: The sources highlight that revision is essential for improving the quality of the work [21, 22, 57].
    • A five-stage revision strategy is recommended which focuses on structure, and content [22].
    • Revisions should focus on identifying areas that require work, checking the essay’s structure, and revising for clarity and style [58, 59].
    • It involves both the writer’s and the editor’s skills [21].
    • Importance of Thinking Skills: The guide emphasizes the importance of analytical, critical, and evaluative thinking skills [1, 7, 12, 34, 60-63].
    • The ability to analyze, criticize, synthesize, and evaluate are important for higher marks [61, 63, 64].
    • It is important to move beyond just recall and comprehension [61, 65].
    • The guide also notes that examiners are concerned with how you reach your conclusions, not just the conclusions themselves [66].

    By following the advice in the sources, students can develop strong essay writing skills that enable them to produce clear, well-structured, and insightful essays.

    Essay Structure: A Comprehensive Guide

    The sources emphasize that essay structure is a critical component of effective essay writing, and provide guidance on how to achieve a well-structured essay [1]. Here’s a breakdown of essay structure based on the information in the sources:

    • Importance of Structure: A clear structure is essential for an essay to achieve high marks [1]. Without it, essays can become irrelevant, confusing, and poorly organized, potentially missing the point [1, 2]. A well-planned structure helps readers follow the arguments and understand the essay’s relevance to the question [3, 4].
    • Revealing Structure from the Question: The structure of an essay should be derived from a careful interpretation of the essay question itself [5]. Analyzing the key concepts within the question is crucial to revealing the structure the essay should adopt [6-8].
    • This involves identifying how many parts the question has and the weight each part should be given [7].
    • The analysis of key concepts influences, if not determines, the structure of the essay [7].
    • Five Stages of Essay Writing: The sources present five distinct stages for writing a good essay, which inherently contribute to its overall structure [1]:
    1. Interpretation of the Question: This initial stage involves understanding the meaning and implications of the question, as well as the examiner’s expectations. It sets the foundation for the essay’s structure [5, 9].
    2. Research: Research is guided by the interpretation of the question. It provides the material needed to develop the essay’s arguments, and should be focused by the structure developed in the first step [10, 11].
    3. Planning: This stage involves organizing the essay’s content into a logical framework. It is crucial for a coherent and relevant essay [3, 12].
    4. Writing: This is where the plan is executed, with a focus on clear and coherent expression [13, 14].
    5. Revision: The final stage, involving reviewing and refining the essay’s structure [15, 16].
    • Planning and Structure: Planning plays a vital role in creating a well-structured essay [3, 17]. A plan acts as a “city map” for readers, guiding them through the arguments and ideas [4].
    • Planning strengthens weaker arguments by providing a logical sequence for the reader to follow [18].
    • Planning also involves editing and ordering ideas to ensure a clear and logical progression [19, 20].
    • The planning stage is an opportunity to rehearse arguments, ensuring they are clearly and consistently developed [21].
    • Introductions, Paragraphs, and Conclusions: The structural framework of an essay is built with introductions, paragraphs, and conclusions [22].
    • Introductions should interpret the implications of the question and outline a “map” of the essay’s structure, guiding the reader through the arguments [23]. They should also establish the relevance of the topic by identifying the major issues [24].
    • Paragraphs should have a clear topic sentence, which ties the paragraph to the essay’s main issues. Each paragraph should also develop the idea in the topic sentence, and include relevant evidence to support the arguments [25, 26]. Paragraphs should also be linked by effective transitions [27].
    • Conclusions should tie back to the introduction, providing a sense of completion and reinforcing the essay’s main arguments [28, 29].
    • Linear Notes: When taking notes, the sources suggest linear notes as the most appropriate method for extracting the structure of arguments and passages, as it reflects the hierarchy of ideas, with indentations that indicate subsections [30].
    • Revising for Structure: The revision stage involves checking the essay’s overall structure, including whether the introduction has correctly set out the direction of the essay, the arguments in each paragraph are relevant, and the conclusion provides a sense of closure [31].
    • Logical Flow: The organization of ideas in an essay should progress logically from simple to complex ideas [32, 33]. This method is both logical and psychologically effective, leaving the reader with the impression that the entire essay was of high quality [32].
    • Transitions and Topic Sentences: Transitions between paragraphs help maintain a logical flow and guide the reader, while clear topic sentences make each paragraph’s purpose clear [26, 27, 34].

    In summary, the sources emphasize that essay structure is not just about organization, but about revealing the underlying logic and argument in a way that is clear and persuasive to the reader [35]. This involves a multi-stage approach from careful interpretation of the question through planning, writing, and revision, with attention to how all parts of an essay contribute to its overall coherence [20, 36].

    Effective Essay Planning Strategies

    Effective planning is a crucial stage in essay writing, according to the sources, and it significantly impacts the quality and coherence of the final product [1]. Planning is not merely about organizing content; it is a process that involves careful consideration of the essay’s structure, arguments, and evidence [2, 3]. Here’s a breakdown of effective planning strategies based on the sources:

    • Purposeful Planning: Planning is essential to give your essay a clear structure for the reader to follow [4]. Without a plan, essays often lack logical flow, which makes it difficult for examiners to understand the relevance of the arguments [4, 5]. A well-structured plan strengthens even the weakest points by creating an obvious logical sequence, providing a “safety net” [6].
    • Rehearsing Arguments: Effective planning involves rehearsing your arguments in as much detail as possible before writing [3, 5]. This allows you to sort out the main ideas and the details needed to explain and support them [7]. By rehearsing arguments, you can make sure all arguments are relevant, clearly stated, and supported with sufficient evidence [2].
    • Editing Material: Planning requires a ruthless approach to editing, cutting out any material that is irrelevant to the essay question [8-10]. Even if some material is interesting, it should be discarded if it does not directly address the core issues of the essay [9, 10]. This editing process is critical for maintaining a clear and logical structure [9].
    • Ordering Ideas: Ordering your ideas is another key aspect of planning [8, 11]. The sources suggest moving from simple to complex ideas, and from peripheral issues to central ones [11]. This ensures that the essay builds a coherent and persuasive argument, presenting each idea in its proper context [11].
    • Planning Methods: The sources suggest two main approaches to planning:
    • Linear Notes: This method involves rehearsing your arguments in a step-by-step format, converting pattern notes into linear notes before writing [12, 13]. This approach can provide greater control over the structure and progression of your arguments [13].
    • Pattern Notes: Pattern notes are useful for the initial brainstorming of ideas but can also be used throughout planning [12, 14]. When time is limited, pattern notes can help capture ideas quickly [13]. The most important point is that the planning method should be flexible and appropriate for the task [13, 15, 16].
    • Planning for Examinations: In exam situations, planning is even more critical due to the time constraints [17, 18]. It is better to spend some time planning the essay than to start writing without a plan [17]. Planning helps in the recall of ideas and arguments, and in structuring the essay to avoid incoherence [19]. It is useful to plan all the questions you have to answer before writing to allow your mind time to work on the details of each answer while you are writing other answers [20, 21].
    • Benefits of Planning:
    • Prevents Losing the Reader: A well-defined plan acts as a roadmap for readers, guiding them through your arguments and ideas [5]. It ensures that readers understand the flow of the essay and the relevance of your points [5, 22].
    • Strengthens Weaker Points: A clear structure provides a context that can strengthen weak arguments [6]. When ideas are clearly presented, even less convincing points can gain clarity from the structure of the essay [6].
    • Improves Memory: The mind recalls structures and patterns [19, 23]. Planning helps organize ideas, making them easier to remember during both the writing process and the revision stage [19].
    • Enhances Understanding: Planning is a crucial stage for processing and understanding the subject matter [24]. By rehearsing arguments in detail you can test your understanding of the ideas and arguments [24].

    In summary, effective planning is a deliberate process of structuring, organizing, and rehearsing your essay content [12, 13]. It’s an opportunity to make sure all the arguments are relevant, the structure is clear and logical, and sufficient evidence is available [2]. By using effective planning strategies, you can significantly enhance the clarity, coherence, and persuasive power of your essay [5].

    Effective Essay Planning Strategies

    Effective planning is a crucial stage in essay writing, according to the sources, and it significantly impacts the quality and coherence of the final product [1]. Planning is not merely about organizing content; it is a process that involves careful consideration of the essay’s structure, arguments, and evidence [2, 3]. Here’s a breakdown of effective planning strategies based on the sources:

    • Purposeful Planning: Planning is essential to give your essay a clear structure for the reader to follow [4]. Without a plan, essays often lack logical flow, which makes it difficult for examiners to understand the relevance of the arguments [4, 5]. A well-structured plan strengthens even the weakest points by creating an obvious logical sequence, providing a “safety net” [6].
    • Rehearsing Arguments: Effective planning involves rehearsing your arguments in as much detail as possible before writing [3, 5]. This allows you to sort out the main ideas and the details needed to explain and support them [7]. By rehearsing arguments, you can make sure all arguments are relevant, clearly stated, and supported with sufficient evidence [2].
    • Editing Material: Planning requires a ruthless approach to editing, cutting out any material that is irrelevant to the essay question [8-10]. Even if some material is interesting, it should be discarded if it does not directly address the core issues of the essay [9, 10]. This editing process is critical for maintaining a clear and logical structure [9].
    • Ordering Ideas: Ordering your ideas is another key aspect of planning [8, 11]. The sources suggest moving from simple to complex ideas, and from peripheral issues to central ones [11]. This ensures that the essay builds a coherent and persuasive argument, presenting each idea in its proper context [11].
    • Planning Methods: The sources suggest two main approaches to planning:
    • Linear Notes: This method involves rehearsing your arguments in a step-by-step format, converting pattern notes into linear notes before writing [12, 13]. This approach can provide greater control over the structure and progression of your arguments [13].
    • Pattern Notes: Pattern notes are useful for the initial brainstorming of ideas but can also be used throughout planning [12, 14]. When time is limited, pattern notes can help capture ideas quickly [13]. The most important point is that the planning method should be flexible and appropriate for the task [13, 15, 16].
    • Planning for Examinations: In exam situations, planning is even more critical due to the time constraints [17, 18]. It is better to spend some time planning the essay than to start writing without a plan [17]. Planning helps in the recall of ideas and arguments, and in structuring the essay to avoid incoherence [19]. It is useful to plan all the questions you have to answer before writing to allow your mind time to work on the details of each answer while you are writing other answers [20, 21].
    • Benefits of Planning:
    • Prevents Losing the Reader: A well-defined plan acts as a roadmap for readers, guiding them through your arguments and ideas [5]. It ensures that readers understand the flow of the essay and the relevance of your points [5, 22].
    • Strengthens Weaker Points: A clear structure provides a context that can strengthen weak arguments [6]. When ideas are clearly presented, even less convincing points can gain clarity from the structure of the essay [6].
    • Improves Memory: The mind recalls structures and patterns [19, 23]. Planning helps organize ideas, making them easier to remember during both the writing process and the revision stage [19].
    • Enhances Understanding: Planning is a crucial stage for processing and understanding the subject matter [24]. By rehearsing arguments in detail you can test your understanding of the ideas and arguments [24].

    In summary, effective planning is a deliberate process of structuring, organizing, and rehearsing your essay content [12, 13]. It’s an opportunity to make sure all the arguments are relevant, the structure is clear and logical, and sufficient evidence is available [2]. By using effective planning strategies, you can significantly enhance the clarity, coherence, and persuasive power of your essay [5].

    Avoiding Plagiarism: A Guide for Students

    The sources provide detailed guidance on understanding and avoiding plagiarism, which is considered a serious form of academic dishonesty [1]. Here’s a comprehensive overview of how to avoid plagiarism, according to the sources:

    • Understanding Plagiarism: Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s ideas or arguments as your own [2]. It includes using an idea without acknowledgment, copying paragraphs without quotation marks, and quoting without proper citation [2]. Even a single distinctive word can constitute plagiarism if not properly attributed [3, 4]. Essentially, any activity that involves taking credit for someone else’s work is plagiarism [2].
    • Unintentional Plagiarism: The sources note that many instances of plagiarism are unintentional, often stemming from a lack of awareness or poor organizational skills [5]. Students may blend their own ideas with those from texts, fail to paraphrase adequately, or take rushed notes, resulting in unintentional plagiarism [5].
    • The Problem with Over-Referencing: The sources argue that the solution to plagiarism can be as harmful as the problem itself [6]. Students may believe that the only way to avoid plagiarism is to give a reference for every idea, which leads to the impression that there is nothing new in education and that their role is just to recycle the opinions of others [6]. This approach can discourage original thinking and may result in an essay that simply repeats what others have said [6].
    • When to Cite Sources: The Six-Point Code: The sources provide a six-point code to guide decisions about when to cite sources [7]:
    1. Distinctive Ideas: Cite sources whenever ideas or opinions are distinctive to a particular source [7].
    2. Distinctive Structure: Cite sources when the author uses a particular method of approaching a problem or if there is a distinctive intellectual structure to the work, even when the information is put into your own words [7].
    3. Information or Data: Cite the source for facts, statistics, tables, and diagrams [4].
    4. Verbatim Phrases or Passages: Use quotation marks and cite the source for any direct quotes, including distinctive single words [4].
    5. Not Common Knowledge: Cite the source when the information or opinion is not widely known [4].
    6. When in Doubt, Cite It!: It does no harm to cite, as long as you are not citing merely to impress the examiner [8].
    • Common Knowledge: There is no need to cite common knowledge that is widely known [3]. However, if an author has presented common knowledge in a distinctive way, a citation is appropriate [3].
    • Strategies to Minimize Plagiarism:
    • Organization: Proper planning and time management are key to avoiding plagiarism. Starting an essay with enough time allows for careful note-taking and thoughtful processing of ideas [9, 10].
    • Active Processing: Actively process the information, analyze the structure, and criticize the arguments to integrate the ideas with your own thinking [9]. This reduces the tendency to rely too heavily on the wording and structure of the original sources [9].
    • Interpretation: A clear understanding of the essay question can reduce the risk of plagiarism [10]. When you interpret the question and brainstorm your own ideas, you are less likely to adopt the ideas of others wholesale [10].
    • Note-Taking: Clearly mark borrowed ideas in your notes using different colors or distinct methods to differentiate them from your own thoughts [10]. Also, always record the full citation details (author, title, page numbers, and date) at the top of your notes for easy reference [11].
    • Index Card System: The sources recommend using an index card system as a good way to force yourself to put ideas into your own words [12].
    • Referencing: The sources say that a good referencing system must be clear, accurate and consistent [13]. It must give credit to the author for the original ideas and must give your readers sufficient detail to locate the reference for themselves [13]. The sources also note that most tutors do not mind what system you use so long as it is clear, accurate and consistent [13].
    • Acknowledging Uncited Sources: You should also acknowledge the help you have received from friends, colleagues, and tutors [14]. Informal discussions can often lead to insights that are worth acknowledging [14, 15].

    In summary, avoiding plagiarism involves a combination of understanding what constitutes plagiarism, using effective strategies to process information, accurately citing sources, and being organized and thorough in research and note-taking. The emphasis is on acknowledging other people’s contributions, while at the same time developing your own ideas [16].

    A Five-Stage Essay Revision Strategy

    The sources emphasize that revision is a crucial stage in essay writing, not just a final check for errors, but a process that significantly enhances the quality and impact of the essay [1, 2]. Revision should involve a shift of focus from the writer to the editor, and be seen as an opportunity to refine and strengthen your ideas [1, 3]. The sources propose a five-stage revision strategy, separating structural and content-focused revisions [1]. Here’s a detailed look at these revision strategies:

    • The Importance of Revision:
    • Enhancing Creativity: Revision allows for more creative writing during the writing stage because you do not have to worry about producing the final, polished version in one attempt [2]. Knowing that you can polish your prose later, allows you to focus on the ideas, connections and comparisons which give your writing impact [2, 4].
    • Shifting Focus: Revision involves shifting focus from the creative act of converting ideas to language, to a more conscious focus on the way you have used words and structures [3].
    • Purposeful Revision: The sources advocate revising with a clear purpose, focusing on different aspects of the essay in each revision, rather than attempting to revise everything at once [1, 5]. This makes the process more manageable and effective [5].
    • The Five-Stage Revision Strategy:
    • First Revision: Reassurance: This initial revision is about reading through the essay to get a sense of how it sounds. It’s a way of reassuring yourself that the essay reads well and identifying problem areas [6].
    • Listen for passages where the flow of the text breaks down or sounds awkward, and note them for later review [6, 7].
    • This revision is not for making changes, but for identifying areas that need further attention [7, 8].
    • Second Revision: Structure: This revision focuses on the larger structural elements of the essay [9].
    • Check the introduction to make sure it clearly sets out the map of the essay [9].
    • Examine the conclusion to ensure it ties back to the introduction and provides a sense of closure [9-11].
    • Review the logical structure of the essay, ensuring that arguments are presented in a coherent sequence and are relevant to the essay question [9, 12].
    • Ensure that all the arguments are clearly stated and well developed [12].
    • Assess if there is sufficient evidence to support your claims and that the evidence is doing real work and is not just padding [12, 13].
    • Make sure the essay has answered the question set and dealt with all the implications of that question that you identified in the interpretation stage [11, 13].
    • Third Revision: Content Accuracy: In this revision, the focus is on the accuracy of the content and the mechanics of writing [14, 15].
    • Check for factual accuracy, ensuring all information is correct [15].
    • Review the grammar, punctuation, and spelling [15].
    • Ensure clear distinction between your own ideas and those of others, with proper acknowledgment of sources [15, 16].
    • Confirm that all sources have been properly referenced and that you have not omitted any text from the bibliography [16].
    • Fourth Revision: Style: This revision concentrates on the style and readability of the essay [16].
    • Remove unnecessary words, phrases, and sentences [17].
    • Cut down long complex sentences into shorter, more manageable ones [17].
    • Replace obscure words with simpler ones [17].
    • Use strong nouns and verbs in place of unnecessary modifiers [17].
    • Use the active voice [17].
    • Fifth Revision: Readability: The final revision should focus on the overall readability of the essay [18].
    • Check how well the essay reads, as if you were reading it for the first time, paying close attention to the rhythm and pace of the writing [18].
    • General Revision Tips:
    • Cooling Off Period: Allow a cooling off period of at least a day between writing and revising to allow your editorial eye to become engaged [3, 8].
    • Checklists: Use checklists to ensure that you do not overlook any critical aspects of revision, and that you address your revisions as the examiners would [18, 19].
    • Read Aloud: Reading your essay aloud or getting someone else to read it can help identify awkward passages, as the ear can often pick up on issues more effectively than the eye [7, 18, 20].
    • Note Mistakes: Note any recurring issues, like spelling mistakes, poor transitions, or punctuation problems, and consult your notebook regularly to address them in the future [21].
    • Use Feedback: Organize yourself to respond effectively to feedback provided by tutors and use the feedback to identify areas to improve [21, 22].

    In summary, revision is not just about correcting mistakes; it is a vital part of the writing process that helps to refine arguments, improve clarity, and enhance the overall quality of the essay. By using a structured approach, you can make the revision process more manageable and produce a more polished and persuasive piece of work.

    By Amjad Izhar
    Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
    https://amjadizhar.blog