J
J1 n. (also j) (pl. Js or j’s) tenth letter of the alphabet.
J2 abbr. (also j.) Joule(s).
Jab —v. (-bb-) 1 a poke roughly. B stab. 2 (foll. By into) thrust (a thing) hard or abruptly. —n. 1 abrupt blow, thrust, or stab. 2 colloq. Hypodermic injection. [var. Of job = prod]
Jabber —v. 1 chatter volubly. 2 utter (words) in this way. —n. Chatter; gabble. [imitative]
Jabot n. Ornamental frill etc. On the front of a shirt or blouse. [french]
Jacaranda n. Tropical american tree with trumpet-shaped blue flowers or hard scented wood. [tupi]
Jacinth n. Reddish-orange zircon used as a gem. [latin: related to *hyacinth]
Jack —n. 1 device for raising heavy objects, esp. Vehicles. 2 court-card with a picture of a soldier, page, etc. 3 ship’s flag, esp. Showing nationality. 4 device using a single-pronged plug to connect an electrical circuit. 5 small white target ball in bowls. 6 a = *jackstone. B (in pl.) Game of jackstones. 7 (jack) familiar
form of john, esp. Typifying the common man, male animal, etc. (i’m all right, jack). —v. (usu. Foll. By up) 1 raise with or as with a jack (in sense 1). 2 colloq. Raise (e.g. Prices). every man jack every person. Jack in slang abandon (an attempt etc.). [familiar form of the name john]
Jackal n. 1 african or asian wild animal of the dog family, scavenging in packs for food. 2 colloq. Menial. [persian]
Jackanapes n. Archaic rascal. [earlier jack napes, supposed to refer to the duke of suffolk]
Jackass n. 1 male ass. 2 stupid person.
Jackboot n. 1 military boot reaching above the knee. 2 this as a militaristic or fascist symbol.
Jackdaw n. Grey-headed bird of the crow family.
Jacket n. 1 a short coat with sleeves. B protective or supporting garment (life-jacket). 2 casing or covering round a boiler etc. 3 = *dust-jacket. 4 skin of a potato. 5 animal’s coat. [french]
Jacket potato n. Potato baked in its skin.
Jack frost n. Frost personified.
Jack-in-the-box n. Toy figure that springs out of a box.
Jackknife —n. 1 large clasp-knife. 2 dive in which the body is bent and then straightened. —v. (-fing) (of an articulated vehicle) fold against itself in an accident.
Jack of all trades n. Multi-skilled person.
Jack-o’-lantern n. 1 will-o’-the wisp. 2 pumpkin lantern.
Jack plane n. Medium-sized joinery plane.
Jack plug n. Plug for use with a jack (see *jack n. 4).
Jackpot n. Large prize, esp. Accumulated in a game, lottery, etc. hit the jackpot colloq. 1 win a large prize. 2 have remarkable luck or success.
Jackrabbit n. Us large prairie hare.
Jack russell n. Short-legged breed of terrier.
Jackstone n. 1 metal etc. Piece used in tossing-games. 2 (in pl.) Game with a ball and jackstones.
Jack tar n. Sailor.
Jacobean —adj. 1 of the reign of james i. 2 (of furniture) heavy and dark in style. —n. Jacobean person. [latin jacobus james]
Jacobite n. Hist. Supporter of james ii after his flight, or of the stuarts.
Jacquard n. 1 apparatus with perforated cards, for weaving figured fabrics. 2 (in full jacquard loom) loom with this. 3 fabric or article so made. [name of its inventor]
Jacuzzi n. (pl. -s) propr. Large bath with massaging underwater jets of water. [name of its inventor and manufacturers]
Jade1 n. 1 hard usu. Green stone used for ornaments etc. 2 green colour of jade. [spanish ijada from latin ilia flanks (named as a cure for colic)]
Jade2 n. 1 inferior or worn-out horse. 2 derog. Disreputable woman. [origin unknown]
Jaded adj. Tired out; surfeited.
J’adoube int. Chess declaration of the intention to adjust a piece without moving
J’adoube int. Chess declaration of the intention to adjust a piece without moving it. [french, = i adjust]
Jag1 —n. Sharp projection of rock etc. —v. (-gg-) 1 cut or tear unevenly. 2 make indentations in. [imitative]
Jag2 n. Slang 1 drinking bout. 2 period of indulgence in an activity, emotion, etc. [originally dial., = load]
Jagged adj. 1 unevenly cut or torn. 2 deeply indented. jaggedly adv. Jaggedness n.
Jaguar n. Large american flesh-eating spotted animal of the cat family. [tupi]
Jail (also gaol) —n. 1 place for the detention of prisoners. 2 confinement in a jail. —v. Put in jail. [french jaiole, ultimately from latin cavea cage]
Jailbird n. (also gaolbird) prisoner or habitual criminal.
Jailbreak n. (also gaolbreak) escape from jail.
Jailer n. (also gaoler) person in charge of a jail or prisoners.
Jain —n. Adherent of an indian religion resembling buddhism. —adj. Of this
religion. jainism n. Jainist n. & adj. [hindi]
Jalap n. Purgative drug from the tuberous roots of a mexican climbing plant. [spanish xalapa, name of a mexican city, from aztec]
Jalopy n. (pl. -ies) colloq. Dilapidated old vehicle. [origin unknown]
Jalousie n. Slatted blind or shutter to keep out rain etc. And control light. [french: related to *jealousy]
Jam1 —v. (-mm-) 1 a (usu. Foll. By into, together, etc.) Squeeze, cram, or wedge into a space. B become wedged. 2 cause (machinery etc.) To become wedged or (of machinery etc.) Become wedged and unworkable. 3 a block (a passage, road, etc.) By crowding etc. B (foll. By in) obstruct the exit of (was jammed in). 4 (usu. Foll. By on) apply (brakes etc.) Forcefully or abruptly. 5 make (a radio transmission) unintelligible by interference. 6 colloq. (in jazz etc.) Improvise with other musicians. —n. 1 squeeze, crush. 2 crowded mass (traffic jam). 3 colloq. Predicament. 4 stoppage (of a machine etc.) Due to jamming. 5 (in full jam session) colloq. (in jazz etc.) Improvised ensemble playing. [imitative]
Jam2 n. 1 conserve of boiled fruit and sugar. 2 colloq. Easy or pleasant thing (money for jam). jam tomorrow promise of future treats etc. That never materialize. [perhaps from *jam1]
Jamb n. Side post or side face of a doorway, window, or fireplace. [french jambe leg, from latin]
Jamboree n. 1 celebration. 2 large rally of scouts. [origin unknown]
Jamjar n. Glass jar for jam.
Jammy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 covered with jam. 2 colloq. A lucky. B profitable.
Jam-packed adj. Colloq. Full to capacity.
Jan. Abbr. January.
Jangle —v. (-ling) 1 (cause to) make a (esp. Harsh) metallic sound. 2 irritate (the nerves etc.) By discord etc. —n. Harsh metallic sound. [french]
Janitor n. 1 doorkeeper. 2 caretaker. [latin janua door]
January n. (pl. -ies) first month of the year. [latin janus, guardian god of doors]
Jap n. & adj. Colloq. Often offens. = *japanese. [abbreviation]
Japan —n. Hard usu. Black varnish, orig. From japan. —v. (-nn-) 1 varnish with japan. 2 make black and glossy. [japan in e. Asia]
Japanese —n. (pl. Same) 1 a native or national of japan. B person of japanese descent. 2 language of japan. —adj. Of japan, its people, or its language.
Jape —n. Practical joke. —v. (-ping) play a joke. [origin unknown]
Japonica n. Flowering shrub with bright red flowers and round edible fruits. [latinized name for japanese]
Jar1 n. 1 a container, usu. Of glass and cylindrical. B contents of this. 2 colloq. Glass of beer. [french from arabic]
Jar2 —v. (-rr-) 1 (often foll. By on) (of sound, manner, etc.) Sound discordant, grate (on the nerves etc.). 2 a (often foll. By against, on) (cause to) strike (esp. Part of the body) with vibration or shock (jarred his neck). B vibrate with shock etc. 3 (often foll. By with) be at variance or in conflict. —n. 1 jarring sound orsensation. 2 physical shock or jolt. [imitative]
Jar3 n. on the jar ajar. [obsolete char turn: see *ajar, *char2]
Jardinière n. 1 ornamental pot or stand for plants. 2 dish of mixed vegetables. [french]
Jargon n. 1 words or expressions used by a particular group or profession (medical jargon). 2 debased or pretentious language. [french]
Jasmine n. Ornamental shrub with white or yellow flowers. [french from arabic from persian]
Jasper n. Opaque quartz, usu. Red, yellow, or brown. [french from latin from greek iaspis]
Jaundice —n. 1 yellowing of the skin etc. Caused by liver disease, bile disorder, etc. 2 disordered (esp. Mental) vision. 3 envy. —v. (-cing) 1 affect withjaundice. 2 (esp. As jaundiced adj.) Affect (a person) with envy, resentment, etc. [french jaune yellow]
Jaunt —n. Short pleasure trip. —v. Take a jaunt. [origin unknown]
Jaunting car n. Light horse-drawn vehicle formerly used in ireland.
Jaunty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 cheerful and self-confident. 2 sprightly. jauntily adv. Jauntiness n. [french: related to *gentle]
Javanese —n. (pl. Same) 1 a native of java. B person of javanese descent. 2 language of java. —adj. (also javan) of java, its people, or its language. [java in indonesia]
Javelin n. Light spear thrown in sport or, formerly, as a weapon. [french]
Jaw —n. 1 a upper or lower bony structure in vertebrates containing the teeth. B
corresponding parts of certain invertebrates. 2 a (in pl.) The mouth with its bones and teeth. B narrow mouth of a valley, channel, etc. C gripping parts of a tool etc. D grip (jaws of death). 3 colloq. Tedious talk (hold your jaw). —v. Colloq.Speak, esp. At tedious length. [french]
Jawbone n. Lower jaw in most mammals.
Jaw-breaker n. Colloq. Long or hard word.
Jay n. Noisy european bird of the crow family with vivid plumage. [latin gaius, gaia, perhaps from the name gaius: cf. Jackdaw, robin]
Jaywalk v. Cross a road carelessly or dangerously. jaywalker n.
Jazz —n. 1 rhythmic syncopated esp. Improvised music of black us origin. 2 slang pretentious talk or behaviour (all that jazz). —v. Play or dance to jazz. jazz up brighten or enliven. jazzer n. [origin uncertain]
Jazzman n. Jazz-player.
Jazzy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or like jazz. 2 vivid, showy.
Jcb n. Propr. Mechanical excavator with a shovel and a digging arm. [j. C. Bamford, name of the makers]
Jcr abbr. Junior common (or combination) room.
Jealous adj. 1 resentful of rivalry in love. 2 (often foll. By of) envious (of a person etc.). 3 (often foll. By of) fiercely protective (of rights etc.). 4 (of god) intolerant of disloyalty. 5 (of inquiry, supervision, etc.) Vigilant. jealously adv. [medieval latin zelosus: related to *zeal]
Jealousy n. (pl. -ies) 1 jealous state or feeling. 2 instance of this. [french: related to *jealous]
Jeans n.pl. Casual esp. Denim trousers. [earlier geane fustian, = material from genoa]
Jeep n. Propr. Small sturdy esp. Military vehicle with four-wheel drive. [originally us, from the initials of general purposes]
Jeepers int. Us slang expressing surprise etc. [corruption of jesus]
Jeer —v. (often foll. By at) scoff derisively; deride. —n. Taunt. jeeringly adv. [origin unknown]
Jehad var. Of *jihad. Jehad var. Of *jihad.
Jehovah n. Hebrew name of god in the old testament. [hebrew yahveh]
Jehovah’s witness n. Member of a millenarian christian sect rejecting the supremacy of the state and religious institutions over personal conscience, faith, etc.
Jejune adj. 1 intellectually unsatisfying; shallow, meagre, scanty, dry. 2 puerile. 3 (of land) barren. [latin jejunus]
Jejunum n. Small intestine between the duodenum and ileum. [latin: related to *jejune]
Jekyll and hyde n. Person having opposing good and evil personalities. [names of a character in a story by r. L. Stevenson]
Jell v. Colloq. 1 a set as jelly. B (of ideas etc.) Take a definite form. 2 cohere. [back-formation from *jelly]
Jellaba var. Of *djellaba.
Jellify v. (-ies, -ied) turn into jelly; make or become like jelly. jellification n.
Jelly —n. (pl. -ies) 1 a (usu. Fruit-flavoured) translucent dessert set with gelatin. B similar preparation as a jam, condiment, or sweet (redcurrant jelly). C similar
B similar preparation as a jam, condiment, or sweet (redcurrant jelly). C similar preparation from meat, bones, etc., and gelatin (marrowbone jelly). 2 any similar substance. 3 slang gelignite. —v. (-ies, -ied) (cause to) set as or in a jelly, congeal (jellied eels). jelly-like adj. [french gelée from latin gelo freeze]
Jelly baby n. Jelly-like baby-shaped sweet.
Jellyfish n. (pl. Same or -es) marine animal with a jelly-like body and stinging tentacles.
Jemmy n. (pl. -ies) burglar’s short crowbar. [from the name james]
Jenny n. (pl. -ies) 1 hist. = *spinning-jenny. 2 female donkey. [from the name janet]
Jenny-wren n. Female wren.
Jeopardize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) endanger.
Jeopardy n. Danger, esp. Severe. [obsolete french iu parti divided play]
Jerbil var. Of *gerbil.
Jerboa n. Small jumping desert rodent. [arabic]
Jeremiad n. Doleful complaint or lamentation. [church latin: related to *jeremiah]
Jeremiah n. Dismal prophet, denouncer of the times. [lamentations of jeremiah, in the old testament]
Jerk1 —n. 1 sharp sudden pull, twist, twitch, start, etc. 2 spasmodic muscular twitch. 3 (in pl.) Colloq. Exercises (physical jerks). 4 slang fool. —v. Move, pull, thrust, twist, throw, etc., with a jerk. jerk off coarse slang masturbate. [imitative]
Jerk2 v. Cure (beef) by cutting it in long slices and drying it in the sun. [quechua echarqui dried fish in strips]
Jerkin n. 1 sleeveless jacket. 2 hist. Man’s close-fitting, esp. Leather, jacket. [origin unknown]
Jerky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 moving suddenly or abruptly. 2 spasmodic. jerkily adv.
Jerkiness n.
Jeroboam n. Wine bottle of 4–12 times the ordinary size. [jeroboam in the old testament]
Jerry n. (pl. -ies) slang 1 german (esp. Soldier). 2 germans collectively.
[probably an alteration of german]
Jerry n. (pl. -ies) slang chamber-pot. [probably an abbreviation of *jeroboam]
Jerry-builder n. Incompetent builder using cheap materials. jerry-building n. Jerry-built adj. [origin uncertain]
Jerrycan n. (also jerrican) a kind of (orig. German) petrol-or water-can. [from *jerry]
Jersey n. (pl. -s) 1 a knitted usu. Woollen pullover. B plain-knitted (orig. Woollen) fabric. 2 (jersey) light brown dairy cow from jersey. [jersey in the channel islands]
Jerusalem artichoke n. 1 a kind of sunflower with edible tubers. 2 this as a vegetable. [corruption of italian girasole sunflower]
Jest —n. 1 joke; fun. 2 a raillery, banter. B object of derision. —v. Joke; fool about. in jest in fun. [latin gesta exploits]
Jester n. Hist. Professional clown at a medieval court etc.
Jesuit n. Member of the society of jesus, a roman catholic order. [latin jesus, founder of the christian religion]
Jesuitical adj. 1 of the jesuits. 2 often offens. Equivocating, casuistic.
Jesus int. Colloq. Exclamation of surprise, dismay, etc. [name of the founder of the christian religion]
Jet1 —n. 1 stream of water, steam, gas, flame, etc., shot esp. From a small opening. 2 spout or nozzle for this purpose. 3 jet engine or jet plane. —v. (-tt-) 1 spurt out in jets. 2 colloq. Send or travel by jet plane. [french jeter throw from latin jacto]
Jet2 n. (often attrib.) Hard black lignite often carved and highly polished. [french jaiet from gagai in asia minor]
Jet black adj. & n. (as adj. Often hyphenated) deep glossy black.
Jet engine n. Engine using jet propulsion, esp. Of an aircraft.
Jet lag n. Exhaustion etc. Felt after a long flight across time zones.
Jet plane n. Plane with a jet engine.
Jet-propelled adj. 1 having jet propulsion. 2 very fast.
Jet propulsion n. Propulsion by the backward ejection of a high-speed jet of gas etc.
Jetsam n. Objects washed ashore, esp. Jettisoned from a ship. [contraction of *jettison]
Jet set n. Wealthy people who travel widely, esp. For pleasure. jet-setter n. Jet-setting n. & attrib. Adj.
Jettison —v. 1 a throw (esp. Heavy material) overboard to lighten a ship etc. B drop (goods) from an aircraft. 2 abandon; get rid of. —n. Jettisoning. [anglo-french getteson: related to *jet1]
Jetty n. (pl. -ies) 1 pier or breakwater to protect or defend a harbour, coast, etc. 2 landing-pier. [french jetee: related to *jet1]
Jew n. 1 person of hebrew descent or whose religion is judaism. 2 slang offens. Miserly person. [greek ioudaios]
Usage the stereotype conveyed in sense 2 is deeply offensive. It arose from historical associations of jews as moneylenders in medieval england.
Jewel —n. 1 a precious stone. B this used in watchmaking. 2 jewelled personal ornament. 3 precious person or thing. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) (esp. As jewelled adj.) Adorn or set with jewels. [french]
Jeweler n. (brit. Jeweller) maker of or dealer in jewels or jewellery.
Jeweller n. (us jeweler) maker of or dealer in jewels or jewellery.
Jewellery n. (also jewelry) rings, brooches, necklaces, etc., regarded collectively.
Jewess n. Often offens. Woman or girl of hebrew descent or whose religion is judaism.
Jewish adj. 1 of jews. 2 of judaism. jewishness n.
Jewry n. Jews collectively.
Jew’s harp n. Small musical instrument held between the teeth.
Jezebel n. Shameless or immoral woman. [jezebel in the old testament]
Jib1 n. 1 triangular staysail. 2 projecting arm of a crane. [origin unknown]
Jib2 v. (-bb-) 1 (esp. Of a horse) stop and refuse to go on. 2 (foll. By at) show aversion to. jibber n. [origin unknown]
Jibe2 v. (brit. Gybe) (-bing) 1 (of a fore-and-aft sail or boom) swing across. 2 cause (a sail) to do this. 3 (of a ship or its crew) change course so that this happens. [dutch]
Jiff n. (also jiffy, pl. -ies) colloq. Short time; moment (in a jiffy). [origin unknown]
Jiffy bag n. Propr. Padded envelope.
Jig —n. 1 a lively leaping dance. B music for this. 2 device that holds a piece of work and guides the tools operating on it. —v. (-gg-) 1 dance a jig. 2 (often foll. By about) move quickly and jerkily up and down; fidget. 3 work on or equip with a jig or jigs. [origin unknown]
Jigger n. 1 billiards colloq. Cue-rest. 2 a measure of spirits etc. B small glass holding this. [partly from *jig]
Jiggered adj. Colloq. (as a mild oath) confounded (i’ll be jiggered). [euphemism]
Jiggery-pokery n. Colloq. Trickery; swindling. [origin uncertain]
Jiggle —v. (-ling) (often foll. By about etc.) Shake or jerk lightly; fidget. —n. Light shake. [from *jig]
Jigsaw n. 1 a (in full jigsaw puzzle) picture on board or wood etc. Cut into irregular interlocking pieces to be reassembled as a pastime. B problem consisting of various pieces of information. 2 mechanical fretsaw with a fine blade.
Jihad n. (also jehad) muslim holy war against unbelievers. [arabic jihad]
Jilt v. Abruptly reject or abandon (esp. A lover). [origin unknown]
Jim crow n. Us colloq. 1 segregation of blacks. 2 offens. A black. [nickname]
Jim-jams n.pl. 1 slang = *delirium tremens. 2 colloq. Nervousness; depression. [fanciful reduplication]
Jingle —n. 1 mixed ringing or clinking noise. 2 a repetition of sounds in a phrase etc. B short catchy verse or song in advertising etc. —v. (-ling) 1 (cause to)make a jingling sound. 2 (of writing) be full of alliteration, rhymes, etc. [imitative]
Jingo n. (pl. -es) supporter of war; blustering patriot. by jingo! Mild oath. jingoism n. Jingoist n. Jingoistic adj. [conjuror’s word]
Jink —v. 1 move elusively; dodge. 2 elude by dodging. —n. Dodging or eluding. [originally scots: imitative]
Jinnee n. (also jinn, djinn) (pl. Jinn or djinn) (in muslim mythology) spirit in human or animal form having power over people. [arabic]
Jinx colloq. —n. Person or thing that seems to cause bad luck. —v. (esp. As jinxed adj.) Subject to bad luck. [perhaps var. Of jynx wryneck, charm]
Jitter colloq. —n. (the jitters) extreme nervousness. —v. Be nervous; act nervously. jittery adj. Jitteriness n. [origin unknown]
Jitterbug —n. 1 nervous person. 2 hist. Fast popular dance. —v. (-gg-) hist.
Dance the jitterbug.
Jiu-jitsu var. Of *ju-jitsu.
Jive —n. 1 lively dance popular esp. In the 1950s. 2 music for this. —v. (-ving) dance to or play jive music. jiver n. [origin uncertain]
Jnr. Abbr. Junior.
Job —n. 1 piece of work to be done; task. 2 position in, or piece of, paid employment. 3 colloq. Difficult task (had a job to find it). 4 slang crime, esp. A robbery. 5 state of affairs etc. (bad job). —v. (-bb-) 1 do jobs; do piecework. 2 deal in stocks; buy and sell (stocks or goods). 3 deal corruptly with (a matter). just the job colloq. Exactly what is wanted. Make a job (or good job) of do well. On the job colloq. 1 at work. 2 engaged in sexual intercourse. Out of a job unemployed. [origin unknown]
Jobber n. 1 person who jobs. 2 hist. Principal or wholesaler on the stock exchange.
Usage up to oct. 1986 jobbers were permitted to deal only with brokers, not directly with the public. From oct. 1986 the name ceased to be in official use (see *broker 2).
Jobbery n. Corrupt dealing.
Jobbing attrib. Adj. Freelance; pieceworking (jobbing gardener).
Jobcentre n. Local government office advertising available jobs.
Job-hunt v. Colloq. Seek employment.
Jobless adj. Unemployed. joblessness n.
Job lot n. Mixed lot bought at auction etc.
Job’s comforter n. Person who intends to comfort but increases distress. [job in the old testament]
Jobs for the boys n.pl. Colloq. Appointments for members of one’s own group etc.
Job-sharing n. Sharing of a full-time job by two or more people. job-share n. & v.
Jobsheet n. Sheet for recording details of jobs done.
Jock n. Slang scotsman. [scots form of the name jack]
Jockey —n. (pl. -s) rider in horse-races, esp. Professional. —v. (-eys, -eyed) 1 trick, cheat, or outwit. 2 (foll. By away, out, into, etc.) Manoeuvre (a person). jockey for position manoeuvre for advantage. [diminutive of *jock]
Jockstrap n. Support or protection for the male genitals, worn esp. In sport. [slang jock genitals]
Jocose adj. Playful; jocular. jocosely adv. Jocosity n. (pl. -ies). [latin jocus jest]
Jocular adj. 1 fond of joking. 2 humorous. jocularity n. (pl. -ies). Jocularly adv.
Jocund adj. Literary merry, cheerful. jocundity n. (pl. -ies). Jocundly adv. [french from latin jucundus pleasant]
Jodhpurs n.pl. Riding breeches tight below the knee. [jodhpur in india]
Joe bloggs n. Colloq. Hypothetical average man.
Jog —v. (-gg-) 1 run slowly, esp. As exercise. 2 push or jerk, esp. Unsteadily. 3 nudge, esp. To alert. 4 stimulate (the memory). 5 (often foll. By on, along) trudge; proceed ploddingly (must jog on somehow). 6 (of a horse) trot. —n. 1 spell of jogging; slow walk or trot. 2 push, jerk, or nudge. [probably imitative]
Jogger n. Person who jogs, esp. For exercise.
Joggle —v. (-ling) move in jerks. —n. Slight shake.
Jogtrot n. Slow regular trot.
John n. Us slang lavatory. [from the name john]
John bull n. England or the typical englishman. [name of a character in an 18th-c. Satire]
John dory n. (pl. Same or -ies) edible marine fish. [see *dory]
Johnny n. (pl. -ies) 1 slang condom. 2 colloq. Fellow; man. [diminutive of john]
Johnny-come-lately n. Colloq. Newcomer; upstart.
Joie de vivre n. Exuberance; high spirits. [french, = joy of living]
Join —v. 1 (often foll. By to, together) put together; fasten, unite (with one or several things or people). 2 connect (points) by a line etc. 3 become a member of (a club, organization, etc.). 4 a take one’s place with (a person, group, etc.). B (foll. By in, for, etc.) Take part with (others) in an activity etc. (joined them in prayer). 5 (often foll. By with, to) come together; be united. 6 (of a river etc.) Be or become connected or continuous with. —n. Point, line, or surface at which things are joined. join battle begin fighting. Join forces combine efforts. Join hands 1 clasp hands. 2 combine in an action etc. Join in (also absol.) Take part in (an activity). Join up 1 enlist for military service. 2 (often foll. By with) unite, connect. [latin jungo junct-]
Joiner n. 1 maker of finished wood fittings. 2 colloq. Person who joins an organization or who readily joins societies etc. joinery n. (in sense 1).
Joint —n. 1 place at which two or more things or parts of a structure are joined; device for joining these. 2 point at which two bones fit together. 3 division of an animal carcass as meat. 4 slang restaurant, bar, etc. 5 slang marijuana cigarette. 6 geol. Crack in rock. —adj. 1 held, done by, or belonging to, two or more persons etc. (joint mortgage; joint action). 2 sharing with another (joint author; jointfavourite). —v. 1 connect by joint(s). 2 divide at a joint or into joints. out of joint 1 (of a bone) dislocated. 2 out of order. jointly adv. [french: related to *join]
Joint stock n. Capital held jointly; common fund.
Joint-stock company n. Company formed on the basis of a joint stock.
Jointure —n. Estate settled on a wife by her husband for use after his death. —v. Provide with a jointure. [latin: related to *join]
Joist n. Supporting beam in a floor, ceiling, etc. [french giste from latin jaceo lie]
Jojoba n. Plant with seeds yielding an oily extract used in cosmetics etc. [mexican spanish]
Joke —n. 1 thing said or done to cause laughter; witticism. 2 ridiculous person or thing. —v. (-king) make jokes; tease (only joking). no joke colloq. Serious matter. jokingly adv. Joky adj. (also jokey). Jokily adv. Jokiness n. [probably latin jocus jest]
Joker n. 1 person who jokes. 2 slang person. 3 playing-card used in some games.
Jollify v. (-ies, -ied) make merry. jollification n.
Jollity n. (pl. -ies) merrymaking; festivity. [french joliveté: related to *jolly1]
Jolly1 —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 cheerful; merry. 2 festive, jovial. 3 colloq. Pleasant, delightful. —adv. Colloq. Very. —v. (-ies, -ied) (usu. Foll. By along) colloq. Coax or humour in a friendly way. —n. (pl. -ies) colloq. Party or celebration. jollily adv. Jolliness n. [french jolif gay, pretty: perhaps related to *yule]
Jolly2 n. (pl. -ies) (in full jolly boat) clinker-built ship’s boat smaller than a cutter. [origin unknown: perhaps related to *yawl]
Jolly roger n. Pirates’ black flag, usu. With skull and crossbones.
Jolt —v. 1 disturb or shake (esp. In a moving vehicle) with a jerk. 2 shock; perturb. 3 move along jerkily. —n. 1 jerk. 2 surprise or shock. jolty adj. (-ier, – iest). [origin unknown]
Jonah n. Person who seems to bring bad luck. [jonah in the old testament]
Jonquil n. Narcissus with small fragrant yellow or white flowers. [ultimately from latin juncus rush plant]
Josh slang —v. 1 tease, banter. 2 indulge in ridicule. —n. Good-natured or teasing joke. [origin unknown]
Joss n. Chinese idol. [ultimately from latin deus god]
Joss-stick n. Incense-stick for burning.
Jostle —v. (-ling) 1 (often foll. By away, from, against, etc.) Push against; elbow, esp. Roughly or in a crowd. 2 (foll. By with) struggle roughly. —n. Jostling. [from *joust]
Jot —v. (-tt-) (usu. Foll. By down) write briefly or hastily. —n. Very small amount (not one jot). [greek *iota]
Jotter n. Small pad or notebook.
Jotting n. (usu. In pl.) Jotted note.
Joule n. Si unit of work or energy. [joule, name of a physicist]
Journal n. 1 newspaper or periodical. 2 daily record of events; diary. 3 book in which transactions and accounts are entered. 4 part of a shaft or axle that rests on bearings. [latin diurnalis *diurnal]
Journalese n. Hackneyed writing characteristic of newspapers.
Journalism n. Profession of writing for or editing newspapers etc.
Journalist n. Person writing for or editing newspapers etc. journalistic adj.
Journey —n. (pl. -s) 1 act of going from one place to another, esp. At a long distance. 2 time taken for this (a day’s journey). —v. (-s, -ed) make a journey. [french jornee day, day’s work or travel, from latin diurnus daily]
Journeyman n. 1 qualified mechanic or artisan who works for another. 2 derog.
Reliable but not outstanding worker.
Joust hist. —n. Combat between two knights on horseback with lances. —v. Engage in a joust. jouster n. [french jouste from latin juxta near]
Jove n. (in roman mythology) jupiter. by jove! Exclamation of surprise etc. [latin jupiter jov-]
Jovial adj. Merry, convivial, hearty. joviality n. Jovially adv. [latin jovialis:
related to *jove]
Jowl1 n. 1 jaw or jawbone. 2 cheek (cheek by jowl). [old english]
Jowl2 n. Loose hanging skin on the throat or neck. jowly adj. [old english]
Joy n. 1 (often foll. By at, in) pleasure; extreme gladness. 2 thing causing joy. 3 colloq. Satisfaction, success (got no joy). joyful adj. Joyfully adv. Joyfulness n. Joyless adj. Joyous adj. Joyously adv. [french joie from latin gaudium]
Joyride colloq. —n. Pleasure ride in esp. A stolen car. —v. (-ding; past -rode; past part -ridden) go for a joyride. joyrider n.
Joystick n. 1 colloq. Control column of an aircraft. 2 lever controlling movement of an image on a vdu screen etc.
Jp abbr. Justice of the peace.
Jr. Abbr. Junior.
Jubilant adj. Exultant, rejoicing. jubilance n. Jubilantly adv. Jubilation n. [latin jubilo shout]
Jubilee n. 1 anniversary, esp. The 25th or 50th. 2 time of rejoicing. [hebrew, ultimately, = ram’s-horn trumpet]
Judaic adj. Of or characteristic of the jews. [greek: related to *jew]
Judaism n. Religion of the jews.
Judas n. Traitor. [judas iscariot who betrayed christ]
Judder —v. Shake noisily or violently. —n. Juddering. [imitative: cf. Shudder]
Judge —n. 1 public official appointed to hear and try legal cases. 2 person appointed to decide in a contest, dispute, etc. 3 a person who decides a question. B person regarded as having judgement of a specified type (am no judge; good judge of art). —v. (-ging) 1 form an opinion or judgement (about); estimate,
appraise. 2 act as a judge (of). 3 a try (a case) at law. B pronounce sentence on. 4 (often foll. By to + infin. Or that + clause) conclude, consider. [latin judex judic-]
Judgement n. (also judgment) 1 critical faculty; discernment (error of judgement). 2 good sense. 3 opinion or estimate (in my judgement). 4 sentence of a court of justice. 5 often joc. Deserved misfortune. against one’s better judgement contrary to what one really feels to be advisable.
Judgemental adj. (also judgmental) 1 of or by way of judgement. 2 condemning, critical. judgementally adv.
Judgement day n. (in judaism, christianity, and islam) day on which mankind will be judged by god.
Judicature n. 1 administration of justice. 2 judge’s position. 3 judges collectively. [medieval latin judico judge]
Judicial adj. 1 of, done by, or proper to a court of law. 2 having the function of judgement (judicial assembly). 3 of or proper to a judge. 4 impartial. judicially adv. [latin judicium judgement]
Judiciary n. (pl. -ies) judges of a state collectively.
Judicious adj. Sensible, prudent. judiciously adv.
Judo n. Sport derived from ju-jitsu. [japanese, = gentle way]
Jug —n. 1 deep vessel for liquids, with a handle and a lip for pouring. 2 contents of this. 3 slang prison. —v. (-gg-) (usu. As jugged adj.) Stew or boil (esp. Hare) in a casserole etc. jugful n. (pl. -s). [origin uncertain]
Juggernaut n. 1 large heavy lorry etc. 2 overwhelming force or object. [hindi jagannath, = lord of the world]
Juggle —v. (-ling) 1 a (often foll. By with) keep several objects in the air at once by throwing and catching. B perform such feats with (balls etc.). 2 deal with (several activities) at once. 3 (often foll. By with) misrepresent or rearrange (facts) adroitly. —n. 1 juggling. 2 fraud. juggler n. [french from latin jocus jest]
Jugoslav var. Of *yugoslav.
Jugular —adj. Of the neck or throat. —n. = *jugular vein. [latin jugulum collar-bone]
Jugular vein n. Any of several large veins in the neck carrying blood from the head.
Juice n. 1 liquid part of vegetables or fruits. 2 animal fluid, esp. A secretion (gastric juice). 3 colloq. Petrol; electricity. [french from latin]
Juicy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of juice; succulent. 2 colloq. Interesting; racy, scandalous. 3 colloq. Profitable. juicily adv. Juiciness n.
Ju-jitsu n. (also jiu-jitsu, jujutsu) japanese system of unarmed combat and physical training. [japanese jujutsu gentle skill]
Ju-ju n. 1 charm or fetish of some w. African peoples. 2 supernatural power attributed to this. [perhaps french joujou toy]
Jujube n. Small flavoured jelly-like lozenge. [greek zizuphon]
Jujutsu var. Of *ju-jitsu.
Jukebox n. Coin-operated record-playing machine. [black juke disorderly]
Jul. Abbr. July.
Julep n. 1 a sweet drink, esp. As a vehicle for medicine. B medicated drink as a mild stimulant etc. 2 us iced and flavoured spirits and water (mint julep). [persian gulab rose-water]
Julian adj. Of julius caesar. [latin julius]
Julian calendar n. Calendar introduced by julius caesar, with a year of 365 days,
every fourth year having 366.
Julienne —n. Vegetables cut into short thin strips. —adj. Cut into thin strips. [french from name jules or julien]
Juliet cap n. Small net skullcap worn by brides etc. [juliet in shakespeare’s romeo & juliet]
July n. (pl. Julys) seventh month of the year. [latin julius caesar]
Jumble —v. (-ling) (often foll. By up) confuse; mix up; muddle. —n. 1 confused state or heap; muddle. 2 articles in a jumble sale. [probably imitative]
Jumble sale n. Sale of second-hand articles, esp. For charity.
Jumbo n. (pl. -s) colloq. 1 (often attrib.) Large animal (esp. An elephant), person, or thing (jumbo packet). 2 (in full jumbo jet) large airliner for several hundred passengers. [probably from *mumbo-jumbo]
Usage in sense 2, jumbo is usu. Applied specifically to the boeing 747.
Jump —v. 1 rise off the ground etc. By sudden muscular effort in the legs. 2 (often foll. By up, from, in, out, etc.) Move suddenly or hastily (jumped into the car). 3 jerk or twitch from shock or excitement etc. 4 a change, esp. Advance in status or rise, rapidly (prices jumped). B cause to do this. 5 (often foll. By about) change the subject etc. Rapidly. 6 pass over (an obstacle etc.) By jumping. 7 skip
(a passage in a book etc.). 8 cause (a horse etc.) To jump. 9 (foll. By to, at) reach (a conclusion) hastily. 10 (of a train) leave (the rails). 11 pass (a red traffic-light etc.). 12 get on or off (a train etc.) Quickly, esp. Illegally or dangerously. 13 attack (a person) unexpectedly. —n. 1 act of jumping. 2 sudden jerk caused by shock or excitement. 3 abrupt rise in amount, value, status, etc. 4 obstacle to be jumped. 5 a sudden transition. B gap in a series, logical sequence, etc. jump at accept eagerly. Jump bail fail to appear for trial having been released on bail. Jump down a person’s throat colloq. Reprimand or contradict a person fiercely. Jump the gun colloq. Begin prematurely. Jump on colloq. Attack or criticize severely. Jump out of one’s skin colloq. Be extremely startled. Jump the queue take unfair precedence. Jump ship (of a seaman) desert. Jump to it colloq. Act promptly. One jump ahead one stage further on than a rival etc. [imitative]
Jumped-up adj. Colloq. Upstart.
Jumper1 n. 1 knitted pullover. 2 loose outer jacket worn by sailors. 3 us pinafore dress. [probably jump short coat]
Jumper2 n. 1 person or animal that jumps. 2 short wire used to make or break an electrical circuit.
Jumping bean n. Seed of a mexican plant that jumps with the movement of a larva inside.
Jump-jet n. Vertical take-off jet aircraft.
Jump-lead n. Cable for conveying current from the battery of one vehicle to that of another.
Jump-off n. Deciding round in showjumping.
Jump-start —v. Start (a vehicle) by pushing it or with jump-leads. —n. Act of jump-starting.
Jump suit n. One-piece garment for the whole body.
Jumpy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 nervous; easily startled. 2 making sudden movements.
jumpiness n.
Jun. Abbr. 1 june. 2 junior.
Junction n. 1 joint; joining-point. 2 place where railway lines or roads meet. 3 joining. [latin: related to *join]
Junction box n. Box containing a junction of electric cables etc.
Juncture n. 1 critical convergence of events; point of time (at this juncture). 2 joining-point. 3 joining.
June n. Sixth month of the year. [latin junius from juno, name of a goddess]
Jungian —adj. Of the swiss psychologist carl jung or his theories. —n. Supporter of jung or of his theories.
Jungle n. 1 a land overgrown with tangled vegetation, esp. In the tropics. B an area of this. 2 wild tangled mass. 3 place of bewildering complexity, confusion, or struggle. law of the jungle state of ruthless competition. jungly adj. [hindi from sanskrit]
Junior —adj. 1 (often foll. By to) inferior in age, standing, or position. 2 the younger (esp. Appended to the name of a son for distinction from his father). 3 of the lower or lowest position (junior partner). 4 (of a school) for younger pupils, usu. Aged 7–11. —n. 1 junior person. 2 person at the lowest level (in an office etc.). [latin, comparative of juvenis young]
Junior common room n. (also junior combination room) 1 common-room for undergraduates in a college. 2 undergraduates of a college collectively.
Juniper n. Evergreen shrub or tree with prickly leaves and dark-purple berry-like cones. [latin juniperus]
Junk1 —n. 1 discarded articles; rubbish. 2 anything regarded as of little value. 3 slang narcotic drug, esp. Heroin. —v. Discard as junk. [origin unknown]
Junk2 n. Flat-bottomed sailing-vessel in the china seas. [javanese djong]
Junk bond n. Bond bearing high interest but deemed to be a risky investment.
Junket —n. 1 pleasure outing. 2 official’s tour at public expense. 3 sweetened and flavoured milk curds. 4 feast. —v. (-t-) feast, picnic. [french jonquette rush-basket (used for junket 3 and 4), from latin juncus rush]
Junk food n. Food, such as sweets and crisps, with low nutritional value.
Junkie n. Slang drug addict.
Junk mail n. Unsolicited advertising matter sent by post.
Junk shop n. Second-hand or cheap antiques shop.
Junta n. (usu. Military) clique taking power in a coup d’état. [spanish: related to *join]
Jural adj. 1 of law. 2 of rights and obligations. [latin jus jur-law, right]
Jurassic geol. —adj. Of the second period of the mesozoic era. —n. This era or system. [french from jura mountains]
Juridical n. 1 of judicial proceedings. 2 relating to the law. [latin jus jur-law, dico say]
Jurisdiction n. 1 (often foll. By over, of) administration of justice. 2 a legal or
Jurisdiction n. 1 (often foll. By over, of) administration of justice. 2 a legal or other authority. B extent of this; territory it extends over. jurisdictional adj.
Jurisprudence n. Science or philosophy of law. jurisprudential adj.
Jurist n. Expert in law. juristic adj.
Juror n. 1 member of a jury. 2 person taking an oath.
Jury n. (pl. -ies) 1 body of usu. Twelve people giving a verdict in a court of justice. 2 body of people awarding prizes in a competition.
Jury-box n. Enclosure for the jury in a lawcourt.
Jury-rigged adj. Naut. Having temporary makeshift rigging. [origin uncertain]
Just —adj. 1 morally right or fair. 2 (of treatment etc.) Deserved (just reward). 3 well-grounded; justified (just anger). 4 right in amount etc.; proper. —adv. 1 exactly (just what i need). 2 a little time ago; very recently (has just seen them). 3 colloq. Simply, merely (just good friends; just doesn’t make sense). 4 barely; no more than (just managed it). 5 colloq. Positively; indeed (just splendid; won’t i just tell him!). 6 quite (not just yet). just about colloq. Almost exactly; almost completely. Just in case as a precaution. Just now 1 at this moment. 2 a little time ago. Just the same = all the same. Just so 1 exactly arranged (everything just so). 2 it is exactly as you say. justly adv. Justness n. [latin justus from jus right]
Justice n. 1 justness, fairness. 2 authority exercised in the maintenance of right. 3 judicial proceedings (brought to justice; court of justice). 4 magistrate; judge. do justice to 1 treat fairly. 2 appreciate properly. Do oneself justice perform at one’s best. With justice reasonably. [latin justitia]
Justice of the peace n. Unpaid lay magistrate appointed to hear minor cases.
Justifiable adj. Able to be justified. justifiably adv.
Justify v. (-ies, -ied) 1 show the justice or correctness of (a person, act, assertion, etc.). 2 (esp. In passive) cite or constitute adequate grounds for (conduct, a claim, etc.); vindicate. 3 (as justified adj.) Just, right (justified in assuming). 4 printing adjust (a line of type) to give even margins. justification n. Justificatory adj.
Jut —v. (-tt-) (often foll. By out, forth) protrude, project. —n. Projection. [var. Of *jet1]
Jute n. 1 fibre from the bark of an e. Indian plant, used esp. For sacking, mats, etc. 2 plant yielding this. [bengali]
Juvenile —adj. 1 a youthful. B of or for young people. 2 often derog. Immature (juvenile behaviour). —n. 1 young person. 2 actor playing a juvenile part. [latin juvenis young]
Juvenile court n. Court for children under 17.
Juvenile delinquency n. Offences committed by people below the age of legal responsibility. juvenile delinquent n.
Juvenilia n.pl. Author’s or artist’s youthful works.
Juxtapose v. (-sing) 1 place (things) side by side. 2 (foll. By to, with) place (a thing) beside another. juxtaposition n. Juxtapositional adj. [latin juxta next, pono put]
K
K1 n. (also k) (pl. Ks or k’s) eleventh letter of the alphabet.
K2 abbr. (also k.) 1 kelvin(s). 2 king, king’s. 3 köchel (catalogue of mozart’s works). 4 (also k) (prec. By a numeral) a computing unit of 1,024 (i.e. 210) bytes or bits, or loosely 1,000. B 1,000. [sense 4 as abbreviation of *kilo-]
K3 symb. Potassium. [latin kalium]
K abbr. 1 kilo-. 2 knot(s).
Kaffir n. 1 hist. Member or language of a s. African people of the bantu family. 2 s.afr. Offens. Any black african. [arabic, = infidel]
Kafkaesque adj. Impenetrably oppressive or nightmarish, as in the fiction of franz kafka.
Kaftan var. Of *caftan.
Kaiser n. Hist. Emperor, esp. Of germany, austria, or the holy roman empire. [latin *caesar]
Kalashnikov n. Type of soviet rifle or sub-machine-gun. [russian]
Kale n. Variety of cabbage, esp. With wrinkled leaves and no heart. [northern var. Of *cole]
Kaleidoscope n. 1 tube containing mirrors and pieces of coloured glass etc. Producing changing reflected patterns when shaken. 2 constantly changing pattern, group, etc. kaleidoscopic adj. [greek kalos beautiful, eidos form, *-scope]
Kalends var. Of *calends.
Kaleyard n. Scot. Kitchen garden.
Kamikaze —n. Hist. 1 explosive-laden japanese aircraft deliberately crashed on a ship etc. During the war of 1939–45. 2 pilot of this. —attrib. Adj. 1 of a kamikaze. 2 reckless, esp. Suicidal. [japanese, = divine wind]
Kangaroo n. (pl. -s) australian marsupial with strong hind legs for jumping. [aboriginal]
Kangaroo court n. Illegal court, e.g. Held by strikers or mutineers.
Kaolin n. Fine soft white clay used esp. For porcelain and in medicines. [chinese kao-ling high hill]
Kapok n. Fine fibrous cotton-like substance from a tropical tree, used for padding. [malay]
Kappa n. Tenth letter of the greek alphabet (k, k). [greek]
Kaput predic. Adj. Slang broken, ruined. [german]
Karabiner n. Coupling link used by mountaineers. [german, literally ‘carbine’]
Karakul n. (also caracul) 1 asian sheep with a dark curled fleece when young. 2 fur of or like this. [russian]
Karaoke n. Entertainment in nightclubs etc. With customers singing to a backing track. [japanese, = empty orchestra]
Karate n. Japanese system of unarmed combat using the hands and feet as weapons. [japanese, = empty hand]
Karma n. Buddhism & hinduism person’s actions in previous lives, believed to decide his or her fate in future existences. [sanskrit, = action, fate]
Kauri n. (pl. -s) coniferous new zealand tree yielding timber and resin. [maori]
Kayak n. 1 eskimo one-man canoe of wood and sealskins. 2 small covered canoe. [eskimo]
Kazoo n. Toy musical instrument into which the player sings or hums. [origin uncertain]
Kbe abbr. Knight commander of the order of the british empire.
Kc abbr. King’s counsel.
Kc/s abbr. Kilocycles per second.
Kea n. New zealand parrot with brownish-green and red plumage. [maori, imitative]
Kebab n. Pieces of meat, vegetables, etc. Cooked on a skewer (cf. doner kebab, shish kebab). [urdu from arabic]
Kedge —v. (-ging) 1 move (a ship) with a hawser attached to a small anchor. 2 (of a ship) move in this way. —n. (in full kedge-anchor) small anchor for this purpose. [origin uncertain]
Kedgeree n. Dish of fish, rice, hard-boiled eggs, etc. [hindi]
Keel —n. Main lengthwise member of the base of a ship etc. —v. 1 (often foll. By over) (cause to) fall down or over. 2 turn keel upwards. on an even keel steady; balanced. [old norse]
Keelhaul v. 1 drag (a person) under the keel of a ship as a punishment. 2 scold or rebuke severely.
Keelson n. (also kelson) line of timber fastening a ship’s floor-timbers to its keel. [origin uncertain]
Keen1 adj. 1 enthusiastic, eager. 2 (foll. By on) enthusiastic about, fond of. 3 (of the senses) sharp. 4 intellectually acute. 5 (of a knife etc.) Sharp. 6 (of a sound, light, etc.) Penetrating, vivid. 7 (of a wind etc.) Piercingly cold. 8 (of a pain etc.) Acute. 9 (of a price) competitive. keenly adv. Keenness n. [old english]
Keen2 —n. Irish wailing funeral song. —v. (often foll. By over, for) wail mournfully, esp. At a funeral. [irish caoine from caoinim wail]
Keep —v. (past and past part. Kept) 1 have continuous charge of; retain possession of. 2 (foll. By for) retain or reserve for (a future time) (kept it for later). 3 retain or remain in a specified condition, position, place, etc. (keep cool; keep out; keep them happy; knives are kept here). 4 (foll. By from) restrain, hold back. 5 detain (what kept you?). 6 observe, honour, or respect (a law, custom, commitment, secret, etc.) (keep one’s word; keep the sabbath). 7 own and look after (animals). 8 a clothe, feed, maintain, etc. (a person, oneself, etc.). B (foll. By in) maintain (a person) with a supply of. 9 carry on; manage (a business etc.). 10 maintain (a diary, house, accounts, etc.) Regularly and in proper order. 11 normally have on sale (do you keep buttons?). 12 guard or protect (a person or place). 13 preserve (keep order). 14 (foll. By verbal noun) continue; repeat habitually (keeps telling me). 15 continue to follow (a way or course). 16 a (esp.
Of food) remain in good condition. B (of news etc.) Not suffer from delay in telling. 17 (often foll. By to) remain in (one’s bed, room, etc.). 18 maintain (a person) as one’s mistress etc. (kept woman). —n. 1 maintenance, food, etc.
(hardly earn your keep). 2 hist. Tower, esp. The central stronghold of a castle. for keeps colloq. Permanently, indefinitely. How are you keeping? How are you? Keep at (cause to) persist with. Keep away (often foll. By from) avoid, prevent from being near. Keep back 1 remain or keep at a distance. 2 retard the progress of. 3 conceal. 4 withhold (kept back £50). Keep down 1 hold in subjection. 2 keep low in amount. 3 stay hidden. 4 not vomit (food eaten). Keep one’s hair on see hair. Keep one’s hand in see hand. Keep in with remain on good terms with. Keep off 1 (cause to) stay away from. 2 ward off. 3 abstain from. 4 avoid (a subject) (let’s keep off religion). Keep on 1 continue; do continually (kept on laughing). 2 continue to employ. 3 (foll. By at) nag. Keep out 1 keep or remain outside. 2 exclude. Keep to 1 adhere to (a course, promise, etc.). 2 confine oneself to. Keep to oneself 1 avoid contact with others. 2 keep secret. Keep track of see *track. Keep under repress. Keep up 1 maintain (progress, morale, etc.). 2 keep in repair etc. 3 carry on (a correspondence etc.). 4 prevent from going to bed. 5 (often foll. By with) not fall behind.
Keeper n. 1 person who looks after or is in charge of animals, people, or a thing. 2 custodian of a museum, forest, etc. 3 a = *wicket-keeper. B = *goalkeeper. 4 a sleeper in a pierced ear. B ring that keeps another on the finger.
Keep-fit n. Regular physical exercises.
Keeping n. 1 custody, charge (in safe keeping). 2 agreement, harmony (esp. In or out of keeping (with)).
Keepsake n. Souvenir, esp. Of a person.
Keg n. Small barrel. [old norse]
Keg beer n. Beer kept in a metal keg under pressure.
Kelp n. 1 large brown seaweed suitable for manure. 2 its calcined ashes, formerly a source of sodium, potassium, etc. [origin unknown]
Kelpie n. Scot. 1 malevolent water-spirit, usu. In the form of a horse. 2 australian sheepdog. [origin unknown]
Kelson var. Of *keelson.
Kelt var. Of *celt.
Kelt n. Salmon or sea trout after spawning. [origin unknown]
Kelter var. Of *kilter.
Kelvin n. Si unit of thermodynamic temperature. [kelvin, name of a physicist]
Kelvin scale n. Scale of temperature with zero at absolute zero.
Ken —n. Range of knowledge or sight (beyond my ken). —v. (-nn-; past and past part. Kenned or kent) scot. & n.engl. 1 recognize at sight. 2 know. [old
past part. Kenned or kent) scot. & n.engl. 1 recognize at sight. 2 know. [old english, = make known: related to *can1]
Kendo n. Japanese fencing with two-handed bamboo swords. [japanese, = sword-way]
Kennel —n. 1 small shelter for a dog. 2 (in pl.) Breeding or boarding place for dogs. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) put into or keep in a kennel. [french chenil from latin canis dog]
Kent past and past part. Of *ken.
Kenyan —adj. Of kenya in e. Africa. —n. 1 native or national of kenya. 2 person of kenyan descent.
Kepi n. (pl. -s) french military cap with a horizontal peak. [french képi]
Kept past and past part. Of *keep.
Keratin n. Fibrous protein in hair, feathers, hooves, claws, horns, etc. [greek keras kerat-horn]
Kerb n. Stone edging to a pavement or raised path. [var. Of *curb]
Kerb-crawling n. Colloq. Driving slowly in order to engage a prostitute.
Kerb drill n. Precautions before crossing a road.
Kerbstone n. Stone forming part of a kerb.
Kerchief n. 1 headscarf, neckerchief. 2 poet. Handkerchief. [anglo-french courchef: related to cover, chief]
Kerfuffle n. Colloq. Fuss, commotion. [originally scots]
Kermes n. 1 female of an insect with a berry-like appearance. 2 (in full kermes oak) evergreen oak on which this feeds. 3 red dye made from these insects dried. [arabic]
Kernel n. 1 (usu. Soft) edible centre within the hard shell of a nut, fruit stone, seed, etc. 2 whole seed of a cereal. 3 essence of anything. [old english: related to *corn1]
Kerosene n. (also kerosine) esp. Us fuel oil for use in jet engines, boilers, etc.; paraffin oil. [greek keros wax]
Kestrel n. Small hovering falcon. [origin uncertain]
Ketch n. Small two-masted sailing-boat. [probably from *catch]
Ketchup n. (us catsup) spicy esp. Tomato sauce used as a condiment. [chinese]
Ketone n. Any of a class of organic compounds including propanone (acetone). [german keton, alteration of aketon *acetone]
Kettle n. Vessel for boiling water in. a different kettle of fish a different matter altogether. A fine (or pretty) kettle of fish iron. An awkward state of affairs. [old norse]
Kettledrum n. Large bowl-shaped drum.
Key1 —n. (pl. -s) 1 (usu. Metal) instrument for moving the bolt of a lock. 2 similar implement for operating a switch. 3 instrument for grasping screws, nuts, etc., or for winding a clock etc. 4 (often in pl.) Finger-operated button or lever on a typewriter, piano, computer terminal, etc. 5 means of advance, access, etc. (key to success). 6 (attrib.) Essential (key element). 7 a solution or explanation. B word or system for solving a cipher or code. C explanatory list of symbols used in a map, table, etc. 8 mus. System of notes related to each other and based on a particular note (key of c major).
Key2 n. Lowlying island or reef, esp. In the w. Indies. [spanish cayo]
Keyboard —n. 1 set of keys on a typewriter, computer, piano, etc. 2 electronic musical instrument with keys arranged as on a piano. —v. Enter (data) by means of a keyboard. keyboarder n. (in sense 1 of n.). Keyboardist n. (in sense 2 of n.).
Keyhole n. Hole in a door etc. For a key.
Keyhole surgery n. Colloq. Minimally invasive surgery carried out through a very small incision.
Keynesian adj. Of the economic theories of j. M. Keynes, esp. Regarding state intervention in the economy.
Keynote n. 1 (esp. Attrib.) Prevailing tone or idea, esp. In a speech, conference, etc. 2 mus. Note on which a key is based.
Keypad n. Miniature keyboard etc. For a portable electronic device, telephone, etc.
Keypunch —n. Device for recording data by means of punched holes or notches on cards or paper tape. —v. Record (data) thus.
Key-ring n. Ring for keeping keys on.
Key signature n. Mus. Any of several combinations of sharps or flats indicating the key of a composition.
Keystone n. 1 central principle of a system, policy, etc. 2 central locking stone in
Keystroke n. Single depression of a key on a keyboard, esp. As a measure of work.
Keyword n. 1 key to a cipher etc. 2 a word of great significance. B significant word used in indexing.
Kg abbr. Knight of the order of the garter.
Kg abbr. Kilogram(s).
Kgb n. State security police of the former ussr. [russian abbreviation, = committee of state security]
Khaki —adj. Dull brownish-yellow. —n. (pl. -s) 1 khaki fabric or uniform. 2 dull brownish-yellow colour. [urdu, = dusty]
Khan n. Title of rulers and officials in central asia, afghanistan, etc. khanate n. [turki, = lord]
Khz abbr. Kilohertz.
Kibbutz n. (pl. Kibbutzim) communal esp. Farming settlement in israel. [hebrew,
Kibbutz n. (pl. Kibbutzim) communal esp. Farming settlement in israel. [hebrew, = gathering]
Kibosh n. Slang nonsense. put the kibosh on put an end to. [origin unknown]
Kick —v. 1 strike, strike out, or propel forcibly, with the foot or hoof. 2 (often foll. By at, against) protest at; rebel against. 3 slang give up (a habit). 4 (often foll. By out etc.) Expel or dismiss forcibly. 5 refl. Be annoyed with oneself. 6 football score (a goal) by a kick. —n. 1 kicking action or blow. 2 colloq. A sharp stimulant effect, esp. Of alcohol. B (often in pl.) Thrill (did it for kicks). 3 strength, resilience (no kick left). 4 colloq. Specified temporary interest (on a jogging kick). 5 recoil of a gun when fired. kick about (or around) colloq. 1 a drift idly from place to place. B be unused or unwanted. 2 a treat roughly. B discuss unsystematically. Kick the bucket slang die. Kick one’s heels see *heel1.
Kickback n. Colloq. 1 recoil. 2 (usu. Illegal) payment for help or favours, esp. In business.
Kick-off n. Football start or resumption of a match.
Kickstand n. Rod for supporting a bicycle or motor cycle when stationary.
Kick-start —n. (also kick-starter) device to start the engine of a motor cycle etc.
By the downward thrust of a pedal. —v. Start (a motor cycle etc.) In this way.
Kid1 —n. 1 young goat. 2 leather from this. 3 colloq. Child. —v. (-dd-) (of a goat) give birth. handle with kid gloves treat carefully. [old norse]
Kid2 v. (also refl.) (-dd-) colloq. Deceive, trick, tease (don’t kid yourself; only kidding). no kidding slang that is the truth. [origin uncertain]
Kiddie n. (also kiddy) (pl. -ies) slang = *kid1 n. 3.
Kiddo n. (pl. -s) slang = *kid1 n. 3.
Kidnap v. (-pp-; us -p-) 1 abduct (a person etc.), esp. To obtain a ransom. 2 steal (a child). kidnapper n. [from kid1, nap = nab]
Kidney n. (pl. -s) 1 either of two organs in the abdominal cavity of vertebrates which remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood and excrete urine. 2 animal’s kidney as food. [origin unknown]
Kidney bean n. Red-skinned dried bean.
Kidney machine n. Machine able to take over the function of a damaged kidney.
Kidney-shaped adj. Having one side concave and the other convex.
Kill —v. 1 (also absol.) Deprive of life or vitality; cause death or the death of. 2 destroy (feelings etc.). 3 refl. Colloq. A overexert oneself (don’t kill yourself trying). B laugh heartily. 4 colloq. Overwhelm with amusement. 5 switch off (a light, engine, etc.). 6 computing colloq. Delete. 7 colloq. Cause pain or discomfort to (my feet are killing me). 8 pass (time, or a specified period) usu.
While waiting (an hour to kill before the interview). 9 defeat (a bill in parliament). 10 a tennis etc. Hit (the ball) so that it cannot be returned. B stop (the ball) dead. 11 make ineffective (taste, sound, pain, etc.) (carpet killed the sound). —n. 1 act of killing (esp. In hunting). 2 animal(s) killed, esp. By a hunter. 3 colloq. Destruction or disablement of an enemy aircraft etc. dressed to kill dressed showily or alluringly. In at the kill present at a successful conclusion. Kill off 1 destroy completely. 2 (of an author) bring about the death of (a fictional character). Kill or cure (usu. Attrib.) (of a remedy etc.) Drastic, extreme. Kill two birds with one stone achieve two aims at once. Kill with kindness spoil with overindulgence. [perhaps related to *quell]
Killer n. 1 a person, animal, or thing that kills. B murderer. 2 colloq. A impressive, formidable, or excellent thing. B hilarious joke.
Killer instinct n. 1 innate tendency to kill. 2 ruthless streak.
Killer whale n. Dolphin with a prominent dorsal fin.
Killing —n. 1 a causing of death. B instance of this. 2 colloq. Great (esp.
Financial) success (make a killing). —adj. Colloq. 1 very funny. 2 exhausting.
Killjoy n. Gloomy or censorious person, esp. At a party etc.
Kiln n. Furnace or oven for burning, baking, or drying, esp. For calcining lime or firing pottery etc. [old english from latin culina kitchen]
Kilo n. (pl. -s) kilogram. [french, abbreviation]
Kilo-comb. Form 1,000 (esp. In metric units). [greek khilioi]
Kilobyte n. Computing 1,024 (i.e. 210) bytes as a measure of memory size etc.
Kilocalorie n. = large calorie (see *calorie).
Kilocycle n. Hist. Kilohertz.
Kilogram n. (also -gramme) si unit of mass, approx. 2.205 lb.
Kilohertz n. 1,000 hertz, 1,000 cycles per second.
Kilojoule n. 1,000 joules, esp. As a measure of the energy value of foods.
Kiloliter n. (brit. -litre) 1,000 litres (220 imperial gallons).
Kilolitre n. (us -liter) 1,000 litres (220 imperial gallons).
Kilometer n. (brit. -metre) 1,000 metres (approx. 0.62 miles). kilometric adj.
Usage the second pronunciation given, with the stress on the second syllable, is considered incorrect by some people.
Kilometre n. (us -meter) 1,000 metres (approx. 0.62 miles). kilometric adj.
Usage the second pronunciation given, with the stress on the second syllable, is considered incorrect by some people.
Kiloton n. (also kilotonne) unit of explosive power equivalent to 1,000 tons of tnt.
Kilovolt n. 1,000 volts.
Kilowatt n. 1,000 watts.
Kilowatt-hour n. Electrical energy equivalent to a power consumption of 1,000 watts for one hour.
Kilt —n. Pleated knee-length usu. Tartan skirt, traditionally worn by highland men. —v. 1 tuck up (the skirts) round the body. 2 (esp. As kilted adj.) Gather in vertical pleats. [scandinavian]
Kilter n. (also kelter) good working order (esp. Out of kilter). [origin unknown]
Kimono n. (pl. -s) 1 long sashed japanese robe. 2 similar dressing-gown. [japanese]
Kin —n. One’s relatives or family. —predic. Adj. Related. [old english]
-kin suffix forming diminutive nouns (catkin; manikin). [dutch]
Kind —n. 1 race, species, or natural group of animals, plants, etc. (human kind). 2 class, type, sort, variety. 3 natural way, fashion, etc. (true to kind). —adj. (often foll. By to) friendly, generous, or benevolent. in kind 1 in the same form, likewise (was insulted and replied in kind). 2 (of payment) in goods or labour, not money. 3 character, quality (differ in degree but not in kind). Kind of colloq. To some extent (i kind of expected it). A kind of loosely resembling (he’s a kind of doctor). [old english]
Usage in sense 2 of the noun, these kinds of is usually preferred to these kind of.
Kindergarten n. Class or school for very young children. [german, = children’s garden]
Kind-hearted adj. Of a kind disposition. kind-heartedly adv. Kind-heartedness n.
Kindle v. (-ling) 1 light, catch, or set on fire. 2 arouse or inspire. 3 become aroused or animated. [old norse]
Kindling n. Small sticks etc. For lighting fires.
Kindly1 adv. 1 in a kind manner (spoke kindly). 2 often iron. Please (kindly go away). look kindly upon regard sympathetically. Take kindly to be pleased by; like.
Kindly2 adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 kind, kind-hearted. 2 (of a climate etc.) Pleasant, mild.
kindlily adv. Kindliness n.
Kindness n. 1 being kind. 2 kind act.
Kindred —adj. Related, allied, or similar. —n. 1 one’s relations collectively. 2 blood relationship. 3 resemblance in character. [old english, = kinship]
Kindred spirit n. Person like or in sympathy with oneself.
Kinematics n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) Branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without reference to cause. kinematic adj. [greek kinema – matos motion]
Kinetic adj. Of or due to motion. kinetically adv. [greek kineo move]
Kinetic art n. Sculpture etc. Designed to move.
Kinetic energy n. Energy of motion.
Kinetics n.pl. 1 = *dynamics 1a. 2 (usu. Treated as sing.) Branch of physical chemistry measuring and studying the rates of chemical reactions.
King n. 1 (as a title usu. King) male sovereign, esp. A hereditary ruler. 2 pre-eminent person or thing (oil king). 3 (attrib.) Large (or the largest) kind of plant, animal, etc. (king penguin). 4 chess piece which must be checkmated for a win. 5 crowned piece in draughts. 6 court-card depicting a king. 7 (the king) national anthem when the sovereign is male. kingly adj. Kingship n. [old english]
King charles spaniel n. Small black and tan spaniel.
Kingcup n. Marsh marigold.
Kingdom n. 1 territory or state ruled by a king or queen. 2 spiritual reign or sphere of god. 3 domain. 4 division of the natural world (plant kingdom). 5 specified sphere (kingdom of the heart). [old english]
Kingdom come n. Colloq. The next world.
Kingfisher n. Small bird with brightly coloured plumage, diving for fish etc.
King of arms n. A chief herald.
King of beasts n. Lion.
King of birds n. Eagle.
Kingpin n. 1 main, large, or vertical bolt, esp. As a pivot. 2 essential person or thing.
King-post n. Upright post from the tie-beam of a roof to the apex of a truss.
King’s counsel n. = *queen’s counsel.
King’s english n. = *queen’s english.
King’s evidence see *evidence.
King’s guide n. = *queen’s guide.
King’s highway n. = *queen’s highway.
King-size adj. (also -sized) very large.
King’s proctor n. = *queen’s proctor.
King’s scout n. = *queen’s scout.
Kink —n. 1 a twist or bend in wire etc. B tight wave in hair. 2 mental twist or quirk, esp. When perverse. —v. (cause to) form a kink. [low german or dutch]
Kinky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 colloq. A sexually perverted or unconventional. B (of clothing etc.) Bizarre and sexually provocative. 2 having kinks. kinkily adv. Kinkiness n.
Kinsfolk n.pl. One’s blood relations.
Kinship n. 1 blood relationship. 2 likeness; sympathy.
Kinsman n. (fem. Kinswoman) 1 blood relation. 2 relation by marriage.
Usage use of kinsman in sense 2 is considered incorrect by some people.
Kiosk n. 1 light open-fronted booth selling food, newspapers, tickets, etc. 2 telephone box. [turkish from persian]
Kip slang —n. 1 sleep; nap. 2 bed or cheap lodgings. —v. (-pp-) (often foll. By down) sleep. [cf. Danish kippe mean hut]
Kipper —n. Fish, esp. A herring, split, salted, dried, and usu. Smoked. —v. Cure (a herring etc.) Thus. [origin uncertain]
Kir n. Dry white wine with crème de cassis.
Kirby-grip n. (also kirbigrip propr.) Type of sprung hairgrip. [kirby, name of the manufacturer]
Kirk n. Scot. & n.engl. 1 church. 2 (the kirk or the kirk of scotland) church of scotland. [old norse kirkja = *church]
Kirk-session n. Lowest court in the church of scotland.
Kirsch n. Brandy distilled from cherries. [german, = cherry]
Kismet n. Destiny, fate. [turkish from arabic]
Kiss —v. 1 touch with the lips, esp. As a sign of love, affection, greeting, or reverence. 2 (of two people) touch each others’ lips in this way. 3 lightly touch. —n. 1 touch with the lips. 2 light touch. kiss and tell recount one’s sexual exploits. Kiss a person’s arse coarse slang toady to. Kiss the dust submit abjectly. [old english]
Kiss-curl n. Small curl of hair on the forehead, nape, etc.
Kisser n. 1 person who kisses. 2 slang mouth; face.
Kiss of death n. Apparent good luck etc. Which causes ruin.
Kiss of life n. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Kissogram n. (also kissagram propr.) Novelty telegram or greeting delivered with a kiss.
Kit —n. 1 articles, equipment, etc. For a specific purpose (first-aid kit). 2 specialized, esp. Sports, clothing or uniform (football kit). 3 set of parts needed to assemble furniture, a model, etc. —v. (-tt-) (often foll.
Kitbag n. Large usu. Cylindrical bag used for a soldier’s or traveller’s kit.
Kitchen n. 1 place where food is prepared and cooked. 2 kitchen fitments (half-price kitchens). [latin coquina]
Kitchenette n. Small kitchen or cooking area.
Kitchen garden n. Garden with vegetables, fruit, herbs, etc.
Kitchenware n. Cooking utensils.
Kite n. 1 light framework with a thin covering flown on a string in the wind. 2 soaring bird of prey. [old english]
Kitemark n. Official kite-shaped mark on goods approved by the british standards institution.
Kith n. kith and kin friends and relations. [old english, originally ‘knowledge’:
related to *can1]
Kitsch n. (often attrib.) Vulgar, pretentious, or worthless art. kitschy adj. (-ier, – iest). [german]
Kitten —n. Young cat, ferret, etc. —v. (of a cat etc.) Give birth (to). have kittens colloq. Be very upset or anxious. [anglo-french diminutive of chat *cat]
Kittenish adj. Playful, lively, or flirtatious.
Kittiwake n. A kind of small seagull. [imitative of its cry]
Kitty1 n. (pl. -ies) 1 fund of money for communal use. 2 pool in some card-games. [origin unknown]
Kitty2 n. (pl. -ies) childish name for a kitten or cat.
Kiwi n. (pl. -s) 1 flightless long-billed new zealand bird. 2 (kiwi) colloq. New zealander. [maori]
Kiwi fruit n. Green-fleshed fruit of a climbing plant.
Kj abbr. Kilojoule(s).
Kl abbr. Kilolitre(s).
Klaxon n. Propr. Horn or warning hooter. [name of the manufacturer]
Kleenex n. (pl. Same or -nexes) propr. Disposable paper handkerchief.
Kleptomania n. Obsessive apparently motiveless urge to steal. kleptomaniac n.
adj. [greek kleptes thief] Km abbr. Kilometre(s).
Knack n. 1 acquired faculty or trick of doing a thing. 2 habit (a knack of offending people). [origin unknown]
Knacker —n. Buyer of useless horses etc. For slaughter, or of old houses, ships, etc. For the materials. —v. Slang (esp. As knackered adj.) Exhaust, wear out.[origin unknown]
Knapsack n. Soldier’s or hiker’s usu. Canvas bag carried on the back. [german knappen bite, *sack1]
Knapweed n. Plant with thistle-like purple flowers. [from knop ornamental knob or tuft]
Knave n. 1 rogue, scoundrel. 2 = *jack n. 2. knavery n. (pl. -ies). Knavish adj. [old english, originally = boy, servant]
Knead v. 1 a work into a dough, paste, etc. By pummelling. B make (bread, pottery, etc.) Thus. 2 massage (muscles etc.) As if kneading. [old english]
Knee —n. 1 a (often attrib.) Joint between the thigh and the lower leg in humans. B corresponding joint in other animals. C area around this. D lap (sat on his knee). 2 part of a garment covering the knee. —v. (knees, kneed, kneeing) 1 touch or strike with the knee (kneed him in the groin). 2 colloq. Make (trousers) bulge at the knee. bring a person to his (or her) knees reduce a person to submission. [old english]
Knee-bend n. Bending of the knee, esp. As a physical exercise.
Knee-breeches n.pl. Close-fitting trousers to the knee or just below.
Kneecap —n. 1 convex bone in front of the knee. 2 protective covering for the knee. —v. (-pp-) slang (of a terrorist) shoot (a person) in the knee or leg as a punishment.
Knee-deep adj. 1 (usu. Foll. By in) a immersed up to the knees. B deeply involved. 2 so deep as to reach the knees.
Knee-high adj. So high as to reach the knees.
Knee-jerk n. 1 sudden involuntary kick caused by a blow on the tendon just below the knee. 2 (attrib.) Predictable, automatic, stereotyped.
Kneel v. (past and past part. Knelt or esp. Us kneeled) fall or rest on the knees or a knee. [old english: related to *knee]
Knee-length adj. Reaching the knees.
Kneeler n. 1 cushion for kneeling on. 2 person who kneels.
Knees-up n. Colloq. Lively party or gathering.
Knell —n. 1 sound of a bell, esp. For a death or funeral. 2 announcement, event, etc., regarded as an ill omen. —v. 1 ring a knell. 2 proclaim by or as by a knell. [old english]
Knelt past and past part. Of *kneel.
Knew past of *know.
Knickerbocker n. (in pl.) Loose-fitting breeches gathered at the knee or calf. [the pseudonym of w. Irving, author of history of new york]
Knickerbocker glory n. Ice-cream served with fruit etc. In a tall glass.
Knickers n.pl. Woman’s or girl’s undergarment for the lower torso. [abbreviation of *knickerbocker]
Knick-knack n. (also nick-nack) trinket or small dainty ornament etc. [from *knack in the obsolete sense ‘trinket’]
Knife —n. (pl. Knives) 1 metal blade for cutting or as a weapon, with usu. One long sharp edge fixed in a handle. 2 cutting-blade in a machine. 3 (as the knife) surgical operation. —v. (-fing) cut or stab with a knife. at knife-point threatened with a knife or an ultimatum etc. Get (or have got) one’s knife into treat maliciously, persecute. [old english]
Knife-edge n. 1 edge of a knife. 2 position of extreme danger or uncertainty.
Knife-pleat n. Narrow flat usu. Overlapping pleat on a skirt etc.
Knight —n. 1 man awarded a non-hereditary title (sir) by a sovereign. 2 hist. A man, usu. Noble, raised to honourable military rank after service as a page and squire. B military follower, attendant, or lady’s champion in a war or tournament. 3 man devoted to a cause, woman, etc. 4 chess piece usu. Shaped like a horse’s head. —v. Confer a knighthood on. knighthood n. Knightly adj. Poet. [old english, originally = boy]
Knight commander see *commander.
Knight errant n. 1 medieval knight in search of chivalrous adventures. 2 chivalrous or quixotic man. knight-errantry n.
Knit v. (-tt-; past and past part. Knitted or (esp. In senses 2–4) knit) 1 (also absol.) A make (a garment etc.) By interlocking loops of esp. Wool with knitting-needles or a knitting-machine. B make (a plain stitch) in knitting (knit one, purl one). 2 momentarily wrinkle (the forehead) or (of the forehead) become momentarily wrinkled. 3 (often foll. By together) make or become close or compact. 4 (often foll. By together) (of a broken bone) become joined; heal. knit up make or repair by knitting. knitter n. [old english]
Knitting n. Work being knitted.
Knitting-machine n. Machine for knitting.
Knitting-needle n. Thin pointed rod used esp. In pairs for knitting by hand.
Knitwear n. Knitted garments.
Knives pl. Of *knife.
Knob n. 1 rounded protuberance, esp. At the end or on the surface of a thing, e.g. The handle of a door, drawer, a radio control, etc. 2 small piece (of butter etc.). with knobs on slang that and more (same to you with knobs on). knobby adj. Knoblike adj. [low german knobbe knot, knob]
Knobbly adj. (-ier, -iest) hard and lumpy. [knobble, diminutive of *knob]
Knock —v. 1 a strike with an audible sharp blow. B (often foll. By at) strike (a door etc.) To gain admittance. 2 make (a hole etc.) By knocking. 3 (usu. Foll. By in, out, off, etc.) Drive (a thing, person, etc.) By striking (knocked the ball into the hole; knocked those ideas out of him). 4 slang criticize. 5 a (of an engine) make a thumping or rattling noise. B = *pink3. 6 coarse slang offens. = knock off 6. —n. 1 act or sound of knocking. 2 knocking sound in esp. An engine. knock about (or around) colloq. 1 strike repeatedly; treat roughly. 2 a wander aimlessly or adventurously. B be present, esp. By chance (a cup knocking about somewhere). C (usu. Foll. By with) be associated socially. Knock back 1 slang eat or drink, esp. Quickly. 2 slang disconcert. Knock down 1 strike (esp. A person) to the ground. 2 demolish. 3 (usu. Foll.
Knockabout attrib. Adj. 1 (of comedy) boisterous; slapstick. 2 (of clothes) hard-wearing.
Knock-down attrib. Adj. 1 overwhelming. 2 (of a price) very low. 3 (of a price at auction) reserve. 4 (of furniture etc.) Easily dismantled and reassembled.
Knocker n. 1 hinged esp. Metal instrument on a door for knocking with. 2 (in pl.) Coarse slang woman’s breasts.
Knocking-shop n. Slang brothel.
Knock knees n.pl. Abnormal curvature of the legs inwards at the knee. knock-kneed adj.
Knock-on effect n. Secondary, indirect, or cumulative effect.
Knockout n. 1 act of making unconscious by a blow. 2 (usu. Attrib.) Boxing etc. Such a blow. 3 competition in which the loser in each round is eliminated (also attrib.: knockout round). 4 colloq. Outstanding or irresistible person or thing.
Knock-up n. Practice at tennis etc.
Knoll n. Hillock, mound. [old english]
Knot1 —n. 1 a intertwining of rope, string, hair, etc., so as to fasten. B set method of this (reef knot). C knotted ribbon etc. As an ornament. D tangle in
hair, knitting, etc. 2 unit of a ship’s or aircraft’s speed, equivalent to one nautical mile per hour. 3 (usu. Foll. By of) cluster (knot of journalists). 4 bond, esp. Of marriage. 5 hard lump of organic tissue. 6 a hard mass in a tree-trunk where a branch grows out. B round cross-grained piece in timber marking this. 7 central point in a problem etc. —v. (-tt-) 1 tie in a knot. 2 entangle. 3 unite closely. at a rate of knots colloq. Very fast. Tie in knots colloq. Baffle or confuse completely. [old english]
Knot2 n. Small sandpiper. [origin unknown]
Knotgrass n. Wild plant with creeping stems and small pink flowers.
Knot-hole n. Hole in timber where a knot has fallen out.
Knotty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of knots. 2 puzzling (knotty problem).
Know v. (past knew; past part. Known) 1 (often foll. By that, how, what, etc.) A have in the mind; have learnt; be able to recall (knows a lot about cars). B (also absol.) Be aware of (a fact) (i think he knows). C have a good command of (knew german; knows his tables).
Know-all n. Colloq. Person who claims or seems to know everything.
Know-how n. Practical knowledge; natural skill.
Knowing adj. 1 suggesting that one has inside information (a knowing look). 2 showing knowledge; shrewd.
Knowingly adv. 1 consciously; intentionally (wouldn’t knowingly hurt him). 2 in a knowing manner (smiled knowingly).
Knowledge n. 1 a (usu. Foll. By of) awareness or familiarity (of or with a person or thing) (have no knowledge of that). B person’s range of information. 2 a (usu. Foll. By of) understanding of a subject etc. (good knowledge of greek). B sum of what is known (every branch of knowledge). to my knowledge as far as i know.
Knowledgeable adj. (also knowledgable) well-informed; intelligent.
knowledgeability n. Knowledgeably adv.
Known past part. Of *know.
Knuckle —n. 1 bone at a finger-joint, esp. That connecting the finger to the hand. 2 a knee-or ankle-joint of a quadruped. B this as a joint of meat, esp. Of bacon or pork. —v. (-ling) strike, press, or rub with the knuckles. knuckle down (often foll. By to) 1 apply oneself seriously (to a task etc.). 2 (also knuckle under) give in; submit. [low german or dutch diminutive of knoke bone]
Knuckleduster n. Metal guard worn over the knuckles in fighting, esp. In order to inflict greater damage.
Knuckle sandwich n. Slang punch in the mouth.
Knurl n. Small projecting knob, ridge, etc. [low german or dutch]
Ko abbr. Knockout.
Koala n. (in full koala bear) small australian bearlike marsupial with thick grey fur. [aboriginal]
Kohl n. Black powder used as eye make-up, esp. In eastern countries. [arabic]
Kohlrabi n. (pl. -bies) cabbage with an edible turnip-like swollen stem. [german, from italian cavolo rapa]
Kola var. Of *cola.
Kolkhoz n. Collective farm in the ussr. [russian]
Koodoo var. Of *kudu.
Kook n. Us slang crazy or eccentric person. kooky adj. (-ier, -iest). [probably from *cuckoo]
Kookaburra n. Australian kingfisher with a strange laughing cry. [aboriginal]
Kopek (also kopeck) var. Of *copeck.
Kopek (also kopeck) var. Of *copeck.
Koppie n. (also kopje) s.afr. Small hill. [afrikaans koppie little head]
Koran n. Islamic sacred book. [arabic, = recitation]
Korean —n. 1 native or national of n. Or s. Korea. 2 language or korea. —adj.
Of korea, its people, or language.
Kosher —adj. 1 (of food or a food-shop) fulfilling the requirements of jewish law. 2 colloq. Correct, genuine, legitimate. —n. Kosher food or shop. [hebrew, = proper]
Kowtow —n. Hist. Chinese custom of kneeling with the forehead touching the ground, esp. In submission. —v. 1 (usu. Foll. By to) act obsequiously. 2 hist. Perform the kowtow. [chinese, = knock the head]
K.p.h. Abbr. Kilometres per hour.
Kr symb. Krypton.
K.p.h. Abbr. Kilometres per hour.
Kr symb. Krypton.
Kraal n. S.afr. 1 village of huts enclosed by a fence. 2 enclosure for cattle or sheep. [afrikaans from portuguese curral, of hottentot origin]
Kraut n. Slang offens. German. [shortening of *sauerkraut]
Kremlin n. 1 (the kremlin) a citadel in moscow. B russian government housed within it. 2 citadel within a russian town. [russian]
Krill n. Tiny planktonic crustaceans. [norwegian kril tiny fish]
Krona n. 1 (pl. Kronor) chief monetary unit of sweden. 2 (pl. Kronur) chief monetary unit of iceland. [swedish and icelandic, = *crown]
Krone n. (pl. Kroner) chief monetary unit of denmark and norway. [danish and norwegian, = *crown]
Krugerrand n. S. African gold coin. [kruger, name of a s. African statesman]
Krummhorn n. (also crumhorn) medieval wind instrument. [german]
Krypton n. Inert gaseous element used in fluorescent lamps etc. [greek krupto hide]
Kt. Abbr. Knight.
Kt. Abbr. Knot.
Ku symb. Kurchatovium.
Kudos n. Colloq. Glory; renown. [greek]
Kudu n. (also koodoo) (pl. Same or -s) african antelope with white stripes and corkscrew-shaped ridged horns. [xhosa]
Kufic (also cufic) —n. Early angular form of the arabic alphabet used esp. In decorative inscriptions. —adj. Of or in this script. [from kufa, city in iraq]
Ku klux klan n. Secret white racist society in the southern us. [origin uncertain]
Kümmel n. Sweet liqueur flavoured with caraway and cumin seeds. [german:
related to *cumin]
Kumquat n. (also cumquat) 1 small orange-like fruit. 2 shrub or small tree yielding this. [chinese kin kü gold orange]
Kung fu n. Chinese form of karate. [chinese]
Kurchatovium n. = *rutherfordium. [kurchatov, name of a russian physicist]
Kv abbr. Kilovolt(s).
Kw abbr. Kilowatt(s).
Kwh abbr. Kilowatt-hour(s).
Kyle n. (in scotland) narrow channel, strait. [gaelic caol strait]
L
L1 n. (also l) (pl. Ls or l’s) 1 twelfth letter of the alphabet. 2 (as a roman numeral) 50.
L2 abbr. (also l.) 1 learner driver. 2 lake.
L abbr. (also l.) 1 left. 2 line. 3 litre(s).
abbr. Pound(s) (money). [latin libra] La abbr. Los angeles.
La symb. Lanthanum. La var. Of *lah.
Lab. Abbr. Labour.
Lab n. Colloq. Laboratory. [abbreviation]
Label —n. 1 piece of paper etc. Attached to an object to give information about it. 2 short classifying phrase applied to a person etc. 3 logo, title, or trademark of a company. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 attach a label to. 2 (usu. Foll. By as) assign to a category. 3 replace (an atom) by an atom of a usu. Radioactive isotope as a means of identification. [french]
Labial —adj. 1 a of the lips. B of, like, or serving as a lip. 2 (of a sound) requiring partial or complete closure of the lips. —n. Labial sound (e.g. P, m, v). [latin labia lips]
Labium n. (pl. Labia) (usu. In pl.) Each fold of skin of the two pairs enclosing the vulva. [latin, = lip]
Labor etc. Us & austral. Var. Of *labour etc.
Laboratory n. (pl. -ies) room, building, or establishment for scientific experiments, research, chemical manufacture, etc. [latin: related to *laborious]
Laborer n. (brit. Labourer) person doing unskilled, usu. Manual, work for wages.
Laborious adj. 1 needing hard work or toil. 2 (esp. Of literary style) showing signs of toil. laboriously adv. [latin: related to *labour]
Labour (us & austral. Labor) —n. 1 physical or mental work; exertion. 2 a workers, esp. Manual, considered as a political and economic force. B (labour) labour party. 3 process of childbirth. 4 particular task. —v. 1 work hard; exert oneself. 2 a elaborate needlessly (don’t labour the point). B (as laboured adj.)
Done with great effort; not spontaneous.
Labour camp n. Prison camp enforcing a regime of hard labour.
Labour day n. May 1 (or in the us and canada the first monday in september), celebrated in honour of working people.
Labourer n. (us laborer) person doing unskilled, usu. Manual, work for wages.
Labour exchange n. Colloq. Or hist. Employment exchange.
Labour party n. Political party formed to represent the interests of working people.
Labour-saving adj. Designed to reduce or eliminate work.
Labrador n. Retriever of a breed with a black or golden coat. [labrador in canada]
Laburnum n. Tree with drooping golden flowers yielding poisonous seeds. [latin]
Labyrinth n. 1 complicated network of passages etc. 2 intricate or tangled arrangement. 3 the complex structure of the inner ear. labyrinthine adj. [latin from greek]
Lac n. Resinous substance secreted as a protective covering by a se asian insect. [hindustani]
Lace —n. 1 fine open fabric or trimming, made by weaving thread in patterns. 2 cord etc. Passed through holes or hooks for fastening shoes etc. —v. (-cing) 1 (usu. Foll. By up) fasten or tighten with a lace or laces. 2 add spirits to (a drink). 3 (often foll. By through) pass (a shoelace etc.) Through. [latin laqueus noose]
Lacerate v. (-ting) 1 mangle or tear (esp. Flesh etc.). 2 cause pain to (the feelings etc.). laceration n. [latin lacer torn]
Lace-up —n. Shoe fastened with a lace. —attrib. Adj. (of a shoe etc.) Fastened by a lace or laces.
Lachrymal adj. (also lacrimal) of or for tears (lacrimal duct). [latin lacrima tear]
Lachrymose adj. Formal given to weeping; tearful.
Lack —n. (usu. Foll. By of) want, deficiency. —v. Be without or deficient in. [low german or dutch]
Lackadaisical adj. Unenthusiastic; listless; idle. lackadaisically adv. [from archaic lackaday]
Lackey n. (pl. -s) 1 servile follower; toady. 2 footman, manservant. [catalan alacay]
Lacking adj. Absent or deficient (money was lacking; is lacking in determination).
Lackluster adj. (brit. Lacklustre) 1 lacking in vitality etc. 2 dull.
Lacklustre adj. (us lackluster) 1 lacking in vitality etc. 2 dull.
Laconic adj. Terse, using few words. laconically adv. [greek lakon spartan]
Lacquer —n. 1 varnish made of shellac or a synthetic substance. 2 substance sprayed on the hair to keep it in place. —v. Coat with lacquer. [french lacre *lac]
Lacrimal var. Of *lachrymal.
Lacrosse n. Game like hockey, but with the ball carried in a crosse. [french la the, *crosse]
Lactate1 v. (-ting) (of mammals) secrete milk. [as *lactation]
Lactate2 n. Salt or ester of lactic acid.
Lactation n. 1 secretion of milk. 2 suckling. [latin: related to *lactic]
Lacteal —adj. 1 of milk. 2 conveying chyle etc. —n. (in pl.) Anat. Vessels which absorb fats. [latin lacteus: related to *lactic]
Lactic adj. Of milk. [latin lac lactis milk]
Lactic acid n. Acid formed esp. In sour milk.
Lactose n. Sugar that occurs in milk.
Lacuna n. (pl. Lacunae or -s) 1 gap. 2 missing portion etc., esp. In an ancient ms etc. [latin: related to *lake1]
Lacy adj. (-ier, -iest) of or resembling lace fabric.
Lad n. 1 boy, youth. 2 colloq. Man. [origin unknown]
Ladder —n. 1 set of horizontal bars fixed between two uprights and used for climbing up or down. 2 vertical strip of unravelled stitching in a stocking etc. 3 hierarchical structure, esp. As a means of career advancement. —v. 1 cause a ladder in (a stocking etc.).
Ladder-back n. Upright chair with a back resembling a ladder.
Ladder-back n. Upright chair with a back resembling a ladder.
Lade v. (-ding; past part. Laden) 1 a load (a ship). B ship (goods). 2 (as laden adj.) (usu. Foll. By with) loaded, burdened. [old english]
La-di-da adj. Colloq. Pretentious or snobbish, esp. In manner or speech. [imitative]
Ladies’ man n. (also lady’s man) man fond of female company.
Ladle —n. Deep long-handled spoon used for serving liquids. —v. (-ling) (often foll. By out) transfer (liquid) with a ladle. [old english]
Lady n. (pl. -ies) 1 a woman regarded as being of superior social status or as having refined manners. B (lady) title of peeresses, female relatives of peers, the wives and widows of knights, etc. 2 (often attrib.) Woman; female (ask that lady; lady butcher). 3 colloq. Wife, girlfriend. 4 ruling woman (lady of the house). 5 (the ladies or ladies’) women’s public lavatory. [old english, = loaf-kneader]
Ladybird n. Small beetle, usu. Red with black spots.
Lady chapel n. Chapel dedicated to the virgin mary.
Lady day n. Feast of the annunciation, 25 mar.
Lady-in-waiting n. Lady attending a queen or princess.
Lady-killer n. Habitual seducer of women.
Ladylike adj. Like or befitting a lady.
Ladyship n. her (or your) ladyship respectful form of reference or address to a lady.
Lady’s slipper n. Plant of the orchid family with a slipper-shaped lip on its flowers.
Lag1 —v. (-gg-) fall behind; not keep pace. —n. Delay. [origin uncertain]
Lag2 —v. (-gg-) enclose in heat-insulating material. —n. Insulating cover. [old norse]
Lag3 n. Slang habitual convict. [origin unknown]
Lager n. A kind of light effervescent beer. [german, = store]
Lager lout n. Colloq. Youth behaving violently etc. As a result of excessive drinking.
Laggard n. Person who lags behind.
Lagging n. Material used to lag a boiler etc. Against loss of heat.
Lagoon n. Stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a sandbank, reef, etc. [latin *lacuna pool]
Lah n. (also la) mus. Sixth note of a major scale. [latin labii, word arbitrarily taken]
Laid past and past part. Of *lay1.
Laid-back adj. Relaxed; easygoing.
Laid paper n. Paper with the surface marked in fine ribs.
Laid up adj. Confined to bed or the house.
Lain past part. Of *lie1.
Lair n. 1 wild animal’s resting-place. 2 person’s hiding-place. [old english]
Laird n. Scot. Landed proprietor. [from *lord]
Laissez-faire n. (also laisser-faire) policy of non-interference. [french, = let act]
Laity n. Lay people, as distinct from the clergy. [from *lay2]
Lake1 n. Large body of water surrounded by land. [latin lacus]
Lake2 n. 1 reddish pigment orig. Made from lac. 2 pigment obtained by combining an organic colouring matter with a metallic oxide, hydroxide, or salt. [var. Of *lac]
Lake district n. (also the lakes) region of lakes in cumbria.
Lakh n. Ind. (usu. Foll. By of) hundred thousand (rupees etc.). [hindustani lakh]
Lam v. (-mm-) slang thrash; hit. [perhaps scandinavian]
Lama n. Tibetan or mongolian buddhist monk. [tibetan]
Lamasery n. (pl. -ies) monastery of lamas. [french]
Lamb —n. 1 young sheep. 2 its flesh as food. 3 mild, gentle, or kind person. —v. Give birth to lambs. the lamb (or lamb of god) name for christ. [old english]
Lambada n. Fast erotic brazilian dance in which couples dance with their stomachs touching each other. [portuguese, = a beating]
Lambaste v. (-ting) (also lambast) colloq. Thrash, beat. [from *lam, *baste1]
Lambda n. Eleventh letter of the greek alphabet (l, l). [greek]
Lambent adj. 1 (of a flame or a light) playing on a surface. 2 (of the eyes, sky, wit, etc.) Lightly brilliant. lambency n. [latin lambo lick]
Lambswool n. Soft fine wool from a young sheep.
Lame —adj. 1 disabled in the foot or leg. 2 a (of an excuse etc.) Unconvincing; feeble. B (of verse etc.) Halting. —v. (-ming) make lame; disable. lamely adv. Lameness n. [old english]
Lamé n. Fabric with gold or silver threads interwoven. [french]
Lame duck n. Helpless person or firm.
Lame duck n. Helpless person or firm.
Lament —n. 1 passionate expression of grief. 2 song etc. Of mourning etc. —v. (also absol.) 1 express or feel grief for or about. 2 (as lamented adj.) Used to refer to a recently dead person. lament for (or over) mourn or regret. [latin lamentor]
Lamentable adj. Deplorable, regrettable. lamentably adv.
Lamentation n. 1 lamenting. 2 lament.
Lamina n. (pl. -nae) thin plate or scale. laminar adj. [latin]
Laminate —v. (-ting) 1 beat or roll into thin plates. 2 overlay with metal plates, a plastic layer, etc. 3 split into layers. —n. Laminated structure, esp. Of layers fixed together. —adj. In the form of thin plates. lamination n.
Lammas n. (in full lammas day) first day of august, formerly kept as harvest festival. [old english: related to loaf1, mass2]
Lamp n. 1 device for producing a steady light, esp.: a an electric bulb, and usu.
Its holder. B an oil-lamp. C a gas-jet and mantle. 2 device producing esp.
Ultraviolet or infrared radiation. [greek lampas torch]
Lampblack n. Pigment made from soot.
Lamplight n. Light from a lamp.
Lamplighter n. Hist. Person who lit street lamps.
Lampoon —n. Satirical attack on a person etc. —v. Satirize. lampoonist n. [french lampon]
Lamppost n. Tall post supporting a street-light.
Lamprey n. (pl. -s) eel-like aquatic animal with a sucker mouth. [latin lampreda]
Lampshade n. Translucent cover for a lamp.
Lancastrian —n. 1 native of lancashire or lancaster. 2 hist. Member or supporter of the house of lancaster in the wars of the roses. —adj. Of or concerning lancashire or lancaster, or the house of lancaster. [lancaster in lancashire]
Lance —n. Long spear, esp. One used by a horseman. —v. (-cing) 1 prick or cut open with a lancet. 2 pierce with a lance. [french from latin]
Lance-corporal n. Lowest rank of nco in the army.
Lanceolate adj. Shaped like a lance-head, tapering at each end.
Lancer n. 1 hist. Soldier of a cavalry regiment armed with lances. 2 (in pl.) A quadrille. B music for this.
Lancet n. Small broad two-edged surgical knife with a sharp point.
Lancet arch n. (also lancet light or window) narrow arch or window with a pointed head.
Land —n. 1 solid part of the earth’s surface. 2 a expanse of country; ground, soil. B this in relation to its use, quality, etc., or as a basis for agriculture. 3 country, nation, state. 4 a landed property. B (in pl.) Estates. —v. 1 a set or go ashore. B (often foll. By at) disembark. 2 bring (an aircraft) to the ground or another surface. 3 alight on the ground etc. 4 bring (a fish) to land. 5 (also refl.; often foll. By up) colloq. Bring to, reach, or find oneself in a certain situation or place. 6 colloq. A deal (a person etc. A blow etc.). B (foll. By with) present (a person) with (a problem, job, etc.). 7 colloq. Win or obtain (a prize, job, etc.). how the land lies what is the state of affairs. Land on one’s feet attain a good position, job, etc., by luck. landless adj. [old english]
Land-agent n. 1 steward of an estate. 2 agent for the sale of estates.
Landau n. Four-wheeled enclosed carriage with a divided top. [landau in germany]
Landed adj. 1 owning land. 2 consisting of land.
Landfall n. Approach to land, esp. After a sea or air journey.
Landfill n. 1 waste material etc. Used to landscape or reclaim land. 2 process of disposing of rubbish in this way.
Land-girl n. Woman doing farm work, esp. In wartime.
Landing n. 1 platform at the top of or part way up a flight of stairs. 2 coming to land. 3 place where ships etc. Land.
Landing-craft n. Craft designed for putting troops and equipment ashore.
Landing-gear n. Undercarriage of an aircraft.
Landing-stage n. Platform for disembarking goods and passengers.
Landlady n. 1 woman who owns and lets land or premises. 2 woman who keeps a public house, boarding-house, etc.
Land line n. Means of telecommunication over land.
Landlocked adj. Almost or entirely enclosed by land.
Landlord n. 1 man who owns and lets land or premises. 2 man who keeps a public house, boarding-house, etc.
Landlubber n. Person unfamiliar with the sea.
Landmark n. 1 conspicuous object in a district, landscape, etc. 2 prominent and critical event etc.
Land mass n. Large area of land.
Land-mine n. Explosive mine laid in or on the ground.
Landowner n. Owner of (esp. Much) land. landowning adj. & n.
Landscape —n. 1 scenery as seen in a broad view. 2 (often attrib.) Picture representing this; this genre of painting. —v. (-ping) improve (a piece of land) by landscape gardening. [dutch landscap]
Landscape gardening n. Laying out of grounds to resemble natural scenery.
Landslide n. 1 sliding down of a mass of land from a mountain, cliff, etc. 2 overwhelming victory in an election.
Landslip n. = *landslide 1.
Lane n. 1 narrow road. 2 division of a road for a stream of traffic. 3 strip of track etc. For a competitor in a race. 4 path regularly followed by a ship, aircraft, etc.
5 gangway between crowds of people. [old english]
Language n. 1 use of words in an agreed way as a method of human communication. 2 system of words of a particular community or country etc. 3 a faculty of speech. B style of expression; use of words, etc. (poetic language). 4 system of symbols and rules for writing computer programs. 5 any method of communication. 6 professional or specialized vocabulary. [latin lingua tongue]
Language laboratory n. Room equipped with tape recorders etc. For learning a foreign language.
Languid adj. Lacking vigour; idle; inert. languidly adv. [related to *languish]
Languish v. Lose or lack vitality. languish for droop or pine for. Languish under suffer under (depression, confinement, etc.). [latin langueo]
Languor n. 1 lack of energy; idleness. 2 soft or tender mood or effect. 3 oppressive stillness. languorous adj.
Lank adj. 1 (of hair, grass, etc.) Long and limp. 2 thin and tall. [old english]
Lanky adj. (-ier, -iest) ungracefully thin and long or tall. lankiness n.
Lanolin n. Fat found on sheep’s wool and used in cosmetics etc. [latin lana wool, oleum *oil]
Lantern n. 1 lamp with a transparent case protecting a flame etc. 2 raised structure on a dome, room, etc., glazed to admit light. 3 light-chamber of a lighthouse. [greek lampter torch]
Lantern jaws n.pl. Long thin jaws and chin.
Lanthanide n. Any element of the lanthanide series. [german: related to *lanthanum]
Lanthanide series n. Chem. Series of 15 metallic elements from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table, having similar chemical properties.
Lanthanum n. Metallic element, first of the lanthanide series. [greek lanthano escape notice]
Lanyard n. 1 cord worn round the neck or the shoulder, to which a knife etc. May be attached. 2 naut. Short rope or line used for securing, tightening, etc. [french laniere, assimilated to *yard1]
Laodicean half-hearted, esp. In religion or politics. [laodicea in asia minor (rev. 3:16)]
Lap1 n. 1 front of the body from the waist to the knees of a sitting person. 2 clothing covering this. in the lap of the gods beyond human control. In the lap of luxury in extremely luxurious surroundings. [old english]
Lap2 —n. 1 a one circuit of a racetrack etc. B section of a journey etc. 2 a amount of overlapping. B overlapping part. 3 single turn of thread etc. Round a reel etc. —v. (-pp-) 1 lead or overtake (a competitor in a race) by one or more laps. 2 (often foll. By about, round) fold or wrap (a garment etc.) Round. 3 (usu. Foll. By in) enfold in wraps etc. 4 (as lapped adj.) (usu. Foll. By in) enfolded caressingly. 5 cause to overlap. [probably from *lap1]
Lap3 —v. (-pp-) 1 a (esp. Of an animal) drink with the tongue. B (usu. Foll. By up, down) consume (liquid) greedily. C (usu. Foll. By up) consume (gossip, praise, etc.) Greedily. 2 (of waves etc.) Ripple; make a lapping sound against (the shore). —n. 1 a act of lapping. B amount of liquid taken up. 2 sound of wavelets. [old english]
Lap-dog n. Small pet dog.
Lapel n. Part of either side of a coat-front etc., folded back against itself. [from *lap1]
Lapidary —adj. 1 concerned with stone or stones. 2 engraved upon stone. 3 concise, well-expressed, epigrammatic. —n. (pl. -ies) cutter, polisher, or engraver, of gems. [latin lapis lapid-stone]
Lapis lazuli n. 1 blue mineral used as a gemstone. 2 bright blue pigment. 3 its colour. [related to lapidary, azure]
Laplander n. Native or inhabitant of lapland; lapp. [as *lapp]
Lap of honour n. Ceremonial circuit of a racetrack etc. By a winner.
Lapp n. 1 member of a mongol people of n. Scandinavia and nw russia. 2 their language. [swedish]
Lappet n. 1 small flap or fold of a garment etc. 2 hanging piece of flesh. [from *lap1]
Lapse —n. 1 slight error; slip of memory etc. 2 weak or careless decline into an inferior state. 3 (foll. By of) passage of time. —v. (-sing) 1 fail to maintain a position or standard. 2 (foll. By into) fall back into an inferior or previous state. 3 (of a right or privilege etc.) Become invalid through disuse, failure to renew, etc. 4 (as lapsed adj.) That has lapsed. [latin lapsus from labor laps-slip]
Laptop n. (often attrib.) Portable microcomputer suitable for use while travelling.
Lapwing n. Plover with a shrill cry. [old english: related to leap, wink: from its mode of flight]
Larboard n. & adj. Archaic = port3. [originally ladboard, perhaps ‘side on which cargo was taken in’: related to lade]
Larceny n. (pl. -ies) theft of personal property. larcenous adj. [anglo-french from latin latrocinium]
Usage in 1968 larceny was replaced as a statutory crime in english law by theft.
Larch n. 1 deciduous coniferous tree with bright foliage. 2 its wood. [latin larix – icis]
Lard —n. Pig fat used in cooking etc. —v. 1 insert strips of fat or bacon in (meat etc.) Before cooking. 2 (foll. By with) garnish (talk etc.) With strange terms. [french = bacon, from latin lardum]
Larder n. Room or large cupboard for storing food.
Lardy adj. Like lard.
Lardy-cake n. Cake made with lard, currants, etc.
Large adj. 1 of relatively great size or extent. 2 of the larger kind (large intestine). 3 comprehensive. 4 pursuing an activity on a large scale (large farmer). at large 1 at liberty. 2 as a body or whole. 3 at full length, with all details. largeness n. Largish adj. [latin largus copious]
Large as life adj. Colloq. In person, esp. Prominently.
Largely adv. To a great extent (largely my own fault).
Large-scale adj. Made or occurring on a large scale.
Largesse n. (also largess) money or gifts freely given. [latin largus: related to *large]
Largo mus. —adv. & adj. In a slow tempo and dignified style. —n. (pl. -s) largo passage or movement. [italian, = broad]
Lariat n. 1 lasso. 2 tethering-rope. [spanish la reata]
Lark1 n. Small bird with a tuneful song, esp. The skylark. [old english]
Lark2 colloq. —n. 1 frolic; amusing incident. 2 type of activity (fed up with this digging lark). —v. (foll. By about) play tricks. [origin uncertain]
Larkspur n. Plant with a spur-shaped calyx.
Larva n. (pl. -vae) stage of an insect’s development between egg and pupa. larval adj. [latin, = ghost]
Laryngeal adj. Of the larynx.
Laryngitis n. Inflammation of the larynx.
Larynx n. (pl. Larynges or -xes) hollow organ in the throat holding the vocal cords. [latin from greek]
Lasagne n. Pasta in the form of sheets. [italian pl., from latin lasanum cooking-pot]
Lascivious adj. 1 lustful. 2 inciting to lust. lasciviously adv. [latin]
Laser n. Device that generates an intense beam of coherent light, or other electromagnetic radiation, in one direction. [light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation]
Lash —v. 1 make a sudden whiplike movement. 2 beat with a whip etc. 3 (often foll. By against, down, etc.) (of rain etc.) Beat, strike. 4 criticize harshly. 5 rouse, incite. 6 (foll. By down, together, etc.) Fasten with a cord etc. —n. 1 sharp blow made by a whip etc. 2 flexible end of a whip. 3 eyelash. lash out 1 speak or hit out angrily. 2 colloq. Spend money extravagantly. [imitative]
Lashings n.pl. Colloq. (foll. By of) plenty.
Lass n. Esp. Scot. & n.engl. Or poet. Girl. [old norse]
Lassa fever n. Acute febrile viral disease of tropical africa. [lassa in nigeria]
Lassitude n. 1 languor. 2 disinclination to exert oneself. [latin lassus tired]
Lasso —n. (pl. -s or -es) rope with a noose at one end, esp. For catching cattle. —v. (-es, -ed) catch with a lasso. [spanish lazo: related to *lace]
Last1 —adj. 1 after all others; coming at or belonging to the end. 2 most recent; next before a specified time (last christmas). 3 only remaining (last chance). 4 (prec. By the) least likely or suitable (the last person i’d want). 5 lowest in rank (last place). —adv. 1 after all others (esp. In comb.: last-mentioned). 2 on the most recent occasion (when did you last see him?). 3 lastly. —n. 1 person or thing that is last, last-mentioned, most recent, etc. 2 (prec. By the) last mention or sight etc. (shall never hear the last of it). 3 last performance of certain acts (breathed his last). 4 (prec. By the) the end; death (fighting to the last). at last (or long last) in the end; after much delay. [old english, = latest]
Last2 v. 1 remain unexhausted or alive for a specified or considerable time (food to last a week). 2 continue for a specified time (match lasts an hour). last out be strong enough or sufficient for the whole of a given period. [old english]
Last3 n. Shoemaker’s model for shaping a shoe etc. stick to one’s last not meddle in what one does not understand. [old english]
Last-ditch attrib. Adj. (of an attempt etc.) Final, desperate.
Lasting adj. Permanent; durable.
Lastly adv. Finally; in the last place.
Last minute n. (also last moment) the time just before an important event (often (with hyphen) attrib.: last-minute panic).
Last name n. Surname.
Last post n. Bugle-call at military funerals or as a signal to retire for the night.
Last rites n.pl. Rites for a person about to die.
Last straw n. (prec. By the) slight addition to a burden that makes it finally unbearable.
Last trump n. (prec. By the) trumpet-blast to wake the dead on judgement day.
Last word n. (prec. By the) 1 final or definitive statement. 2 (often foll. By in) latest fashion.
Latch —n. 1 bar with a catch and lever as a fastening for a gate etc. 2 spring-lock preventing a door from being opened from the outside without a key. —v. Fasten with a latch. latch on (often foll. By to) colloq. 1 attach oneself (to). 2 understand. On the latch fastened by the latch (sense 1) only. [old english]
Latchkey n. (pl. -s) key of an outer door.
Late —adj. 1 after the due or usual time; occurring or done after the proper time. 2 a far on in the day or night or in a specified period. B far on in development. 3 flowering or ripening towards the end of the season. 4 no longer alive; no longer having the specified status, former (my late husband; the late prime minister). 5 of recent date. —adv. 1 after the due or usual time. 2 far on in time. 3 at or till a late hour. 4 at a late stage of development. 5 formerly but not now (late of the scillies). late in the day colloq. At a late stage in the proceedings. lateness n. [old english]
Latecomer n. Person who arrives late.
Lateen adj. (of a ship) rigged with a lateen sail. [french voile latine latin sail]
Lateen sail n. Triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast.
Lately adv. Not long ago; recently. [old english: related to *late]
Latent adj. Existing but not developed or manifest; concealed, dormant. latency
Latent heat n. Physics heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapour, or a liquid into a vapour, without change of temperature.
Lateral —adj. 1 of, at, towards, or from the side or sides. 2 descended from the sibling of a person in direct line. —n. Lateral shoot or branch. laterally adv. [latin latus later-side]
Lateral thinking n. Method of solving problems other than by using conventional logic.
Latex n. (pl. -xes) 1 milky fluid of esp. The rubber tree. 2 synthetic product resembling this. [latin, = liquid]
Lath n. (pl. Laths) thin flat strip of wood. [old english]
Lathe n. Machine for shaping wood, metal, etc., by rotating the article against cutting tools. [origin uncertain]
Lather —n. 1 froth produced by agitating soap etc. And water. 2 frothy sweat. 3 state of agitation. —v. 1 (of soap etc.) Form a lather. 2 cover with lather. 3 colloq. Thrash. [old english]
Latin —n. Language of ancient rome and its empire. —adj. 1 of or in latin. 2 of
the countries or peoples using languages descended from latin. 3 of the roman
the countries or peoples using languages descended from latin. 3 of the roman catholic church. [latin latium district around rome]
Latin america n. Parts of central and s. America where spanish or portuguese is the main language.
Latinate adj. Having the character of latin.
Latinize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) give a latin form to. latinization n.
Latish adj. & adv. Fairly late.
Latitude n. 1 a angular distance on a meridian north or south of the equator. B (usu. In pl.) Regions or climes. 2 tolerated variety of action or opinion. latitudinal adj. [latin latus broad]
Latitudinarian —adj. Liberal, esp. In religion. —n. Latitudinarian person.
Latrine n. Communal lavatory, esp. In a camp. [latin latrina]
Latter adj. 1 a second-mentioned of two, or last-mentioned of three or more. B (prec. By the; usu. Absol.) The second-or last-mentioned person or thing. 2 nearer the end (latter part of the year). 3 recent. 4 of the end of a period, the world, etc. [old english, = later]
Usage the use of latter to mean ‘last mentioned of three or more’ is considered incorrect by some people.
Latter-day attrib. Adj. Modern, contemporary.
Latter-day saints n.pl. Mormons’ name for themselves.
Latterly adv. 1 recently. 2 in the latter part of life or a period.
Lattice n. 1 structure of crossed laths or bars with spaces between, used as a screen, fence, etc. 2 regular periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. latticed adj. [french lattis from latte *lath]
Lattice window n. Window with small panes set in diagonally crossing strips of lead.
Latvian —n. 1 a native or national of latvia in eastern europe. B person of latvian descent. 2 language of latvia. —adj. Of latvia, its people, or language.
Laud —v. Praise or extol. —n. 1 praise; hymn of praise. 2 (in pl.) The first morning prayer of the roman catholic church. [latin laus laud-]
Laudable adj. Commendable. laudability n. Laudably adv.
Usage laudable is sometimes confused with laudatory.
Laudanum n. Solution prepared from opium. [perhaps from medieval latin]
Laudatory adj. Praising.
Usage laudatory is sometimes confused with laudable.
Laugh —v. 1 make the sounds and movements usual in expressing lively amusement, scorn, etc. 2 express by laughing. 3 (foll. By at) ridicule, make fun of. —n. 1 sound, act, or manner of laughing. 2 colloq. Comical thing. laugh off get rid of (embarrassment or humiliation) by joking. Laugh up one’s sleeve laugh secretly. [old english]
Laughable adj. Ludicrous; amusing. laughably adv.
Laughing n. Laughter. no laughing matter serious matter. laughingly adv.
Laughing-gas n. Nitrous oxide as an anaesthetic.
Laughing jackass n. = *kookaburra.
Laughing stock n. Person or thing open to general ridicule.
Laughter n. Act or sound of laughing. [old english]
Launch1 —v. 1 set (a vessel) afloat. 2 hurl or send forth (a weapon, rocket, etc.). 3 start or set in motion (an enterprise, person, etc.). 4 formally introduce (a new product) with publicity etc. 5 (foll. By out, into, etc.) A make a start on (an enterprise etc.). B burst into (strong language etc.). —n. Act of launching. [anglo-norman launcher: related to *lance]
Launch2 n. 1 large motor boat. 2 man-of-war’s largest boat. [spanish lancha]
Launcher n. Structure to hold a rocket during launching.
Launch pad n. (also launching pad) platform with a supporting structure, for launching rockets from.
Launder v. 1 wash and iron (clothes etc.). 2 colloq. Transfer (funds) to conceal their origin. [french: related to *lave]
Launderette n. (also laundrette) establishment with coin-operated washing-machines and driers for public use.
Laundress n. Woman who launders, esp. Professionally.
Laundry n. (pl. -ies) 1 a place for washing clothes etc. B firm washing clothes etc. Commercially. 2 clothes or linen for laundering or newly laundered.
Laureate —adj. Wreathed with laurel as a mark of honour. —n. = *poet laureate. laureateship n. [related to *laurel]
Laurel n. 1 = *bay2. 2 (in sing. Or pl.) Wreath of bay-leaves as an emblem of victory or poetic merit. 3 any of various plants with dark-green glossy leaves. look to one’s laurels beware of losing one’s pre-eminence. Rest on one’s laurels see *rest1. [latin laurus bay]
Lav n. Colloq. Lavatory. [abbreviation]
Lava n. Matter flowing from a volcano and solidifying as it cools. [latin lavo wash]
Lavatorial adj. Of or like lavatories; (esp. Of humour) relating to excretion.
Lavatory n. (pl. -ies) 1 receptacle for urine and faeces, usu. With a means of disposal. 2 room or compartment containing this. [latin: related to *lava]
Lavatory paper n. = *toilet paper.
Lave v. (-ving) literary 1 wash, bathe. 2 (of water) wash against; flow along. [latin lavo wash]
Lavender n. 1 a evergreen shrub with purple aromatic flowers. B its flowers and stalks dried and used to scent linen etc. 2 pale mauve colour. [latin lavandula]
Lavender-water n. Light perfume made with distilled lavender.
Laver n. Edible seaweed. [latin]
Lavish —adj. 1 giving or producing in large quantities; profuse. 2 generous. —v. (often foll. By on) bestow or spend (money, effort, praise, etc.) Abundantly. lavishly adv. [french lavasse deluge: related to *lave]
Law n. 1 a rule enacted or customary in a community and recognized as commanding or forbidding certain actions. B body of such rules. 2 controlling influence of laws; respect for laws. 3 laws collectively as a social system or subject of study. 4 binding force (her word is law). 5 (prec. By the) a the legal profession. B colloq. The police. 6 (in pl.) Jurisprudence. 7 a the judicial remedy. B the lawcourts as providing this (go to law). 8 rule of action or procedure. 9 regularity in natural occurrences (laws of nature; law of gravity). 10 divine commandments. be a law unto oneself do what one considers right; disregard custom. Lay down the law be dogmatic or authoritarian. Take the law into one’s own hands redress a grievance by one’s own means, esp. By force. [old english from old norse, = thing laid down]
Law-abiding adj. Obedient to the laws.
Lawbreaker n. Person who breaks the law. lawbreaking n. & adj.
Lawful adj. Conforming with or recognized by law; not illegal. lawfully adv.
Lawfulness n.
Lawgiver n. Person who formulates laws; legislator.
Lawless adj. 1 having no laws or law enforcement. 2 disregarding laws.
lawlessness n.
Law lord n. Member of the house of lords qualified to perform its legal work.
Lawmaker n. Legislator.
Lawn1 n. Piece of closely-mown grass in a garden etc. [french launde glade]
Lawn2 n. Fine linen or cotton. [probably from laon in france]
Lawnmower n. Machine for cutting lawns.
Lawn tennis n. Tennis played with a soft ball on outdoor grass or a hard court.
Lawrencium n. Artificially made transuranic metallic element. [lawrence, name of a physicist]
Lawsuit n. Bringing of a dispute, claim, etc. Before a lawcourt.
Lawyer n. Legal practitioner, esp. A solicitor.
Lax adj. 1 lacking care or precision. 2 not strict. laxity n. Laxly adv. Laxness n. [latin laxus loose]
Laxative —adj. Facilitating evacuation of the bowels. —n. Laxative medicine. [latin: related to *lax]
Lay1 —v. (past and past part. Laid) 1 place on a surface, esp. Horizontally or in the proper or specified place. 2 put or bring into the required position or state (lay carpet). 3 make by laying (lay foundations). 4 (often absol.) (of a hen bird) produce (an egg). 5 cause to subside or lie flat. 6 (usu. Foll. By on); attribute or impute (blame etc.). 7 prepare or make ready (a plan or trap). 8 prepare (a table) for a meal. 9 arrange the material for (a fire). 10 put down as a wager; stake. 11 (foll. By with) coat or strew (a surface). 12 slang offens. Have sexual intercourse with (esp. A woman). —n. 1 way, position, or direction in which something lies. 2 slang offens. Partner (esp. Female) in, or act of, sexual intercourse. lay about one hit out on all sides. Lay aside 1 put to one side. 2 cease to consider. Lay at the door of impute to. Lay bare expose, reveal. Lay claim to claim as one’s own. Lay down 1 put on a flat surface. 2 give up (an office). 3 formulate (a rule). 4 store (wine) for maturing. 5 sacrifice (one’s life). Lay (one’s) hands on obtain, locate. Lay hands on seize or attack. Lay hold of seize. Lay in provide oneself with a stock of. Lay into colloq. Punish or scold harshly. Lay it on thick (or with a trowel) colloq. Flatter or exaggerate grossly. Lay low overthrow or humble. Lay off 1 discharge (unneeded workers) temporarily; make redundant. 2 colloq. Desist. Lay on 1 provide. 2 impose. 3 inflict (blows). 4 spread on (paint etc.).
Desist. Lay on 1 provide. 2 impose. 3 inflict (blows). 4 spread on (paint etc.). Lay open 1 break the skin of. 2 (foll. By to) expose (to criticism etc.). Lay out 1 spread out, expose to view. 2 prepare (a corpse) for burial. 3 colloq. Knock unconscious. 4 arrange (grounds etc.) According to a design.
Lay2 adj. 1 a non-clerical. B not ordained into the clergy. 2 a not professionally qualified. B of or done by such persons. [greek laos people]
Lay3 n. 1 short poem meant to be sung. 2 song. [french]
Lay4 past of *lie1.
Layabout n. Habitual loafer or idler.
Lay-by n. (pl. -bys) area at the side of a road where vehicles may stop.
Layer —n. 1 thickness of matter, esp. One of several, covering a surface. 2 person or thing that lays. 3 hen that lays eggs. 4 shoot fastened down to take root while attached to the parent plant. —v. 1 arrange in layers. 2 cut (hair) in layers. 3 propagate (a plant) by a layer.
Layette n. Set of clothing etc. For a newborn child. [french from dutch]
Lay figure n. 1 jointed figure of a human body used by artists for arranging drapery on etc. 2 unrealistic character in a novel etc. [dutch led joint]
Layman n. (fem. Laywoman) 1 non-ordained member of a church. 2 person without professional or specialized knowledge.
Lay-off n. Temporary discharge of workers; a redundancy.
Layout n. 1 way in which land, a building, printed matter, etc., is arranged or set out. 2 something arranged in a particular way; display.
Lay reader n. Lay person licensed to conduct some religious services.
Laze —v. (-zing) 1 spend time idly. 2 (foll. By away) pass (time) idly. —n. Spell of lazing. [back-formation from *lazy]
Lazy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 disinclined to work, doing little work. 2 of or inducing idleness. lazily adv. Laziness n. [perhaps from low german]
Lazybones n. (pl. Same) colloq. Lazy person.
Lb abbr. Pound(s) (weight). [latin libra]
Lbc abbr. London broadcasting company.
L.b.w. Abbr. Leg before wicket.
L.c. Abbr. 1 = *loc. Cit. 2 lower case.
Lcd abbr. 1 liquid crystal display. 2 lowest (or least) common denominator.
Lcm abbr. Lowest (or least) common multiple.
L/cpl abbr. Lance-corporal.
Ld. Abbr. Lord.
Lea abbr. Local education authority.
Lea n. Poet. Meadow, field. [old english]
Leach v. 1 make (a liquid) percolate through some material. 2 subject (bark, ore, ash, or soil) to the action of percolating fluid. 3 (foll. By away, out) remove (soluble matter) or be removed in this way. [old english]
Lead1 —v. (past and past part. Led) 1 cause to go with one, esp. By guiding or going in front. 2 a direct the actions or opinions of. B (often foll. By to, or to + infin.) Guide by persuasion or example (what led you to think that). 3 (also absol.) Provide access to; bring to a certain position (gate leads you into a field; road leads to lincoln). 4 pass or go through (a life etc. Of a specified kind). 5 a have the first place in. B (absol.) Go first; be ahead in a race etc. C (absol.) Be pre-eminent in some field. 6 be in charge of (leads a team). 7 (also absol.) Play
(a card) or a card of (a particular suit) as first player in a round. 8 (foll. By to) result in. 9 (foll. By with) (of a newspaper or news broadcast) have as its main story (led with the royal wedding). 10 (foll. By through) make (a liquid, strip of material, etc.) Pass through a certain course. —n. 1 guidance given by going in front; example. 2 a leading place (take the lead). B amount by which a competitor is ahead of the others. 3 clue. 4 strap etc. For leading a dog etc. 5 conductor (usu. A wire) conveying electric current to an appliance. 6 a chief part in a play etc. B person playing this. C (attrib.) Chief performer or instrument of a specified type (lead guitar). 7 cards a act or right of playing first. B card led. lead by the nose cajole into compliance. Lead off begin. Lead on entice dishonestly. Lead up the garden path colloq. Mislead. Lead up to form a preparation for; direct conversation towards. [old english]
Lead2 —n. 1 heavy bluish-grey soft metallic element. 2 a graphite. B thin length of this in a pencil. 3 lump of lead used in sounding water. 4 (in pl.) A strips of lead covering a roof. B piece of lead-covered roof. 5 (in pl.) Lead frames holding the glass of a lattice etc. 6 blank space between lines of print. —v. 1 cover, weight, or frame with lead. 2 space (printed matter) with leads. [old english]
Leaden adj. 1 of or like lead. 2 heavy or slow. 3 lead-coloured.
Leader n. 1 a person or thing that leads. B person followed by others. 2 principal player in a music group or of the first violins in an orchestra. 3 = *leading article. 4 shoot of a plant at the apex of a stem or of the main branch. leadership n.
Lead-free adj. (of petrol) without added lead compounds.
Lead-in n. Introduction, opening, etc.
Leading1 adj. Chief; most important.
Leading2 n. Printing = *lead2 n. 6.
Leading aircraftman n. Rank above aircraftman in the raf.
Leading article n. Newspaper article giving editorial opinion.
Leading light n. Prominent and influential person.
Leading note n. Mus. Seventh note of a diatonic scale.
Leading question n. Question prompting the answer wanted.
Usage leading question does not mean a ‘principal’ or ‘loaded’ or ‘searching’ question.
Lead pencil n. Pencil of graphite in wood.
Lead-poisoning n. Poisoning by absorption of lead into the body.
Leaf —n. (pl. Leaves) 1 each of several flattened usu. Green structures of a plant, growing usu. On the side of a stem. 2 a foliage regarded collectively. B state of bearing leaves (tree in leaf). 3 single thickness of paper. 4 very thin sheet of metal etc. 5 hinged part, extra section, or flap of a table etc. —v. 1 put forth leaves. 2 (foll. By through) turn over the pages of (a book etc.). leafage n. Leafy adj. (-ier, -iest). [old english]
Leaflet —n. 1 sheet of paper, pamphlet, etc. Giving information. 2 young leaf. 3 bot. Division of a compound leaf. —v. (-t-) distribute leaflets (to).
Leaf-mould n. Soil or compost consisting chiefly of decayed leaves.
Leaf-stalk n. Stalk joining a leaf to a stem.
League1 —n. 1 people, countries, groups, etc., combining for a particular purpose. 2 agreement to combine in this way. 3 group of sports clubs which compete for a championship. 4 class of contestants etc. —v. (-gues, -gued, – guing) (often foll. By together) join in a league. in league allied, conspiring. [latin ligo bind]
League2 n. Hist. Varying measure of distance, usu. About three miles. [latin from celtic]
League table n. List in ranked order of success etc.
Leak —n. 1 a hole through which matter passes accidentally in or out. B matter passing through thus. C act of passing through thus. 2 a similar escape of
electrical charge. B charge that escapes. 3 disclosure of secret information. —v. 1 a pass through a leak. B lose or admit through a leak. 2 disclose (secret information). 3 (often foll. By out) become known. have (or take) a leak slang urinate. leaky adj. (-ier, -iest). [low german or dutch]
Leakage n. Action or result of leaking.
Lean1 —v. (past and past part. Leaned or leant) 1 (often foll. By across, back, over, etc.) Be or place in a sloping position; incline from the perpendicular. 2 (foll. By against, on, upon) (cause to) rest for support against etc. 3 (foll. By on, upon) rely on. 4 (foll. By to, towards) be inclined or partial to. —n. Deviation from the perpendicular; inclination. lean on colloq. Put pressure on (a person) to act in a certain way. Lean over backwards see *backwards. [old english]
Lean2 —adj. 1 (of a person or animal) thin; having no superfluous fat. 2 (of meat) containing little fat. 3 meagre. —n. Lean part of meat. leanness n. [old english]
Leaning n. Tendency or partiality.
Lean-to n. (pl. -tos) building with its roof leaning against a larger building or a wall.
Lean years n.pl. Years of scarcity.
Leap —v. (past and past part. Leaped or leapt) jump or spring forcefully. —n. Forceful jump. by leaps and bounds with startlingly rapid progress. Leap in the
dark daring step or enterprise. [old english]
Leap-frog —n. Game in which players vault with parted legs over others bending down. —v. (-gg-) 1 perform such a vault (over). 2 overtake alternately.
Leap year n. Year with 366 days (including 29th feb. As an intercalary day).
Learn v. (past and past part. Learned or learnt) 1 gain knowledge of or skill in. 2 commit to memory. 3 (foll. By of) be told about. 4 (foll. By that, how, etc.) Become aware of. 5 receive instruction. 6 archaic or dial. Teach. [old english]
Learned adj. 1 having much knowledge acquired by study. 2 showing or requiring learning (a learned work). 3 (of a publication) academic.
Learner n. 1 person who is learning a subject or skill. 2 (in full learner driver) person who is learning to drive but has not yet passed a driving test.
Learning n. Knowledge acquired by study.
Lease —n. Contract by which the owner of property allows another to use it for a specified time, usu. In return for payment. —v. (-sing) grant or take on lease. new lease of (us on) life improved prospect of living, or of use after repair. [anglo-french lesser let, from latin laxo loosen]
Leasehold n. 1 holding of property by lease. 2 property held by lease.
leaseholder n.
Leash —n. Strap for holding a dog etc.; lead. —v. 1 put a leash on. 2 restrain. straining at the leash eager to begin. [french lesse: related to *lease]
Least —adj. 1 smallest, slightest. 2 (of a species etc.) Very small. —n. The least amount. —adv. In the least degree. at least 1 at any rate. 2 (also at the least) not less than. In the least (or the least) (usu. With neg.) At all (not in the least offended). To say the least putting the case moderately. [old english, superlative of *less]
Least common denominator n. = *lowest common denominator.
Least common multiple n. = *lowest common multiple.
Leather —n. 1 material made from the skin of an animal by tanning etc. 2 piece of leather for polishing with. 3 leather part(s) of a thing. 4 slang cricket-ball or football. 5 (in pl.) Leather clothes. —v. 1 beat, thrash. 2 cover with leather. 3 polish or wipe with a leather. [old english]
Leatherback n. Large marine turtle with a leathery shell.
Leather-bound adj. Bound in leather.
Leatherette n. Propr. Imitation leather.
Leather-jacket n. Crane-fly grub with a tough skin.
Leathery adj. 1 like leather. 2 tough.
Leave1 v. (-ving; past and past part. Left) 1 a go away from. B (often foll. By for) depart. 2 cause to or let remain; depart without taking. 3 (also absol.) Cease to reside at or belong to or work for. 4 abandon; cease to live with (one’s family etc.). 5 have remaining after one’s death. 6 bequeath. 7 (foll. By to + infin.) Allow (a person or thing) to do something independently. 8 (foll. By to) commit to another person etc. (leave that to me). 9 a abstain from consuming or dealing with. B (in passive; often foll. By over) remain over. 10 a deposit or entrust (a thing) to be attended to in one’s absence (left a message with his secretary). B depute (a person) to perform a function in one’s absence. 11 allow to remain or cause to be in a specified state or position (left the door open; left me exhausted). leave alone refrain from disturbing, not interfere with. Leave a person cold not impress or excite a person. Leave off 1 come to or make an end. 2 discontinue. Leave out omit; exclude. [old english]
Leave2 n. 1 (often foll. By to + infin.) Permission. 2 a (in full leave of absence) permission to be absent from duty. B period for which this lasts. on leave legitimately absent from duty. Take one’s leave (of) bid farewell (to). Take leave of one’s senses go mad. [old english]
Leaved adj. Having a leaf or leaves, esp. (in comb.) Of a specified kind or number (four-leaved clover).
Leaven —n. 1 substance causing dough to ferment and rise. 2 pervasive transforming influence; admixture. —v. 1 ferment (dough) with leaven. 2 permeate and transform; modify with a tempering element. [latin levo lift]
Leaves pl. Of *leaf.
Leave-taking n. Act of taking one’s leave.
Leavings n.pl. Things left over.
Lebanese —adj. Of lebanon. —n. (pl. Same) 1 native or national of lebanon. 2 person of lebanese descent.
Lech colloq. —v. (often foll. By after) lust. —n. 1 lecherous man. 2 lust. [back-formation from *lecher]
Lecher n. Lecherous man. [french lechier live in debauchery]
Lecherous adj. Lustful, having excessive sexual desire. lecherously adv.
Lechery n. Excessive sexual desire.
Lectern n. 1 stand for holding a book in a church etc. 2 similar stand for a lecturer etc. [latin lectrum from lego read]
Lecture —n. 1 talk giving specified information to a class etc. 2 long serious speech, esp. As a reprimand. —v. (-ring) 1 (often foll. By on) deliver lecture(s).
2 talk seriously or reprovingly to. lectureship n. [latin: related to *lectern]
Lecturer n. Person who lectures, esp. As a teacher in higher education.
Led abbr. Light-emitting diode.
Led past and past part. Of *lead1.
Lederhosen n.pl. Leather shorts as worn by some men in bavaria etc. [german, = leather trousers]
Ledge n. Narrow horizontal or shelflike projection. [origin uncertain]
Ledger n. Main record of the accounts of a business. [dutch]
Lee n. 1 shelter given by a close object (under the lee of). 2 (in full lee side) side away from the wind. [old english]
Leech n. 1 bloodsucking worm formerly much used medically. 2 person who sponges on others. [old english]
Leek n. 1 plant of the onion family with flat leaves forming a cylindrical bulb, used as food. 2 this as a welsh national emblem. [old english]
Leer —v. Look slyly, lasciviously, or maliciously. —n. Leering look. [perhaps from obsolete leer cheek]
Leery adj. (-ier, -iest) slang 1 knowing, sly. 2 (foll. By of) wary.
Lees n.pl. 1 sediment of wine etc. 2 dregs. [french]
Leeward —adj. & adv. On or towards the side sheltered from the wind. —n.
Leeward region or side.
Leeway n. 1 allowable scope of action. 2 sideways drift of a ship to leeward of the desired course.
Left1 —adj. 1 on or towards the west side of the human body, or of any object, when facing north. 2 (also left) polit. Of the left. —adv. On or to the left side. — n. 1 left-hand part, region, or direction. 2 boxing a left hand. B blow with this. 3 (often left) group or section favouring socialism; socialists collectively. [old english, originally = ‘weak, worthless’]
Left2 past and past part. Of *leave1.
Left bank n. Bank of a river on the left facing downstream.
Left-hand attrib. Adj. 1 on or towards the left side of a person or thing. 2 done
Left-hand attrib. Adj. 1 on or towards the left side of a person or thing. 2 done with the left hand. 3 (of a screw) = *left-handed 4b.
Left-handed adj. 1 naturally using the left hand for writing etc. 2 (of a tool etc.) For use by the left hand. 3 (of a blow) struck with the left hand. 4 a turning to the left. B (of a screw) turned anticlockwise to tighten. 5 awkward, clumsy. 6 a (of a compliment) ambiguous. B of doubtful sincerity. left-handedly adv. Left-handedness n.
Left-hander n. 1 left-handed person. 2 left-handed blow.
Leftism n. Socialist political principles. leftist n. & adj.
Left luggage n. Luggage deposited for later retrieval.
Leftmost adj. Furthest to the left.
Leftover —n. (usu. In pl.) Surplus items (esp. Of food). —attrib. Adj. Remaining over, surplus.
Leftward —adv. (also leftwards) towards the left. —adj. Going towards or facing the left.
Left wing —n. 1 more socialist section of a political party or system. 2 left side of a football etc. Team on the field. —adj. (leftwing) socialist, radical. left-
Lefty n. (pl. -ies) colloq. 1 polit. Often derog. Left-winger. 2 left-handed person.
Leg n. 1 each of the limbs on which a person or animal walks and stands. 2 leg of an animal or bird as food. 3 part of a garment covering a leg. 4 support of a chair, table, etc. 5 cricket the half of the field (divided lengthways) in which the batsman’s feet are placed. 6 a section of a journey. B section of a relay race. C stage in a competition. leg it (-gg-) colloq. Walk or run hard. Not have a leg to stand on be unable to support one’s argument by facts or sound reasons. On one’s last legs near death or the end of usefulness etc. legged adj. (also in comb.). [old norse]
Legacy n. (pl. -ies) 1 gift left in a will. 2 thing handed down by a predecessor. [latin lego bequeath]
Legal adj. 1 of or based on law; concerned with law. 2 appointed or required by law. 3 permitted by law. legally adv. [latin lex leg-law]
Legal aid n. State assistance for legal advice or action.
Legalese n. Colloq. Technical language of legal documents.
Legalistic adj. Adhering excessively to a law or formula. legalism n. Legalist n.
Legality n. (pl. -ies) 1 lawfulness. 2 (in pl.) Obligations imposed by law.
Legalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make lawful. 2 bring into harmony with the law. legalization n.
Legal separation see *separation.
Legal tender n. Currency that cannot legally be refused in payment of a debt.
Legate n. Ambassador of the pope. [latin lego depute]
Legatee n. Recipient of a legacy. [latin lego bequeath]
Legation n. 1 diplomatic minister and his or her staff. 2 this minister’s official residence. [latin: related to *legate]
Legato mus. —adv. & adj. In a smooth flowing manner. —n. (pl. -s) 1 legato passage. 2 legato playing. [italian, = bound, from ligo bind]
Leg before —adj. & adv. (in full leg before wicket) cricket (of a batsman) out because of stopping the ball, other than with the bat or hand, which would otherwise have hit the wicket. —n. Such a dismissal.
Leg-bye n. Cricket run scored from a ball that touches the batsman.
Legend n. 1 a traditional story; myth. B these collectively. 2 colloq. Famous or remarkable event or person. 3 inscription. 4 explanation on a map etc. Of symbols used. [latin legenda what is to be read]
Legendary adj. 1 of, based on, or described in a legend. 2 colloq. Remarkable.
Legerdemain n. 1 sleight of hand. 2 trickery, sophistry. [french, = light of hand]
Leger line n. Mus. Short line added for notes above or below the range of a staff. [var. Of *ledger]
Legging n. (usu. In pl.) 1 close-fitting knitted trousers for women or children. 2 stout protective outer covering for the lower leg.
Leggy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 long-legged. 2 long-stemmed and weak. legginess n.
Legible adj. Clear enough to read; readable. legibility n. Legibly adv. [latin lego read]
Legion —n. 1 division of 3,000–6,000 men in the ancient roman army. 2 large organized body. —predic. Adj. Great in number (his good works were legion). [latin legio -onis]
Legionary —adj. Of a legion or legions. —n. (pl. -ies) member of a legion.
Legionary —adj. Of a legion or legions. —n. (pl. -ies) member of a legion.
Legionnaire n. Member of a legion. [french: related to *legion]
Legionnaires’ disease n. Form of bacterial pneumonia.
Legislate v. (-ting) make laws. legislator n. [from *legislation]
Legislation n. 1 law-making. 2 laws collectively. [latin lex legis law, latus past part. Of fero carry]
Legislative adj. Of or empowered to make legislation.
Legislature n. Legislative body of a state.
Legit adj. Colloq. Legitimate (in sense 2). [abbreviation]
Legitimate adj. 1 (of a child) born of parents married to each other. 2 lawful, proper, regular. 3 logically acceptable. legitimacy n. Legitimately adv. [latin legitimo legitimize, from lex legis law]
Legitimatize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) legitimize.
Legitimize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make legitimate. 2 serve as a justification for. legitimization n.
Legless adj. 1 having no legs. 2 slang very drunk.
Lego n. Propr. Toy consisting of interlocking plastic building blocks. [danish legetøj toys]
Leg-of-mutton sleeve n. Sleeve which is full and loose on the upper arm but close-fitting on the forearm.
Leg-pull n. Colloq. Hoax.
Leg-room n. Space for the legs of a seated person.
Legume n. 1 leguminous plant. 2 edible part of a leguminous plant. [latin legumen -minis from lego pick, because pickable by hand]
Leguminous adj. Of the family of plants with seeds in pods (e.g. Peas and beans).
Leg up n. Help given to mount a horse etc., or to overcome an obstacle or problem; boost.
Leg warmer n. Either of a pair of tubular knitted garments covering the leg from ankle to knee or thigh.
Lei n. Polynesian garland of flowers. [hawaiian]
Leisure n. 1 free time. 2 enjoyment of free time. at leisure 1 not occupied. 2 in an unhurried manner. At one’s leisure when one has time. [anglo-french leisour from latin licet it is allowed]
Leisure centre n. Public building with sports facilities etc.
Leisured adj. Having ample leisure.
Leisurely —adj. Unhurried, relaxed. —adv. Without hurry. leisureliness n.
Leisurewear n. Informal clothes, esp. Sportswear.
Leitmotif n. (also leitmotiv) recurrent theme in a musical etc. Composition representing a particular person, idea, etc. [german: related to lead1, motive]
Lemming n. Small arctic rodent reputed to rush into the sea and drown during migration. [norwegian]
Lemon n. 1 a yellow oval citrus fruit with acidic juice. B tree bearing it. 2 pale
Lemon n. 1 a yellow oval citrus fruit with acidic juice. B tree bearing it. 2 pale yellow colour. 3 colloq. Person or thing regarded as a failure. lemony adj. [arabic laimun]
Lemonade n. 1 drink made from lemon juice. 2 synthetic substitute for this.
Lemon balm n. Bushy plant smelling and tasting of lemon.
Lemon curd n. (also lemon cheese) creamy conserve made from lemons.
Lemon geranium n. Lemon-scented pelargonium.
Lemon sole n. (pl. Same or -s) flat-fish of the plaice family. [french limande]
Lemur n. Tree-dwelling primate of madagascar. [latin lemures ghosts]
Lend v. (past and past part. Lent) 1 (usu. Foll. By to) grant (to a person) the use of (a thing) on the understanding that it or its equivalent shall be returned. 2 allow the use of (money) at interest. 3 bestow or contribute (lends a certain charm). lend an ear listen. Lend a hand help. Lend itself to (of a thing) be suitable for. lender n. [old english: related to *loan]
Length n. 1 measurement or extent from end to end. 2 extent in or of time. 3 distance a thing extends. 4 length of a horse, boat, etc., as a measure of the lead in a race. 5 long stretch or extent. 6 degree of thoroughness in action (went to great lengths). 7 piece of a certain length (length of cloth). 8 prosody quantity of
a vowel or syllable. 9 cricket a distance from the batsman at which the ball pitches. B proper amount of this. 10 length of a swimming-pool as a measure of distance swum. at length 1 in detail. 2 after a long time. [old english: related to *long1]
Lengthen v. Make or become longer.
Lengthways adv. In a direction parallel with a thing’s length.
Lengthwise —adv. Lengthways. —adj. Lying or moving lengthways.
Lengthy adj. (-ier, -iest) of unusual or tedious length. lengthily adv. Lengthiness n.
Lenient adj. Merciful, not severe. lenience n. Leniency n. Leniently adv. [latin lenis gentle]
Lens n. 1 piece of a transparent substance with one or (usu.) Both sides curved for concentrating or dispersing light-rays esp. In optical instruments. 2 combination of lenses used in photography. 3 transparent substance behind the iris of the eye. 4 = *contact lens. [latin lens lent-lentil (from the similarity of shape)]
Lent n. Eccl. Period of fasting and penitence from ash wednesday to holy saturday. lenten adj. [old english, = spring]
Lent past and past part. Of *lend.
Lentil n. 1 pea-like plant. 2 its seed, esp. Used as food. [latin lens]
Lento mus. —adj. Slow. —adv. Slowly. [italian]
Leo n. (pl. -s) 1 constellation and fifth sign of the zodiac (the lion). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. [latin]
Leonine adj. 1 like a lion. 2 of or relating to lions. [latin: related to *leo]
Leopard n. Large african or asian animal of the cat family with a black-spotted yellowish or all black coat, panther. [greek leon lion, pardos panther]
Leotard n. Close-fitting one-piece garment worn by dancers etc. [léotard, name of a trapeze artist]
Leper n. 1 person with leprosy. 2 person who is shunned. [greek lepros scaly]
Lepidopterous adj. Of the order of insects with four scale-covered wings, including butterflies and moths. lepidopterist n. [greek lepis -idos scale, pteron wing]
Leprechaun n. Small mischievous sprite in irish folklore. [irish lu small, corp
Leprechaun n. Small mischievous sprite in irish folklore. [irish lu small, corp body]
Leprosy n. Contagious disease that damages the skin and nerves. leprous adj. [related to *leper]
Lesbian —n. Homosexual woman. —adj. Of female homosexuality. lesbianism n. [lesbos, name of an island in the aegean sea]
Lese-majesty n. 1 treason. 2 insult to a sovereign or ruler. 3 presumptuous conduct. [french lèse-majesté injured sovereignty]
Lesion n. 1 damage. 2 injury. 3 morbid change in the functioning or texture of an organ etc. [latin laedo laes-injure]
Less —adj. 1 smaller in extent, degree, duration, number, etc. 2 of smaller quantity, not so much (less meat). 3 colloq. Fewer (less biscuits). —adv. To a smaller extent, in a lower degree. —n. Smaller amount, quantity, or number (will take less; for less than £10). —prep. Minus (made £1,000 less tax). [old english]
Usage the use of less to mean ‘fewer’, as in sense 3, is regarded as incorrect in standard english.
-less suffix forming adjectives and adverbs: 1 from nouns, meaning ‘not having, without, free from’ (powerless). 2 from verbs, meaning ‘not accessible to, affected by, or performing the action of the verb’ (fathomless; ceaseless). [old english]
Lessee n. (often foll. By of) person holding a property by lease. [french: related to *lease]
Lessen v. Make or become less, diminish.
Lesser adj. (usu. Attrib.) Not so great as the other(s) (lesser evil; lesser mortals).
Lesson n. 1 spell of teaching. 2 (in pl.; foll. By in) systematic instruction. 3 thing learnt by a pupil. 4 experience that serves to warn or encourage (let that be a lesson). 5 passage from the bible read aloud during a church service. [french leçon from latin lego lect-]
Lessor n. Person who lets a property by lease. [anglo-french: related to *lease]
Lest conj. Formal 1 in order that not, for fear that (lest he forget). 2 that (afraid lest we should be late). [old english: related to *less]
Usage lest is followed by should or the subjunctive (see examples above).
Let1 —v. (-tt-; past and past part. Let) 1 a allow to, not prevent or forbid. B cause to (let me know). 2 (foll. By into) allow to enter. 3 grant the use of (rooms, land, etc.) For rent or hire. 4 allow or cause (liquid or air) to escape (let blood). 5 aux. Supplying the first and third persons of the imperative in exhortations (let us pray), commands (let it be done at once; let there be light), assumptions, etc. (let ab equal cd). —n. Act of letting a house, room, etc. let alone 1 not to
mention, far less or more (hasn’t got a television, let alone a video). 2 = let be. Let be not interfere with, attend to, or do. Let down 1 lower. 2 fail to support or satisfy, disappoint. 3 lengthen (a garment). 4 deflate (a tyre). Let down gently reject or disappoint without humiliating. Let drop (or fall) drop (esp. A word or hint) intentionally or by accident. Let go 1 release. 2 a (often foll. By of) lose one’s hold. B lose hold of. Let oneself go 1 act spontaneously. 2 neglect one’s appearance or habits. Let in 1 allow to enter (let the dog in; let in a flood of light). 2 (foll. By for) involve (a person, often oneself) in loss or difficulty. 3 (foll. By on) allow (a person) to share a secret, privileges, etc. Let loose release, unchain. Let off 1 a fire (a gun). B explode (a bomb). 2 allow or cause (steam etc.) To escape. 3 a not punish or compel. B (foll. By with) punish lightly.
Lb abbr. Pound(s) (weight). [latin libra]
Lbc abbr. London broadcasting company.
L.b.w. Abbr. Leg before wicket.
L.c. Abbr. 1 = *loc. Cit. 2 lower case.
Lcd abbr. 1 liquid crystal display. 2 lowest (or least) common denominator.
Lcm abbr. Lowest (or least) common multiple.
L/cpl abbr. Lance-corporal.
Ld. Abbr. Lord.
Lea abbr. Local education authority.
Lea n. Poet. Meadow, field. [old english]
Let2 —n. Obstruction of a ball or player in tennis etc., requiring the ball to be served again. —v. (-tt-; past and past part. Letted or let) archaic hinder, obstruct. without let or hindrance unimpeded. [old english: related to *late]
-let suffix forming nouns, usu. Diminutive (flatlet) or denoting articles of ornament or dress (anklet). [french]
Let-down n. Disappointment.
Lethal adj. Causing or sufficient to cause death. lethally adv. [latin letum death]
Lethargy n. 1 lack of energy. 2 morbid drowsiness. lethargic adj. Lethargically adv. [greek lethargos forgetful]
Let-out n. Colloq. Opportunity to escape a commitment etc.
Letter —n. 1 character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech. 2 a written or printed message, usu. Sent in an envelope by post. B (in pl.) Addressed legal or formal document. 3 precise terms of a statement, the strict verbal interpretation (letter of the law). 4 (in pl.) A literature. B acquaintance with books, erudition. —v. 1 inscribe letters on. 2 classify with letters. to the
letter with adherence to every detail. [french from latin littera]
Letter-bomb n. Terrorist explosive device in the form of a postal packet.
Letter-box n. Box or slot into which letters are posted or delivered.
Lettered adj. Well-read or educated.
Letterhead n. 1 printed heading on stationery. 2 stationery with this.
Letter of credit n. Letter from a bank authorizing the bearer to draw money from another bank.
Letterpress n. 1 printed words of an illustrated book. 2 printing from raised type.
Lettuce n. Plant with crisp leaves used in salads. [latin lactuca from lac lact-milk]
Let-up n. Colloq. 1 reduction in intensity. 2 relaxation of effort.
Leuco-comb. Form white. [greek leukos white]
Leucocyte n. White blood cell.
Leukaemia n. (us leukemia) malignant disease in which the bone-marrow etc. Produces too many leucocytes. [greek leukos white, haima blood]
Leukemia n. (brit. Leukaemia) malignant disease in which the bone-marrow etc. Produces too many leucocytes. [greek leukos white, haima blood]
Levant n. (prec. By the) archaic eastern mediterranean countries. [french, = point of sunrise, from latin levo lift]
Levantine —adj. Of or trading to the levant. —n. Native or inhabitant of the levant.
Levee n. Us 1 embankment against river floods. 2 natural embankment built up by a river. 3 landing-place. [french levée past part. Of lever raise: related to *levy]
Level —n. 1 horizontal line or plane. 2 height or value reached; position on a real or imaginary scale (eye level; sugar level; danger level). 3 social, moral, or intellectual standard. 4 plane of rank or authority (talks at cabinet level). 5 instrument giving a line parallel to the plane of the horizon. 6 level surface. 7 flat tract of land. —adj. 1 flat and even; not bumpy. 2 horizontal. 3 (often foll. By with) a on the same horizontal plane as something else. B having equality with something else. 4 even, uniform, equable, or well-balanced. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 make level. 2 raze. 3 (also absol.) Aim (a missile or gun). 4 (also absol.; foll. By at, against) direct (an accusation etc.). do one’s level best colloq. Do one’s utmost. Find one’s level reach the right social, intellectual, etc. Position. Level down bring down to a standard. Level off make or become level. Level out make or become level. Level up bring up to a standard. On the level 1 honestly,
without deception. 2 honest, truthful. On a level with 1 in the same horizontal plane as. 2 equal with. [latin diminutive of libra balance]
Level crossing n. Crossing of a railway and a road, or two railways, at the same level.
Leveler n. (brit. Leveller) 1 person who advocates the abolition of social distinctions. 2 person or thing that levels.
Level-headed adj. Mentally well-balanced, sensible. level-headedness n.
Leveller n. (us leveler) 1 person who advocates the abolition of social distinctions. 2 person or thing that levels.
Level pegging n. Equality of scores etc.
Lever —n. 1 bar resting on a pivot, used to prise. 2 bar pivoted about a fulcrum (fixed point) which can be acted upon by a force (effort) in order to move a load. 3 projecting handle moved to operate a mechanism. 4 means of exerting moral pressure. —v. 1 use a lever. 2 (often foll. By away, out, up, etc.) Lift, move, etc. With a lever. [latin levo raise]
Leverage n. 1 action or power of a lever. 2 power to accomplish a purpose.
Leveraged buyout n. Buyout in which outside capital is used to enable the
management to buy up the company.
Usage the pronunciation is american because the practice takes place mainly in the us.
Leveret n. Young hare, esp. One in its first year. [latin lepus lepor-hare]
Leviathan n. 1 bibl. Sea-monster. 2 very large or powerful thing. [latin from hebrew]
Levis n.pl. (also levi’s propr.) Type of (orig. Blue) denim jeans or overalls reinforced with rivets. [levi strauss, name of the manufacturer]
Levitate v. (-ting) 1 rise and float in the air (esp. With reference to spiritualism). 2 cause to do this. levitation n. [latin levis light, after *gravitate]
Levity n. Lack of serious thought, frivolity. [latin levis light]
Levy —v. (-ies, -ied) 1 impose or collect compulsorily (payment etc.). 2 enrol (troops etc.). 3 wage (war). —n. (pl. -ies) 1 a collecting of a contribution, tax, etc. B contribution etc. Levied. 2 a act of enrolling troops etc. B (in pl.) Troopsenrolled. [latin levo raise]
Lewd adj. 1 lascivious. 2 obscene. [old english, originally = lay, vulgar]
Lexical adj. 1 of the words of a language. 2 of or as of a lexicon. [greek lexikos, lexikon: see *lexicon]
Lexicography n. Compiling of dictionaries. lexicographer n. [from lexicon, – graphy]
Lexicon n. 1 dictionary, esp. Of greek, hebrew, syriac, or arabic. 2 vocabulary of a person etc. [greek lexis word]
Leyden jar n. Early capacitor consisting of a glass jar with layers of metal foil on the outside and inside. [leyden (now leiden) in holland]
Lf abbr. Low frequency.
Li symb. Lithium.
Liability n. (pl. -ies) 1 being liable. 2 troublesome responsibility; handicap. 3 (in pl.) Debts etc. For which one is liable.
Liable predic. Adj. 1 legally bound. 2 (foll. By to) subject to. 3 (foll. By to + infin.) Under an obligation. 4 (foll. By to) exposed or open to (something undesirable). 5 (foll. By to + infin.) Apt, likely (it is liable to rain). 6 (foll. By for) answerable. [french lier bind, from latin ligo]
Usage use of liable in sense 5, though common, is considered incorrect by some
Liaise v. (-sing) (foll. By with, between) colloq. Establish cooperation, act as a link. [back-formation from *liaison]
Liaison n. 1 communication or cooperation. 2 illicit sexual relationship. [french lier bind: see *liable]
Liana n. Climbing plant of tropical forests. [french]
Liar n. Person who tells a lie or lies.
Lib. Abbr. Liberal.
Lib n. Colloq. (in names of political movements) liberation. [abbreviation]
Libation n. 1 pouring out of a drink-offering to a god. 2 such a drink-offering. [latin]
Libel —n. 1 law a published false statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation. B act of publishing this. 2 false and defamatory misrepresentation or statement. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 defame by libellous statements. 2 law publish a libel against. libellous adj. [latin libellus diminutive of liber book]
Liberal —adj. 1 abundant, ample. 2 giving freely, generous. 3 open-minded. 4 not strict or rigorous. 5 for the general broadening of the mind (liberal studies). 6 a favouring moderate political and social reform. B (liberal) of or characteristic of liberals. —n. 1 person of liberal views. 2 (liberal) supporter or member of a liberal party. liberalism n. Liberality n. Liberally adv. [latin liber free]
Usage in the uk the name liberal was discontinued in official political use in 1988 when the party regrouped to form the social and liberal democrats. In 1989 this name was officially replaced by liberal democratic party.
Liberal democrat n. Member of the party formed from the liberal party and the social democratic party.
Usage see note at liberal.
Liberalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make or become more liberal or less strict. liberalization n.
Liberate v. (-ting) 1 (often foll. By from) set free. 2 free (a country etc.) From an oppressor or enemy. 3 (often as liberated adj.) Free (a person) from rigid social conventions. liberation n. Liberator n. [latin liberare liberat-from liber free]
Libertine —n. Licentious person, rake. —adj. Licentious. [latin, = freedman, from liber free]
Liberty n. (pl. -ies) 1 freedom from captivity etc. 2 right or power to do as one
pleases. 3 (usu. In pl.) Right or privilege granted by authority. at liberty 1 free. 2 (foll. By to + infin.) Permitted. Take liberties (often foll. By with) behave in an unduly familiar manner. [latin: related to *liberal]
Libidinous adj. Lustful. [latin: related to *libido]
Libido n. (pl. -s) psychic drive or energy, esp. That associated with sexual desire. libidinal adj. [latin, = lust]
Libra n. 1 constellation and seventh sign of the zodiac (the scales). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. [latin, = pound weight]
Librarian n. Person in charge of or assisting in a library. librarianship n.
Library n. (pl. -ies) 1 collection of books. 2 room or building where these are kept. 3 a similar collection of films, records, computer routines, etc. B place where these are kept. 4 set of books issued in similar bindings. [latin liber book]
Libretto n. (pl. -ti or -s) text of an opera etc. librettist n. [italian, = little book]
Lice pl. Of *louse.
Licence n. (us license) 1 official permit to own or use something, do something, or carry on a trade. 2 permission. 3 liberty of action, esp. When excessive. 4 writer’s or artist’s deliberate deviation from fact, correct grammar, etc. (poetic licence). [latin licet it is allowed]
License1 n. (brit. Licence) 1 official permit to own or use something, do something, or carry on a trade. 2 permission. 3 liberty of action, esp. When excessive. 4 writer’s or artist’s deliberate deviation from fact, correct grammar, etc. (poetic licence). [latin licet it is allowed]
License2 v. (-sing) 1 grant a licence to. 2 authorize the use of (premises) for a certain purpose.
Licensee n. Holder of a licence, esp. To sell alcoholic liquor.
Licentiate n. Holder of a certificate of professional competence. [medieval latin:
related to *licence]
Licentious adj. Sexually promiscuous. [latin: related to *licence]
Lichee var. Of *lychee.
Lichen n. Plant composed of a fungus and an alga in association, growing on and colouring rocks, tree-trunks, etc. [greek leikhen]
Lich-gate n. (also lych-gate) roofed gateway to a churchyard where a coffin awaits the clergyman’s arrival. [from lich = corpse]
Licit adj. Formal permitted, lawful. [latin: related to *licence]
Licit adj. Formal permitted, lawful. [latin: related to *licence]
Lick —v. 1 pass the tongue over. 2 bring into a specified condition by licking (licked it all up; licked it clean). 3 (of a flame etc.) Play lightly over. 4 colloq. Defeat. 5 colloq. Thrash. —n. 1 act of licking with the tongue. 2 colloq. Fast pace (at a lick). 3 smart blow. lick a person’s boots be servile. Lick into shape make presentable or efficient. Lick one’s lips (or chops) look forward with relish. Lick one’s wounds be in retirement regaining strength etc. After defeat. [old english]
Lick and a promise n. Colloq. Hasty performance of a task, esp. Washing oneself.
Licorice var. Of *liquorice.
Lid n. 1 hinged or removable cover, esp. For a container. 2 = *eyelid. put the lid on colloq. 1 be the culmination of. 2 put a stop to. lidded adj. (also in comb.). [old english]
Lido n. (pl. -s) public open-air swimming-pool or bathing-beach. [lido, name of a beach near venice]
Lie1 —v. (lies; lying; past lay; past part. Lain) 1 be in or assume a horizontal position on a surface; be at rest on something. 2 (of a thing) rest flat on a surface. 3 remain undisturbed or undiscussed etc. (let matters lie). 4 a be kept, remain, or be in a specified state or place (lie hidden; lie in wait; books lay unread). B (of abstract things) exist; be in a certain position or relation (answer lies in education). 5 a be situated (village lay to the east). B be spread out to view. —n. Way, direction, or position in which a thing lies. lie down assume a lying
position; have a short rest. Lie down under accept (an insult etc.) Without protest. Lie in stay in bed late in the morning. Lie low 1 keep quiet or unseen. 2 be discreet about one’s intentions. Lie with be the responsibility of (a person) (decision lies with you). Take lying down (usu. With neg.) Accept (an insult etc.) Without protest. [old english]
Usage the transitive use of lie, meaning lay, as in lie her on the bed, is incorrect in standard english.
Lie2 —n. 1 intentionally false statement (tell a lie). 2 something that deceives. —v. (lies, lied, lying) 1 tell a lie or lies. 2 (of a thing) be deceptive. give the lie to show the falsity of (a supposition etc.). [old english]
Lied n. (pl. Lieder) german song, esp. Of the romantic period. [german]
Lie-detector n. Instrument supposedly determining whether a person is lying, by testing for certain physiological changes.
Lie-down n. Short rest.
Liege usu. Hist. —adj. Entitled to receive, or bound to give, feudal service or allegiance. —n. 1 (in full liege lord) feudal superior or sovereign. 2 (usu. In pl.) Vassal, subject. [medieval latin laeticus, probably from germanic]
Lie-in n. Prolonged stay in bed in the morning.
Lien n. Law right to hold another’s property until a debt on it is paid. [latin ligo
Lie of the land n. State of affairs.
Lieu n. in lieu 1 instead. 2 (foll. By of) in the place of. [latin locus place]
Lieut. Abbr. Lieutenant.
Lieutenant n. 1 a army officer next in rank below captain. B naval officer next in rank below lieutenant commander. 2 deputy. lieutenancy n. (pl. -ies). [french: related to *lieu place, *tenant holder]
Lieutenant colonel n. (also lieutenant commander or general) officers ranking next below colonel, commander, or general.
Life n. (pl. Lives) 1 capacity for growth, functional activity, and continual change until death. 2 living things and their activity (insect life; is there life on mars?). 3 a period during which life lasts, or the period from birth to the present time or from the present time to death (have done it all my life; will regret it all my life). B duration of a thing’s existence or ability to function. 4 a person’s state of existence as a living individual (sacrificed their lives). B living person (many lives were lost). 5 a individual’s actions or fortunes; manner of existence (start a new life). B particular aspect of this (private life). 6 business and pleasures of the world (in paris you really see life). 7 energy, liveliness (full of life). 8 biography. 9 colloq. = *life sentence. for dear (or one’s) life as if or in order to escape death. For life for the rest of one’s life. Not on your life colloq. Most certainly not. [old english]
Life assurance n. = *life insurance.
Lifebelt n. Buoyant belt for keeping a person afloat.
Lifeblood n. 1 blood, as being necessary to life. 2 vital factor or influence.
Lifeboat n. 1 special boat for rescuing those in distress at sea. 2 ship’s small boat for use in emergency.
Lifebuoy n. Buoyant support for keeping a person afloat.
Life cycle n. Series of changes in the life of an organism, including reproduction.
Lifeguard n. Expert swimmer employed to rescue bathers from drowning.
Life guards n.pl. Regiment of the royal household cavalry.
Life insurance n. Insurance for a sum to be paid after a set period or on the death of the insured person if earlier.
Life-jacket n. Buoyant jacket for keeping a person afloat.
Lifeless adj. 1 dead. 2 unconscious. 3 lacking movement or vitality. lifelessly adv. [old english]
Lifelike adj. Closely resembling life or the person or thing represented.
Lifeline n. 1 rope etc. Used for life-saving. 2 sole means of communication or transport.
Lifelong adj. Lasting a lifetime.
Life peer n. Peer whose title lapses on death.
Life-preserver n. 1 short stick with a heavily loaded end. 2 life-jacket etc.
Lifer n. Slang person serving a life sentence.
Life sciences n.pl. Biology and related subjects.
Life sentence n. Sentence of imprisonment for an indefinite period.
Life-size adj. (also -sized) of the same size as the person or thing represented.
Lifestyle n. Way of life of a person or group.
Life-support machine n. Respirator.
Lifetime n. Duration of a person’s life.
Lift —v. 1 (often foll. By up, off, out, etc.) Raise or remove to a higher position. 2 go up; be raised; yield to an upward force. 3 give an upward direction to (the eyes or face). 4 elevate to a higher plane of thought or feeling. 5 (of fog etc.) Rise, disperse. 6 remove (a barrier or restriction). 7 transport (supplies, troops, etc.) By air. 8 colloq. A steal. B plagiarize (a passage of writing etc.). 9 dig up (esp. Potatoes etc.). —n. 1 lifting or being lifted. 2 ride in another person’s vehicle (gave them a lift).
Lift-off n. Vertical take-off of a spacecraft or rocket.
Ligament n. Band of tough fibrous tissue linking bones. [latin ligo bind]
Ligature —n. 1 tie or bandage. 2 mus. Slur, tie. 3 two or more letters joined, e.g.
4 bond; thing that unites. —v. (-ring) bind or connect with a ligature. [latin ligo bind]
Usage sense 3 of this word is sometimes confused with digraph, which means ‘two separate letters together representing one sound’.
Light1 —n. 1 the natural agent (electromagnetic radiation) that stimulates sight and makes things visible. 2 the medium or condition of the space in which this is present (just enough light to see). 3 appearance of brightness (saw a distant light). 4 source of light, e.g. The sun, a lamp, fire, etc. 5 (often in pl.) Traffic-light. 6 a flame or spark serving to ignite. B device producing this. 7 aspect in which a thing is regarded (appeared in a new light). 8 a mental illumination. B spiritual illumination by divine truth. 9 vivacity etc. In a person’s face, esp. In the eyes. 10 eminent person (leading light). 11 bright parts of a picture etc. 12 window or opening in a wall to let light in. —v. (past lit; past part. Lit or lighted) (attrib.) 1 set burning; begin to burn. 2 (often foll. By up) provide with light or lighting; make prominent by means of light. 3 show (a person) the way or surroundings with a light. 4 (usu. Foll. By up) (of the face or eyes) brighten with animation, pleasure, etc. —adj. 1 well provided with light; not dark. 2 (of a colour) pale (light blue; light-blue ribbon). bring (or come) to light reveal or be revealed. In a good (or bad) light giving a favourable (or unfavourable) impression. In the light of taking account of. Light up 1 colloq. Begin to smoke a cigarette etc. 2 = sense 2 of v. 3 = sense 4 of v. lightish adj. [old english]
Light2 —adj. 1 not heavy. 2 a relatively low in weight, amount, density, intensity, etc. (light arms, traffic, metal, rain). B deficient in weight (light coin). 3 a carrying or suitable for small loads (light railway). B (of a ship) unladen. C carrying only light arms, armaments, etc. 4 (of food) easy to digest. 5 (of entertainment, music, etc.) Intended for amusement only; not profound. 6 (of sleep or a sleeper) easily disturbed. 7 easily borne or done (light duties). 8 nimble; quick-moving (light step; light rhythm). 9 (of a building etc.) Graceful, elegant. 10 a free from sorrow; cheerful (light heart). B giddy (light in the head). —adv. 1 in a light manner (tread light; sleep light). 2 with a minimum load (travel light). —v. (past and past part. Lit or lighted) (foll. By on, upon) come upon or find by chance. make light of treat as unimportant. lightish adj. Lightly adv. Lightness n. [old english]
Light-bulb n. Glass bulb containing an inert gas and a metal filament, providing light when an electric current is passed through it.
Lighten1 v. 1 a make or become lighter in weight. B reduce the weight or load of. 2 bring relief to (the mind etc.). 3 mitigate (a penalty).
Lighten2 v. 1 shed light on. 2 make or grow bright.
Lighter1 n. Device for lighting cigarettes etc.
Lighter2 n. Boat, usu. Flat-bottomed, for transferring goods from a ship to a wharf or another ship. [dutch: related to *light2 in the sense ‘unload’]
Lighter-than-air attrib. Adj. (of an aircraft) weighing less than the air it displaces.
Light-fingered adj. Given to stealing.
Light flyweight n. 1 amateur boxing weight up to 48 kg. 2 amateur boxer of this weight.
Light-footed adj. Nimble.
Light-headed adj. Giddy, delirious. light-headedness n.
Light-hearted adj. 1 cheerful. 2 (unduly) casual. light-heartedly adv.
Light heavyweight n. 1 weight in certain sports between middleweight and heavyweight, in amateur boxing 75–81 kg: also called *cruiserweight. 2 sportsman of this weight.
Lighthouse n. Tower etc. Containing a beacon light to warn or guide ships at sea.
Light industry n. Manufacture of small or light articles.
Lighting n. 1 equipment in a room or street etc. For producing light. 2 arrangement or effect of lights.
Lighting-up time n. Time after which vehicles must show the prescribed lights.
Light meter n. Instrument for measuring the intensity of the light, esp. To show the correct photographic exposure.
Light middleweight n. 1 weight in amateur boxing of 67–71 kg. 2 amateur boxer of this weight.
Lightning —n. Flash of bright light produced by an electric discharge between clouds or between clouds and the ground. —attrib. Adj. Very quick. [from *lighten2]
Lightning-conductor n. (also lightning-rod) metal rod or wire fixed to an exposed part of a building or to a mast to divert lightning into the earth or sea.
Lights n.pl. Lungs of sheep, pigs, etc., used as a food esp. For pets. [from light2:
cf. lung]
Lightship n. Moored or anchored ship with a beacon light.
Lightweight —adj. 1 of below average weight. 2 of little importance or influence. —n. 1 lightweight person, animal, or thing. 2 a weight in certain sports between featherweight and welterweight, in amateur boxing 57–60 kg. B sportsman of this weight.
Light welterweight n. 1 weight in amateur boxing of 60–63.5 kg. 2 amateur boxer of this weight.
Light-year n. Distance light travels in one year, nearly 6 million million miles.
Ligneous adj. 1 (of a plant) woody. 2 of the nature of wood. [latin lignum wood]
Lignite n. Brown coal of woody texture.
Lignum vitae n. A hardwooded tree. [latin, = wood of life]
Likable var. Of *likeable.
Like1 —adj. (more like, most like) 1 a having some or all of the qualities of another, each other, or an original. B resembling in some way, such as (good writers like dickens). 2 characteristic of (not like them to be late). 3 in a suitable state or mood for (felt like working; felt like a cup of tea). —prep. In the manner of; to the same degree as (drink like a fish; acted like an idiot). —adv. 1 slang so to speak (did a quick getaway, like). 2 colloq. Likely, probably (as like as not). —conj. Colloq. 1 as (cannot do it like you do). 2 as if (ate like they were starving). —n. 1 counterpart; equal; similar person or thing. 2 (prec. By the) thing or things of the same kind (will never do the like again). and the like and similar things. Like anything colloq. Very much, vigorously. The likes of colloq. A person such as. More like it colloq. Nearer what is required. What is he (or it etc.) Like? What sort of person is he (or thing is it etc.)? [old english]
Usage the use of like as a conjunction is considered incorrect by some people.
Like2 —v. (-king) 1 find agreeable or enjoyable. 2 a choose to have; prefer (like my tea weak). B wish for or be inclined to (would like a nap; should like to come). —n. (in pl.) Things one likes or prefers. [old english]
Usage the use of like as a conjunction is considered incorrect by some people.
Like2 —v. (-king) 1 find agreeable or enjoyable. 2 a choose to have; prefer (like my tea weak). B wish for or be inclined to (would like a nap; should like to come). —n. (in pl.) Things one likes or prefers. [old english]
-like comb. Form forming adjectives from nouns, meaning ‘similar to, characteristic of’ (doglike; shell-like; tortoise-like).
Usage in formations not generally current the hyphen should be used. It may be
omitted when the first element is of one syllable, unless it ends in -l.
Likeable adj. (also likable) pleasant; easy to like. likeably adv.
Likelihood n. Probability. in all likelihood very probably.
Likely —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 probable; such as may well happen or be true. 2 to be reasonably expected (not likely to come now). 3 promising; apparently suitable (a likely spot). —adv. Probably. not likely! Colloq. Certainly not, i refuse. [old norse: related to *like1]
Like-minded adj. Having the same tastes, opinions, etc.
Liken v. (foll. By to) point out the resemblance of (a person or thing to another). [from *like1]
Likeness n. 1 (usu. Foll. By between, to) resemblance. 2 (foll. By of) semblance or guise (in the likeness of a ghost). 3 portrait, representation.
Likewise adv. 1 also, moreover. 2 similarly (do likewise).
Liking n. 1 what one likes; one’s taste (is it to your liking?). 2 (foll. By for) regard or fondness; taste or fancy.
Lilac —n. 1 shrub with fragrant pinkish-violet or white blossoms. 2 pale pinkish-violet colour. —adj. Of this colour. [persian]
Liliaceous adj. Of the lily family. [related to *lily]
Lilliputian —n. Diminutive person or thing. —adj. Diminutive. [lilliput in swift’s gulliver’s travels]
Lilo n. (also li-lo propr.) (pl. -s) type of inflatable mattress. [from lie low]
Lilt —n. 1 light springing rhythm. 2 tune with this. —v. (esp. As lilting adj.) Speak etc. With a lilt; have a lilt. [origin unknown]
Lily n. (pl. -ies) 1 bulbous plant with large trumpet-shaped flowers on a tall stem. 2 heraldic fleur-de-lis. [latin lilium]
Lily-livered adj. Cowardly.
Lily of the valley n. Plant with white bell-shaped fragrant flowers.
Lily white adj. & n. (as adj. Often hyphenated) pure white.
Limb1 n. 1 arm, leg, or wing. 2 large branch of a tree. 3 branch of a cross. out on a limb isolated. [old english]
a limb isolated. [old english]
Limb2 n. Specified edge of the sun, moon, etc. [latin limbus hem, border]
Limber1 —adj. 1 lithe. 2 flexible. —v. (usu. Foll. By up) 1 make (oneself or a part of the body etc.) Supple. 2 warm up in preparation for athletic etc. Activity. [origin uncertain]
Limber2 —n. Detachable front part of a gun-carriage. —v. Attach a limber to. [perhaps from latin limo -onis shaft]
Limber2 —n. Detachable front part of a gun-carriage. —v. Attach a limber to. [perhaps from latin limo -onis shaft]
Limbo1 n. (pl. -s) 1 (in some christian beliefs) supposed abode of the souls of unbaptized infants, and of the just who died before christ. 2 intermediate state or condition of awaiting a decision etc. [latin in limbo: related to *limb2]
Limbo2 n. (pl. -s) w. Indian dance in which the dancer bends backwards to pass under a horizontal bar which is progressively lowered. [w. Indian word, perhaps = *limber1]
Lime1 —n. 1 (in full quicklime) white substance (calcium oxide) obtained by heating limestone. 2 (in full slaked lime) calcium hydroxide obtained by reacting quicklime with water, used as a fertilizer and in making mortar. —v. (-ming) treat with lime. limy adj. (-ier, -iest). [old english]
Lime2 n. 1 a fruit like a lemon but green, rounder, smaller, and more acid. B tree
Lime2 n. 1 a fruit like a lemon but green, rounder, smaller, and more acid. B tree which produces this fruit. 2 (in full lime-green) yellowish-green colour. [french from arabic]
Lime3 n. (in full lime-tree) tree with heart-shaped leaves and fragrant creamy blossom. [alteration of line = old english lind = *linden]
Limekiln n. Kiln for heating limestone.
Limelight n. 1 intense white light used formerly in theatres. 2 (prec. By the) the glare of publicity.
Limerick n. Humorous five-line verse with a rhyme-scheme aabba. [origin uncertain]
Limestone n. Rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate.
Limey n. (pl. -s) us slang offens. British person (orig. A sailor) or ship. [from *lime2, because of the former enforced consumption of lime juice in the british navy]
Limit —n. 1 point, line, or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass. 2 greatest or smallest amount permissible. —v. (-t-) 1 set or serve as a limit to. 2 (foll. By to) restrict. be the limit colloq. Be intolerable. Within limits with some degree of freedom. limitless adj. [latin limes limit-boundary, frontier]
Limitation n. 1 limiting or being limited. 2 limit (of ability etc.) (often in pl.:
know one’s limitations). 3 limiting circumstance.
Limited adj. 1 confined within limits. 2 not great in scope or talents. 3 restricted to a few examples (limited edition). 4 (after a company name) being a limited company.
Limited company n. (also limited liability company) company whose owners are legally responsible only to a specified amount for its debts.
Limn v. Archaic paint. [french luminer from latin lumino *illuminate]
Limo n. (pl. -s) us colloq. Limousine. [abbreviation]
Limousine n. Large luxurious car. [french]
Limp1 —v. Walk or proceed lamely or awkwardly. —n. Lame walk. [perhaps from obsolete limphalt: related to *halt2]
Limp2 adj. 1 not stiff or firm. 2 without energy or will. limply adv. Limpness n. [perhaps from *limp1]
Limpet n. Marine gastropod with a conical shell, sticking tightly to rocks. [old english]
Limpet mine n. Delayed action mine attached to a ship’s hull.
Limpid adj. Clear, transparent. limpidity n. [latin]
Linage n. 1 number of lines in printed or written matter. 2 payment by the line.
Linchpin n. 1 pin passed through an axle-end to keep a wheel in position. 2 person or thing vital to an organization etc. [old english lynis = axle-tree]
Linctus n. Syrupy medicine, esp. A soothing cough mixture. [latin lingo lick]
Linden n. Lime-tree. [old english lind(e)]
Line1 —n. 1 continuous mark made on a surface. 2 similar mark, esp. A furrow or wrinkle. 3 use of lines in art. 4 a straight or curved continuous extent of length without breadth. B track of a moving point. 5 contour or outline (has a slimming line). 6 a curve connecting all points having a specified common property. B (the line) the equator. 7 a limit or boundary.
Line2 v. (-ning) 1 cover the inside surface of (a garment, box, etc.) With a layer of usu. Different material. 2 serve as a lining for. 3 colloq. Fill, esp. Plentifully. [obsolete line linen used for linings]
Lineage n. Lineal descent; ancestry. [latin: related to *line1]
Lineal adj. 1 in the direct line of descent or ancestry. 2 linear. lineally adv.
Lineament n. (usu. In pl.) Distinctive feature or characteristic, esp. Of the face. [latin: related to *line1]
Linear adj. 1 of or in lines. 2 long and narrow and of uniform breadth. linearity n. Linearly adv.
Linear b n. Form of bronze age writing found in greece: an earlier undeciphered form (linear a) also exists.
Lineation n. Marking with or drawing of lines.
Line-drawing n. Drawing in which images are produced with lines.
Linen —n. 1 cloth woven from flax. 2 (collect.) Articles made or orig. Made of linen, as sheets, shirts, underwear, etc. —adj. Made of linen. [old english: related to latin linum flax]
Linen basket n. Basket for dirty washing.
Line of fire n. Expected path of gunfire etc.
Line of vision n. Straight line along which an observer looks.
Line-out n. (in rugby) parallel lines of opposing forwards at right angles to the touchline for the throwing in of the ball.
Line printer n. Machine that prints output from a computer a line at a time.
Liner1 n. Ship or aircraft etc. Carrying passengers on a regular line.
Liner2 n. Removable lining.
Linesman n. Umpire’s or referee’s assistant who decides whether a ball has fallen within the playing area or not.
Line-up n. 1 line of people for inspection. 2 arrangement of persons in a team, band, etc.
Ling1 n. (pl. Same) long slender marine fish. [probably dutch]
Ling2 n. Any of various heathers. [old norse]
-ling suffix 1 denoting a person or thing: a connected with (hireling). B having the property of being (weakling) or undergoing (starveling). 2 denoting a diminutive (duckling), often derogatory (lordling). [old english]
diminutive (duckling), often derogatory (lordling). [old english]
Linger v. 1 stay about. 2 (foll. By over, on, etc.) Dally (linger over dinner; lingered on the final note). 3 (esp. Of an illness) be protracted. 4 (often foll. By on) be slow in dying. [old english lengan: related to *long1]
Lingerie n. Women’s underwear and nightclothes. [french linge linen]
Lingo n. (pl. -s or -es) colloq. 1 foreign language. 2 vocabulary of a special subject or group. [probably from portuguese lingoa from latin lingua tongue]
Lingua franca n. (pl. Lingua francas) 1 language used in common by speakers with different native languages. 2 system for mutual understanding. [italian, = frankish tongue]
Lingual adj. 1 of or formed by the tongue. 2 of speech or languages. lingually adv. [latin lingua tongue, language]
Linguist n. Person skilled in languages or linguistics.
Linguistic adj. Of language or the study of languages. linguistically adv.
Linguistics n. The study of language and its structure.
Liniment n. Embrocation. [latin linio smear]
Lining n. Material which lines a surface etc.
Link —n. 1 one loop or ring of a chain etc. 2 a connecting part; one in a series. B state or means of connection. 3 cuff-link. —v. 1 (foll. By together, to, with) connect or join (two things or one to another). 2 clasp or intertwine (hands or arms). 3 (foll. By on, to, in to) be joined; attach oneself to (a system, company, etc.). link up (foll. By with) connect or combine. [old norse]
Linkage n. 1 linking or being linked, esp. The linking of quite different political issues in negotiations. 2 link or system of links.
Linkman n. Person providing continuity in a broadcast programme.
Links n.pl. (treated as sing. Or pl.) Golf-course. [old english, = rising ground]
Link-up n. Act or result of linking up.
Linnaean adj. Of linnaeus or his system of classifying plants and animals.
Usage this word is spelt linnean in linnean society.
Linnet n. Brown-grey finch. [french linette from lin flax, because it eats flax-
Linnet n. Brown-grey finch. [french linette from lin flax, because it eats flax-seed]
Lino n. (pl. -s) linoleum. [abbreviation]
Linocut n. 1 design carved in relief on a block of linoleum. 2 print made from this.
Linoleum n. Canvas-backed material thickly coated with a preparation of linseed oil and powdered cork etc., esp. As a floor covering. [latin linum flax, oleum oil]
Linseed n. Seed of flax. [old english: related to *line1]
Linseed oil n. Oil extracted from linseed and used in paint and varnish.
Linsey-woolsey n. Fabric of coarse wool woven on a cotton warp. [probably from lindsey in suffolk + *wool]
Lint n. 1 linen or cotton with a raised nap on one side, used for dressing wounds. 2 fluff. [perhaps from french linette from lin flax]
Lintel n. Horizontal timber, stone, etc., across the top of a door or window. [french: related to *limit]
Lion n. 1 (fem. Lioness) large tawny flesh-eating wild cat of africa and s. Asia. 2 (the lion) zodiacal sign or constellation leo. 3 brave or celebrated person. [latin leo]
Lion-heart n. Courageous person. lion-hearted adj.
Lionize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) treat as a celebrity.
Lion’s share n. Largest or best part.
Lip —n. 1 either of the two fleshy parts forming the edges of the mouth-opening. 2 edge of a cup, vessel, etc., esp. The part shaped for pouring from. 3 colloq. Impudent talk. —v. (-pp-) 1 touch with the lips; apply the lips to. 2 touch lightly. lipped adj. (also in comb.). [old english]
Lipid n. Any of a group of fatlike substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, including fatty acids, oils, waxes, and steroids. [greek lipos fat]
Liposuction n. Technique in cosmetic surgery for removing excess fat from under the skin by suction.
Lip-read v. Understand (speech) from observing a speaker’s lip-movements.
Lip-service n. Insincere expression of support etc.
Lipstick n. Stick of cosmetic for colouring the lips.
Liquefy v. (-ies, -ied) make or become liquid. liquefaction n. [latin: related to *liquid]
Liqueur n. Any of several strong sweet alcoholic spirits. [french]
Liquid —adj. 1 having a consistency like that of water or oil, flowing freely but of constant volume. 2 having the qualities of water in appearance. 3 (of sounds) clear and pure. 4 (of assets) easily converted into cash. —n. 1 liquid substance. 2 phonet. Sound of l or r. [latin liqueo be liquid]
Liquidate v. (-ting) 1 wind up the affairs of (a firm) by ascertaining liabilities and apportioning assets. 2 pay off (a debt). 3 wipe out, kill. liquidator n. [medieval latin: related to *liquid]
Liquidation n. Liquidating, esp. Of a firm. go into liquidation (of a firm etc.) Be wound up and have its assets apportioned.
Liquid crystal n. Turbid liquid with some order in its molecular arrangement.
Liquid crystal display n. Visual display in electronic devices, in which the reflectivity of a matrix of liquid crystals changes as a signal is applied.
Liquidity n. (pl. -ies) 1 state of being liquid. 2 availability of liquid assets.
Liquidize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) reduce to a liquid state.
Liquidizer n. (also -iser) machine for liquidizing foods.
Liquor n. 1 alcoholic (esp. Distilled) drink. 2 other liquid, esp. That produced in cooking. [latin: related to *liquid]
Liquorice n. (also licorice) 1 black root extract used as a sweet and in medicine. 2 plant from which it is obtained. [greek glukus sweet, rhiza root]
Lira n. (pl. Lire pronunc. Same or) 1 chief monetary unit of italy. 2 chief monetary unit of turkey. [latin libra pound]
Lisle n. Fine cotton thread for stockings etc. [lille in france]
Lisp —n. Speech defect in which s is pronounced like th in thick and z is pronounced like th in this. —v. Speak or utter with a lisp. [old english]
Lissom adj. Lithe, agile. [ultimately from *lithe]
List1 —n. 1 number of items, names, etc., written or printed together as a record or aid to memory. 2 (in pl.) A palisades enclosing an area for a tournament. B scene of a contest. —v. 1 make a list of. 2 enter in a list. 3 (as listed adj.) A (of securities) approved for dealings on the stock exchange. B (of a building) of
securities) approved for dealings on the stock exchange. B (of a building) of historical importance and officially protected. enter the lists issue or accept a challenge. [old english]
List2 —v. (of a ship etc.) Lean over to one side. —n. Process or instance of listing. [origin unknown]
Listen v. 1 a make an effort to hear something. B attentively hear a person speaking. 2 (foll. By to) a give attention with the ear. B take notice of; heed. 3 (also listen out) (often foll. By for) seek to hear by waiting alertly. listen in 1 tap a telephonic communication. 2 use a radio receiving set. [old english]
Listener n. 1 person who listens. 2 person who listens to the radio.
Listeria n. Any of several bacteria infecting humans and animals eating contaminated food. [lister, name of a surgeon]
Listless adj. Lacking energy or enthusiasm. listlessly adv. Listlessness n. [from obsolete list inclination]
List price n. Price of something as shown in a published list.
Lit past and past part. Of *light1, *light2.
Litany n. (pl. -ies) 1 a series of supplications to god recited by a priest etc. With set responses by the congregation. B (the litany) that in the book of common prayer. 2 tedious recital (litany of woes). [greek litaneia prayer]
Litchi var. Of *lychee.
Liter n. (brit. Litre) metric unit of capacity equal to 1 cubic decimetre (1.76 pints). [greek litra]
Literacy n. Ability to read and write. [latin littera letter]
Literal —adj. 1 taking words in their basic sense without metaphor or allegory. 2 corresponding exactly to the original words (literal translation). 3 prosaic; matter-of-fact. 4 so called without exaggeration (literal bankruptcy). 5 of a letter or the letters of the alphabet. —n. Misprint. literally adv. [latin littera letter]
Literalism n. Insistence on a literal interpretation; adherence to the letter.
literalist n.
Literary adj. 1 of or concerned with books or literature etc. 2 (of a word or idiom) used chiefly by writers; formal. literariness n. [latin: related to *letter]
Literate —adj. Able to read and write; educated. —n. Literate person.
Literati n.pl. The class of learned people.
Literature n. 1 written works, esp. Those valued for form and style. 2 writings of
a country or period or on a particular subject. 3 literary production. 4 colloq.
Printed matter, leaflets, etc.
Lithe adj. Flexible, supple. [old english]
Lithium n. Soft silver-white metallic element. [greek lithion from lithos stone]
Litho colloq. —n. = *lithography. —v. (-oes, -oed) lithograph. [abbreviation]
Lithograph —n. Lithographic print. —v. Print by lithography. [greek lithos stone]
Lithography n. Process of printing from a plate so treated that ink adheres only to the design to be printed. lithographer n. Lithographic adj. Lithographically adv.
Lithuanian —n. 1 a native or national of lithuania in eastern europe. B person of lithuanian descent. 2 language of lithuania. —adj. Of lithuania, its people, or language.
Litigant —n. Party to a lawsuit. —adj. Engaged in a lawsuit. [related to *litigate]
Litigate v. (-ting) 1 go to law. 2 contest (a point) at law. litigation n. Litigator n. [latin lis lit-lawsuit]
Litigious adj. 1 fond of litigation. 2 contentious. [latin: related to *litigate]
Litmus n. Dye from lichens, turned red by acid and blue by alkali. [old norse, = dye-moss]
Litmus paper n. Paper stained with litmus, used to test for acids or alkalis.
Litmus test n. Colloq. Real or ultimate test.
Litotes n. (pl. Same) ironic understatement, esp. Using the negative (e.g. I shan’t be sorry for i shall be glad). [greek litos plain, meagre]
Litre n. (us liter) metric unit of capacity equal to 1 cubic decimetre (1.76 pints). [greek litra]
Litt.d. Abbr. Doctor of letters. [latin litterarum doctor]
Litter —n. 1 a refuse, esp. Paper, discarded in a public place. B odds and ends lying about. 2 young animals brought forth at one birth. 3 vehicle containing a couch and carried on men’s shoulders or by animals. 4 a kind of stretcher for the sick and wounded. 5 straw etc., as bedding for animals. 6 granulated material for use as an animal’s, esp. A cat’s, toilet indoors. —v. 1 make (a place) untidy with refuse. 2 give birth to (whelps etc.). 3 a provide (a horse etc.) With litter as bedding. B spread straw etc. On (a stable-floor etc.). [latin lectus bed]
Litterbug n. Colloq. Person who drops litter in the street etc.
Litter-lout n. Colloq. = *litterbug.
Little —adj. (littler, littlest; less or lesser, least) 1 small in size, amount, degree, etc.; often used affectionately or condescendingly (friendly little chap; silly little fool). 2 a short in stature. B of short distance or duration. 3 (prec. By a) a certain though small amount of (give me a little butter). 4 trivial (questions every little thing).
Little bear see *bear2.
Little by little adv. By degrees; gradually.
Little end n. The smaller end of a connecting-rod, attached to the piston.
Little grebe n. Small water-bird of the grebe family.
Little people n.pl. (prec. By the) fairies.
Little woman n. (prec. By the) colloq. Often derog. One’s wife.
Littoral —adj. Of or on the shore. —n. Region lying along a shore. [latin litus litor-shore]
Liturgy n. (pl. -ies) 1 prescribed form of public worship. 2 (the liturgy) the book of common prayer. liturgical adj. Liturgically adv. [greek leitourgia public worship]
Livable var. Of *liveable.
Live1 v. (-ving) 1 have life; be or remain alive. 2 have one’s home (lives up the road). 3 (foll. By on) subsist or feed (lives on fruit). 4 (foll. By on, off) depend for subsistence (lives off the state; lives on a pension). 5 (foll. By on, by) sustain one’s position (live on their reputation; lives by his wits). 6 a spend or pass (lived a full life). B express in one’s life (lives his faith). 7 conduct oneself, arrange one’s habits, etc., in a specified way (live quietly). 8 (often foll. By on) (of a person or thing) survive; remain (memory lived on). 9 enjoy life to the full (not really living). live and let live condone others’ failings so as to be similarly tolerated. Live down cause (past guilt, a scandal, etc.) To be forgotten by blameless conduct thereafter. Live for regard as one’s life’s purpose (lives for her music). Live in (or out) reside on (or off) the premises of one’s work. Live it up colloq. Live gaily and extravagantly. Live a lie keep up a pretence. Live together (esp. Of a couple not married to each other) share a home and have a sexual relationship. Live up to fulfil. Live with 1 share a home with. 2 tolerate. [old english]
Live2 —adj. 1 (attrib.) That is alive; living. 2 (of a broadcast, performance, etc.) Heard or seen at the time of its performance or with an audience present. 3 of current interest or importance (a live issue). 4 glowing, burning (live coals). 5 (of a match, bomb, etc.) Not yet kindled or exploded. 6 (of a wire etc.) Charged with or carrying electricity. —adv. 1 in order to make a live broadcast (going live now to the house of commons). 2 as a live performance etc. (show went out live). [from *alive]
Liveable adj. (also livable) 1 colloq. (usu. Liveable-in) (of a house etc.) Fit to live in. 2 (of a life) worth living. 3 colloq. (usu. Liveable-with) (of a person) easy to live with.
Lived-in adj. 1 (of a room etc.) Showing signs of habitation. 2 colloq. (of a face) marked by experience.
Live-in attrib. Adj. (of a sexual partner, employee, etc.) Cohabiting; resident.
Livelihood n. Means of living; job, income. [old english: related to *life]
Livelong adj. In its entire length (the livelong day). [from obsolete lief, assimilated to *live1]
Lively adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of life; vigorous, energetic. 2 vivid (lively imagination). 3 cheerful. 4 joc. Exciting, dangerous (made things lively for him). liveliness n. [old english]
Liven v. (often foll. By up) colloq. Make or become lively, cheer up.
Liver1 n. 1 large glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates. 2 liver of some animals as food. [old english]
Liver2 n. Person who lives in a specified way (a fast liver).
Liveried adj. Wearing livery.
Liverish adj. 1 suffering from a liver disorder. 2 peevish, glum.
Liverpudlian —n. Native of liverpool. —adj. Of liverpool. [liverpool in nw england]
Liver sausage n. Sausage of cooked liver etc.
Liverwort n. Small mosslike or leafless plant sometimes lobed like a liver.
Livery n. (pl. -ies) 1 distinctive uniform of a member of a city company or of a servant. 2 distinctive guise or marking (birds in their winter livery). 3 distinctive colour scheme in which a company’s vehicles etc. Are painted. at livery (of a horse) kept for the owner for a fixed charge. [anglo-french liveré, past part. Of livrer *deliver]
Livery stable n. Stable where horses are kept at livery or let out for hire.
Lives pl. Of *life.
Livestock n. (usu. Treated as pl.) Animals on a farm, kept for use or profit.
Live wire n. Spirited person.
Livid adj. 1 colloq. Furious. 2 of a bluish leaden colour (livid bruise). [latin]
Living —n. 1 being alive (that’s what living is all about). 2 livelihood. 3 position held by a clergyman, providing an income. —adj. 1 contemporary; now alive. 2 (of a likeness) exact, lifelike. 3 (of a language) still in vernacular use. within living memory within the memory of people still alive.
Living-room n. Room for general day use.
Living wage n. Wage on which one can live without privation.
Lizard n. Reptile with usu. A long body and tail, four legs, and a rough or scaly hide. [latin lacertus]
Lj abbr. (pl. L jj) lord justice.
‘Ll v. (usu. After pronouns) shall, will (i’ll; that’ll). [abbreviation]
Llama n. S. American ruminant kept as a beast of burden and for its soft woolly fleece. [spanish from quechua]
Ll b abbr. Bachelor of laws. [latin legum baccalaureus]
Ll d abbr. Doctor of laws. [latin legum doctor]
Ll m abbr. Master of laws. [latin legum magister]
Lloyd’s n. Incorporated society of underwriters in london. [lloyd, proprietor of the coffee-house where the society originally met]
Lloyd’s list n. Daily publication devoted to shipping news.
Lloyd’s register n. Annual classified list of all ships.
Ln abbr. Natural logarithm.
Lo int. Archaic look. lo and behold joc. Formula introducing mention of a surprising fact. [old english]
Loach n. (pl. Same or -es) small freshwater fish. [french]
Load —n. 1 a what is carried or to be carried. B amount usu. Or actually carried
(often in comb.: lorry-load of bricks). 2 burden or commitment of work, responsibility, care, etc. 3 colloq. A (in pl.; often foll. By of) plenty, a lot (loads of money, people). B (a load of) a quantity (a load of nonsense). 4 amount of power carried by an electric circuit or supplied by a generating station. —v. 1 a put a load on or aboard. B place (a load) aboard a ship, on a vehicle, etc. 2 (often foll. By up) (of a vehicle or person) take a load aboard. 3 (often foll. By with) burden, strain (loaded with food). 4 (also load up) (foll. By with) overburden, overwhelm (loaded us with work, with abuse). 5 a put ammunition in (a gun), film in (a camera), a cassette in (a tape recorder), a program in (a computer), etc. B put (a film, cassette, etc.) Into a device. 6 give a bias to. get a load of slang take note of. [old english, = way]
Loaded adj. 1 slang a rich. B drunk. C us drugged. 2 (of dice etc.) Weighted. 3 (of a question or statement) carrying some hidden implication.
Loader n. 1 loading-machine. 2 (in comb.) Gun, machine, lorry, etc., loaded in a specified way (breech-loader; front-loader). -loading adj. (in comb.) (in sense 2).
Load line n. = *plimsoll line.
Loadstone var. Of *lodestone.
Loaf1 n. (pl. Loaves) 1 unit of baked bread, usu. Of a standard size or shape. 2 other food made in the shape of a loaf and cooked. 3 slang head as the seat of common sense. [old english]
Loaf2 v. (often foll. By about, around) spend time idly; hang about. [back-formation from *loafer]
Loafer n. 1 idle person. 2 (loafer) propr. Flat soft-soled leather shoe. [origin uncertain]
Loam n. Rich soil of clay, sand, and humus. loamy adj. [old english]
Loan —n. 1 thing lent, esp. A sum of money. 2 lending or being lent. —v. Lend (money, works of art, etc.). on loan being lent. [old english]
Loan shark n. Colloq. Person who lends money at exorbitant rates of interest.
Loath predic. Adj. (also loth) disinclined, reluctant (loath to admit it). [old english]
Loathe v. (-thing) detest, hate. loathing n. [old english]
Loathsome adj. Arousing hatred or disgust; repulsive.
Loaves pl. Of *loaf1.
Lob —v. (-bb-) hit or throw (a ball etc.) Slowly or in a high arc. —n. Such a ball. [probably low german or dutch]
Lobar adj. Of a lobe, esp. Of the lung (lobar pneumonia).
Lobate adj. Having a lobe or lobes.
Lobby —n. (pl. -ies) 1 porch, ante-room, entrance-hall, or corridor. 2 a (in the house of commons) large hall used esp. For interviews between mps and the public. B (also division lobby) each of two corridors to which mps retire to vote. 3 a body of lobbyists (anti-abortion lobby). B organized rally of lobbying members of the public. 4 (prec. By the) group of journalists who receive unattributable briefings from the government (lobby correspondent). —v. (-ies, – ied) 1 solicit the support of (an influential person). 2 (of members of the public) inform in order to influence (legislators, an mp, etc.). 3 frequent a parliamentary lobby. [latin lobia lodge]
Lobbyist n. Person who lobbies an mp etc., esp. Professionally.
Lobe n. 1 lower soft pendulous part of the outer ear. 2 similar part of other organs, esp. The brain, liver, and lung. lobed adj. [greek lobos lobe, pod]
Lobelia n. Plant with bright, esp. Blue, flowers. [lobel, name of a botanist]
Lobotomy n. (pl. -ies) incision into the frontal lobe of the brain, formerly used in some cases of mental disorder. [from *lobe]
Lobscouse n. Sailor’s dish of meat stewed with vegetables and ship’s biscuit. [origin unknown]
Lobster n. 1 marine crustacean with two pincer-like claws. 2 its flesh as food. [latin locusta lobster, *locust]
Lobster-pot n. Basket for trapping lobsters.
Lobworm n. Large earthworm used as fishing-bait. [from *lob in obsolete sense ‘pendulous object’]
Local —adj. 1 belonging to, existing in, or peculiar to a particular place (local history). 2 of the neighbourhood (local paper). 3 of or affecting a part and not the whole (local anaesthetic). 4 (of a telephone call) to a nearby place and charged at a lower rate. —n. 1 inhabitant of a particular place. 2 (often prec. By the) colloq. Local public house. 3 local anaesthetic. locally adv. [latin locus place]
Local authority n. Administrative body in local government.
Local colour n. Touches of detail in a story etc. Designed to provide a realistic background.
Locale n. Scene or locality of an event or occurrence. [french local]
Local government n. System of administration of a county, district, parish, etc., by the elected representatives of those who live there.
Locality n. (pl. -ies) 1 district. 2 site or scene of a thing. 3 thing’s position. [latin:
related to *local]
related to *local]
Localize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 restrict or assign to a particular place. 2 invest with the characteristics of a particular place. 3 decentralize.
Local time n. Time in a particular place.
Local train n. Train stopping at all the stations on its route.
Locate v. (-ting) 1 discover the exact place of. 2 establish in a place; situate. 3 state the locality of. [latin: related to *local]
Usage in standard english, it is not acceptable to use locate to mean merely ‘find’ as in can’t locate my key.
Location n. 1 particular place. 2 locating. 3 natural, not studio, setting for a film etc. (filmed on location).
Loc. Cit. Abbr. In the passage cited. [latin loco citato]
Loch n. Scot. Lake or narrow inlet of the sea. [gaelic]
Loci pl. Of *locus.
Lock1 —n. 1 mechanism for fastening a door etc., with a bolt that requires a key of a particular shape to work it. 2 confined section of a canal or river within sluice-gates, for moving boats from one level to another. 3 a turning of a vehicle’s front wheels. B (in full full lock) maximum extent of this. 4 interlocked or jammed state. 5 wrestling-hold that keeps an opponent’s limb fixed. 6 (in full lock forward) player in the second row of a rugby scrum. 7 mechanism for exploding the charge of a gun. —v. 1 a fasten with a lock. B (foll. By up) shut (a house etc.) Thus. C (of a door etc.) Be lockable. 2 a (foll. By up, in, into) enclose (a person or thing) by locking. B (foll. By up) colloq. Imprison (a person). 3 (often foll. By up, away) store inaccessibly (capital locked up in land). 4 (foll. By in) hold fast (in sleep, an embrace, a struggle, etc.). 5 (usu. In passive) (of land, hills, etc.) Enclose. 6 make or become rigidly fixed. 7 (cause to) jam or catch. lock on to (of a missile etc.) Automatically find and then track (a target). Lock out 1 keep out by locking the door. 2 (of an employer) subject (employees) to a lockout. Under lock and key locked up. lockable adj. [old english]
Lock2 n. 1 portion of hair that hangs together. 2 (in pl.) The hair of the head (golden locks). [old english]
Locker n. (usu. Lockable) cupboard or compartment, esp. For public use.
Locket n. Small ornamental case for a portrait or lock of hair, worn on a chain round the neck. [french diminutive of loc latch, *lock1]
Lockjaw n. Form of tetanus in which the jaws become rigidly closed.
Lock-keeper n. Person in charge of a river or canal lock.
Lockout n. Employer’s exclusion of employees from the workplace until certain
terms are agreed to.
Locksmith n. Maker and mender of locks.
Lock, stock, and barrel adv. Completely.
Lock-up —n. 1 house or room for the temporary detention of prisoners. 2 premises that can be locked up, esp. A small shop. —attrib. Adj. That can be locked up (lock-up garage).
Loco1 n. (pl. -s) colloq. Locomotive engine. [abbreviation]
Loco2 predic. Adj. Slang crazy. [spanish]
Locomotion n. Motion or the power of motion from place to place. [latin *locus, *motion]
Locomotive —n. Engine for pulling trains. —adj. Of, having, or effecting locomotion.
Locum tenens n. (pl. Locum tenentes) (also colloq. Locum) deputy acting esp. For a doctor or clergyman. [latin, = (one) holding a place]
Locus n. (pl. Loci) 1 position or locality. 2 line or curve etc. Formed by all the points satisfying certain conditions, or by the defined motion of a point, line, or surface. [latin, = place]
Locus classicus n. (pl. Loci classici) best known or most authoritative passage on a subject. [latin: related to *locus]
Locust n. African or asian grasshopper migrating in swarms and consuming all vegetation. [latin locusta locust, *lobster]
Locution n. 1 word, phrase, or idiom. 2 style of speech. [latin loquor locut-speak]
Lode n. Vein of metal ore. [var. Of *load]
Lodestar n. 1 star used as a guide in navigation, esp. The pole star. 2 a guiding principle. B object of pursuit. [from *lode in obsolete sense ‘way, journey’]
Lodestone n. (also loadstone) 1 magnetic oxide of iron. 2 a piece of this used as a magnet. B thing that attracts.
Lodge —n. 1 small house at the entrance to a park or grounds of a large house, occupied by a gatekeeper etc. 2 small house used in the sporting seasons (hunting lodge). 3 porter’s room at the gate of a college, factory, etc. 4 members or meeting-place of a branch of a society such as the freemasons. 5 beaver’s or otter’s lair. —v. (-ging) 1 a reside or live, esp. As a lodger. B provide with temporary accommodation. 2 submit or present (a complaint etc.) For attention. 3 become fixed or caught; stick. 4 deposit (money etc.) For security. 5 (foll. By
in, with) place (power etc.) In a person. [french loge: related to *leaf]
Lodger n. Person paying for accommodation in another’s house.
Lodging n. 1 temporary accommodation (a lodging for the night). 2 (in pl.) Room or rooms rented for lodging in.
Loess n. Deposit of fine wind-blown soil, esp. In the basins of large rivers. [swiss german, = loose]
Loft —n. 1 attic. 2 room over a stable. 3 gallery in a church or hall. 4 pigeon-house. 5 backward slope on the face of a golf-club. 6 lofting stroke. —v. Send (a ball etc.) High up. [old english, = air, upper room]
Lofty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of things) of imposing height. 2 haughty, aloof. 3 exalted, noble (lofty ideals). loftily adv. Loftiness n.
Log1 —n. 1 unhewn piece of a felled tree; any large rough piece of wood, esp. Cut for firewood. 2 hist. Floating device for gauging a ship’s speed. 3 record of events occurring during the voyage of a ship or aircraft. 4 any systematic record of deeds, experiences, etc. 5 = *logbook. —v. (-gg-) 1 a enter (a ship’s speed, or other transport details) in a logbook. B enter (data etc.) In a regular record. 2 attain (a distance, speed, etc., thus recorded) (had logged over 600 miles). 3 cut into logs. log in = log on. Log on (or off) open (or close) one’s online access to a computer system. Sleep like a log sleep soundly. [origin unknown]
Log2 n. Logarithm. [abbreviation]
Logan n. (in full logan-stone) poised heavy stone rocking at a touch. [= (dial.) Logging, = rocking]
Loganberry n. (pl. -ies) dark red fruit, hybrid of a blackberry and a raspberry. [logan, name of a horticulturalist]
Logarithm n. One of a series of arithmetic exponents tabulated to simplify computation by making it possible to use addition and subtraction instead of multiplication and division. logarithmic adj. Logarithmically adv. [greek logos reckoning, arithmos number]
Logbook n. 1 book containing a detailed record or log. 2 vehicle registration document.
Log cabin n. Hut built of logs.
Logger n. Us lumberjack.
Loggerhead n. at loggerheads (often foll. By with) disagreeing or disputing. [probably dial. From logger wooden block]
Loggia n. Open-sided gallery or arcade. [italian, = *lodge]
Logging n. Work of cutting and preparing forest timber.
Logic n. 1 a science of reasoning. B particular system or method of reasoning. 2 a chain of reasoning (regarded as sound or unsound). B use of or ability in argument. 3 inexorable force, compulsion, or consequence (the logic of events). 4 a principles used in designing a computer etc. B circuits using this. logician n. [related to *-logic]
-logic comb. Form (also -logical) forming adjectives corresponding esp. To nouns in -logy (pathological; zoological). [greek -logikos]
Logical adj. 1 of or according to logic (the logical conclusion). 2 correctly reasoned. 3 defensible or explicable on the ground of consistency. 4 capable of correct reasoning. logicality n. Logically adv. [greek logos word, reason]
-logist comb. Form forming nouns meaning ‘person skilled in -logy’ (geologist).
Logistics n.pl. 1 organization of (orig. Military) services and supplies. 2 organization of any complex operation. logistic adj. Logistical adj. Logistically adv. [french loger lodge]
Log-jam n. Deadlock.
Logo n. (pl. -s) emblem of an organization used in its display material etc. [abbreviation of logotype from greek logos word]
-logy comb. Form forming nouns denoting: 1 a subject of study (biology). 2
speech or discourse or a characteristic of this (trilogy; tautology; phraseology). [greek -logia from logos word]
Loin n. 1 (in pl.) Side and back of the body between the ribs and the hip-bones. 2 joint of meat from this part of an animal. [french loigne from latin lumbus]
Loincloth n. Cloth worn round the hips, esp. As a sole garment.
Loiter v. 1 stand about idly; linger. 2 go slowly with frequent stops. loiter with intent linger in order to commit a felony. loiterer n. [dutch]
Loll v. 1 stand, sit, or recline in a lazy attitude. 2 hang loosely. [imitative]
Lollipop n. Hard sweet on a stick. [origin uncertain]
Lollipop man n. (also lollipop lady) colloq. Warden using a circular sign on a pole to stop traffic for children to cross the road.
Lollop v. (-p-) colloq. 1 flop about. 2 move in ungainly bounds. [probably from *loll, *trollop]
Lolly n. (pl. -ies) 1 colloq. Lollipop. 2 = *ice lolly. 3 slang money. [abbreviation]
Londoner n. Native or inhabitant of london.
London pride n. Pink-flowered saxifrage.
Lone attrib. Adj. 1 solitary; without companions. 2 isolated. 3 unmarried, single (lone parent). [from *alone]
Lone hand n. 1 hand played or player playing against the rest at cards. 2 person or action without allies.
Lonely adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 without companions (lonely existence). 2 sad because of this. 3 unfrequented, isolated, uninhabited. loneliness n.
Lonely hearts n.pl. People seeking friendship or marriage through a newspaper column, club, etc.
Loner n. Person or animal that prefers to be alone.
Lonesome adj. Esp. Us 1 lonely. 2 making one feel forlorn (a lonesome song).
Lone wolf n. Loner.
Long1 —adj. (longer; longest) 1 measuring much from end to end in space or time. 2 (following a measurement) in length or duration (2 metres long; two
time. 2 (following a measurement) in length or duration (2 metres long; two months long). 3 a consisting of many items (a long list). B seemingly more than the stated amount; tedious (ten long miles). 4 of elongated shape. 5 lasting or reaching far back or forward in time (long friendship). 6 far-reaching; acting at a distance; involving a great interval or difference. 7 (of a vowel or syllable) having the greater of the two recognized durations. 8 (of odds or a chance) reflecting a low level of probability. 9 (of stocks) bought in large quantities in advance, with the expectation of a rise in price. 10 (foll. By on) colloq. Well supplied with. —n. Long interval or period (will not take long; won’t be long). —adv. (longer; longest) 1 by or for a long time (long before; long ago). 2 (following nouns of duration) throughout a specified time (all day long). 3 (in compar.) After an implied point of time (shall not wait any longer). as (or so) long as provided that. Before long soon. In the long run (or term) eventually, ultimately. The long and the short of it 1 all that need be said. 2 the eventual outcome. Not by a long shot (or chalk) by no means. longish adj. [old english]
Long2 v. (foll. By for or to + infin.) Have a strong wish or desire for. [old english, = seem *long1 to]
Long. Abbr. Longitude.
Longboat n. Sailing-ship’s largest boat.
Longbow n. Bow drawn by hand and shooting a long feathered arrow.
Long-distance —attrib. Adj.travelling or operating between distant places. — adv. Between distant places (phone long-distance).
Long division n. Division of numbers with details of the calculations written down.
Long-drawn adj. (also long-drawn-out) prolonged.
Longeron n. Longitudinal member of a plane’s fuselage. [french]
Longevity n. Formal long life. [latin longus long, aevum age]
Long face n. Dismal expression.
Longhand n. Ordinary handwriting.
Long haul n. 1 transport over a long distance. 2 prolonged effort or task.
Longing —n. Intense desire. —adj. Having or showing this. longingly adv.
Long in the tooth predic. Adj. Colloq. Old.
Longitude n. 1 angular distance east or west from a standard meridian such as greenwich to the meridian of any place. 2 angular distance of a celestial body, esp. Along the ecliptic. [latin longitudo length, from longus long]
Longitudinal adj. 1 of or in length. 2 running lengthwise. 3 of longitude.
longitudinally adv.
Long johns n.pl. Colloq. Long underpants.
Long jump n. Athletic contest of jumping as far as possible along the ground in one leap.
Long-life adj. (of milk etc.) Treated to prolong its period of usability.
Long-lived adj. Having a long life; durable.
Long-lost attrib. Adj. That has been lost for a long time.
Long-playing adj. (of a gramophone record) playing for about 20–30 minutes on each side.
Long-range adj. 1 having a long range. 2 relating to a period of time far into the future (long-range weather forecast).
Long-running adj. Continuing for a long time (a long-running musical).
Longshore attrib. Adj. 1 existing on or frequenting the shore. 2 directed along the shore. [from along shore]
Longshoreman n. Us docker.
Long shot n. 1 wild guess or venture. 2 bet at long odds.
Long sight n. Ability to see clearly only what is comparatively distant.
Long-sighted adj. 1 having long sight. 2 far-sighted. long-sightedness n.
Long-standing adj. That has long existed.
Long-suffering adj. Bearing provocation patiently.
Long-term adj. Of or for a long period of time (long-term plans).
Long wave n. Radio wave of frequency less than 300 khz.
Longways adv. (also longwise) = *lengthways.
Long-winded adj. (of a speech or writing) tediously lengthy.
Loo n. Colloq. Lavatory. [origin uncertain]
Loofah n. Rough bath-sponge made from the dried pod of a type of gourd. [arabic]
Look —v. 1 a (often foll. By at, down, up, etc.) Use one’s sight; turn one’s eyes in some direction. B turn one’s eyes on; examine (looked me in the eyes; looked us up and down). 2 a make a visual or mental search (i’ll look in the morning). B (foll. By at) consider, examine (must look at the facts). 3 (foll. By for) search for, seek, be on the watch for. 4 inquire (when one looks deeper). 5 have a specified appearance; seem (look a fool; future looks bleak). 6 (foll. By to) a consider; be concerned about (look to the future). B rely on (look to me for support). 7 (foll. By into) investigate. 8 (foll. By what, where, whether, etc.) Ascertain or observe by sight. 9 (of a thing) face some direction. 10 indicate (emotion etc.) By one’s looks. 11 (foll. By that) take care; make sure. 12 (foll. By to + infin.) Aim (am looking to finish it soon). —n. 1 act of looking; gaze, glance. 2 (in sing. Or pl.) Appearance of a face; expression. 3 appearance of a thing (by the look of it). 4 style, fashion (this year’s look; the wet look). —int. (also look here!) Calling attention, expressing a protest, etc. look after attend to; take care of. Look one’s age appear as old as one really is. Look back 1 (foll. By on, to) turn one’s thoughts to (something past). 2 (usu. With neg.) Cease to progress (he’s never looked back). Look down on (or look down one’s nose at) regard with contempt or superiority.
Look-alike n. Person or thing closely resembling another.
Looker n. 1 person of a specified appearance (good-looker). 2 colloq. Attractive woman.
Looker-on n. (pl. Lookers-on) spectator.
Look-in n. Colloq. Chance of participation or success (never gets a look-in).
Looking-glass n. Mirror.
Lookout n. 1 watch or looking out (on the lookout). 2 a observation-post. B person etc. Stationed to keep watch. 3 prospect (it’s a bad lookout). 4 colloq. Person’s own concern (that’s your lookout).
Loom1 n. Apparatus for weaving. [old english]
Loom2 v. 1 appear dimly, esp. As a vague and often threatening shape. 2 (of an event) be ominously close. [probably low german or dutch]
Loon n. 1 a kind of diving bird. 2 colloq. Crazy person (cf. *loony). [old norse]
Loony slang —n. (pl. -ies) lunatic. —adj. (-ier, -iest) crazy. looniness n. [abbreviation]
Loony-bin n. Slang offens. Mental home or hospital.
Loop —n. 1 a figure produced by a curve, or a doubled thread etc., that crosses itself. B thing, path, etc., forming this figure. 2 similarly shaped attachment used as a fastening. 3 ring etc. As a handle etc. 4 contraceptive coil. 5 (in full loop-line) railway or telegraph line that diverges from a main line and joins it again. 6 skating or aerobatic manoeuvre describing a loop. 7 complete circuit for an
electric current. 8 endless band of tape or film allowing continuous repetition. 9 sequence of computer operations repeated until some condition is satisfied. —v. 1 form or bend into a loop. 2 fasten with a loop or loops. 3 form a loop. 4 (also loop the loop) fly in a circle vertically. [origin unknown]
Loophole n. 1 means of evading a rule etc. Without infringing it. 2 narrow vertical slit in the wall of a fort etc.
Loopy adj. (-ier, -iest) slang crazy, daft.
Loose —adj. 1 not tightly held, fixed, etc. (loose handle; loose stones). 2 free from bonds or restraint. 3 not held together (loose papers). 4 not compact or dense (loose soil). 5 inexact (loose translation). 6 morally lax. 7 (of the tongue) indiscreet. 8 tending to diarrhoea. 9 (in comb.) Loosely (loose-fitting). —v. (-sing) 1 free; untie or detach; release. 2 relax (loosed my hold). 3 discharge (a missile). at a loose end unoccupied. On the loose 1 escaped from captivity. 2 enjoying oneself freely. loosely adv. Looseness n. Loosish adj. [old norse]
Loose cover n. Removable cover for an armchair etc.
Loose-leaf adj. (of a notebook etc.) With pages that can be removed and replaced.
Loosen v. Make or become loose or looser. loosen a person’s tongue make a person talk freely. Loosen up 1 relax. 2 limber up.
Loot —n. 1 spoil, booty. 2 slang money. —v. 1 rob or steal, esp. After rioting etc. 2 plunder. looter n. [hindi]
Lop v. (-pp-) 1 a (often foll. By off, away) cut or remove (a part or parts) from a whole, esp. Branches from a tree. B remove branches from (a tree). 2 (often foll. By off) remove (items) as superfluous. [old english]
Lope —v. (-ping) run with a long bounding stride. —n. Long bounding stride. [old norse: related to *leap]
Lop-eared adj. Having drooping ears. [related to *lob]
Lopsided adj. Unevenly balanced. lopsidedness n. [related to *lob]
Loquacious adj. Talkative. loquacity n. [latin loquor speak]
Loquat n. 1 small yellow egg-shaped fruit. 2 tree bearing it. [chinese]
Lord —n. 1 master or ruler. 2 hist. Feudal superior, esp. Of a manor. 3 peer of the realm or person with the title lord. 4 (lord) (often prec. By the) god or christ. 5 (lord) a prefixed as the designation of a marquis, earl, viscount, or baron, or (to the christian name) of the younger son of a duke or marquis. B (the lords) = *house of lords. —int. (lord, good lord, etc.) Expressing surprise, dismay, etc. lord it over domineer. [old english, = bread-keeper: related to loaf1, ward]
Lord chamberlain n. Official in charge of the royal household.
Lord chancellor n. (also lord high chancellor) highest officer of the crown, presiding in the house of lords etc.
Lord chief justice n. President of the queen’s bench division.
Lord lieutenant n. 1 chief executive authority and head of magistrates in each county. 2 hist. Viceroy of ireland.
Lordly adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 haughty, imperious. 2 suitable for a lord. lordliness n.
Lord mayor n. Title of the mayor in some large cities.
Lord privy seal n. Senior cabinet minister without official duties.
Lords and ladies n. Wild arum.
Lord’s day n. Sunday.
Lordship n. 1 (usu. Lordship) title used in addressing or referring to a man with the rank of lord (your lordship; his lordship). 2 (foll. By over) dominion, rule.
Lord’s prayer n. The our father.
Lords spiritual n.pl. Bishops in the house of lords.
Lord’s supper n. Eucharist.
Lords temporal n.pl. Members of the house of lords other than bishops.
Lore n. Body of traditions and knowledge on a subject or held by a particular group (bird lore; gypsy lore). [old english: related to *learn]
Lorgnette n. Pair of eyeglasses or opera-glasses on a long handle. [french lorgner to squint]
Lorn adj. Archaic desolate, forlorn. [old english, past part. Of *lose]
Lorry n. (pl. -ies) large vehicle for transporting goods etc. [origin uncertain]
Lose v. (-sing; past and past part. Lost) 1 be deprived of or cease to have, esp. By negligence. 2 be deprived of (a person) by death. 3 become unable to find, follow, or understand (lose one’s way). 4 let or have pass from one’s control or reach (lost my chance; lost his composure). 5 be defeated in (a game, lawsuit, battle, etc.). 6 get rid of (lost our pursuers; lose weight). 7 forfeit (a right to a thing). 8 spend (time, efforts, etc.) To no purpose.
Loser n. 1 person or thing that loses, esp. A contest (is a bad loser). 2 colloq.
Person who regularly fails.
Loss n. 1 losing or being lost. 2 thing or amount lost. 3 detriment resulting from losing. at a loss (sold etc.) For less than was paid for it. Be at a loss be puzzled or uncertain. [probably back-formation from *lost]
Loss-leader n. Item sold at a loss to attract customers.
Lost past and past part. Of *lose.
Lost cause n. Hopeless undertaking.
Lot n. 1 colloq. (prec. By a or in pl.) A a large number or amount (a lot of people; lots of milk). B colloq. Much (a lot warmer; smiles a lot). 2 a each of a set of objects used to make a chance selection. B this method of deciding (chosen by lot). 3 share or responsibility resulting from it. 4 person’s destiny, fortune, or condition. 5 (esp. Us) plot; allotment of land (parking lot). 6 article or set of articles for sale at an auction etc. 7 group of associated persons or things. cast (or draw) lots decide by lots. Throw in one’s lot with decide to share the fortunes of. The (or the whole) lot the total number or quantity. A whole lot colloq. Very much (is a whole lot better). [old english]
Usage in sense 1a, a lot of is somewhat informal, but acceptable in serious writing, whereas lots of is not acceptable.
Loth var. Of *loath.
Lothario n. (pl. -s) libertine. [name of a character in a play]
Lotion n. Medicinal or cosmetic liquid preparation applied externally. [latin lavo lot-wash]
Lottery n. (pl. -ies) 1 means of raising money by selling numbered tickets and giving prizes to the holders of numbers drawn at random. 2 thing whose success is governed by chance. [dutch: related to *lot]
Lotto n. Game of chance like bingo, but with numbers drawn by players instead of called. [italian]
Lotus n. 1 legendary plant inducing luxurious languor when eaten. 2 a kind of water lily etc., esp. Used symbolically in hinduism and buddhism. [greek lotos]
Lotus-eater n. Person given to indolent enjoyment.
Lotus position n. Cross-legged position of meditation with the feet resting on the thighs.
Loud —adj. 1 strongly audible, noisy. 2 (of colours etc.) Gaudy, obtrusive. — adv. Loudly. out loud aloud. loudish adj. Loudly adv. Loudness n. [old english]
Loud hailer n. Electronic device for amplifying the voice.
Loudspeaker n. Apparatus that converts electrical signals into sound.
Lough n. Ir. Lake, arm of the sea. [irish: related to *loch]
Lounge —v. (-ging) 1 recline comfortably; loll. 2 stand or move about idly. —n. 1 place for lounging, esp.: a a sitting-room in a house. B a public room (e.g. In a hotel). C a place in an airport etc. With seats for waiting passengers. 2 spell of lounging. [origin uncertain]
Lounge bar n. More comfortable bar in a pub etc.
Lounge suit n. Man’s suit for ordinary day (esp. Business) wear.
Lour v. (also lower) 1 frown; look sullen. 2 (of the sky etc.) Look dark and threatening. [origin unknown]
Louse —n. 1 (pl. Lice) parasitic insect. 2 (pl. Louses) slang contemptible person. —v. (-sing) delouse. louse up slang make a mess of. [old english]
Lousy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 colloq. Very bad; disgusting; ill (feel lousy). 2 (often foll. By with) colloq. Well supplied, teeming. 3 infested with lice. lousily adv. Lousiness n.
Lout n. Rough-mannered person. loutish adj. [origin uncertain]
Louvre n. (also louver) 1 each of a set of overlapping slats designed to admit air and some light and exclude rain. 2 domed structure on a roof with side openings for ventilation etc. louvred adj. [french lover skylight]
Lovable adj. (also loveable) inspiring love or affection.
Lovage n. Herb used for flavouring etc. [french levesche from latin ligusticum ligurian]
Lovat n. & adj. Muted green. [lovat in scotland]
Love —n. 1 deep affection or fondness. 2 sexual passion. 3 sexual relations. 4 a beloved one; sweetheart (often as a form of address). B colloq. Form of address regardless of affection. 5 colloq. Person of whom one is fond. 6 affectionate greetings (give him my love). 7 (in games) no score; nil. —v. (-ving) 1 feel love or a deep fondness for. 2 delight in; admire; greatly cherish. 3 colloq. Like very much (loves books). 4 (foll. By verbal noun, or to + infin.) Be inclined, esp. As a habit; greatly enjoy (children love dressing up; loves to run). fall in love (often foll. By with) suddenly begin to love. For love for pleasure not profit. For the love of for the sake of. In love (often foll. By with) enamoured (of). Make love (often foll. By to) 1 have sexual intercourse (with). 2 archaic pay amorous attention (to). Not for love or money colloq. Not in any circumstances. [old english]
Loveable var. Of *lovable.
Love affair n. Romantic or sexual relationship between two people.
Love-bird n. Parrot, esp. One seeming to show great affection for its mate.
Love bite n. Bruise made by a partner’s biting etc. During lovemaking.
Love-child n. Child of unmarried parents.
Love-hate relationship n. Intense relationship involving ambivalent emotions.
Love-in-a-mist n. Blue-flowered cultivated plant.
Loveless adj. Unloving or unloved or both.
Lovelies-bleeding n. Cultivated plant with drooping spikes of purple-red blooms.
Lovelorn adj. Pining from unrequited love.
Lovely —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 colloq. Pleasing, delightful. 2 beautiful. —n. (pl. – ies) colloq. Pretty woman. lovely and colloq. Delightfully (lovely and warm). loveliness n. [old english]
Lovemaking n. 1 sexual play, esp. Intercourse. 2 archaic courtship.
Lovemaking n. 1 sexual play, esp. Intercourse. 2 archaic courtship.
Love-nest n. Colloq. Secluded retreat for (esp. Illicit) lovers.
Lover n. 1 person in love with another. 2 person with whom another is having sexual relations. 3 (in pl.) Unmarried couple in love or having sexual relations. 4 person who likes or enjoys a specified thing (music lover).
Love-seat n. Small sofa in the shape of an s, with two seats facing in opposite directions.
Lovesick adj. Languishing with love.
Lovey-dovey adj. Colloq. Fondly affectionate, sentimental.
Loving —adj. Feeling or showing love; affectionate. —n. Affection; love.
lovingly adv.
Loving-cup n. Two-handled drinking-cup.
Low1 —adj. 1 not high or tall (low wall). 2 a not elevated in position (low altitude). B (of the sun) near the horizon. 3 of or in humble rank or position (of low birth).
Low2 —n. Sound made by cattle; moo. —v. Make this sound. [old english]
Low-born adj. Of humble birth.
Lowbrow —adj. Not intellectual or cultured. —n. Lowbrow person.
Low church n. Section of the church of england attaching little importance to ritual, priestly authority, and the sacraments.
Low-class adj. Of low quality or social class.
Low comedy n. Comedy bordering on farce.
Low countries n.pl. The netherlands, belgium, and luxembourg.
Low-down —adj. Mean, dishonourable. —n. Colloq. (prec. By the; usu. Foll. By on) relevant information.
Lower1 —adj. (compar. Of *low1). 1 less high in position or status. 2 situated below another part (lower lip). 3 a situated on less high land (lower egypt). B situated to the south (lower california). 4 (of a mammal, plant, etc.) Evolved to only a slight degree. —adv. In or to a lower position, status, etc. lowermost adj.
Lower2 v. 1 let or haul down. 2 make or become lower. 3 degrade.
Lower3 var. Of *lour.
Lower case n. Small letters.
Lower class n. Working class.
Lower house n. Larger and usu. Elected body in a legislature, esp. The house of commons.
Lowest adj. (superl. Of *low1) least high in position or status.
Lowest common denominator n. 1 math. Lowest common multiple of the denominators of several fractions. 2 the worst or most vulgar common feature of members of a group.
Lowest common multiple n. Math. Least quantity that is a multiple of two or more given quantities.
Low frequency n. Frequency, esp. In radio, 30 to 300 kilohertz.
Low gear n. Gear such that the driven end of a transmission revolves slower than the driving end.
Low-grade adj. Of low quality.
Low-key adj. Lacking intensity, restrained.
Lowland —n. (usu. In pl.) Lowlying country. —adj. Of or in lowland. lowlander n.
Low-level adj. (of a computer language) close in form to machine code.
Lowly adj. (-ier, -iest) humble; unpretentious. lowliness n.
Lowlying adj. Near to the ground or sea level.
Low-pitched adj. 1 (of a sound) low. 2 (of a roof) having only a slight slope.
Low pressure n. 1 low degree of activity or exertion. 2 atmospheric condition with the pressure below average.
Low-rise —adj. (of a building) having few storeys. —n. Such a building.
Low season n. Period of fewest visitors at a resort etc.
Low sunday n. Sunday after easter.
Low tide n. (also low water) time or level of the tide at its ebb.
Loyal adj. 1 (often foll. By to) faithful. 2 steadfast in allegiance etc. loyally adv. Loyalty n. (pl. -ies). [latin: related to *legal]
Loyalist n. 1 person who remains loyal to the legitimate sovereign etc. 2 (loyalist) (esp. Extremist) supporter of union between great britain and northern ireland. loyalism n.
Loyal toast n. Toast to the sovereign.
Lozenge n. 1 rhombus. 2 small sweet or medicinal tablet to be dissolved in the mouth. 3 lozenge-shaped object. [french]
Lp abbr. Long-playing (record).
L-plate n. Sign bearing the letter l, attached to a vehicle to show that it is being driven by a learner. [from *plate]
Lpo abbr. London philharmonic orchestra.
Lsd abbr. Lysergic acid diethylamide, a powerful hallucinogenic drug.
Lsd abbr. Lysergic acid diethylamide, a powerful hallucinogenic drug.
L.s.d. N. (also £.s.d.) 1 hist. Pounds, shillings, and pence (in former british currency). 2 money, riches. [latin librae, solidi, denarii]
Lse abbr. London school of economics.
Lso abbr. London symphony orchestra.
Lt. Abbr. 1 lieutenant. 2 light.
Ltd. Abbr. Limited.
Lu symb. Lutetium.
Lubber n. Clumsy fellow, lout. [origin uncertain]
Lubricant n. Substance used to reduce friction.
Lubricate v. (-ting) 1 apply oil or grease etc. To. 2 make slippery. lubrication n. Lubricator n. [latin lubricus slippery]
Lubricious adj. 1 slippery, evasive. 2 lewd. lubricity n. [latin: related to *lubricate]
Lucerne n. = *alfalfa. [provençal, = glow-worm, referring to its shiny seeds]
Lucid adj. 1 expressing or expressed clearly. 2 sane. lucidity n. Lucidly adv. Lucidness n. [latin lux luc-light]
Lucifer n. Satan. [latin: related to *lucid, fero bring]
Luck n. 1 good or bad fortune. 2 circumstances of life (beneficial or not) brought by this. 3 good fortune; success due to chance (in luck; out of luck). no such luck colloq. Unfortunately not. [low german or dutch]
Luckless adj. Unlucky; ending in failure.
Lucky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having or resulting from good luck. 2 bringing good luck (lucky charm). luckily adv.
Lucky dip n. Tub containing articles varying in value and chosen at random.
Lucrative adj. Profitable. lucratively adv. Lucrativeness n. [latin: related to *lucre]
Lucre n. Derog. Financial gain. [latin lucrum gain]
Luddite —n. 1 person opposed to industrial progress or new technology. 2 hist. Member of a band of english artisans who destroyed machinery (1811–16). — adj. Of the luddites. ludditism n. [ned lud, destroyer of machinery]
Ludicrous adj. Absurd, ridiculous, laughable. ludicrously adv. Ludicrousness n. [latin ludicrum stage play]
Ludo n. Simple board-game played with dice and counters. [latin, = i play]
Luff v. (also absol.) 1 steer (a ship) nearer the wind. 2 raise or lower (a crane’s jib). [french, probably from low german]
Lug —v. (-gg-) 1 drag or carry with effort. 2 pull hard. —n. 1 hard or rough pull. 2 colloq. Ear. 3 projection on an object by which it may be carried, fixed in place, etc. [probably scandinavian]
Luggage n. Suitcases, bags, etc., for a traveller’s belongings. [from *lug]
Lugger n. Small ship with four-cornered sails. [from *lugsail]
Lughole n. Slang ear.
Lugsail n. Four-cornered sail on a yard. [probably from *lug]
Lugubrious adj. Doleful. lugubriously adv. Lugubriousness n. [latin lugeo mourn]
Lugworm n. Large marine worm used as bait. [origin unknown]
Lukewarm adj. 1 moderately warm; tepid. 2 unenthusiastic, indifferent. [old english (now dial.) Luke warm, *warm]
Lull —v. 1 soothe or send to sleep. 2 (usu. Foll. By into) deceive (a person) into undue confidence (lulled into a false sense of security). 3 allay (suspicions etc.), usu. By deception. 4 (of noise, a storm, etc.) Abate or fall quiet. —n. Temporary quiet period. [imitative]
Lullaby n. (pl. -ies) soothing song to send a child to sleep. [related to *lull]
Lumbago n. Rheumatic pain in the muscles of the lower back. [latin lumbus loin]
Lumbar adj. Of the lower back area. [as *lumbago]
Lumbar puncture n. Withdrawal of spinal fluid from the lower back for diagnosis.
Lumber —n. 1 disused and cumbersome articles. 2 partly prepared timber. —v.
Lumber —n. 1 disused and cumbersome articles. 2 partly prepared timber. —v. 1 (usu. Foll. By with) leave (a person etc.) With something unwanted or unpleasant. 2 (usu. Foll. By up) obstruct, fill inconveniently. 3 cut and prepare forest timber. 4 move in a slow clumsy way. [origin uncertain]
Lumberjack n. Person who fells and transports lumber.
Lumber-jacket n. Jacket of the kind worn by lumberjacks.
Lumber-room n. Room where disused things are kept.
Luminary n. (pl. -ies) 1 literary natural light-giving body. 2 wise or inspiring person. 3 celebrated member of a group (show-business luminaries). [latin lumen lumin-light]
Luminescence n. Emission of light without heat. luminescent adj.
Luminous adj. 1 shedding light. 2 phosphorescent, visible in darkness (luminous paint). luminosity n.
Lump1 —n. 1 compact shapeless mass. 2 tumour; swelling, bruise. 3 heavy, dull, or ungainly person. 4 (prec. By the) slang casual workers in the building trade. —v. 1 (usu. Foll. By together etc.) Treat as all alike; put together in a lump. 2 (of sauce etc.) Become lumpy. lump in the throat feeling of pressure there, caused by emotion. [scandinavian]
Lump2 v. Colloq. Put up with ungraciously (like it or lump it). [imitative]
Lumpectomy n. (pl. -ies) surgical removal of a lump from the breast.
Lumpish adj. 1 heavy and clumsy. 2 stupid, lethargic.
Lump sugar n. Sugar in cubes.
Lump sum n. 1 sum covering a number of items. 2 money paid down at once.
Lumpy adj. (-ier, -iest) full of or covered with lumps. lumpily adv. Lumpiness n.
Lunacy n. (pl. -ies) 1 insanity. 2 mental unsoundness. 3 great folly. [latin: related to *lunar]
Lunar adj. Of, like, concerned with, or determined by the moon. [latin luna moon]
Lunar module n. Small craft for travelling between the moon and a spacecraft in orbit around it.
Lunar month n. 1 period of the moon’s revolution, esp. The interval between new moons (about 291/2 days). 2 (in general use) four weeks.
Lunate adj. Crescent-shaped.
Lunatic —n. 1 insane person. 2 wildly foolish person. —adj. Insane; extremely reckless or foolish. [related to *lunacy]
Lunatic asylum n. Hist. Mental home or hospital.
Lunatic fringe n. Extreme or eccentric minority group.
Lunation n. Interval between new moons, about 291/2 days. [medieval latin:
related to *lunar]
Lunch —n. Midday meal. —v. 1 take lunch. 2 entertain to lunch. [shortening of *luncheon]
Luncheon n. Formal lunch. [origin unknown]
Luncheon meat n. Tinned meat loaf of pork etc.
Luncheon voucher n. Voucher issued to employees and exchangeable for food at many restaurants and shops.
Lung n. Either of the pair of respiratory organs in humans and many other vertebrates. [old english: related to *light2]
Lunge —n. 1 sudden movement forward. 2 the basic attacking move in fencing. 3 long rope on which a horse is held and made to circle round its trainer. —v. (-ging) (usu. Foll. By at, out) deliver or make a lunge. [french allonger from long *long1]
Lupin n. Cultivated plant with long tapering spikes of flowers. [related to *lupine]
Lupine adj. Of or like wolves. [latin lupinus from lupus wolf]
Lupus n. Autoimmune inflammatory skin disease. [latin, = wolf]
Lurch1 —n. Stagger; sudden unsteady movement or leaning. —v. Stagger; move or progress unsteadily. [originally naut., of uncertain origin]
Lurch2 n. leave in the lurch desert (a friend etc.) In difficulties. [obsolete french lourche a kind of backgammon]
Lurcher n. Crossbred dog, usu. A working dog crossed with a greyhound. [related to *lurk]
Lure —v. (-ring) 1 (usu. Foll. By away, into) entice. 2 recall with a lure. —n. 1
thing used to entice. 2 (usu. Foll. By of) enticing quality (of a pursuit etc.). 3 falconer’s apparatus for recalling a hawk. [french from germanic]
Lurex n. Propr. 1 type of yarn incorporating a glittering metallic thread. 2 fabric made from this.
Lurid adj. 1 bright and glaring in colour. 2 sensational, shocking (lurid details). 3 ghastly, wan (lurid complexion). luridly adv. [latin]
Lurk v. 1 linger furtively. 2 a lie in ambush. B (usu. Foll. By in, under, about, etc.) Hide, esp. For sinister purposes. 3 (as lurking adj.) Dormant (a lurking suspicion). [perhaps from *lour]
Luscious adj. 1 richly sweet in taste or smell. 2 (of style) over-rich. 3 voluptuously attractive. [perhaps related to *delicious]
Lush1 adj. 1 (of vegetation) luxuriant and succulent. 2 luxurious. 3 slang excellent. [origin uncertain]
Lush2 n. Slang alcoholic, drunkard. [origin uncertain]
Lust —n. 1 strong sexual desire. 2 (usu. Foll. By for, of) passionate desire for or enjoyment of (lust for power; lust of battle). 3 sensuous appetite regarded as sinful (lusts of the flesh). —v. (usu. Foll. By after, for) have a strong or excessive (esp. Sexual) desire. lustful adj. Lustfully adv. [old english]
Luster n. (brit. Lustre) 1 gloss, shining surface. 2 brilliance, splendour. 3
iridescent glaze on pottery and porcelain. lustrous adj. [latin lustro illumine]
iridescent glaze on pottery and porcelain. lustrous adj. [latin lustro illumine]
Lustre n. (us luster) 1 gloss, shining surface. 2 brilliance, splendour. 3 iridescent glaze on pottery and porcelain. lustrous adj. [latin lustro illumine]
Lusty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 healthy and strong. 2 vigorous, lively. lustily adv. Lustiness n. [from *lust]
Lutanist var. Of *lutenist.
Lute1 n. Guitar-like instrument with a long neck and a pear-shaped body. [arabic]
Lute2 —n. Clay or cement for making joints airtight etc. —v. (-ting) apply lute to. [latin lutum mud]
Lutenist n. (also lutanist) lute-player. [related to *lute1]
Lutetium n. Silvery metallic element, the heaviest of the lanthanide series. [lutetia, ancient name of paris]
Lutheran —n. 1 follower of luther. 2 member of the lutheran church. —adj. Of luther, or the protestant reformation and the doctrines associated with him. lutheranism n. [martin luther, religious reformer]
Lux n. (pl. Same) the si unit of illumination. [latin]
Luxuriant adj. 1 growing profusely. 2 exuberant. 3 florid. luxuriance n. Luxuriantly adv. [latin: related to *luxury]
Usage luxuriant is sometimes confused with luxurious.
Luxuriate v. (-ting) 1 (foll. By in) take self-indulgent delight in, enjoy as a luxury. 2 relax in comfort.
Luxurious adj. 1 supplied with luxuries. 2 extremely comfortable. 3 fond of luxury. luxuriously adv. [latin: related to *luxury]
Usage luxurious is sometimes confused with luxuriant.
Luxury n. (pl. -ies) 1 choice or costly surroundings, possessions, etc. 2 thing giving comfort or enjoyment but not essential. 3 (attrib.) Comfortable and expensive (luxury flat). [latin luxus abundance]
Lv abbr. Luncheon voucher.
Lw symb. Lawrencium.
-ly1 suffix forming adjectives, esp. From nouns, meaning: 1 having the qualities
-ly1 suffix forming adjectives, esp. From nouns, meaning: 1 having the qualities of (princely). 2 recurring at intervals of (daily). [old english]
-ly2 suffix forming adverbs from adjectives (boldly; happily). [old english]
Lychee n. (also litchi, lichee) 1 sweet white juicy fruit in a brown skin. 2 tree, orig. From china, bearing this. [chinese]
Lych-gate var. Of *lich-gate.
Lycra n. Propr. Elastic polyurethane fabric used esp. For sportswear.
Lye n. 1 water made alkaline with wood ashes. 2 any alkaline solution for washing. [old english]
Lying pres. Part. Of *lie1, *lie2.
Lymph n. 1 colourless fluid from the tissues of the body, containing white blood cells. 2 this fluid used as a vaccine. [latin lympha]
Lymphatic adj. 1 of, secreting, or conveying lymph. 2 (of a person) pale, flabby, or sluggish.
Lymphatic system n. Network of vessels conveying lymph.
Lymph gland n. (also lymph node) small mass of tissue in the lymphatic system.
Lymphoma n. (pl. -s or -mata) tumour of the lymph nodes.
Lynch v. (of a mob) put (a person) to death without a legal trial. lynching n. [originally us, after lynch, 18th-c. Justice of the peace in virginia]
Lynch law n. Procedure followed when a person is lynched.
Lynx n. (pl. Same or -s) wild cat with a short tail and spotted fur. [greek lugx]
Lynx-eyed adj. Keen-sighted.
Lyre n. Ancient u-shaped stringed instrument. [greek lura]
Lyre-bird n. Australian bird, the male of which has a lyre-shaped tail display.
Lyric —adj. 1 (of poetry) expressing the writer’s emotions, usu. Briefly and in stanzas. 2 (of a poet) writing in this manner. 3 meant or fit to be sung, songlike. —n. 1 lyric poem. 2 (in pl.) Words of a song. [latin: related to *lyre]
Lyrical adj. 1 = *lyric. 2 resembling, or using language appropriate to, lyric poetry. 3 colloq. Highly enthusiastic (wax lyrical about). lyrically adv.
Lyricism n. Quality of being lyric.
Lyricist n. Writer of (esp. Popular) lyrics.
Lysergic acid diethylamide n. = *lsd. [from hydrolysis, ergot, *-ic]
-lysis comb. Form forming nouns denoting disintegration or decomposition (electrolysis). [greek lusis loosening]
-lyte suffix forming nouns denoting substances that can be decomposed (electrolyte). [greek lutos loosened]
M
M1 n. (pl. Ms or m’s) 1 thirteenth letter of the alphabet. 2 (as a roman numeral)
1,000.
M2 abbr. (also m.) 1 master. 2 monsieur. 3 motorway. 4 mega-.
M abbr. (also m.) 1 male. 2 masculine. 3 married. 4 mile(s). 5 metre(s). 6 million(s). 7 minute(s). 8 milli-.
Ma abbr. Master of arts.
Ma n. Colloq. Mother. [abbreviation of *mama]
Ma’am n. Madam (used esp. In addressing royalty). [contraction]
Mac n. (also mack) colloq. Mackintosh. [abbreviation]
Macabre adj. Grim, gruesome. [french]
Macadam n. 1 broken stone as material for road-making. 2 = *tarmacadam. macadamize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [mcadam, name of a surveyor]
Macadamia n. Edible seed of an australian tree. [macadam, name of a chemist]
Macaque n. A kind of monkey, e.g. The rhesus monkey and barbary ape, with prominent cheek-pouches. [portuguese, = monkey]
Macaroni n. Small pasta tubes. [italian from greek]
Macaroon n. Small almond cake or biscuit. [italian: related to *macaroni]
Macaw n. Long-tailed brightly coloured american parrot. [portuguese macao]
Mccarthyism n. Hist. Hunting out and sacking of communists in the us. [mccarthy, name of a senator]
Mccoy n. the real mccoy colloq. The real thing; the genuine article. [origin uncertain]
Mace1 n. 1 staff of office, esp. Symbol of the speaker’s authority in the house of commons. 2 person bearing this. [french from romanic]
Mace2 n. Dried outer covering of the nutmeg as a spice. [latin macir]
Macédoine n. Mixed vegetables or fruit, esp. Diced or jellied. [french]
Macerate v. (-ting) 1 soften by soaking. 2 waste away by fasting. maceration n. [latin]
Mach n. (in full mach number) ratio of the speed of a body to the speed of sound in the surrounding medium. [mach, name of a physicist]
Machete n. Broad heavy knife, esp. Of central america. [spanish from latin]
Machiavellian adj. Elaborately cunning; scheming, unscrupulous. machiavellianism n. [machiavelli, name of a political writer]
Machination n. (usu. In pl.) Plot, intrigue. machinate v. (-ting). [latin: related to *machine]
Machine —n. 1 apparatus for applying mechanical power, having several interrelated parts. 2 particular machine, esp. A vehicle or an electrical or electronic apparatus. 3 controlling system of an organization etc. (party machine). 4 person who acts mechanically. 5 (esp. In comb.) Mechanical dispenser with slots for coins (cigarette machine). —v. (-ning) make or operate on with a machine. [greek mekhane]
Machine code n. (also machine language) computer language for a particular computer.
Machine-gun —n. Automatic gun giving continuous fire. —v. (-nn-) shoot at
Machine-readable adj. In a form that a computer can process.
Machinery n. (pl. -ies) 1 machines. 2 mechanism. 3 (usu. Foll. By of) organized system. 4 (usu. Foll. By for) means devised.
Machine tool n. Mechanically operated tool.
Machinist n. 1 person who operates a machine, esp. A sewing-machine or a machine tool. 2 person who makes machinery.
Machismo n. Being macho; masculine pride. [spanish]
Macho adj. Aggressively masculine. [from *machismo]
Mach one n. (also mach two etc.) The speed (or twice etc. The speed) of sound.
Macintosh var. Of *mackintosh.
Mack var. Of *mac.
Mackerel n. (pl. Same or -s) marine fish used as food. [anglo-french]
Mackerel sky n. Sky dappled with rows of small white fleecy clouds.
Mackintosh n. (also macintosh) 1 waterproof coat or cloak. 2 cloth waterproofed with rubber. [macintosh, name of its inventor]
Macramé n. 1 art of knotting cord or string in patterns to make decorative articles. 2 work so made. [arabic, = bedspread]
Macro-comb. Form 1 long. 2 large, large-scale. [greek makros long]
Macrobiotic —adj. Of a diet intended to prolong life, esp. Consisting of wholefoods. —n. (in pl.; treated as sing.) Theory of such a diet. [greek bios life]
Macrocarpa n. Evergreen tree, often cultivated for hedges or wind-breaks. [greek *macro-, karpos fruit]
Macrocosm n. 1 universe. 2 the whole of a complex structure. [from *macro-, *cosmos]
Macroeconomics n. The study of the economy as a whole. macroeconomic adj.
Macron n. Mark ( ) over a long or stressed vowel. [greek, neuter of makros long]
Macron n. Mark ( ) over a long or stressed vowel. [greek, neuter of makros long]
Macroscopic adj. 1 visible to the naked eye. 2 regarded in terms of large units.
Macula n. (pl. -lae) dark, esp. Permanent, spot in the skin. maculation n. [latin, = spot, mesh]
Mad adj. (madder, maddest) 1 insane; frenzied. 2 wildly foolish. 3 (often foll. By about, on) colloq. Wildly excited or infatuated. 4 colloq. Angry. 5 (of an animal) rabid. 6 wildly light-hearted. like mad colloq. With great energy or enthusiasm. madness n. [old english]
Madam n. 1 polite or respectful form of address or mode of reference to a woman. 2 colloq. Conceited or precocious girl or young woman. 3 woman brothel-keeper. [related to *madame]
Madame n. 1 (pl. Mesdames) mrs or madam (used of or to a french-speaking woman). 2 (madame) = *madam 1. [french ma dame my lady]
Madcap —adj. Wildly impulsive. —n. Wildly impulsive person.
Mad cow disease n. Colloq. = *bse.
Madden v. 1 make or become mad. 2 irritate. maddening adj. Maddeningly adv.
Madder n. 1 herbaceous plant with yellowish flowers. 2 a red dye from its root.
B its synthetic substitute. [old english]
Made past and past part. Of *make. —adj. 1 built or formed (well-made). 2 successful (self-made man; be made). have (or have got) it made colloq. Be sure of success. Made for ideally suited to. Made of consisting of. Made of money colloq. Very rich.
Madeira n. 1 fortified white wine from madeira. 2 (in full madeira cake) a kind of sponge cake.
Mademoiselle n. (pl. Mesdemoiselles) 1 miss or madam (used of or to an unmarried french-speaking woman). 2 (mademoiselle) a young frenchwoman. B french governess. [french ma my, demoiselle *damsel]
Made to measure adj. Tailor-made.
Madhouse n. 1 colloq. Scene of confused uproar. 2 archaic mental home or hospital.
Madly adv. 1 in a mad manner. 2 colloq. A passionately. B extremely.
Madman n. Man who is mad.
Madonna n. 1 (prec. By the) the virgin mary. 2 (madonna) picture or statue of her. [italian, = my lady]
Madrigal n. Part-song, usu. Unaccompanied, for several voices. [italian]
Madwoman n. Woman who is mad.
Maelstrom n. 1 great whirlpool. 2 state of confusion. [dutch]
Maenad n. 1 bacchante. 2 frenzied woman. maenadic adj. [greek mainomai rave]
Maestro n. (pl. Maestri or -s) 1 distinguished musician, esp. A conductor, composer, or teacher. 2 great performer in any sphere. [italian]
Mae west n. Slang inflatable life-jacket. [name of a film actress]
Mafia n. 1 organized body of criminals, orig. In sicily, now also in italy and the us. 2 (mafia) group regarded as exerting an intimidating and corrupt power. [italian dial., = bragging]
Mafioso n. (pl. Mafiosi) member of the mafia. [italian: related to *mafia]
Mag n. Colloq. = *magazine 1. [abbreviation]
Magazine n. 1 illustrated periodical publication containing articles, stories, etc. 2 chamber holding cartridges to be fed automatically to the breech of a gun. 3 similar device in a slide projector etc. 4 military store for arms etc. 5 store for explosives. [arabic makazin]
Magenta —n. 1 shade of crimson. 2 aniline crimson dye. —adj. Of or coloured with magenta. [magenta in n. Italy]
Maggot n. Larva, esp. Of the housefly or bluebottle. maggoty adj. [perhaps an alteration of maddock, from old norse]
Magi pl. Of *magus.
Magic —n. 1 a supposed art of influencing or controlling events supernaturally. B witchcraft. 2 conjuring tricks. 3 inexplicable influence. 4 enchanting quality or phenomenon. —adj. 1 of magic. 2 producing surprising results. 3 colloq.
Wonderful, exciting. —v. (-ck-) change or create by or as if by magic. like magic very rapidly. Magic away cause to disappear as if by magic. [greek magikos: related to *magus]
Magical adj. 1 of magic. 2 resembling, or produced as if by, magic. 3 wonderful, enchanting. magically adv.
Magic eye n. Photoelectric device used for detection, automatic control, etc.
Magician n. 1 person skilled in magic. 2 conjuror.
Magic lantern n. Primitive form of slide projector.
Magisterial adj. 1 imperious. 2 authoritative. 3 of a magistrate. magisterially adv. [medieval latin: related to *master]
Magistracy n. (pl. -ies) 1 magisterial office. 2 magistrates collectively.
Magistrate n. 1 civil officer administering the law. 2 official conducting a court for minor cases and preliminary hearings. [latin: related to *master]
Magma n. (pl. -s) molten rock under the earth’s crust, from which igneous rock is formed by cooling. [greek masso knead]
Magna carta n. (also magna charta) charter of liberty obtained from king john in 1215. [medieval latin, = great charter]
Magnanimous adj. Nobly generous; not petty in feelings or conduct. magnanimity n. Magnanimously adv. [latin magnus great, animus mind]
Magnate n. Wealthy and influential person, usu. In business. [latin magnus great]
Magnesia n. 1 magnesium oxide. 2 hydrated magnesium carbonate, used as an antacid and laxative. [magnesia in asia minor]
Magnesium n. Silvery metallic element.
Magnet n. 1 piece of iron, steel, alloy, ore, etc., having the properties of attracting iron and of pointing approximately north and south when suspended. 2 lodestone. 3 person or thing that attracts. [greek magnes -etos of magnesia: related to *magnesia]
Magnetic adj. 1 a having the properties of a magnet. B produced or acting by magnetism. 2 capable of being attracted by or acquiring the properties of a magnet. 3 strongly attractive (magnetic personality). magnetically adv.
Magnetic field n. Area of force around a magnet.
Magnetic mine n. Underwater mine detonated by the approach of a large mass of metal, e.g. A ship.
Magnetic needle n. Piece of magnetized steel used as an indicator on the dial of a compass etc.
Magnetic north n. Point indicated by the north end of a magnetic needle.
Magnetic pole n. Point near the north or south pole where a magnetic needle dips vertically.
Magnetic storm n. Disturbance of the earth’s magnetic field by charged particles from the sun etc.
Magnetic tape n. Plastic strip coated with magnetic material for recording sound or pictures.
Magnetism n. 1 a magnetic phenomena and their science. B property of producing these. 2 attraction; personal charm.
Magnetize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 give magnetic properties to. 2 make into a magnet. 3 attract as a magnet does. magnetizable adj. Magnetization n.
Magneto n. (pl. -s) electric generator using permanent magnets (esp. For the ignition of an internal-combustion engine). [abbreviation of magneto-electric]
Magnificat n. Hymn of the virgin mary used as a canticle. [from its opening word]
Magnification n. 1 magnifying or being magnified. 2 degree of this.
Magnificent adj. 1 splendid, stately. 2 colloq. Fine, excellent. magnificence n. Magnificently adv. [latin magnificus from magnus great]
Magnify v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make (a thing) appear larger than it is, as with a lens. 2 exaggerate. 3 intensify. 4 archaic extol. magnifiable adj. Magnifier n. [latin:
Magnifying glass n. Lens used to magnify.
Magnitude n. 1 largeness. 2 size. 3 importance. 4 a degree of brightness of a star. B class of stars arranged according to this (of the third magnitude). of the first magnitude very important. [latin magnus great]
Magnolia n. 1 tree with dark-green foliage and waxy flowers. 2 creamy-pink colour. [magnol, name of a botanist]
Magnox n. Magnesium-based alloy used to enclose uranium fuel elements in some nuclear reactors. [magnesium no oxidation]
Magnum n. (pl. -s) wine bottle twice the normal size. [latin, neuter of magnus great]
Magnum opus n. Great work of art, literature, etc., esp. An artist’s most important work. [latin]
Magpie n. 1 a kind of crow with a long tail and black and white plumage. 2 chatterer. 3 indiscriminate collector. [from mag, abbreviation of margaret, *pie2]
Magus n. (pl. Magi) 1 priest of ancient persia. 2 sorcerer. 3 (the magi) the ‘wise men’ from the east (matt. 2:1–12). [persian magus]
Magyar —n. 1 member of the chief ethnic group in hungary. 2 their language. — adj. Of this people. [native name]
Maharaja n. (also maharajah) hist. Title of some indian princes. [hindi, = great rajah]
Maharanee n. (also maharani) (pl. -s) hist. Maharaja’s wife or widow. [hindi, = great ranee]
Maharishi n. (pl. -s) great hindu sage. [hindi]
Mahatma n. 1 (in india etc.) Revered person. 2 one of a class of persons supposed by some buddhists to have preternatural powers. [sanskrit, = great soul]
Mah-jong n. (also -jongg) game played with 136 or 144 pieces called tiles. [chinese dial. Ma-tsiang sparrows]
Mahlstick var. Of *maulstick.
Mahogany n. (pl. -ies) 1 reddish-brown tropical wood used for furniture. 2 its colour. [origin unknown]
Mahonia n. Evergreen shrub with yellow bell-shaped flowers. [french or spanish]
Mahout n. (in india etc.) Elephant-driver. [hindi from sanskrit]
Maid n. 1 female servant. 2 archaic or poet. Girl, young woman. [abbreviation of *maiden]
Maiden n. 1 a archaic or poet. Girl; young unmarried woman. B (attrib.) Unmarried (maiden aunt). 2 = *maiden over. 3 (attrib.) (of a female animal) unmated. 4 (often attrib.) A horse that has never won a race. B race open only to such horses. 5 (attrib.) First (maiden speech; maiden voyage). maidenhood n. Maidenly adj. [old english]
Maidenhair n. Fern with hairlike stalks and delicate fronds.
Maidenhead n. 1 virginity. 2 hymen.
Maiden name n. Woman’s surname before marriage.
Maiden over n. Over in cricket in which no runs are scored.
Maid of honour n. 1 unmarried lady attending a queen or princess. 2 esp. Us principal bridesmaid.
Maidservant n. Female servant.
Mail1 —n. 1 a letters and parcels etc. Carried by post. B postal system. C one complete delivery or collection of mail. 2 email. 3 vehicle carrying mail. —v. Send by post or email. [french male wallet]
Mail2 n. Armour of metal rings or plates. [french maille from latin macula]
Mailbag n. Large sack for carrying mail.
Mailbox n. Us letter-box.
Mailing list n. List of people to whom advertising matter etc. Is posted.
Mail order n. Purchase of goods by post.
Mailshot n. Advertising material sent to potential customers.
Maim v. Cripple, disable, mutilate. [french mahaignier]
Main —adj. 1 chief, principal. 2 exerted to the full (by main force). —n. 1 principal duct etc. For water, sewage, etc. 2 (usu. In pl.; prec. By the) a central distribution network for electricity, gas, water, etc. B domestic electricity supply as distinct from batteries. 3 poet. High seas (spanish main). in the main mostly. [old english]
Main brace n. Brace attached to the main yard.
Main chance n. (prec. By the) one’s own interests.
Mainframe n. 1 central processing unit of a large computer. 2 (often attrib.) Large computer system.
Mainland n. Large continuous extent of land, excluding neighbouring islands.
Mainline v. (-ning) slang 1 take drugs intravenously. 2 inject (drugs) intravenously. mainliner n.
Main line n. Railway line linking large cities.
Mainly adv. Mostly; chiefly.
Mainmast n. Principal mast of a ship.
Mainsail n. 1 (in a square-rigged vessel) lowest sail on the mainmast. 2 (in a fore-and-aft rigged vessel) sail set on the after part of the mainmast.
Mainspring n. 1 principal spring of a watch, clock, etc. 2 chief motivating force; incentive.
Mainstay n. 1 chief support. 2 stay from the maintop to the foot of the foremast.
Mainstream n. 1 (often attrib.) Ultimately prevailing trend in opinion, fashion, etc. 2 type of swing jazz, esp. With solo improvisation. 3 principal current of ariver etc.
Maintain v. 1 cause to continue; keep up (an activity etc.). 2 support by work, expenditure, etc. 3 assert as true. 4 preserve (a house, machine, etc.) In good repair. 5 provide means for. [latin manus hand, teneo hold]
Maintained school n. School supported from public funds, state school.
Maintenance n. 1 maintaining or being maintained. 2 a provision of the means to support life. B alimony. [french: related to *maintain]
Maintop n. Platform above the head of the lower mainmast.
Maintopmast n. Mast above the head of the lower mainmast.
Main yard n. Yard on which the mainsail is extended.
Maiolica n. (also majolica) white tin-glazed earthenware decorated with metallic colours or enamelled. [italian, from the former name of majorca]
colours or enamelled. [italian, from the former name of majorca]
Maisonette n. 1 flat on more than one floor. 2 small house. [french maisonnette diminutive of maison house]
Maize n. 1 cereal plant of n. America. 2 cobs or grain of this. [french or spanish]
Maj. Abbr. Major.
Majestic adj. Stately and dignified; imposing. majestically adv.
Majesty n. (pl. -ies) 1 stateliness, dignity, or authority, esp. Of bearing, language, etc. 2 a royal power. B (majesty) (prec. By his, her, your) forms of description oraddress for a sovereign or a sovereign’s wife or widow (your majesty; her majesty the queen mother). [latin majestas: related to *major]
Majolica var. Of *maiolica.
Major —adj. 1 relatively great in size, intensity, scope, or importance. 2 (of surgery) serious. 3 mus. A (of a scale) having intervals of a semitone above its third and seventh notes. B (of an interval) greater by a semitone than a minor interval (major third). C (of a key) based on a major scale. 4 of full legal age. — n. 1 a army officer next below lieutenant-colonel. B officer in charge of a band section (drum major). 2 person of full legal age. 3 us a student’s main subject or course. B student of this. —v. (foll. By in) us study or qualify in (a subject) as one’s main subject. [latin, comparative of magnus great]
Major-domo n. (pl. -s) chief steward of a great household. [medieval latin major domus highest official of the household]
Majorette n. = *drum majorette. [abbreviation]
Major-general n. Officer next below a lieutenant-general.
Majority n. (pl. -ies) 1 (usu. Foll. By of) greater number or part. 2 a number of votes by which a candidate wins. B party etc. Receiving the greater number of votes. 3 full legal age. 4 rank of major. [medieval latin: related to *major]
Usage in sense 1, majority is strictly used only with countable nouns, as in the majority of people, and not (e.g.) The majority of the work.
Majority rule n. Principle that the greater number should exercise the greater power.
Make —v. (-king; past and past part. Made) 1 construct; create; form from parts or other substances. 2 cause or compel (made me do it). 3 a cause to exist; bring about (made a noise). B cause to become or seem (made him angry; made a fool of me; made him a knight). 4 compose; prepare; write (made her will; made a film). 5 constitute; amount to; be reckoned as (2 and 2 make 4). 6 a undertake (made a promise; make an effort). B perform (an action etc.) (made a face; made a bow). 7 gain, acquire, procure (money, a living, a profit, etc.). 8 prepare (tea, coffee, a meal, etc.). 9 a arrange (a bed) for use. B arrange and light materials for (a fire). 10 a proceed (made towards the river). B (foll. By to + infin.) Act as if with the intention to (he made to go). 11 colloq. A arrive at (a place) or in time
for (a train etc.). B manage to attend; manage to attend on (a certain day) or at (a certain time) (couldn’t make the meeting last week; can make any day except friday). C achieve a place in (made the first eleven). 12 establish or enact (a distinction, rule, law, etc.). 13 consider to be; estimate as (what do you make the total?). 14 secure the success or advancement of (his second novel made him; it made my day).
Make-believe —n. Pretence. —attrib. Adj. Pretended.
Maker n. 1 person who makes. 2 (maker) god.
Makeshift —adj. Temporary. —n. Temporary substitute or device.
Make-up n. 1 cosmetics, as used generally or by actors. 2 character, temperament, etc. 3 composition (of a thing).
Makeweight n. 1 small quantity added to make up the weight. 2 person or thing supplying a deficiency.
Making n. (in pl.) 1 earnings; profit. 2 essential qualities or ingredients (has the makings of a pilot). be the making of ensure the success of. In the making in the course of being made or formed. [old english: related to *make]
Mal-comb. Form 1 a bad, badly (malpractice; maltreat). B faulty (malfunction). 2 not (maladroit). [french mal badly, from latin male]
Malachite n. Green mineral used for ornament. [greek molokhitis]
Maladjusted adj. (of a person) unable to adapt to or cope with the demands of a social environment. maladjustment n.
Maladminister v. Manage badly or improperly. maladministration n.
Maladroit adj. Clumsy; bungling. [french: related to *mal-]
Malady n. (pl. -ies) ailment, disease. [french malade sick]
Malaise n. 1 general bodily discomfort or lassitude. 2 feeling of unease or demoralization. [french: related to *ease]
Malapropism n. Comical misuse of a word in mistake for one sounding similar, e.g. Alligator for allegory. [mrs malaprop, name of a character in sheridan’s therivals]
Malaria n. Recurrent fever caused by a parasite transmitted by a mosquito bite. malarial adj. [italian, = bad air]
Malarkey n. Colloq. Humbug; nonsense. [origin unknown]
Malay —n. 1 member of a people predominating in malaysia and indonesia. 2 their language. —adj. Of this people or language. malayan n. & adj. [malay malayu]
Malcontent —n. Discontented person. —adj. Discontented. [french: related to *mal-]
Male —adj. 1 of the sex that can beget offspring by fertilization. 2 of men or male animals, plants, etc.; masculine. 3 (of plants or flowers) containing stamens but no pistil. 4 (of parts of machinery etc.) Designed to enter or fill the corresponding hollow part (male screw). —n. Male person or animal. maleness n. [latin masculus from mas a male]
Male chauvinist n. = *chauvinist 2.
Malediction n. 1 curse. 2 utterance of a curse. maledictory adj. [latin maledictio:
related to *mal-]
Malefactor n. Criminal; evildoer. malefaction n. [latin male badly, facio fact-do]
Male menopause n. Colloq. Crisis of potency, confidence, etc., supposed to afflict some men in middle life.
Malevolent adj. Wishing evil to others. malevolence n. Malevolently adv. [latin volo wish]
Malfeasance n. Formal misconduct, esp. In an official capacity. [french: related to *mal-]
Malformation n. Faulty formation. malformed adj.
Malfunction —n. Failure to function normally. —v. Fail to function normally.
Malice n. 1 desire to harm or cause difficulty to others; ill-will. 2 law harmful intent. [latin malus bad]
Malice aforethought n. Law intention to commit a crime, esp. Murder.
Malicious adj. Given to or arising from malice. maliciously adv.
Malign —adj. 1 (of a thing) injurious. 2 (of a disease) malignant. 3 malevolent. —v. Speak ill of; slander. malignity n. [latin malus bad]
Malignant adj. 1 a (of a disease) very virulent or infectious. B (of a tumour) spreading or recurring; cancerous. 2 harmful; feeling or showing intense ill-will. malignancy n. Malignantly adv. [latin: related to *malign]
Malinger v. Pretend to be ill, esp. To escape work. malingerer n. [french malingre sickly]
Mall n. 1 sheltered walk or promenade. 2 shopping precinct. [the mall, street in
Mallard n. (pl. Same) a kind of wild duck. [french]
Malleable adj. 1 (of metal etc.) That can be shaped by hammering. 2 easily influenced; pliable. malleability n. Malleably adv. [medieval latin: related to *mallet]
Mallet n. 1 hammer, usu. Of wood. 2 implement for striking a croquet or polo ball. [latin malleus hammer]
Mallow n. Plant with hairy stems and leaves and pink or purple flowers. [latin malva]
Malmsey n. A strong sweet wine. [low german or dutch from monemvasia in greece]
Malnourished adj. Suffering from malnutrition. malnourishment n.
Malnutrition n. Condition resulting from the lack of foods necessary for health.
Malodorous adj. Evil-smelling.
Malpractice n. Improper, negligent, or criminal professional conduct.
Malt —n. 1 barley, or other grain, steeped, germinated, and dried, for brewing etc. 2 colloq. Malt whisky; malt liquor. —v. Convert (grain) into malt. malty adj.(-ier, -iest). [old english]
Malted milk n. Drink made from dried milk and extract of malt.
Maltese —n. (pl. Same) native or language of malta. —adj. Of malta.
Maltese cross n. Cross with the arms broadening outwards, often indented at the ends.
Malthusian adj. Of malthus’s doctrine that the population should be restricted so as to prevent an increase beyond its means of subsistence. malthusianism n. [malthus, name of a clergyman]
Maltose n. Sugar made from starch by enzymes in malt, saliva, etc. [french:
related to *malt]
Maltreat v. Ill-treat. maltreatment n. [french: related to *mal-]
Malt whisky n. Whisky made solely from malted barley.
Mama n. (also mamma) archaic mother. [imitative of child’s ma, ma]
Mamba n. Venomous african snake. [zulu imamba]
Mambo n. (pl. -s) latin american dance like the rumba. [american spanish]
Mamma var. Of *mama.
Mammal n. Warm-blooded vertebrate of the class secreting milk to feed its young. mammalian adj. & n. [latin mamma breast]
Mammary adj. Of the breasts.
Mammogram n. Image obtained by mammography. [latin mamma breast]
Mammography n. X-ray technique for screening the breasts for tumours etc.
Mammon n. Wealth regarded as a god or evil influence. [aramaic mamon]
Mammoth —n. Large extinct elephant with a hairy coat and curved tusks. —adj. Huge. [russian]
Man —n. (pl. Men) 1 adult human male. 2 a human being; person. B the human
race. 3 a workman (the manager spoke to the men). B manservant, valet. 4 (usu. In pl.) Soldiers, sailors, etc., esp. Non-officers. 5 suitable or appropriate person; expert (he is your man; the man for the job). 6 a husband (man and wife). B colloq. Boyfriend, lover. 7 human being of a specified type or historical period (renaissance man; peking man). 8 piece in chess, draughts, etc. 9 colloq. As a form of address. 10 person pursued; opponent (police caught their man). —v. (-nn-) 1 supply with a person or people for work or defence. 2 work, service, or defend (man the pumps). 3 fill (a post). as one man in unison. Be one’s own man be independent. To a man without exception. manlike adj. [old english]
Man about town n. Fashionable socializer.
Manacle —n. (usu. In pl.) 1 fetter for the hand; handcuff. 2 restraint. —v. (-ling) fetter with manacles. [latin manus hand]
Manage v. (-ging) 1 organize; regulate; be in charge of. 2 succeed in achieving; contrive (managed to come; managed a smile; managed to ruin the day). 3 (often foll. By with) succeed with limited resources etc.; be able to cope. 4 succeed in controlling. 5 (often prec. By can etc.) A cope with (couldn’t manage another bite). B be free to attend on or at (can manage monday). 6 use or wield (a tool etc.). manageable adj. [latin manus hand]
Management n. 1 managing or being managed. 2 a administration of business or public undertakings. B people engaged in this, esp. Those controlling a workforce.
Manager n. 1 person controlling or administering a business or part of a business. 2 person controlling the affairs, training, etc. Of a person or team in sports, entertainment, etc. 3 person of a specified level of skill in household or financial affairs etc. (a good manager). managerial adj.
Manageress n. Woman manager, esp. Of a shop, hotel, etc.
Managing director n. Director with executive control or authority.
Mañana —adv. Tomorrow (esp. To indicate procrastination). —n. Indefinite future. [spanish]
Man-at-arms n. (pl. Men-at-arms) archaic soldier.
Manatee n. Large aquatic plant-eating mammal. [spanish from carib]
Mancunian —n. Native of manchester. —adj. Of manchester. [latin mancunium]
Mandala n. Circular figure as a religious symbol of the universe. [sanskrit]
Mandamus n. Judicial writ issued as a command to an inferior court, or ordering a person to perform a public or statutory duty. [latin, = we command]
Mandarin n. 1 (mandarin) official language of china. 2 hist. Chinese official. 3 powerful person, esp. A top civil servant. 4 (in full mandarin orange) = *tangerine 1. [hindi mantri]
Mandate —n. 1 official command or instruction. 2 authority given by electors to
a government, trade union, etc. 3 authority to act for another. —v. (-ting) instruct (a delegate) how to act or vote. [latin mandatum, past part. Of mando command]
Mandatory adj. 1 compulsory. 2 of or conveying a command. mandatorily adv. [latin: related to *mandate]
Mandible n. 1 jaw, esp. The lower jaw in mammals and fishes. 2 upper or lower part of a bird’s beak. 3 either half of the crushing organ in the mouthparts of an insect etc. [latin mando chew]
Mandolin n. A kind of lute with paired metal strings plucked with a plectrum. mandolinist n. [french from italian]
Mandrake n. Poisonous narcotic plant with large yellow fruit. [greek mandragoras]
Mandrel n. 1 lathe-shaft to which work is fixed while being turned. 2 cylindrical rod round which metal or other material is forged or shaped. [origin unknown]
Mandrill n. Large w. African baboon. [probably from *man, *drill4]
Mane n. 1 long hair on the neck of a horse, lion, etc. 2 colloq. Person’s long hair. [old english]
Manège n. (also manege) 1 riding-school. 2 movements of a trained horse. 3
horsemanship. [italian: related to *manage]
Maneuver (brit. Manoeuvre) —n. 1 planned and controlled movement of a vehicle or body of troops etc. 2 (in pl.) Large-scale exercise of troops, ships, etc. 3 agile or skilful movement. 4 artful plan. —v. (-ring) 1 move (a thing, esp. A vehicle) carefully. 2 perform or cause (troops etc.) To perform manoeuvres. 3 a (usu. Foll. By into, out of, etc.) Manipulate (a person, thing, etc.) By scheming or adroitness. B use artifice. manoeuvrable adj. Manoeuvrability n. [medieval latin manu operor work with the hand]
Man friday n. Male helper or follower.
Manful adj. Brave; resolute. manfully adv.
Manganese n. 1 grey brittle metallic element. 2 black mineral oxide of this used in glass-making etc. [italian: related to *magnesia]
Mange n. Skin disease in hairy and woolly animals. [french mangeue itch, from latin manduco chew]
Mangel-wurzel n. (also mangold-) large beet used as cattle food. [german mangold beet, wurzel root]
Manger n. Box or trough for horses or cattle to feed from. [latin: related to *mange]
Mange-tout n. A kind of pea eaten in the pod. [french, = eat-all]
Mangle1 —n. Machine of two or more cylinders for squeezing water from and pressing wet clothes. —v. (-ling) press (clothes etc.) In a mangle. [dutch mangel]
Mangle2 v. (-ling) 1 hack or mutilate by blows. 2 spoil (a text etc.) By gross blunders. 3 cut roughly so as to disfigure. [anglo-french ma(ha)ngler: probably related to *maim]
Mango n. (pl. -es or -s) 1 tropical fruit with yellowish flesh. 2 tree bearing this. [tamil mankay]
Mangold-wurzel var. Of *mangel-wurzel.
Mangrove n. Tropical tree or shrub growing in shore-mud with many tangled roots above ground. [origin unknown]
Mangy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having mange. 2 squalid; shabby.
Manhandle v. (-ling) 1 colloq. Handle (a person) roughly. 2 move by human effort.
Manhole n. Covered opening in a pavement, sewer, etc. For workmen to gain access.
Manhood n. 1 state of being a man. 2 a manliness; courage. B a man’s sexual potency. 3 men of a country etc.
Man-hour n. Work done by one person in one hour.
Manhunt n. Organized search for a person, esp. A criminal.
Mania n. 1 mental illness marked by excitement and violence. 2 (often foll. By for) excessive enthusiasm; obsession. [greek mainomai be mad]
-mania comb. Form 1 denoting a special type of mental disorder (megalomania).
2 denoting enthusiasm or admiration (beatlemania).
Maniac —n. 1 colloq. Person behaving wildly (too many maniacs on the road). 2 colloq. Obsessive enthusiast. 3 person suffering from mania. —adj. Of or behaving like a maniac. maniacal adj. Maniacally adv.
-maniac comb. Form forming adjectives and nouns meaning ‘affected with – mania’ or ‘a person affected with -mania’ (nymphomaniac).
Manic adj. 1 of or affected by mania. 2 colloq. Wildly excited; frenzied; excitable. manically adv.
Manic-depressive —adj. Relating to a mental disorder with alternating periods of elation and depression. —n. Person with such a disorder.
Manicure —n. Cosmetic treatment of the hands and fingernails. —v. (-ring) give a manicure to (the hands or a person). manicurist n. [latin manus hand, cura care]
Manifest —adj. Clear or obvious to the eye or mind. —v. 1 show (a quality or feeling) by one’s acts etc. 2 show plainly to the eye or mind. 3 be evidence of; prove. 4 refl. (of a thing) reveal itself. 5 (of a ghost) appear. —n. Cargo or passenger list. manifestation n. Manifestly adv. [latin manifestus]
Manifesto n. (pl. -s) declaration of policies, esp. By a political party. [italian:
related to *manifest]
Manifold —adj. 1 many and various. 2 having various forms, parts, applications, etc. —n. 1 manifold thing. 2 pipe or chamber branching into several openings.[old english: related to *many, *-fold]
Manikin n. Little man; dwarf. [dutch]
Manila n. 1 (in full manila hemp) strong fibre of a kind of tree native to the philippines. 2 (also manila) strong brown paper made from this. [manila in the philippines]
Man in the street n. Ordinary person.
Manipulate v. (-ting) 1 handle, esp. With skill. 2 manage (a person, situation, etc.) To one’s own advantage, esp. Unfairly. 3 move (part of a patient’s body) by
hand in order to increase flexion etc. 4 computing edit or move (text, data, etc.). manipulable adj. Manipulation n. Manipulator n. [latin manus hand]
Manipulative adj. Tending to exploit a situation, person, etc., for one’s own ends. manipulatively adv.
Mankind n. 1 human species. 2 male people.
Manky adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. 1 bad, inferior, defective. 2 dirty. [obsolete mank defective]
Manly adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having qualities associated with a man (e.g. Strength and courage). 2 befitting a man. manliness n.
Man-made adj. (of textiles) artificial, synthetic.
Manna n. 1 substance miraculously supplied as food to the israelites in the wilderness (exod. 16). 2 unexpected benefit (esp. Manna from heaven). [old english ultimately from hebrew]
Manned adj. (of a spacecraft etc.) Having a human crew.
Mannequin n. 1 fashion model. 2 window dummy. [french, = *manikin]
Manner n. 1 way a thing is done or happens. 2 (in pl.) A social behaviour (good manners). B polite behaviour (has no manners). C modes of life; social conditions. 3 outward bearing, way of speaking, etc. 4 style (in the manner of rembrandt). 5 kind, sort (not by any manner of means). in a manner of speaking in a way; so to speak. To the manner born colloq. Naturally at ease in a particular situation etc. [latin manus hand]
Mannered adj. 1 (in comb.) Having specified manners (ill-mannered). 2 esp. Art full of mannerisms.
Mannerism n. 1 habitual gesture or way of speaking etc. 2 a stylistic trick in art etc. B excessive use of these. mannerist n.
Mannerly adj. Well-mannered, polite.
Mannish adj. 1 (of a woman) masculine in appearance or manner. 2 characteristic of a man. mannishly adv.
Manoeuvre (us maneuver) —n. 1 planned and controlled movement of a vehicle or body of troops etc. 2 (in pl.) Large-scale exercise of troops, ships, etc. 3 agile or skilful movement. 4 artful plan. —v. (-ring) 1 move (a thing, esp. A vehicle) carefully. 2 perform or cause (troops etc.) To perform manoeuvres. 3 a (usu.
Foll. By into, out of, etc.) Manipulate (a person, thing, etc.) By scheming or adroitness. B use artifice. manoeuvrable adj. Manoeuvrability n. [medieval latin manu operor work with the hand]
Man of letters n. Scholar or author.
Man of the world see *world.
Man-of-war n. (pl. Men-of-war) warship.
Manor n. 1 (also manor-house) large country house with lands. 2 hist. Feudal lordship over lands. 3 slang district covered by a police station. manorial adj. [latin maneo remain]
Manpower n. Number of people available for work, service, etc.
Manqué adj. (placed after noun) that might have been but is not (an actor manqué). [french]
Mansard n. Roof with four sloping sides, each of which becomes steeper halfway down. [mansart, name of an architect]
Manse n. Ecclesiastical residence, esp. A scottish presbyterian minister’s house. [medieval latin: related to *manor]
Manservant n. (pl. Menservants) male servant.
Mansion n. 1 large grand house. 2 (in pl.) Large building divided into flats. [latin: related to *manor]
Manslaughter n. Unintentional but not accidental unlawful killing of a human
Manslaughter n. Unintentional but not accidental unlawful killing of a human being.
Mantel n. Mantelpiece or mantelshelf. [var. Of *mantle]
Mantelpiece n. 1 structure of wood, marble, etc. Above and around a fireplace. 2 = *mantelshelf.
Mantelshelf n. Shelf above a fireplace.
Mantilla n. Lace scarf worn by spanish women over the hair and shoulders. [spanish: related to *mantle]
Mantis n. (pl. Same or mantises) (in full praying mantis) predatory insect that holds its forelegs like hands folded in prayer. [greek, = prophet]
Mantissa n. Part of a logarithm after the decimal point. [latin, = makeweight]
Mantle —n. 1 loose sleeveless cloak. 2 covering (mantle of snow). 3 fragile lacelike tube fixed round a gas-jet to give an incandescent light. 4 region between the crust and the core of the earth. —v. (-ling) clothe; conceal, envelop. [latin mantellum cloak]
Man to man adv. Candidly.
Mantra n. 1 hindu or buddhist devotional incantation. 2 vedic hymn. [sanskrit, = instrument of thought]
Mantrap n. Trap for catching trespassers etc.
Manual —adj. 1 of or done with the hands (manual labour). 2 a worked by hand, not automatically (manual gear-change). B (of a vehicle) worked by manual gear-change. —n. 1 reference book. 2 organ keyboard played with the hands, not the feet. 3 colloq. Vehicle with manual transmission. manually adv. [latin manus hand]
Manufacture —n. 1 making of articles, esp. In a factory etc. 2 branch of industry (woollen manufacture). —v. (-ring) 1 make (articles), esp. On an industrial scale. 2 invent or fabricate (evidence, a story, etc.). manufacturer n. [latin manufactum made by hand]
Manure —n. Fertilizer, esp. Dung. —v. (-ring) apply manure to (land etc.). [anglo-french mainoverer *manoeuvre]
Manuscript —n. 1 text written by hand. 2 author’s handwritten or typed text. 3 handwritten form (produced in manuscript). —adj. Written by hand. [medieval latin manuscriptus written by hand]
Manx —adj. Of the isle of man. —n. 1 former celtic language of the isle of man. 2 (prec. By the; treated as pl.) Manx people. [old norse]
Manx cat n. Tailless variety of cat.
Many —adj. (more; most) great in number; numerous (many people). —n. (as pl.) 1 many people or things. 2 (prec. By the) the majority of people. a good (or great) many a large number. Many’s the time often. Many a time many times. [old english]
Maoism n. Communist doctrines of mao zedong. maoist n. & adj. [mao zedong, name of a chinese statesman]
Maori —n. (pl. Same or -s) 1 member of the aboriginal people of new zealand. 2 their language. —adj. Of this people. [native name]
Map —n. 1 a flat representation of the earth’s surface, or part of it. B diagram of a route etc. 2 similar representation of the stars, sky, moon, etc. 3 diagram showing the arrangement or components of a thing. —v. (-pp-) 1 represent on a map. 2 math. Associate each element of (a set) with one element of another set. map out plan in detail. [latin mappa napkin]
Maple n. 1 any of various trees or shrubs grown for shade, ornament, wood, or sugar. 2 its wood. [old english]
Maple-leaf n. Emblem of canada.
Maple sugar n. Sugar produced by evaporating the sap of some kinds of maple.
Maple syrup n. Syrup made by evaporating maple sap or dissolving maple sugar.
Maquette n. Preliminary model or sketch. [italian macchia spot]
Maquis n. (pl. Same) 1 french resistance movement during the german occupation (1940–45). 2 member of this. [french, = brushwood]
Mar. Abbr. March.
Mar v. (-rr-) spoil; disfigure. [old english]
Marabou n. 1 large w. African stork. 2 its down as trimming etc. [french from arabic]
Maraca n. Clublike bean-filled gourd etc., shaken rhythmically in pairs in latin american music. [portuguese]
Maraschino n. (pl. -s) sweet liqueur made from black cherries. [italian]
Maraschino cherry n. Cherry preserved in maraschino and used in cocktails etc.
Marathon n. 1 long-distance running race, usu. Of 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km). 2 long-lasting or difficult undertaking etc. [marathon in greece, scene of a
decisive battle in 490 bc: a messenger supposedly ran with news of the outcome to athens]
Maraud v. 1 make a plundering raid (on). 2 pilfer systematically. marauder n. [french maraud rogue]
Marble —n. 1 crystalline limestone capable of taking a polish, used in sculpture and architecture. 2 (often attrib.) A anything of marble (marble clock). B anything like marble in hardness, coldness, etc. (her features were marble). 3 a small, esp. Glass, ball as a toy. B (in pl.; treated as sing.) Game using these. 4 (in pl.) Slang one’s mental faculties (he’s lost his marbles). 5 (in pl.) Collection of sculptures (elgin marbles). —v. (-ling) 1 (esp. As marbled adj.) Stain or colour (paper, soap, etc.) To look like variegated marble. 2 (as marbled adj.) (of meat) striped with fat and lean. [latin marmor from greek]
Marble cake n. Mottled cake of light and dark sponge.
Marbling n. 1 colouring or marking like marble. 2 streaks of fat in lean meat.
Marcasite n. 1 yellowish crystalline iron sulphide. 2 crystals of this used in jewellery. [arabic markashita]
March n. Third month of the year. [latin martius of mars]
March1 —v. 1 (cause to) walk in a military manner with a regular tread (army marched past; marched him away). 2 a walk purposefully. B (often foll. By on) (of events etc.) Continue unrelentingly (time marches on). 3 (foll. By on)
advance towards (a military objective). —n. 1 a act of marching. B uniform military step (slow march). 2 long difficult walk. 3 procession as a demonstration. 4 (usu. Foll. By of) progress or continuity (march of events). 5 a music to accompany a march. B similar musical piece. marcher n. [french marcher]
March2 —n. Hist. 1 (usu. In pl.) Boundary, frontier (esp. Between england and scotland or wales). 2 tract of land between two countries, esp. Disputed. —v. (foll. By upon, with) (of a country, an estate, etc.) Border on. [french marche from medieval latin marca]
March1 —v. 1 (cause to) walk in a military manner with a regular tread (army marched past; marched him away). 2 a walk purposefully. B (often foll. By on) (of events etc.) Continue unrelentingly (time marches on). 3 (foll. By on) advance towards (a military objective). —n. 1 a act of marching. B uniform military step (slow march). 2 long difficult walk. 3 procession as a demonstration. 4 (usu. Foll. By of) progress or continuity (march of events). 5 a music to accompany a march. B similar musical piece. marcher n. [french marcher]
March2 —n. Hist. 1 (usu. In pl.) Boundary, frontier (esp. Between england and scotland or wales). 2 tract of land between two countries, esp. Disputed. —v. (foll. By upon, with) (of a country, an estate, etc.) Border on. [french marche from medieval latin marca]
March hare n. Hare exuberant in the breeding season (mad as a march hare).
Marching orders n.pl. 1 order for troops to mobilize etc. 2 dismissal (gave him his marching orders).
Marchioness n. 1 wife or widow of a marquess. 2 woman holding the rank of
Marchioness n. 1 wife or widow of a marquess. 2 woman holding the rank of marquess. [medieval latin: related to *march2]
March past —n. Marching of troops past a saluting-point at a review. —v. (of troops) carry out a march past.
Mardi gras n. 1 a shrove tuesday in some catholic countries. B merrymaking on this day. 2 last day of a carnival etc. [french, = fat tuesday]
Mare1 n. Female equine animal, esp. A horse. [old english]
Mare2 n. (pl. Maria or -s) 1 large dark flat area on the moon, once thought to be sea. 2 similar area on mars. [latin, = sea]
Mare’s nest n. Illusory discovery.
Mare’s tail n. 1 tall slender marsh plant. 2 (in pl.) Long straight streaks of cirrus cloud.
Margarine n. Butter-substitute made from vegetable oils or animal fats with milk etc. [greek margaron pearl]
Marge n. Colloq. Margarine. [abbreviation]
Margin —n. 1 edge or border of a surface. 2 blank border flanking print etc. 3 amount by which a thing exceeds, falls short, etc. (won by a narrow margin). 4 lower limit (his effort fell below the margin). —v. (-n-) provide with a margin or marginal notes. [latin margo -ginis]
Marginal adj. 1 of or written in a margin. 2 a of or at the edge. B insignificant (of merely marginal interest). 3 (of a parliamentary seat etc.) Held by a small majority. 4 close to the limit, esp. Of profitability. 5 (of land) difficult to cultivate; unprofitable. 6 barely adequate. marginally adv. [medieval latin: related to *margin]
Marginal cost n. Cost added by making one extra copy etc.
Marginalia n.pl. Marginal notes.
Marginalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make or treat as insignificant.
marginalization n.
Margin of error n. Allowance for miscalculation etc.
Marguerite n. Ox-eye daisy. [latin margarita pearl]
Maria pl. Of *mare2.
Marigold n. Plant with golden or bright yellow flowers. [mary (probably the
virgin), gold (dial.) Marigold]
Marijuana n. (also marihuana) dried leaves etc. Of hemp, smoked in cigarettes as a drug. [american spanish]
Marimba n. 1 xylophone played by natives of africa and central america. 2 modern orchestral instrument derived from this. [congo]
Marina n. Harbour for pleasure-yachts etc. [latin: related to *marine]
Marinade —n. 1 mixture of wine, vinegar, oil, spices, etc., for soaking meat, fish, etc. Before cooking. 2 meat, fish, etc., so soaked. —v. (-ding) soak in a marinade. [spanish marinar pickle in brine: related to *marine]
Marinate v. (-ting) = marinade. marination n. [french: related to marine]
Marine —adj. 1 of, found in, or produced by the sea. 2 a of shipping or naval matters (marine insurance). B for use at sea. —n. 1 soldier trained to serve on land or sea. 2 country’s shipping, fleet, or navy (merchant marine). [latin mare sea]
Mariner n. Seaman.
Marionette n. Puppet worked by strings. [french: related to mary]
Marital adj. Of marriage or marriage relations. [latin maritus husband]
Marital adj. Of marriage or marriage relations. [latin maritus husband]
Maritime adj. 1 connected with the sea or seafaring (maritime insurance). 2 living or found near the sea. [latin: related to *marine]
Marjoram n. Aromatic herb used in cookery. [french from medieval latin]
Mark1 —n. 1 spot, sign, stain, scar, etc., on a surface etc. 2 (esp. In comb.) A written or printed symbol (question mark). B number or letter denoting proficiency, conduct, etc. (black mark; 46 marks out of 50). 3 (usu. Foll. By of) sign of quality, character, feeling, etc. (mark of respect). 4 a sign, seal, etc., of identification. B cross etc. Made as a signature by an illiterate person. 5 lasting effect (war left its mark). 6 a target etc. (missed the mark). B standard, norm (his work falls below the mark). 7 line etc. Indicating a position. 8 (usu. Mark) (followed by a numeral) particular design, model, etc., of a car, aircraft, etc. (mark 2 ford granada). 9 runner’s starting-point in a race. —v. 1 a make a mark on. B mark with initials, name, etc. To identify etc. 2 correct and assess (a student’s work etc.). 3 attach a price to (marked the doll at £5). 4 notice or observe (marked his agitation). 5 a characterize (day was marked by storms). B acknowledge, celebrate (marked the occasion with a toast). 6 name or indicate on a map etc. (the pub isn’t marked). 7 keep close to (an opponent in sport) to hinder him. 8 (as marked adj.) Have natural marks (is marked with dark spots). beside (or off or wide of) the mark 1 irrelevant. 2 not accurate. Make one’s mark attain distinction; make an impression. One’s mark colloq. Opponent, object, etc., of one’s own size etc. (the little one’s more my mark). Mark down 1 reduce the price of (goods etc.). 2 make a written note of. 3 reduce the examination marks of. Mark off separate by a boundary etc. Mark out 1 plan (a course of action etc.). 2 destine (marked out for success). 3 trace out (boundaries etc.). Mark time 1 march on the spot without moving forward. 2 act routinely while awaiting an opportunity to advance. Mark up 1 add a proportion to the price of (goods etc.) For profit. 2 mark or correct (text etc.). Off the mark 1 having made a start. 2 = beside the mark. On the mark ready to start. On your mark (or marks) get ready to start (esp. A race). Up to the mark normal (esp. Of health). [old english]
Mark2 n. = *deutschmark. [german]
Mark-down n. Reduction in price.
Marked adj. 1 having a visible mark. 2 clearly noticeable (marked difference). 3 (of playing-cards) marked on their backs to assist cheating. markedly adv.
Marked man n. Person singled out, esp. For attack.
Marker n. 1 thing marking a position etc. 2 person or thing that marks. 3 broad-tipped felt-tipped pen. 4 scorer in a game.
Market —n. 1 gathering of buyers and sellers of provisions, livestock, etc. 2 space for this. 3 (often foll. By for) demand for a commodity etc. (no market for sheds). 4 place or group providing such a demand. 5 conditions etc. For buying or selling; rate of purchase and sale (market is sluggish). 6 = *stock market. —v. (-t-) 1 offer for sale, esp. By advertising etc. 2 archaic buy or sell goods in a market. be in the market for wish to buy. Be on the market be offered for sale. Put on the market offer for sale. marketer n. Marketing n. [latin mercor buy]
Marketable adj. Able or fit to be sold. marketability n.
Market-day n. Day on which a market is regularly held.
Marketeer n. 1 supporter of the ec and british membership of it. 2 marketer.
Market garden n. Farm where vegetables and fruit are grown for sale in markets.
Market-place n. 1 open space for a market. 2 commercial world.
Market price n. Price in current dealings.
Market research n. Surveying of consumers’ needs and preferences.
Market town n. Town where a market is held.
Market value n. Value if offered for sale.
Marking n. (usu. In pl.) 1 identification mark. 2 colouring of an animal’s fur etc.
Marksman n. Skilled shot, esp. With a pistol or rifle. marksmanship n.
Mark-up n. 1 amount added to a price by the retailer for profit. 2 corrections in a text.
Marl —n. Soil of clay and lime, used as fertilizer. —v. Apply marl to. marly adj. [medieval latin margila]
Marlin n. (pl. Same or -s) us long-nosed marine fish. [from *marlinspike]
Marlinspike n. Pointed iron tool used to separate strands of rope etc. [marling from dutch marlen from marren bind]
Marmalade n. Preserve of citrus fruit, usu. Oranges. [portuguese marmelo quince]
Marmite n. Propr. Thick brown spread made from yeast and vegetable extract. [french, = cooking-pot]
Marmoreal adj. Of or like marble. [latin: related to *marble]
Marmoset n. Small monkey with a long bushy tail. [french]
Marmot n. Heavy-set burrowing rodent with a short bushy tail. [latin mus mouse, mons mountain]
Marocain n. Fabric of ribbed crêpe. [french, = moroccan]
Maroon1 adj. & n. Brownish-crimson. [french marron chestnut]
Maroon2 v. 1 leave (a person) isolated, esp. On an island. 2 (of weather etc.) Cause (a person) to be forcibly detained. [french marron wild person, from spanish cimarrón]
Marque n. Make of car, as distinct from a specific model (the jaguar marque). [french, = *mark1]
Marquee n. Large tent for social functions etc. [french marquise]
Marquess n. British nobleman ranking between duke and earl. [var. Of *marquis]
Marquetry n. Inlaid work in wood, ivory, etc. [french: related to *marque]
Marquis n. (pl. -quises) foreign nobleman ranking between duke and count. [french: related to *march2]
Marquise n. 1 wife or widow of a marquis. 2 woman holding the rank of marquis.
Marram n. Shore grass that binds sand. [old norse, = sea-haulm]
Marriage n. 1 legal union of a man and a woman for cohabitation and often procreation. 2 act or ceremony marking this. 3 particular such union (a happy marriage). 4 intimate union, combination. [french marier *marry]
Marriageable adj. Free, ready, or fit for marriage. marriageability n.
Marriage bureau n. Company arranging introductions with a view to marriage.
Marriage certificate n. Certificate verifying a legal marriage.
Marriage guidance n. Counselling of people with marital problems.
Marriage licence n. Licence to marry.
Marriage lines n.pl. Marriage certificate.
Marriage of convenience n. Loveless marriage for gain.
Marriage settlement n. Legal property arrangement between spouses.
Married —adj. 1 united in marriage. 2 of marriage (married name; married life).
—n. (usu. In pl.) Married person (young marrieds).
Marron glacé n. (pl. Marrons glacés pronunc. Same) chestnut preserved in syrup. [french]
Marrow n. 1 large fleshy usu. Striped gourd eaten as a vegetable. 2 soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones. 3 essential part. to the marrow right through. [old english]
Marrowbone n. Bone containing edible marrow.
Marrowfat n. A kind of large pea.
Marry v. (-ies, -ied) 1 take, join, or give in marriage. 2 a enter into marriage. B (foll. By into) become a member of (a family) by marriage. 3 a unite intimately, combine. B pair (socks etc.). marry off find a spouse for. Marry up link, join. [latin maritus husband]
Marsala n. A dark sweet fortified dessert wine. [marsala in sicily]
Marseillaise n. French national anthem. [french marseille in france]
Marsh n. (often attrib.) Low watery land. marshy adj. (-ier, -iest). Marshiness n. [old english]
Marshal —n. 1 (marshal) high-ranking officer of state or in the armed forces (earl marshal; field marshal). 2 officer arranging ceremonies, controlling racecourses, crowds, etc. —v. (-ll-) 1 arrange (soldiers, one’s thoughts, etc.) In due order.
Marshalling yard n. Yard for assembling goods trains etc.
Marshal of the royal air force n. Highest rank in the raf.
Marsh gas n. Methane.
Marshland n. Land consisting of marshes.
Marshmallow n. Soft sticky sweet made of sugar, albumen, gelatin, etc. [*marsh mallow]
Marsh mallow n. Shrubby herbaceous plant.
Marsh marigold n. Golden-flowered plant.
Marsupial —n. Mammal giving birth to underdeveloped young subsequently carried in a pouch. —adj. Of or like a marsupial. [greek marsupion pouch]
Mart n. 1 trade centre. 2 auction-room. 3 market. [dutch: related to *market]
Martello n. (pl. -s) (also martello tower) small circular coastal fort. [cape mortella in corsica]
Marten n. Weasel-like carnivore with valuable fur. [dutch from french]
Martial adj. 1 of warfare. 2 warlike. [latin martialis of mars]
Martial arts n.pl. Oriental fighting sports such as judo and karate.
Martial law n. Military government with ordinary law suspended.
Martian —adj. Of the planet mars. —n. Hypothetical inhabitant of mars. [latin]
Martin n. A kind of swallow, esp. The house-martin and sand-martin. [probably st martin, name of a 4th-c. Bishop]
Martinet n. Strict disciplinarian. [martinet, name of a drill-master]
Martingale n. Strap(s) preventing a horse from rearing etc. [french, origin uncertain]
Martini n. (pl. -s) 1 propr. Type of vermouth. 2 cocktail of gin and french vermouth. [martini and rossi, name of a firm selling vermouth]
Martinmas n. St martin’s day, 11 nov. [from *mass2]
Martinmas n. St martin’s day, 11 nov. [from *mass2]
Martyr —n. 1 a person killed for persisting in a belief. B person who suffers for a cause etc. C person who suffers or pretends to suffer to get pity etc. 2 (foll. By to) colloq. Constant sufferer from (an ailment). —v. 1 put to death as a martyr. 2 torment. martyrdom n. [greek martur witness]
Marvel —n. 1 wonderful thing. 2 (foll. By of) wonderful example of (a quality). —v. (-ll-; us -l-) (foll. By at or that) feel surprise or wonder. [latin miror wonder at]
Marvellous adj. (us marvelous) 1 astonishing. 2 excellent. marvellously adv. [french: related to *marvel]
Marvelous adj. (brit. Marvellous) 1 astonishing. 2 excellent. marvellously adv. [french: related to *marvel]
Marxism n. Political and economic theories of marx, predicting the overthrow of capitalism and common ownership of the means of production in a classless society. marxist n. & adj.
Marxism-leninism n. Marxism as developed by lenin. marxist-leninist n. & adj.
Marzipan —n. Paste of ground almonds, sugar, etc., used in confectionery. —v. (-nn-) cover with marzipan. [german from italian]
Mascara n. Cosmetic for darkening the eyelashes. [italian, = mask]
Mascot n. Person, animal, or thing supposed to bring luck. [provençal masco witch]
Masculine —adj. 1 of men. 2 having manly qualities. 3 of or denoting the male gender. —n. Masculine gender or word. masculinity n. [latin: related to *male]
Maser n. Device used to amplify or generate coherent electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range. [microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation]
Mash —n. 1 soft or confused mixture. 2 mixture of boiled grain, bran, etc., fed to horses etc. 3 colloq. Mashed potatoes. 4 mixture of malt and hot water used in brewing. 5 soft pulp made by crushing, mixing with water, etc. —v. 1 crush (potatoes etc.) To a pulp. 2 dial. A infuse (tea). B (of tea) draw. masher n. [old english]
Mask —n. 1 covering for all or part of the face as a disguise or for protection against infection etc. 2 respirator. 3 likeness of a person’s face, esp. One from a mould (death-mask).
Masking tape n. Adhesive tape used in decorating to protect areas where paint is not wanted.
Masochism n. 1 sexual perversion involving one’s own pain or humiliation. 2 colloq. Enjoyment of what appears to be painful or tiresome. masochist n. Masochistic adj. Masochistically adv. [von sacher-masoch, name of a novelist]
Mason n. 1 person who builds with stone. 2 (mason) freemason. [french]
Masonic adj. Of freemasons.
Masonry n. 1 a stonework. B work of a mason. 2 (masonry) freemasonry.
Masque n. Musical drama with mime, esp. In the 16th and 17th c. [var. Of *mask]
Masquerade —n. 1 false show, pretence. 2 masked ball. —v. (-ding) (often foll. By as) appear falsely or in disguise. [spanish máscara mask]
Mass1 —n. 1 shapeless body of matter. 2 dense aggregation of objects (mass of fibres). 3 (in sing. Or pl.; usu. Foll. By of) large number or amount. 4 (usu. Foll. By of) unbroken expanse (of colour etc.). 5 (prec. By the) a the majority. B (in pl.) Ordinary people. 6 physics quantity of matter a body contains. 7 (attrib.) On a large scale (mass hysteria; mass audience). —v. Assemble into a mass or as one body. [latin massa from greek]
Mass2 n. (often mass) 1 eucharist, esp. In the roman catholic church. 2 celebration of this. 3 liturgy used in this. 4 musical setting of parts of this. [latin missa dismissal]
Massacre —n. 1 mass killing. 2 utter defeat or destruction. —v. (-ring) 1 kill (esp. Many people) cruelly or violently. 2 colloq. Defeat heavily. [french]
Massage —n. Rubbing and kneading of the muscles and joints with the hands, to relieve stiffness, cure strains, stimulate, etc. —v. (-ging) 1 apply massage to. 2 manipulate (statistics etc.) To give an acceptable result. 3 flatter (a person’s ego etc.). [french]
Massage parlour n. 1 establishment providing massage. 2 euphem. Brothel.
Masseur n. (fem. Masseuse) person who gives massage for a living. [french:
related to *massage]
Massif n. Compact group of mountain heights. [french: related to *massive]
Massive adj. 1 large and heavy or solid. 2 (of the features, head, etc.) Relatively large or solid. 3 exceptionally large or severe (massive heart attack). 4 substantial, impressive. massively adv. Massiveness n. [latin: related to *mass1]
Mass media n.pl. = *media 2.
Mass noun n. Gram. Noun that is not normally countable and cannot be used with the indefinite article (e.g. Bread).
Mass production n. Mechanical production of large quantities of a standardized article. mass-produce v.
Mast1 n. 1 long upright post of timber etc. On a ship’s keel to support sails. 2 post etc. For supporting a radio or television aerial. 3 flag-pole (half-mast). before the mast as an ordinary seaman. masted adj. (also in comb.). Master n. (also in comb.). [old english]
Mast2 n. Fruit of the beech, oak, etc., esp. As food for pigs. [old english]
Mastectomy n. (pl. -ies) surgical removal of a breast. [greek mastos breast]
Master —n. 1 person having control or ownership (master of the house; dog obeyed his master; master of the hunt). 2 captain of a merchant ship. 3 male teacher. 4 prevailing person. 5 a skilled tradesman able to teach others (often attrib.: master carpenter). B skilled practitioner (master of innuendo). 6 holder of a usu. Postgraduate university degree (master of arts). 7 revered teacher in philosophy etc. 8 great artist. 9 chess etc. Player at international level. 10 original copy of a film, recording, etc., from which others can be made. 11 (master) title for a boy not old enough to be called mr. 12 archaic employer. — attrib. Adj. 1 commanding, superior (master hand).
Master-class n. Class given by a famous musician etc.
Masterful adj. 1 imperious, domineering. 2 masterly. masterfully adv.
Usage masterful is normally used of a person, whereas masterly is used of achievements, abilities, etc.
Master-key n. Key that opens several different locks.
Masterly adj. Very skilful.
Usage see note at masterful.
Mastermind —n. 1 person with an outstanding intellect. 2 person directing a scheme etc. —v. Plan and direct (a scheme etc.).
Master of ceremonies n. 1 person introducing speakers at a banquet or entertainers in a variety show. 2 person in charge of a ceremonial or social occasion.
Master of the rolls n. Judge who presides over the court of appeal.
Masterpiece n. 1 outstanding piece of artistry or workmanship. 2 person’s best work.
Master-stroke n. Skilful tactic etc.
Master-switch n. Switch controlling the supply of electricity etc. To an entire system.
Mastery n. 1 control, dominance. 2 (often foll. By of) comprehensive knowledge or skill.
Masthead n. 1 top of a ship’s mast, esp. As a place of observation or punishment.
2 title of a newspaper etc. At the head of the front page or editorial page.
Mastic n. 1 gum or resin from the mastic tree, used in making varnish. 2 (in full mastic tree) evergreen tree yielding this. 3 waterproof filler and sealant. [greek mastikhé]
Masticate v. (-ting) grind or chew (food) with one’s teeth. mastication n. Masticatory adj. [latin from greek]
Mastiff n. Dog of a large strong breed with drooping ears. [latin mansuetus tame]
Mastitis n. Inflammation of the breast or udder. [greek mastos breast]
Mastodon n. (pl. Same or -s) large extinct mammal resembling the elephant. [greek mastos breast, odous tooth]
Mastoid —adj. Shaped like a breast. —n. 1 = *mastoid process. 2 (usu. In pl.) Colloq. Inflammation of the mastoid process. [greek mastos breast]
Mastoid process n. Conical prominence on the temporal bone behind the ear.
Masturbate v. (-ting) (usu. Absol.) Sexually arouse (oneself or another) by
Masturbate v. (-ting) (usu. Absol.) Sexually arouse (oneself or another) by manual stimulation of the genitals. masturbation n. [latin]
Mat1 —n. 1 small piece of coarse material on a floor, esp. For wiping one’s shoes on. 2 piece of cork, rubber, etc., to protect a surface from a hot dish etc. Placed on it. 3 padded floor covering in gymnastics, wrestling, etc. —v. (-tt-) (esp. As matted adj.) Entangle or become entangled in a thick mass (matted hair). on the mat slang being reprimanded. [old english]
Mat2 var. Of *matt.
Matador n. Bullfighter whose task is to kill the bull. [spanish from matar kill:
related to mate in *checkmate]
Match1 —n. 1 contest or game in which players or teams compete. 2 a person as an equal contender (meet one’s match). B person or thing exactly like or corresponding to another. 3 marriage. 4 person viewed as a marriage prospect. —v. 1 correspond (to); be like or alike; harmonize (with) (his socks do not match; curtains match the wallpaper). 2 equal. 3 (foll. By against, with) place in conflict or competition with. 4 find material etc. That matches (another) (can you match this silk?).
Match2 n. 1 short thin piece of wood etc. With a combustible tip. 2 wick or cord etc. For firing a cannon etc. [french mesche]
Matchboard n. Tongued and grooved board fitting with similar boards.
Matchbox n. Box for holding matches.
Matchless adj. Incomparable.
Matchmaker n. Person who arranges marriages or schemes to bring couples together. matchmaking n.
Match point n. Tennis etc. 1 position when one side needs only one more point to win the match. 2 this point.
Matchstick n. Stem of a match.
Matchwood n. 1 wood suitable for matches. 2 minute splinters.
Mate1 —n. 1 friend or fellow worker. 2 colloq. Form of address, esp. To another man. 3 a each of a breeding pair, esp. Of birds. B colloq. Partner in marriage. C (in comb.) Fellow member or joint occupant of (team-mate; room-mate). 4 officer on a merchant ship. 5 assistant to a skilled worker (plumber’s mate). —v. (-ting) (often foll. By with) 1 come or bring together for breeding. 2 mech. Fit well. [low german]
Mate2 n. & v. (-ting) chess = *checkmate.
Mater n. Slang mother. [latin]
Usage mater is now only found in jocular or affected use.
Usage mater is now only found in jocular or affected use.
Material —n. 1 matter from which a thing is made. 2 cloth, fabric. 3 (in pl.) Things needed for an activity (building materials). 4 person or thing of a specified kind or suitable for a purpose (officer material). 5 (in sing. Or pl.) Information etc. For a book etc. 6 (in sing. Or pl., often foll. By of) elements, constituent parts, or substance. —adj. 1 of matter; corporeal; not spiritual. 2 of bodily comfort etc. (material well-being). 3 (often foll. By to) important, significant, relevant. [latin materia *matter]
Materialism n. 1 greater interest in material possessions and comfort than in spiritual values. 2 philos. Theory that nothing exists but matter. materialist n. Materialistic adj. Materialistically adv.
Materialize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 become actual fact; happen. 2 colloq.
Appear or be present. 3 represent in or assume bodily form. materialization n.
Materially adv. Substantially, significantly.
Matériel n. Means, esp. Materials and equipment in warfare. [french]
Maternal adj. 1 of or like a mother; motherly. 2 related through the mother (maternal uncle). 3 of the mother in pregnancy and childbirth. maternally adv. [latin mater mother]
Maternity n. 1 motherhood. 2 motherliness. 3 (attrib.) For women during pregnancy and childbirth (maternity leave; maternity dress). [french from
medieval latin: related to *maternal]
medieval latin: related to *maternal]
Matey (also maty) —adj. (-tier, -tiest) sociable; familiar, friendly. —n. (pl. -s) colloq. (as a form of address) mate. mateyness n. (also matiness). Matily adv.
Math n. Us colloq. Mathematics. [abbreviation]
Mathematical adj. 1 of mathematics. 2 rigorously precise. mathematically adv.
Mathematical tables n.pl. Tables of logarithms and trigonometric values etc.
Mathematics n.pl. 1 (also treated as sing.) Abstract science of number, quantity, and space. 2 (as pl.) Use of this in calculation etc. mathematician n. [greek manthano learn]
Maths n. Colloq. Mathematics. [abbreviation]
Matinee n. (brit. Matinée) afternoon performance in the theatre, cinema, etc. [french from matin morning: related to *matins]
Matinée n. (us matinee) afternoon performance in the theatre, cinema, etc. [french from matin morning: related to *matins]
Matinée coat n. (also matinée jacket) baby’s short knitted coat.
Matinée idol n. Handsome actor.
Matins n. (also mattins) (as sing. Or pl.) Morning prayer, esp. In the church of england. [latin matutinus of the morning]
Matriarch n. Female head of a family or tribe. matriarchal adj. [latin mater mother]
Matriarchy n. (pl. -ies) female-dominated system of society, with descent through the female line.
Matrices pl. Of *matrix.
Matricide n. 1 killing of one’s mother. 2 person who does this. [latin: related to *mater, *-cide]
Matriculate v. (-ting) enrol at a college or university. matriculation n. [medieval latin: related to *matrix]
Matrimony n. Rite or state of marriage. matrimonial adj. [latin matrimonium:
related to *mater]
Matrix n. (pl. Matrices or -es) 1 mould in which a thing is cast or shaped. 2 place
etc. In which a thing is developed. 3 rock in which gems, fossils, etc., are embedded. 4 math. Rectangular array of elements treated as a single element. [latin, = womb]
Matron n. 1 woman in charge of nursing in a hospital. 2 married, esp. Staid, woman. 3 woman nurse and housekeeper at a school etc. [latin matrona: related to *mater]
Usage in sense 1, senior nursing officer is now the official term.
Matronly adj. Like a matron, esp. Portly or staid.
Matron of honour n. Married woman attending the bride at a wedding.
Matt (also mat) —adj. Not shiny or glossy; dull. —n. (in full matt paint) paint giving a dull flat finish. [french: related to *mate2]
Matter —n. 1 physical substance having mass and occupying space, as distinct from mind and spirit. 2 specified substance (colouring matter; reading matter). 3 (prec. By the; often foll. By with) (thing) amiss (something the matter with him). 4 content as distinct from style, form, etc. 5 (often foll. By of, for) situation etc. Under consideration or as an occasion for (regret etc.) (matter for concern; matter of discipline). 6 pus or a similar substance discharged from the body. —v. (often foll. By to) be of importance; have significance. as a matter of fact in reality; actually. For that matter 1 as far as that is concerned. 2 and indeed also. A matter of approximately; amounting to (a matter of 40 years). No matter 1 (foll. By when, how, etc.) Regardless of. 2 it is of no importance. [latin materia timber, substance]
Matter of course n. Natural or expected thing.
Matter-of-fact adj. 1 unimaginative, prosaic. 2 unemotional. matter-of-factly adv. Matter-of-factness n.
Matter of life and death n. Matter of vital importance.
Matting n. Fabric for mats.
Mattins var. Of *matins.
Mattock n. Agricultural tool like a pickaxe, with an adze and a chisel edge. [old english]
Mattress n. Stuffed, or air-or water-filled cushion the size of a bed. [arabic almatrah]
Maturate v. (-ting) (of a boil etc.) Come to maturation. [latin: related to *mature]
Maturation n. 1 maturing or being matured. 2 formation of pus. [french or medieval latin: related to *mature]
Mature —adj. (maturer, maturest) 1 a fully developed, adult. B sensible, wise. 2 ripe; seasoned. 3 (of thought etc.) Careful, considered. 4 (of a bill, insurance policy, etc.) Due, payable. —v. (-ring) 1 develop fully; ripen. 2 perfect (a plan etc.). 3 (of a bill, insurance policy, etc.) Become due or payable. maturely adv. Matureness n. Maturity n. [latin maturus timely]
Mature student n. Adult student.
Matutinal adj. Of the morning; early. [latin: related to *matins]
Maty var. Of *matey.
Maudlin adj. Weakly or tearfully sentimental, esp. From drunkenness. [french madeleine, referring to pictures of mary magdalen weeping]
Maul —v. 1 tear the flesh of; claw. 2 handle roughly. 3 damage by criticism. — n. 1 rugby loose scrum. 2 brawl. 3 heavy hammer. [latin malleus hammer]
Maulstick n. (also mahlstick) stick held to support the hand in painting. [dutch malen paint]
Maunder v. 1 talk ramblingly. 2 move or act listlessly or idly. [origin unknown]
Maundy n. Distribution of maundy money. [french mandé from latin mandatum command]
Maundy money n. Specially minted silver coins distributed by the british sovereign on maundy thursday.
Maundy thursday n. Thursday before easter.
Mausoleum n. Magnificent tomb. [from mausolos, king of caria, whose tomb had this name]
Mauve —adj. Pale purple. —n. This colour. mauvish adj. [latin: related to *mallow]
Maverick n. 1 unorthodox or independent-minded person. 2 us unbranded calf or yearling. [maverick, name of an owner of unbranded cattle]
Maw n. 1 stomach of an animal or colloq. Greedy person. 2 jaws or throat of a voracious animal. [old english]
Mawkish adj. Feebly sentimental; sickly. mawkishly adv. Mawkishness n. [obsolete mawk *maggot]
Max. Abbr. Maximum.
Maxi n. (pl. -s) colloq. Maxi-coat, -skirt, etc. [abbreviation]
Maxi-comb. Form very large or long. [abbreviation of maximum; cf. mini-]
Maxilla n. (pl. -llae) jaw or jawbone, esp. (in vertebrates) the upper jaw. maxillary adj. [latin]
Maxim n. General truth or rule of conduct briefly expressed. [french or medieval latin: related to *maximum]
Maxima pl. Of *maximum.
Maximal adj. Of or being a maximum.
Maximize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make as large or great as possible. maximization n. [latin: related to *maximum]
Usage maximize should not be used in standard english to mean ‘to make as good as possible’ or ‘to make the most of’.
Maximum —n. (pl. -ma) highest possible amount, size, etc. —adj. Greatest in amount, size, etc. [latin maximus greatest]
May n. 1 fifth month of the year. 2 (may) hawthorn, esp. In blossom. [latin maius of the goddess maia]
May v.aux. (3rd sing. Present may; past might) 1 expressing: a (often foll. By well for emphasis) possibility (it may be true; you may well lose your way). B permission (may i come in?). C a wish (may he live to regret it). D uncertainty or irony (who may you be?; who are you, may i ask?). 2 in purpose clauses and after wish, fear, etc. (hope he may succeed). be that as it may (or that is as may be) it is possible (but) (be that as it may, i still want to go). May as well = might as well (see *might1). [old english]
Usage in sense 1b, both can and may are used to express permission; in more formal contexts may is preferred since can also denotes capability (can i move? = am i physically able to move?; may i move? = am i allowed to move?).
Maya n. 1 (pl. Same or -s) member of an ancient indian people of central america. 2 their language. mayan adj. & n. [native name]
Maybe adv. Perhaps. [from it may be]
May day n. 1 may as a spring festival or international holiday in honour of workers.
Mayday n. International radio distress-signal. [representing pronunciation of french m’aidez help me]
Mayflower n. Any of various flowers that bloom in may.
Mayfly n. A kind of insect living briefly in spring.
Mayhem n. Destruction; havoc. [anglo-french mahem: related to *maim]
Mayn’t contr. May not.
Mayonnaise n. 1 thick creamy dressing of egg-yolks, oil, vinegar, etc. 2 dish dressed with this (egg mayonnaise). [french]
Mayor n. 1 head of the corporation of a city or borough. 2 head of a district council with the status of a borough. mayoral adj. [latin: related to *major]
Mayoralty n. (pl. -ies) 1 office of mayor. 2 period of this.
Mayoress n. 1 woman mayor. 2 wife or official consort of a mayor.
Maypole n. Decorated pole for dancing round on may day.
May queen n. Girl chosen to preside over may day festivities.
Maze n. 1 network of paths and hedges designed as a puzzle for those who enter it. 2 labyrinth. 3 confused network, mass, etc. [related to *amaze]
Mazurka n. 1 lively polish dance in triple time. 2 music for this. [french or german from polish]
Mb abbr. 1 bachelor of medicine. 2 computing megabyte. [sense 1 from latin medicinae baccalaureus]
Mba abbr. Master of business administration.
Mbe abbr. Member of the order of the british empire.
Mbo abbr. Management buyout.
Mc abbr. 1 master of ceremonies. 2 military cross. 3 member of congress.
Mcc abbr. Marylebone cricket club.
Mccarthyism, mccoy see at macc-.
Md abbr. 1 doctor of medicine. 2 managing director. [sense 1 from latin medicinae doctor]
Md symb. Mendelevium.
Me abbr. Myalgic encephalomyelitis, a condition with prolonged flu-like symptoms and depression.
Me1 pron. 1 objective case of *i2 (he saw me). 2 colloq. = i2 (it’s me all right; is taller than me). [old english accusative and dative of i2]
Me2 n. (also mi) mus. Third note of a major scale. [latin mira, word arbitrarily taken]
Mea culpa —n. Acknowledgement of error. —int. Expressing this. [latin, = by my fault]
Mead n. Alcoholic drink of fermented honey and water. [old english]
Meadow n. 1 piece of grassland, esp. One used for hay. 2 low marshy ground, esp. Near a river. meadowy adj. [old english]
Meadowsweet n. Fragrant meadow and marsh plant with creamy-white flowers.
Meager adj. (brit. Meagre) 1 scant in amount or quality. 2 lean, thin. [anglo-french megre from latin macer]
Meagre adj. (us meager) 1 scant in amount or quality. 2 lean, thin. [anglo-french megre from latin macer]
Meal1 n. 1 occasion when food is eaten. 2 the food eaten at a meal. make a meal of colloq. Treat (a task etc.) Too laboriously or fussily. [old english]
Meal2 n. 1 grain or pulse ground to powder. 2 scot. Oatmeal. 3 us maize flour. [old english]
Meals on wheels n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) Regular voluntary esp. Lunch deliveries to old people, invalids, etc.
Meal-ticket n. Colloq. Person or thing that is a source of maintenance or income.
Mealtime n. Usual time of eating.
Mealy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of, like, or containing meal. 2 (of a complexion) pale.
mealiness n.
Mealy-mouthed adj. Afraid to speak plainly.
Mean1 v. (past and past part. Meant) 1 have as one’s purpose or intention (meant no harm by it; i didn’t mean to break it). 2 design or destine for a purpose (meant to be used). 3 intend to convey or refer to (i mean richmond in surrey). 4 (often foll. By that) entail, involve, portend, signify (this means war; means that he is dead). 5 (of a word) have as its equivalent in the same or another language. 6 (foll. By to) be of specified importance to (that means a lot to me). mean business colloq. Be in earnest. Mean it not be joking or exaggerating. Mean well have good intentions. [old english]
Mean2 adj. 1 niggardly; not generous. 2 ignoble, small-minded. 3 (of capacity, understanding, etc.) Inferior, poor. 4 shabby; inadequate (mean hovel). 5 a malicious, ill-tempered. B us vicious or aggressive in behaviour. 6 us colloq. Skilful, formidable (a mean fighter). no mean a very good (no mean feat). meanly adv. Meanness n. [old english]
Mean3 —n. 1 median point (mean between modesty and pride). 2 a term midway between the first and last terms of an arithmetical etc. Progression. B quotient of the sum of several quantities and their number; average. —adj. 1 (of a quantity) equally far from two extremes. 2 calculated as a mean. [latin medianus *median]
Mean2 adj. 1 niggardly; not generous. 2 ignoble, small-minded. 3 (of capacity, understanding, etc.) Inferior, poor. 4 shabby; inadequate (mean hovel). 5 a malicious, ill-tempered. B us vicious or aggressive in behaviour. 6 us colloq. Skilful, formidable (a mean fighter). no mean a very good (no mean feat). meanly adv. Meanness n. [old english]
Mean3 —n. 1 median point (mean between modesty and pride). 2 a term midway between the first and last terms of an arithmetical etc. Progression. B quotient of the sum of several quantities and their number; average. —adj. 1 (of a quantity) equally far from two extremes. 2 calculated as a mean. [latin medianus *median]
Meander —v. 1 wander at random. 2 (of a stream) wind about. —n. 1 (in pl.) Sinuous windings of a river, path, etc. 2 circuitous journey. [greek maiandros, a winding river in ancient phrygia]
Meanie n. (also meany) (pl. -ies) colloq. Niggardly or small-minded person.
Meaning —n. 1 what is meant. 2 significance. 3 importance. —adj. Expressive, significant (meaning glance). meaningly adv.
Meaningful adj. 1 full of meaning; significant. 2 logic able to be interpreted.
meaningfully adv. Meaningfulness n.
Meaningless adj. Having no meaning or significance. meaninglessly adv.
Meaninglessness n.
Means n.pl. 1 (often treated as sing.) Action, agent, device, or method producing a result (means of quick travel). 2 a money resources (live beyond one’s means). B wealth (man of means). by all means certainly. By means of by the agency etc. Of. By no means certainly not. [from *mean3]
Mean sea level n. Level halfway between high and low water.
Means test —n. Inquiry into income as a basis for eligibility for state benefit etc.
—v. (means-test) subject to or base on a means test.
Meant past and past part. Of *mean1.
Meantime —adv. = *meanwhile. —n. Intervening period (esp. In the meantime).
Usage as an adverb, meantime is less common than meanwhile.
Usage as an adverb, meantime is less common than meanwhile.
Meanwhile —adv. 1 in the intervening period of time. 2 at the same time. —n.
Intervening period (esp. In the meanwhile).
Meany var. Of *meanie.
Measles n.pl. (also treated as sing.) Infectious viral disease marked by a red rash. [low german masele or dutch masel]
Measly adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Meagre, contemptible.
Measure —n. 1 size or quantity found by measuring. 2 system or unit of measuring (liquid measure; 20 measures of wheat). 3 rod, tape, vessel, etc. For measuring. 4 (often foll. By of) degree, extent, or amount (a measure of wit). 5 factor determining evaluation etc. (sales are the measure of popularity). 6 (usu. In pl.) Suitable action to achieve some end. 7 legislative bill, act, etc. 8 prescribed extent or quantity. 9 poetic metre. 10 mineral stratum (coal measures). —v. (-ring) 1 ascertain the extent or quantity of (a thing) by comparison with a known standard. 2 be of a specified size. 3 ascertain the size of (a person) for clothes. 4 estimate (a quality etc.) By some criterion. 5 (often foll. By off) mark (a line etc. Of a given length). 6 (foll. By out) distribute in measured quantities. 7 (foll. By with, against) bring (oneself or one’s strength etc.) Into competition with. beyond measure excessively. For good measure as a finishing touch. In some measure partly. Measure up 1 take the measurements (of). 2 (often foll.
Measured adj. 1 rhythmical; regular (measured tread). 2 (of language) carefully considered.
Measureless adj. Not measurable; infinite.
Measurement n. 1 measuring. 2 amount measured. 3 (in pl.) Detailed dimensions.
Meat n. 1 animal flesh as food. 2 (often foll. By of) substance; chief part. meatless adj. [old english]
Meatball n. Small round ball of minced meat.
Meat loaf n. Minced meat etc. Moulded and baked.
Meat safe n. Ventilated cupboard for storing meat.
Meaty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of meat; fleshy. 2 of or like meat. 3 substantial, full of interest, satisfying. meatiness n.
Mecca n. Place one aspires to visit. [mecca, muslim holy city in arabia]
Mechanic n. Person skilled in using or repairing machinery. [latin: related to *machine]
Mechanical adj. 1 of machines or mechanisms. 2 working or produced by machinery. 3 (of an action etc.) Automatic; repetitive. 4 (of an agency, principle,
machinery. 3 (of an action etc.) Automatic; repetitive. 4 (of an agency, principle, etc.) Belonging to mechanics. 5 of mechanics as a science. mechanically adv. [latin: related to *mechanic]
Mechanical engineer n. Person qualified in the design, construction, etc. Of machines.
Mechanics n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) 1 branch of applied mathematics dealing with motion etc. 2 science of machinery. 3 routine technical aspects of a thing (mechanics of local government).
Mechanism n. 1 structure or parts of a machine. 2 system of parts working together. 3 process; method (defence mechanism; no mechanism for complaints). mechanistic adj. [greek: related to *machine]
Mechanize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 introduce machines in (a factory etc.).
2 make mechanical. 3 equip with tanks, armoured cars, etc. mechanization n.
Med n. Colloq. Mediterranean sea. [abbreviation]
Medal n. Commemorative metal disc etc., esp. Awarded for military or sporting prowess. [latin: related to *metal]
Medalist n. (brit. Medallist) winner of a (specified) medal (gold medallist).
Medallion n. 1 large medal. 2 thing so shaped, e.g. A decorative panel etc. [italian: related to *medal]
Medallist n. (us medalist) winner of a (specified) medal (gold medallist).
Meddle v. (-ling) (often foll. By with, in) interfere in others’ concerns. meddler n. [latin: related to *mix]
Meddlesome adj. Interfering.
Media n.pl. 1 pl. Of *medium. 2 (usu. Prec. By the) mass communications (esp.
Newspapers and broadcasting) regarded collectively.
Usage media is commonly used with a singular verb (e.g. The media is biased), but this is not generally accepted (cf. *data).
Mediaeval var. Of *medieval.
Medial adj. = *median. medially adv. [latin medius middle]
Median —adj. Situated in the middle. —n. 1 straight line drawn from any vertex of a triangle to the middle of the opposite side. 2 middle value of a series. [latin: related to *medial]
Mediate v. (-ting) 1 (often foll. By between) intervene (between disputants) to
settle a quarrel etc. 2 bring about (a result) thus. mediation n. Mediator n. [latin medius middle]
Medic n. Colloq. Medical practitioner or student. [latin medicus physician]
Medical —adj. Of medicine in general or as distinct from surgery (medical ward). —n. Colloq. Medical examination. medically adv.
Medical certificate n. Certificate of fitness or unfitness for work etc.
Medical examination n. Examination to determine a person’s physical fitness.
Medical officer n. Person in charge of the health services of a local authority etc.
Medical practitioner n. Physician or surgeon.
Medicament n. = *medicine 2.
Medicare n. Us federally funded health insurance scheme for the elderly. [from medical, care]
Medicate v. (-ting) 1 treat medically. 2 impregnate with medicine etc. medicative adj. [latin medicare medicat-]
Medication n. 1 = *medicine 2. 2 treatment using drugs.
Medicinal adj. (of a substance) healing. medicinally adv.
Medicine n. 1 science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, esp. As distinct from surgery. 2 drug etc. For the treatment or prevention of disease, esp. Taken by mouth. take one’s medicine submit to something disagreeable. [latin medicina]
Medicine man n. Tribal, esp. N. American indian, witch-doctor.
Medieval adj. (also mediaeval) 1 of the middle ages. 2 colloq. Old-fashioned. [latin medium aevum middle age]
Medieval history n. History of the 5th–15th c.
Medieval latin n. Latin of about ad 600–1500.
Mediocre adj. 1 indifferent in quality. 2 second-rate. [latin mediocris]
Mediocrity n. (pl. -ies) 1 being mediocre. 2 mediocre person.
Meditate v. (-ting) 1 (often foll. By on, upon) engage in (esp. Religious) contemplation. 2 plan mentally. meditation n. Meditator n. [latin meditor]
Meditative adj. 1 inclined to meditate. 2 indicative of meditation, thoughtful.
meditatively adv. Meditativeness n.
Mediterranean adj. Of the sea bordered by s. Europe, sw asia, and n. Africa, or its surrounding region (mediterranean cookery). [latin mediterraneus inland]
Medium —n. (pl. Media or -s) 1 middle quality, degree, etc. Between extremes (find a happy medium). 2 means of communication (medium of television). 3 substance, e.g. Air, through which sense-impressions are conveyed. 4 physical environment etc. Of a living organism. 5 means. 6 material or form used by an artist, composer, etc. 7 liquid (e.g. Oil or gel) used for diluting paints. 8 (pl. -s) person claiming to communicate with the dead. —adj. 1 between two qualities, degrees, etc. 2 average (of medium height). [latin medius middle]
Medium-range adj. (of an aircraft, missile, etc.) Able to travel a medium distance.
Medium wave n. Radio wave of frequency between 300 khz and 3 mhz.
Medlar n. 1 tree bearing small brown apple-like fruits, eaten when decayed. 2 such a fruit. [french medler from greek mespile]
Medley n. (pl. -s) 1 varied mixture. 2 collection of tunes etc. Played as one piece.
Medulla n. 1 inner part of certain organs etc., e.g. The kidney. 2 soft internal tissue of plants. medullary adj. [latin]
Medulla oblongata n. Lowest part of the brainstem, formed from a continuation of the spinal cord.
Medusa n. (pl. Medusae or -s) jellyfish. [greek medousa, name of a gorgon]
Meek adj. Humble and submissive or gentle. meekly adv. Meekness n. [old norse]
Meerkat n. S. African mongoose. [dutch, = sea-cat]
Meerschaum n. 1 soft white clay-like substance. 2 tobacco-pipe with its bowl made from this. [german, = sea-foam]
Meet1 —v. (past and past part. Met) 1 encounter (a person etc.) Or (of two or more people) come together by accident or design; come face to face (with) (met on the bridge). 2 be present by design at the arrival of (a person, train, etc.). 3 come or seem to come together or into contact (with); join (where the sea and the sky meet; jacket won’t meet). 4 make the acquaintance of (delighted to meet you; all met at oxford). 5 come together for business, worship, etc. (union met management). 6 a deal with or answer (a demand, objection, etc.) (met the proposal with hostility). B satisfy or conform with (agreed to meet the new terms). 7 pay (a bill etc.); honour (a cheque) (meet the cost). 8 (often foll. By with) experience, encounter, or receive (met their death; met with hostility). 9
confront in battle etc. —n. 1 assembly for a hunt. 2 assembly for sport, esp. Athletics. make ends meet see *end. Meet the case be adequate. Meet the eye be visible or evident. Meet a person half way compromise with. Meet up colloq. (often foll. By with) = sense 1 of v. Meet with 1 see sense 8 of v. 2 receive (a reaction) (met with her approval). 3 esp. Us = sense 1 of v. [old english]
Meet2 adj. Archaic fitting, proper. [related to *mete]
Meeting n. 1 coming together. 2 assembly of esp. A society, committee, etc. 3 = *race meeting.
Mega slang —adj. 1 excellent. 2 enormous. —adv. Extremely.
Mega-comb. Form 1 large. 2 one million (106) in the metric system of measurement. 3 slang extremely; very big (mega-stupid; mega-project). [greek megas great]
Megabuck n. Us slang million dollars.
Megabyte n. Computing 1,048,576 (i.e. 220) bytes as a measure of data capacity, or loosely 1,000,000.
Megadeath n. Death of one million people (in war).
Megahertz n. (pl. Same) one million hertz, esp. As a measure of radio frequency.
Megalith n. Large stone, esp. As a prehistoric monument or part of one. megalithic adj. [greek lithos stone]
Megalomania n. 1 mental disorder producing delusions of grandeur. 2 passion for grandiose schemes. megalomaniac adj. & n. [greek megas great, *mania]
Megalosaurus n. (pl. -ruses) large flesh-eating dinosaur with stout hind legs and small forelimbs. [greek megas great, sauros lizard]
Megaphone n. Large funnel-shaped device for amplifying the voice. [greek megas great, phone sound]
Megastar n. Colloq. Very famous entertainer etc.
Megaton n. Unit of explosive power equal to one million tons of tnt.
Megavolt n. One million volts, esp. As a unit of electromotive force.
Megawatt n. One million watts, esp. As a measure of electrical power.
Megohm n. One million ohms.
Meiosis n. (pl. Meioses) 1 cell division that results in gametes with half the normal chromosome number. 2 = *litotes. [greek meion less]
Melamine n. 1 white crystalline compound producing resins. 2 (in full melamine resin) plastic made from this and used esp. For laminated coatings. [from arbitrary melam, *amine]
Melancholia n. Depression and anxiety. [latin: related to *melancholy]
Melancholy —n. 1 pensive sadness. 2 a mental depression. B tendency to this. —adj. Sad; saddening, depressing; expressing sadness. melancholic adj. [greek melas black, khole bile]
Mélange n. Mixture, medley. [french mêler mix]
Melanin n. Dark pigment in the hair, skin, etc., causing tanning in sunlight. [greek melas black]
Melanoma n. Malignant skin tumour.
Melba toast n. Very thin crisp toast. [melba, name of a soprano]
Meld v. Merge, blend. [origin uncertain]
Melee n. (brit. Mêlée) 1 confused fight, skirmish, or scuffle. 2 muddle. [french:
related to *medley]
Mêlée n. (us melee) 1 confused fight, skirmish, or scuffle. 2 muddle. [french:
related to *medley]
Mellifluous adj. (of a voice etc.) Pleasing, musical, flowing. mellifluously adv. Mellifluousness n. [latin mel honey, fluo flow]
Mellow —adj. 1 (of sound, colour, light) soft and rich, free from harshness. 2 (of character) gentle; mature. 3 genial, jovial. 4 euphem. Partly intoxicated. 5 (of fruit) soft, sweet, and juicy. 6 (of wine) well-matured, smooth. 7 (of earth) rich, loamy. —v. Make or become mellow. mellowly adv. Mellowness n. [origin unknown]
Melodeon n. (also melodion) 1 small organ similar to the harmonium. 2 small german accordion. [from melody, harmonium]
Melodic adj. Of melody; melodious. melodically adv. [greek: related to *melody]
Melodious adj. 1 of, producing, or having melody. 2 sweet-sounding. melodiously adv. Melodiousness n. [french: related to *melody]
Melodrama n. 1 sensational play etc. Appealing blatantly to the emotions. 2 this type of drama. 3 theatrical language, behaviour, etc. melodramatic adj. Melodramatically adv. [greek melos music, *drama]
Melody n. (pl. -ies) 1 single notes arranged to make a distinctive recognizable pattern; tune. 2 principal part in harmonized music. 3 musical arrangement of words. 4 sweet music, tunefulness. [greek melos song: related to *ode]
Melon n. 1 sweet fleshy fruit of various climbing plants of the gourd family. 2 such a gourd. [greek melon apple]
Melt v. 1 become liquefied or change to liquid by the action of heat; dissolve. 2 (as molten adj.) (esp. Of metals etc.) Liquefied by heat (molten lava; molten lead). 3 (of food) be delicious, seeming to dissolve in the mouth. 4 soften, or (of a person, the heart, etc.) Be softened, by pity, love, etc. (a melting look). 5 (usu. Foll. By into) merge imperceptibly; change into (night melted into dawn). 6 (often foll. By away) (of a person) leave or disappear unobtrusively (melted into the background). melt away disappear by or as if by liquefaction. Melt down 1 melt (esp. Metal) for reuse. 2 become liquid and lose structure. [old english]
Meltdown n. 1 melting of a structure, esp. The overheated core of a nuclear reactor. 2 disastrous event, esp. A rapid fall in share values.
Melting point n. Temperature at which a solid melts.
Melting-pot n. Place for mixing races, theories, etc.
Member n. 1 person etc. Belonging to a society, team, group, etc. 2 (member) person elected to certain assemblies etc. 3 part of a larger structure, e.g. Of a group of figures or a mathematical set. 4 a part or organ of the body, esp. A
limb. B = *penis. [latin membrum limb]
Membership n. 1 being a member. 2 number or body of members.
Membrane n. 1 pliable sheetlike tissue connecting or lining organs in plants and animals. 2 thin pliable sheet or skin. membranous adj. [latin membrana skin, parchment: related to *member]
Memento n. (pl. -es or -s) souvenir of a person or event. [latin, imperative of memini remember]
Memento mori n. Skull etc. As a reminder of death. [latin, = remember you must die]
Memo n. (pl. -s) colloq. Memorandum. [abbreviation]
Memoir n. 1 historical account etc. Written from personal knowledge or special sources. 2 (in pl.) Autobiography, esp. Partial or dealing with specific events or people. 3 essay on a learned subject. [french mémoire: related to *memory]
Memorabilia n.pl. Souvenirs of memorable events. [latin: related to *memorable]
Memorable adj. 1 worth remembering. 2 easily remembered. memorably adv. [latin memor mindful]
Memorandum n. (pl. -da or -s) 1 note or record for future use. 2 informal written message, esp. In business, diplomacy, etc. [see *memorable]
Memorial —n. Object etc. Established in memory of a person or event. —attrib. Adj. Commemorating (memorial service). [latin: related to *memory]
Memorize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) commit to memory.
Memory n. (pl. -ies) 1 faculty by which things are recalled to or kept in the mind. 2 a this in an individual (my memory is failing). B store of things remembered (deep in my memory). 3 recollection; remembrance, esp. Of a person etc.; person or thing remembered (memory of better times; his mother’s memory). 4 storage capacity of a computer etc. 5 posthumous reputation (his memory lives on; of blessed memory). 6 length of remembered time of a specific person, group, etc. (within living memory). 7 remembering (deed worthy of memory). from memory as remembered (without checking). In memory of to keep alive the remembrance of. [latin memoria from memor mindful]
Memory lane n. (usu. Prec. By down, along) joc. Sentimental remembering.
Memsahib n. Anglo-ind. Hist. Indian name for a european married woman in india. [from ma’am, sahib]
Men pl. Of *man.
Menace —n. 1 threat. 2 dangerous thing or person. 3 joc. Pest, nuisance. —v. (-cing) threaten. menacingly adv. [latin minax from minor threaten]
Ménage n. Household. [latin: related to *manor]
Ménage à trois n. (pl. Ménages à trois) household of three, usu. A married couple and a lover. [french, = household of three]
Menagerie n. Small zoo. [french: related to *ménage]
Mend —v. 1 restore to good condition; repair. 2 regain health. 3 improve (mend matters). —n. Darn or repair in material etc. mend one’s ways reform oneself. On the mend recovering, esp. In health. [anglo-french: related to *amend]
Mendacious adj. Lying, untruthful. mendacity n. (pl. -ies). [latin mendax]
Mendelevium n. Artificially made transuranic radioactive metallic element. [mendeleev, name of a chemist]
Mendelian adj. Of mendel’s theory of heredity by genes. [mendel, name of a botanist]
Mendicant —adj. 1 begging. 2 (of a friar) living solely on alms. —n. 1 beggar. 2 mendicant friar. [latin mendicus beggar]
Mending n. 1 action of repairing. 2 things, esp. Clothes, to be mended.
Mending n. 1 action of repairing. 2 things, esp. Clothes, to be mended.
Menfolk n.pl. Men, esp. The men of a family.
Menhir n. Usu. Prehistoric monument of a tall upright stone. [breton men stone, hir long]
Menial —adj. (of esp. Work) degrading, servile. —n. Domestic servant. [anglo-french meinie retinue]
Meninges n.pl. Three membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord. [greek menigx membrane]
Meningitis n. (esp. Viral) infection and inflammation of the meninges.
Meniscus n. (pl. Menisci) 1 curved upper surface of liquid in a tube. 2 lens convex on one side and concave on the other. [greek meniskos crescent, from mene moon]
Menopause n. 1 ceasing of menstruation. 2 period in a woman’s life (usu. 45–55) when this occurs. menopausal adj. [greek men month, *pause]
Menorah n. Seven-branched jewish candelabrum. [hebrew, = candlestick]
Menses n.pl. Flow of menstrual blood etc. [latin, pl. Of mensis month]
Mens rea n. Law criminal intent. [latin, = guilty mind]
Menstrual adj. Of menstruation. [latin menstruus monthly]
Menstrual cycle n. Process of ovulation and menstruation.
Menstruate v. (-ting) undergo menstruation.
Menstruation n. Process of discharging blood etc. From the uterus, usu. At monthly intervals from puberty to menopause.
Mensuration n. 1 measuring. 2 measuring of lengths, areas, and volumes. [latin:
related to *measure]
Menswear n. Clothes for men.
-ment suffix 1 forming nouns expressing the means or result of verbal action (abridgement; embankment). 2 forming nouns from adjectives (merriment; oddment). [latin -mentum]
Mental adj. 1 of, in, or done by the mind. 2 caring for mental patients. 3 colloq. Insane. mentally adv. [latin mens ment-mind]
Insane. mentally adv. [latin mens ment-mind]
Mental age n. Degree of mental development in terms of the average age at which such development is attained.
Mental block n. Inability due to subconscious mental factors.
Mental deficiency n. Abnormally low intelligence.
Mentality n. (pl. -ies) mental character or disposition; kind or degree of intelligence.
Mental patient n. Sufferer from mental illness.
Mental reservation n. Silent qualification made while seeming to agree.
Menthol n. Mint-tasting organic alcohol found in oil of peppermint etc., used as a flavouring and to relieve local pain. [latin: related to *mint1]
Mentholated adj. Treated with or containing menthol.
Mention —v. 1 refer to briefly or by name. 2 reveal or disclose (do not mention this to anyone). 3 (usu. As mention in dispatches) award a minor military honour to in war. —n. 1 reference, esp. By name. 2 minor military or other honour. don’t mention it polite reply to an apology or thanks. Not to mention and also. [latin mentio]
Mentor n. Experienced and trusted adviser. [mentor in homer’s odyssey]
Menu n. 1 list of dishes available in a restaurant etc., or to be served at a meal. 2 computing list of options displayed on a vdu. [latin: related to *minute2]
Mep abbr. Member of the european parliament.
Mephistophelean adj. Fiendish. [mephistopheles, evil spirit to whom faust sold his soul in german legend]
Mercantile adj. 1 of trade, trading. 2 commercial. [latin: related to *merchant]
Mercantile marine n. Merchant shipping.
Mercator projection n. (also mercator’s projection) map of the world projected on to a cylinder so that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator. [mercator, name of a geographer]
Mercenary —adj. Primarily concerned with or working for money etc. —n. (pl. – ies) hired soldier in foreign service. mercenariness n. [latin from merces reward]
Mercer n. Dealer in textile fabrics. [latin merx merc-goods]
Mercerize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) treat (cotton) with caustic alkali to strengthen and make lustrous. [mercer, name of its alleged inventor]
Merchandise —n. Goods for sale. —v. (-sing) 1 trade, traffic (in). 2 advertise or promote (goods, an idea, or a person). [french: related to *merchant]
Merchant n. 1 wholesale trader, esp. With foreign countries. 2 esp. Us & scot. Retail trader. 3 colloq. Usu. Derog. Person devoted to a specified activity etc. (speed merchant). [latin mercor trade (v.)]
Merchantable adj. Saleable, marketable.
Merchant bank n. Bank dealing in commercial loans and finance.
Merchantman n. (pl. -men) merchant ship.
Merchant navy n. Nation’s commercial shipping.
Merchant ship n. Ship carrying merchandise.
Merciful adj. Showing mercy. mercifulness n.
Mercifully adv. 1 in a merciful manner. 2 fortunately (mercifully, the sun came out).
Merciless adj. Showing no mercy. mercilessly adv.
Mercurial adj. 1 (of a person) volatile. 2 of or containing mercury. [latin: related to *mercury]
Mercury n. 1 silvery heavy liquid metallic element used in barometers, thermometers, etc. 2 (mercury) planet nearest to the sun. mercuric adj. Mercurous adj. [latin mercurius, roman messenger-god]
Mercy —n. (pl. -ies) 1 compassion or forbearance towards defeated enemies or offenders or as a quality. 2 act of mercy. 3 (attrib.) Done out of compassion (mercy killing). 4 thing to be thankful for (small mercies). —int. Expressing surprise or fear. at the mercy of 1 in the power of. 2 liable to danger or harm from. Have mercy on (or upon) show mercy to. [latin merces reward, pity]
Mere1 attrib. Adj. (merest) being solely or only what is specified (a mere boy; no mere theory). merely adv. [latin merus unmixed]
Mere2 n. Dial. Or poet. Lake. [old english]
Mere2 n. Dial. Or poet. Lake. [old english]
Meretricious adj. Showily but falsely attractive. [latin meretrix prostitute]
Merganser n. (pl. Same or -s) a diving duck. [latin mergus diver, anser goose]
Merge v. (-ging) 1 (often foll. By with) a combine. B join or blend gradually. 2 (foll. By in) (cause to) lose character and identity in (something else). [latin mergo dip]
Merger n. Combining, esp. Of two commercial companies etc. Into one.
Meridian n. 1 a circle of constant longitude, passing through a given place and the terrestrial poles. B corresponding line on a map. 2 (often attrib.) Prime; full splendour. [latin meridies midday]
Meridional adj. 1 of or in the south (esp. Of europe). 2 of a meridian.
Meringue n. 1 sugar, whipped egg-whites, etc., baked crisp. 2 small cake of this, esp. Filled with whipped cream. [french]
Merino n. (pl. -s) 1 (in full merino sheep) variety of sheep with long fine wool. 2 soft cashmere-like material, orig. Of merino wool. 3 fine woollen yarn. [spanish]
Merit —n. 1 quality of deserving well. 2 excellence, worth. 3 (usu. In pl.) A thing that entitles one to reward or gratitude. B intrinsic rights and wrongs (merits of a case). —v. (-t-) deserve. [latin meritum value, from mereor deserve]
Meritocracy n. (pl. -ies) 1 government by those selected for merit. 2 group selected in this way. 3 society governed thus.
Meritorious adj. Praiseworthy.
Merlin n. Small falcon. [anglo-french]
Mermaid n. Legendary creature with a woman’s head and trunk and a fish’s tail. [from *mere2 ‘sea’, *maid]
Merry adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 a joyous. B full of laughter or gaiety. 2 colloq. Slightly drunk. make merry be festive. merrily adv. Merriment n. Merriness n. [old english]
Merry-go-round n. 1 a fairground ride with revolving model horses or cars. B = *roundabout 2a. 2 cycle of bustling activity.
Merrymaking n. Festivity, fun. merrymaker n.
Mésalliance n. Marriage with a social inferior. [french]
Mescal n. Peyote cactus. [spanish from nahuatl]
Mescal buttons n.pl. Disc-shaped dried tops from the mescal, esp. As an
Mescal buttons n.pl. Disc-shaped dried tops from the mescal, esp. As an intoxicant.
Mescaline n. (also mescalin) hallucinogenic alkaloid present in mescal buttons.
Mesdames pl. Of *madame.
Mesdemoiselles pl. Of *mademoiselle.
Mesembryanthemum n. S. African fleshy-leaved plant with bright daisy-like flowers that open fully in sunlight. [greek, = noon flower]
Mesh —n. 1 network fabric or structure. 2 each of the open spaces in a net or sieve etc. 3 (in pl.) A network. B snare. —v. 1 (often foll. By with) (of the teeth of a wheel) be engaged. 2 be harmonious. 3 catch in a net. in mesh (of the teeth of wheels) engaged. [dutch]
Mesmerize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 hypnotize. 2 fascinate, spellbind. mesmerism n. Mesmerizingly adv. [mesmer, name of a physician]
Meso-comb. Form middle, intermediate. [greek mesos middle]
Mesolithic adj. Of the part of the stone age between the palaeolithic and neolithic periods. [greek lithos stone]
Mesomorph n. Person with a compact muscular body. [greek morphe form]
Meson n. Elementary particle believed to help hold nucleons together in the atomic nucleus. [from *meso-]
Mesosphere n. Region of the atmosphere from the top of the stratosphere to an altitude of about 80 km.
Mesozoic —adj. Of the geological era marked by the development of dinosaurs, and the first mammals, birds, and flowering plants. —n. This era. [greek zoion animal]
Mess —n. 1 dirty or untidy state of things. 2 state of confusion, embarrassment, or trouble. 3 something spilt etc. 4 disagreeable concoction. 5 a soldiers etc. Dining together. B army dining-hall. C meal taken there. 6 domestic animal’s excreta. 7 archaic portion of liquid or pulpy food. —v. 1 (often foll. By up) make a mess of; dirty; muddle.
Message n. 1 communication sent by one person to another. 2 exalted or spiritual communication. 3 (in pl.) Scot., ir., & n.engl. Shopping. get the message colloq. Understand (a hint etc.). [latin mitto miss-send]
Messeigneurs pl. Of *monseigneur.
Messenger n. Person who carries a message.
Messiah n. 1 a promised deliverer of the jews. B christ regarded as this. 2 liberator of an oppressed people. [hebrew, = anointed]
Messianic adj. 1 of the messiah. 2 inspired by hope or belief in a messiah. [french: related to *messiah]
Messieurs pl. Of *monsieur.
Mess kit n. Soldier’s cooking and eating utensils.
Messrs pl. Of mr. [abbreviation of messieurs]
Messy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 untidy or dirty. 2 causing or accompanied by a mess. 3 difficult to deal with; awkward. messily adv. Messiness n.
Met1 past and past part. Of *meet1.
Met2 adj. Colloq. 1 meteorological. 2 metropolitan. 3 (the met) a (in full the met office) meteorological office. B metropolitan police in london. [abbreviation]
Meta-comb. Form 1 denoting change of position or condition (metabolism). 2 denoting position: a behind, after, or beyond (metaphysics). B of a higher or second-order kind (metalanguage). [greek meta with, after]
Metabolism n. All the chemical processes in a living organism producing energy and growth. metabolic adj. [greek metabole change: related to *meta-, greek ballo throw]
Metabolite n. Substance formed in or necessary for metabolism.
Metabolize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) process or be processed by metabolism.
Metacarpus n. (pl. -carpi) 1 part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers. 2 set of five bones in this. metacarpal adj. [related to meta-, carpus]
Metal —n. 1 a any of a class of workable elements such as gold, silver, iron, or tin, usu. Good conductors of heat and electricity and forming basic oxides. B alloy of any of these. 2 molten material for making glass. 3 (in pl.) Rails of a railway line. 4 = *road-metal. —adj. Made of metal. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 make or mend (a road) with road-metal. 2 cover or fit with metal. [greek metallon mine]
Metalanguage n. 1 form of language used to discuss language. 2 system of propositions about propositions.
Metal detector n. Electronic device for locating esp. Buried metal.
Metallic adj. 1 of or like metal or metals (metallic taste). 2 sounding like struck metal. 3 shiny (metallic blue). metallically adv.
Metalliferous adj. (of rocks) containing metal.
Metallize v. (also -ise; us metalize) (-zing or -sing) 1 render metallic. 2 coat with a thin layer of metal.
Metallography n. Descriptive science of metals.
Metalloid n. Element intermediate in properties between metals and non-metals, e.g. Boron, silicon, and germanium.
Metallurgy n. 1 science of metals and their application. 2 extraction and purification of metals. metallurgic adj. Metallurgical adj. Metallurgist n. [greek metallon *metal, -ourgia working]
Metalwork n. 1 art of working in metal. 2 metal objects collectively.
metalworker n.
Metamorphic adj. 1 of metamorphosis. 2 (of rock) transformed naturally, e.g. By heat or pressure. metamorphism n. [from *meta-, greek morphe form]
Metamorphose v. (-sing) (often foll. By to, into) change in form or nature.
Metamorphosis n. (pl. -phoses) 1 change of form, esp. From a pupa to an insect etc. 2 change of character, conditions, etc. [greek morphe form]
Metaphor n. 1 application of a name or description to something to which it is
Metaphor n. 1 application of a name or description to something to which it is not literally applicable (e.g. A glaring error). 2 instance of this. metaphoric adj. Metaphorical adj. Metaphorically adv. [latin from greek]
Metaphysic n. System of metaphysics.
Metaphysical adj. 1 of metaphysics. 2 colloq. Excessively abstract or theoretical.
3 (of esp. 17th-c. English poetry) subtle and complex in imagery.
Metaphysics n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) 1 branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of existence, truth, and knowledge. 2 colloq. Abstract talk; mere theory. [greek, as having followed physics in aristotle’s works]
Metastasis n. (pl. -stases) transference of a bodily function, disease, etc., from one part or organ to another. [greek, = removal]
Metatarsus n. (pl. -tarsi) 1 part of the foot between the ankle and the toes. 2 set of five bones in this. metatarsal adj. [related to meta-, tarsus]
Mete v. (-ting) (usu. Foll. By out) literary apportion or allot (punishment or reward). [old english]
Meteor n. 1 small solid body from outer space that becomes incandescent when entering the earth’s atmosphere. 2 streak of light from a meteor. [greek meteoros lofty]
Meteoric adj. 1 rapid; dazzling (meteoric rise to fame). 2 of meteors.
meteorically adv.
Meteorite n. Fallen meteor, or fragment of natural rock or metal from outer space.
Meteoroid n. Small body that becomes visible as it passes through the earth’s atmosphere as a meteor.
Meteorology n. The study of atmospheric phenomena, esp. For forecasting the weather. meteorological adj. Meteorologist n. [greek meteorologia: related to *meteor]
Meter1 —n. 1 instrument that measures or records, esp. Gas, electricity, etc. Used, distance travelled, etc. 2 = parking-meter. —v. Measure or record by meter. [from mete]
Meter1 n. (brit. Metre) metric unit and the base si unit of linear measure, equal to about 39.4 inches. metreage n. [greek metron measure]
Meter2 n. (brit. Metre) 1 a poetic rhythm, esp. As determined by the number and length of feet in a line. B metrical group or measure. 2 basic rhythm of music. [related to *metre1]
-meter comb. Form 1 forming nouns denoting measuring instruments (barometer). 2 forming nouns denoting lines of poetry with a specified number of measures (pentameter). [greek metron measure]
Methadone n. Narcotic analgesic drug used esp. As a substitute for morphine or heroin. [6-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenyl-3-heptanone]
Methanal n. = *formaldehyde. [from methane, aldehyde]
Methane n. Colourless odourless inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon, the main constituent of natural gas. [from *methyl]
Methanoic acid n. = *formic acid. [related to *methane]
Methanol n. Colourless volatile inflammable liquid hydrocarbon, used as a solvent. [from methane, alcohol]
Methinks v. (past methought) archaic it seems to me. [old english: related to *me1, *think]
Method n. 1 way of doing something; systematic procedure. 2 orderliness; regular habits. method in one’s madness sense in apparently foolish or strange behaviour. [greek: related to *meta-, hodos way]
Methodical adj. Characterized by method or order. methodically adv.
Methodist —n. Member of a protestant denomination originating in the 18th-c.
Methodist —n. Member of a protestant denomination originating in the 18th-c.
Wesleyan evangelistic movement. —adj. Of methodists or methodism.
methodism n.
Methodology n. (pl. -ies) 1 body of methods used in a particular activity. 2 science of method. methodological adj. Methodologically adv.
Methought past of *methinks.
Meths n. Colloq. Methylated spirit. [abbreviation]
Methyl n. Univalent hydrocarbon radical ch3, present in many organic compounds. [greek methu wine, hule wood]
Methyl alcohol n. = *methanol.
Methylate v. (-ting) 1 mix or impregnate with methanol. 2 introduce a methyl group into (a molecule or compound).
Methylated spirit n. (also methylated spirits n.pl.) Alcohol treated to make it unfit for drinking and exempt from duty.
Meticulous adj. 1 giving great attention to detail. 2 very careful and precise. meticulously adv. Meticulousness n. [latin metus fear]
Métier n. 1 one’s trade, profession, or field of activity. 2 one’s forte. [latin:
related to *minister]
Metonymy n. Substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant (e.g. Crown for king, the turf for horse-racing). [greek: related to *meta-, onuma name]
Metre1 n. (us meter) metric unit and the base si unit of linear measure, equal to about 39.4 inches. metreage n. [greek metron measure]
Metre2 n. (us meter) 1 a poetic rhythm, esp. As determined by the number and length of feet in a line. B metrical group or measure. 2 basic rhythm of music. [related to *metre1]
Metre-kilogram-second n. Denoting a system of measure using the metre, kilogram, and second.
Metric adj. Of or based on the metre. [french: related to *metre1]
-metric comb. Form (also -metrical) forming adjectives corresponding to nouns in -meter and -metry (thermometric; geometric).
Metrical adj. 1 of or composed in metre (metrical psalms). 2 of or involving measurement (metrical geometry). metrically adv. [greek: related to *metre2]
Metricate v. (-ting) convert to a metric system. metrication n.
Metric system n. Decimal measuring system with the metre, litre, and gram (or kilogram) as units of length, volume, and mass.
Metric ton n. (also metric tonne) 1,000 kilograms (2205 lb).
Metro n. (pl. -s) underground railway system, esp. In paris. [french shortened from métropolitain metropolitan]
Metronome n. Device ticking at a selected rate to mark time for musicians. [greek metron measure, nomos law]
Metropolis n. Chief city, capital. [greek meter mother, polis city]
Metropolitan —adj. 1 of a metropolis. 2 of or forming a mother country as distinct from its colonies etc. (metropolitan france). —n. 1 bishop having authority over the bishops of a province. 2 inhabitant of a metropolis.
-metry comb. Form forming nouns denoting procedures and systems involving measurement (geometry).
Mettle n. 1 quality or strength of character. 2 spirit, courage. on one’s mettle keen to do one’s best. mettlesome adj. [from *metal n.]
Mev abbr. Mega-electronvolt(s).
Mew1 —n. Characteristic cry of a cat, gull, etc. —v. Utter this sound. [imitative]
Mew2 n. Gull, esp. The common gull. [old english]
Mewl v. 1 whimper. 2 mew like a cat. [imitative]
Mews n. (treated as sing.) Stabling round a yard etc., now used esp. For housing. [originally sing. Mew ‘cage for hawks’: french from latin muto change]
Mexican —n. 1 native or national of mexico. 2 person of mexican descent. — adj. Of mexico or its people. [spanish]
Methyl n. Univalent hydrocarbon radical ch3, present in many organic compounds. [greek methu wine, hule wood]
Methyl alcohol n. = *methanol.
Methylate v. (-ting) 1 mix or impregnate with methanol. 2 introduce a methyl group into (a molecule or compound).
Methylated spirit n. (also methylated spirits n.pl.) Alcohol treated to make it unfit for drinking and exempt from duty.
Meticulous adj. 1 giving great attention to detail. 2 very careful and precise. meticulously adv. Meticulousness n. [latin metus fear]
Métier n. 1 one’s trade, profession, or field of activity. 2 one’s forte. [latin:
related to *minister]
Metonymy n. Substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant (e.g. Crown for king, the turf for horse-racing). [greek: related to *meta-, onuma name]
Metre1 n. (us meter) metric unit and the base si unit of linear measure, equal to about 39.4 inches. metreage n. [greek metron measure]
Metre2 n. (us meter) 1 a poetic rhythm, esp. As determined by the number and length of feet in a line. B metrical group or measure. 2 basic rhythm of music. [related to *metre1]
Metre-kilogram-second n. Denoting a system of measure using the metre, kilogram, and second.
Metric adj. Of or based on the metre. [french: related to *metre1]
-metric comb. Form (also -metrical) forming adjectives corresponding to nouns in -meter and -metry (thermometric; geometric).
Metrical adj. 1 of or composed in metre (metrical psalms). 2 of or involving measurement (metrical geometry). metrically adv. [greek: related to *metre2]
Metricate v. (-ting) convert to a metric system. metrication n.
Metric system n. Decimal measuring system with the metre, litre, and gram (or kilogram) as units of length, volume, and mass.
Metric ton n. (also metric tonne) 1,000 kilograms (2205 lb).
Metro n. (pl. -s) underground railway system, esp. In paris. [french shortened from métropolitain metropolitan]
Metronome n. Device ticking at a selected rate to mark time for musicians. [greek metron measure, nomos law]
Metropolis n. Chief city, capital. [greek meter mother, polis city]
Metropolitan —adj. 1 of a metropolis. 2 of or forming a mother country as distinct from its colonies etc. (metropolitan france). —n. 1 bishop having authority over the bishops of a province. 2 inhabitant of a metropolis.
-metry comb. Form forming nouns denoting procedures and systems involving measurement (geometry).
Mettle n. 1 quality or strength of character. 2 spirit, courage. on one’s mettle keen to do one’s best. mettlesome adj. [from *metal n.]
Mev abbr. Mega-electronvolt(s).
Mew1 —n. Characteristic cry of a cat, gull, etc. —v. Utter this sound. [imitative]
Mew2 n. Gull, esp. The common gull. [old english]
Mewl v. 1 whimper. 2 mew like a cat. [imitative]
Mews n. (treated as sing.) Stabling round a yard etc., now used esp. For housing. [originally sing. Mew ‘cage for hawks’: french from latin muto change]
Mexican —n. 1 native or national of mexico. 2 person of mexican descent. — adj. Of mexico or its people. [spanish]
Mezzanine n. Storey between two others (usu. Between the ground and first floors). [italian: related to *median]
Mezzo mus. —adv. Half, moderately. —n. (in full mezzo-soprano) (pl. -s) 1 female singing-voice between soprano and contralto. 2 singer with this voice.
[latin medius middle]
Mezzo forte adj. & adv. Fairly loud(ly).
Mezzo piano adj. & adv. Fairly soft(ly).
Mezzotint n. 1 method of printing or engraving in which a plate is roughened by scraping to produce tones and halftones. 2 print so produced. [italian: related to mezzo, tint]
Mf abbr. Mezzo forte.
Mg symb. Magnesium.
Mg abbr. Milligram(s).
Mgr. Abbr. 1 manager. 2 monseigneur. 3 monsignor.
Mhz abbr. Megahertz.
M.i.5 abbr. Uk department of military intelligence concerned with state security.
Miaow —n. Characteristic cry of a cat. —v. Make this cry. [imitative]
Miasma n. (pl. -mata or -s) archaic infectious or noxious vapour. [greek, = defilement]
Mica n. Silicate mineral found as glittering scales in granite etc. Or in crystals separable into thin transparent plates. [latin, = crumb]
Mice pl. Of *mouse.
Michaelmas n. Feast of st michael, 29 september. [related to *mass2]
Michaelmas daisy n. Autumn-flowering aster.
Mick n. Slang offens. Irishman. [pet form of michael]
Mickey n. (also micky) take the mickey (often foll. By out of) slang tease, mock, ridicule. [origin uncertain]
Mickey finn n. Slang drugged drink intended to make the victim unconscious. [origin uncertain]
Mickle n. (also muckle) archaic or scot. Large amount. many a little makes a mickle (orig. Erroneously many a mickle makes a muckle) small amounts accumulate. [old norse]
Micky var. Of *mickey.
Micro n. (pl. -s) colloq. 1 = *microcomputer. 2 = *microprocessor.
Micro-comb. Form 1 small (microchip). 2 denoting a factor of one millionth (10-6) (microgram). [greek mikros small]
Microbe n. Micro-organism (esp. A bacterium causing disease or fermentation). microbial adj. Microbic adj. [greek mikros small, bios life]
Microbiology n. The study of micro-organisms. microbiologist n.
Microchip n. Small piece of semiconductor (usu. Silicon) used to carry integrated circuits.
Microcircuit n. Integrated circuit on a microchip.
Microclimate n. Small localized climate, e.g. Inside a greenhouse.
Microcomputer n. Small computer with a microprocessor as its central processor.
Microcosm n. (often foll. By of) miniature representation, e.g. Mankind or a community seen as a small-scale model of the universe; epitome. microcosmic adj. [from micro-, cosmos]
Microdot n. Microphotograph of a document etc. Reduced to the size of a dot.
Micro-electronics n. Design, manufacture, and use of microchips and microcircuits.
Microfiche n. (pl. Same or -s) small flat piece of film bearing microphotographs of documents etc. [from *micro-, french fiche slip of paper]
Microfilm —n. Length of film bearing microphotographs of documents etc. —v.
Photograph on microfilm.
Microlight n. A kind of motorized hang-glider.
Micromesh n. (often attrib.) Fine-meshed material, esp. Nylon.
Micrometer n. Gauge for accurate small-scale measurement.
Micron n. One-millionth of a metre. [greek mikros small]
Micro-organism n. Microscopic organism, e.g. Bacteria, protozoa, and viruses.
Microphone n. Instrument for converting sound waves into electrical energy for reconversion into sound after transmission or recording. [from *micro-, greek phone sound]
Microphotograph n. Photograph reduced to a very small size. [from *micro-]
Microprocessor n. Integrated circuit containing all the functions of a computer’s central processing unit.
Microscope n. Instrument with lenses for magnifying objects or details invisible to the naked eye. [from micro-, -scope]
Microscopic adj. 1 visible only with a microscope. 2 extremely small. 3 of or by means of a microscope. microscopically adv.
Microscopy n. Use of microscopes.
Microsecond n. One-millionth of a second.
Microsurgery n. Intricate surgery using microscopes.
Microwave —n. 1 electromagnetic wave with a wavelength in the range 0.001–
Microwave —n. 1 electromagnetic wave with a wavelength in the range 0.001– 0.3m. 2 (in full microwave oven) oven using microwaves to cook or heat food quickly. —v. (-ving) cook in a microwave oven.
Micturition n. Formal urination. [latin]
Mid attrib. Adj. (usu. In comb.) The middle of (mid-air; mid-june). [old english]
Midday n. (often attrib.) Middle of the day; noon. [old english: related to mid, day]
Midden n. 1 dunghill. 2 refuse heap. [scandinavian: related to *muck]
Middle —attrib. Adj. 1 at an equal distance, time, or number from extremities; central. 2 intermediate in rank, quality, etc. 3 average (of middle height). —n. 1 (often foll. By of) middle point, position, or part. 2 waist. in the middle of 1 in the process of. 2 during. [old english]
Middle age n. Period between youth and old age. middle-aged adj.
Middle ages n. (prec. By the) period of european history from c.1000 to 1453.
Middle-age spread n. (also middle-aged spread) increased bodily girth at middle age.
Middlebrow colloq. —adj. Having or appealing to non-intellectual or
conventional tastes. —n. Middlebrow person.
Middle c n. C near the middle of the piano keyboard, (in notation) the note between the treble and bass staves.
Middle class n. Social class between the upper and the lower, including professional and business workers. middle-class adj.
Middle distance n. 1 (in a landscape) part between the foreground and the background. 2 athletics race distance of esp. 400 or 800 metres.
Middle ear n. Cavity behind the eardrum.
Middle east n. (prec. By the) area covered by countries from egypt to iran inclusive. middle eastern adj.
Middle english n. English language from c.1150 to 1500.
Middle game n. Central phase of a chess game.
Middleman n. 1 trader who handles a commodity between producer and consumer. 2 intermediary.
Middle name n. 1 name between first name and surname. 2 colloq. Person’s
Middle name n. 1 name between first name and surname. 2 colloq. Person’s most characteristic quality (tact is my middle name).
Middle-of-the-road adj. 1 moderate; avoiding extremes. 2 of general appeal.
Middle school n. School for children from about 9 to 13 years.
Middle-sized adj. Of medium size.
Middleweight n. 1 weight in certain sports between welterweight and light heavyweight, in amateur boxing 71–5 kg. 2 sportsman of this weight.
Middling —adj. Moderately good. —adv. Fairly, moderately.
Midfield n. Football central part of the pitch, away from the goals. midfielder n.
Midge n. Gnatlike insect. [old english]
Midget n. 1 extremely small person or thing. 2 (attrib.) Very small.
Midi n. (also midi) an interface allowing electronic musical instruments, synthesizers, and computers to be interconnected and used simultaneously. [abbreviation of musical instrument digital interface]
Midi system n. Set of compact stacking components of hi-fi equipment.
Midland —n. 1 (the midlands) inland counties of central england. 2 middle part of a country. —adj. Of or in the midland or midlands.
Mid-life n. Middle age.
Mid-life crisis n. Crisis of self-confidence in early middle age.
Midnight n. Middle of the night; 12 o’clock at night. [old english]
Midnight blue adj. & n. (as adj. Often hyphenated) very dark blue.
Midnight sun n. Sun visible at midnight during the summer in polar regions.
Mid-off n. Cricket position of the fielder near the bowler on the off side.
Mid-on n. Cricket position of the fielder near the bowler on the on side.
Midriff n. Front of the body just above the waist. [old english, = mid-belly]
Midshipman n. Naval officer ranking next above a cadet.
Midships adv. = *amidships.
Midst —prep. Poet. Amidst. —n. Middle. in the midst of among; in the middle of. In our (or your or their) midst among us (or you or them). [related to *mid]
Midstream —n. Middle of a stream etc. —adv. (also in midstream) in the middle of an action etc. (abandoned the project midstream).
Midsummer n. Period of or near the summer solstice, about 21 june. [old english]
Midsummer day n. (also midsummer’s day) 24 june.
Midsummer madness n. Extreme folly.
Midway adv. In or towards the middle of the distance between two points.
Midwest n. Region of the us adjoining the northern mississippi.
Midwicket n. Cricket position of a fielder on the leg side opposite the middle of
Midwicket n. Cricket position of a fielder on the leg side opposite the middle of the pitch.
Midwife n. Person trained to assist at childbirth. midwifery n. [originally = with-woman]
Midwinter n. Period of or near the winter solstice, about 22 dec. [old english]
Mien n. Literary person’s look or bearing. [probably obsolete demean]
Miff v. Colloq. (usu. As miffed adj.) Offend. [origin uncertain]
Might1 past of *may, used esp.: 1 in reported speech, expressing possibility (said he might come) or permission (asked if i might leave) (cf. may 1, 2). 2 (foll. By perfect infin.) Expressing a possibility based on a condition not fulfilled (if you’d looked you might have found it). 3 (foll. By present infin. Or perfect infin.) Expressing complaint that an obligation or expectation is not or has not been fulfilled (they might have asked). 4 expressing a request (you might call in at the butcher’s). 5 colloq. A = may 1 (it might be true). B (in tentative questions) = may 2 (might i have the pleasure of this dance?). C = may 1 d (who might yoube?). might as well expressing lukewarm acquiescence (might as well try).
Might2 n. Strength, power. with might and main with all one’s power. [old english: related to *may]
Might-have-been n. Colloq. 1 past possibility that no longer applies. 2 person of unfulfilled promise.
Mighty —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 powerful, strong. 2 massive, bulky. 3 colloq. Great, considerable. —adv. Colloq. Very (mighty difficult). mightily adv. Mightiness n. [old english: related to *might2]
Mignonette n. Plant with fragrant grey-green flowers. [french, diminutive of mignon small]
Migraine n. Recurrent throbbing headache often with nausea and visual disturbance. [greek hemikrania: related to hemi-, cranium]
Migrant —adj. Migrating. —n. Migrant person or animal, esp. A bird.
Migrate v. (-ting) 1 move from one place and settle in another, esp. Abroad. 2 (of a bird or fish) change its habitation seasonally. 3 move under natural forces. migration n. Migrator n. Migratory adj. [latin migro]
Mikado n. (pl. -s) hist. Emperor of japan. [japanese, = august door]
Mike n. Colloq. Microphone. [abbreviation]
Mil n. One-thousandth of an inch, as a unit of measure for the diameter of wire etc. [latin mille thousand]
Milady n. (pl. -ies) (esp. As a form of address) english noblewoman. [french from my lady]
Milage var. Of *mileage.
Milch adj. Giving milk. [old english: related to *milk]
Milch cow n. Source of easy profit.
Mild —adj. 1 (esp. Of a person) gentle and conciliatory. 2 not severe or harsh. 3 (of the weather) moderately warm. 4 (of flavour etc.) Not sharp or strong. 5 tame, feeble; lacking vivacity. —n. Dark mild draught beer (cf. *bitter). mildish adj. Mildness n. [old english]
Mildew —n. 1 destructive growth of minute fungi on plants. 2 similar growth on damp paper, leather, etc. —v. Taint or be tainted with mildew. mildewy adj. [old english]
Mildly adv. In a mild fashion. to put it mildly as an understatement.
Mild-mannered adj. = *mild 1.
Mild steel n. Strong and tough steel not readily tempered.
Mile n. 1 (also statute mile) unit of linear measure equal to 1,760 yards (approx. 1.6 kilometres). 2 (in pl.) Colloq. Great distance or amount (miles better). 3 race extending over a mile. [latin mille thousand]
Mileage n. (also milage) 1 number of miles travelled, esp. By a vehicle per unit of fuel. 2 colloq. Profit, advantage.
Miler n. Colloq. Person or horse specializing in races of one mile.
Milestone n. 1 stone beside a road marking a distance in miles. 2 significant event or point in a life, history, project, etc.
Milfoil n. Common yarrow with small white flowers. [latin: related to mile, foil2]
Milieu n. (pl. Milieux or -s) person’s environment or social surroundings. [french]
Militant —adj. 1 combative; aggressively active in support of a cause. 2 engaged in warfare. —n. Militant person. militancy n. Militantly adv. [latin: related to *militate]
Militarism n. 1 aggressively military policy etc. 2 military spirit. militarist n.
Militaristic adj.
Militarize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 equip with military resources. 2 make military or warlike. 3 imbue with militarism. militarization n.
Military —adj. Of or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces. —n. (as sing. Or pl.; prec. By the) the army. militarily adv. [latin miles milit-soldier]
Military honours n.pl. Burial rites of a soldier, royalty, etc., performed by the military.
Military police n. (as pl.) Army police force disciplining soldiers.
Militate v. (-ting) (usu. Foll. By against) have force or effect; tell. [latin: related to *military]
Usage militate is often confused with mitigate.
Militia n. Military force, esp. One conscripted in an emergency. militiaman n. [latin, = military service]
Milk —n. 1 opaque white fluid secreted by female mammals for the nourishment of their young. 2 milk of cows, goats, or sheep as food. 3 milklike juice of the coconut etc. —v. 1 draw milk from (a cow etc.). 2 exploit (a person or situation) to the utmost. [old english]
Milk and honey n. Abundance; prosperity.
Milk and water n. Feeble or insipid writing, speech, etc.
Milk chocolate n. Chocolate made with milk.
Milk float n. Small usu. Electric vehicle used in delivering milk.
Milkmaid n. Girl or woman who milks cows or works in a dairy.
Milkman n. Person who sells or delivers milk.
Milk of magnesia n. Propr. White suspension of magnesium hydroxide usu. In water, taken as an antacid or laxative.
Milk-powder n. Dehydrated milk.
Milk pudding n. Pudding, esp. Of rice, baked with milk.
Milk round n. 1 fixed route for milk delivery. 2 regular trip with calls at several places.
Milk run n. Routine expedition etc.
Milk shake n. Drink of whisked milk, flavouring, etc.
Milksop n. Weak or timid man or youth.
Milk tooth n. Temporary tooth in young mammals.
Milky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of, like, or mixed with milk. 2 (of a gem or liquid) cloudy; not clear. milkiness n.
Milky way n. Luminous band of stars; the galaxy.
Mill —n. 1 a building fitted with a mechanical device for grinding corn. B such a device. 2 device for grinding any solid to powder etc. (pepper-mill). 3 a building fitted with machinery for manufacturing processes etc. (cotton-mill). B such machinery. —v. 1 grind (corn), produce (flour), or hull (seeds) in a mill. 2 (esp. As milled adj.) Produce a ribbed edge on (a coin). 3 cut or shape (metal) with a rotating tool. 4 (often foll. By about, around) move aimlessly, esp. In a confused mass. go (or put) through the mill undergo (or cause to undergo) intensive work, pain, training, etc. [latin molo grind]
Millefeuille n. Rich cake of puff pastry split and filled with jam, cream, etc. [french, = thousand-leaf]
Millennium n. (pl. -s or millennia) 1 period of 1,000 years, esp. That of christ’s prophesied reign on earth (rev. 20:1–5). 2 (esp. Future) period of happiness and
prosperity. millennial adj. [latin mille thousand]
Millepede var. Of *millipede.
Miller n. 1 proprietor or tenant of a mill, esp. A corn-mill. 2 person operating a milling machine. [related to *mill]
Miller’s thumb n. Small spiny freshwater fish.
Millesimal —adj. 1 thousandth. 2 of, belonging to, or dealing with, a thousandth or thousandths. —n. Thousandth part. [latin mille thousand]
Millet n. 1 cereal plant bearing small nutritious seeds. 2 seed of this. [latin milium]
Millet-grass n. Tall woodland grass.
Milli-comb. Form thousand, esp. Denoting a factor of one thousandth. [latin mille thousand]
Milliard n. One thousand million. [french mille thousand]
Usage milliard is now largely superseded by billion.
Millibar n. Unit of atmospheric pressure equivalent to 100 pascals.
Milligram n. (also -gramme) one-thousandth of a gram.
Milliliter n. (brit. -litre) one-thousandth of a litre (0.002 pint).
Millilitre n. (us -liter) one-thousandth of a litre (0.002 pint).
Millimeter n. (brit. -metre) one-thousandth of a metre (0.039 in.).
Millimetre n. (us -meter) one-thousandth of a metre (0.039 in.).
Milliner n. Person who makes or sells women’s hats. millinery n. [milan in italy]
Million n. & adj. (pl. Same or (in sense 2) -s) (in sing. Prec. By a or one) 1 thousand thousand. 2 (in pl.) Colloq. Very large number. 3 million pounds or dollars. millionth adj. & n. [french, probably from italian mille thousand]
Millionaire n. (fem. Millionairess) person who has over a million pounds, dollars, etc. [french millionnaire: related to *million]
Millipede n. (also millepede) small crawling invertebrate with a long segmented body with two pairs of legs on each segment. [latin mille thousand, pes ped-foot]
Millisecond n. One-thousandth of a second.
Millpond n. Pool of water retained by a dam for operating a mill-wheel. like a millpond (of water) very calm.
Mill-race n. Current of water that drives a mill-wheel.
Millstone n. 1 each of two circular stones for grinding corn. 2 heavy burden or responsibility.
Mill-wheel n. Wheel used to drive a water-mill.
Millworker n. Factory worker.
Millwright n. Person who designs or builds mills.
Milometer n. Instrument for measuring the number of miles travelled by a vehicle.
Milord n. (esp. As a form of address) english nobleman. [french from my lord]
Milt n. 1 spleen in mammals. 2 sperm-filled reproductive gland or the sperm of a
Milt n. 1 spleen in mammals. 2 sperm-filled reproductive gland or the sperm of a male fish. [old english]
Mime —n. 1 acting without words, using only gestures. 2 performance using mime. 3 (also mime artist) mime actor. —v. (-ming) 1 (also absol.) Convey by mime. 2 (often foll. By to) mouth words etc. In time with a soundtrack (mime to a record). [greek mimos]
Mimeograph —n. 1 machine which duplicates from a stencil. 2 copy so produced. —v. Reproduce by this process. [greek mimeomai imitate]
Mimetic adj. Of or practising imitation or mimicry. [greek mimetikos: see *mimeograph]
Mimic —v. (-ck-) 1 imitate (a person, gesture, etc.) Esp. To entertain or ridicule. 2 copy minutely or servilely. 3 resemble closely. —n. Person skilled in imitation. mimicry n. [greek mimikos: related to *mime]
Mimosa n. 1 shrub with globular usu. Yellow flowers. 2 acacia plant with showy yellow flowers. [latin: related to *mime]
Min. Abbr. 1 minister. 2 ministry.
Min. Abbr. 1 minute(s). 2 minimum. 3 minim (fluid measure).
Mina var. Of *myna.
Minaret n. Slender turret next to a mosque, from which the muezzin calls at hours of prayer. [french or spanish from turkish from arabic]
Minatory adj. Formal threatening, menacing. [latin minor threaten]
Mince —v. (-cing) 1 cut up or grind (esp. Meat) finely. 2 (usu. As mincing adj.) Speak or esp. Walk effeminately or affectedly. —n. Minced meat. mince matters (or one’s words) (usu. With neg.) Speak evasively or unduly mildly. mincer n. [latin minutia something small]
Mincemeat n. Mixture of currants, sugar, spices, suet, etc. make mincemeat of utterly defeat.
Mince pie n. Pie containing mincemeat.
Mind —n. 1 a seat of consciousness, thought, volition, and feeling. B attention, concentration (mind keeps wandering). 2 intellect. 3 memory (can’t call it to mind). 4 opinion (of the same mind). 5 way of thinking or feeling (the victorian mind). 6 focussed will (put one’s mind to it). 7 sanity (lose one’s mind). 8 person in regard to mental faculties (a great mind). —v.
Mind-blowing adj. Slang 1 mind-boggling; overwhelming. 2 (esp. Of drugs etc.) Inducing hallucinations.
Mind-boggling adj. Colloq. Unbelievable, startling.
Minded adj. 1 (in comb.) A inclined to think in some specified way, or with a specified interest (mathematically minded; fair-minded; car-minded). B having a specified kind of mind (high-minded). 2 (usu. Foll. By to + infin.) Disposed or inclined.
Minder n. 1 (often in comb.) Person employed to look after a person or thing (child minder). 2 slang bodyguard.
Mindful adj. (often foll. By of) taking heed or care; giving thought (to).
mindfully adv.
Mindless adj. 1 lacking intelligence; brutish (mindless violence). 2 not requiring thought or skill (mindless work). 3 (usu. Foll. By of) heedless of (advice etc.). mindlessly adv. Mindlessness n.
Mind-read v. Discern the thoughts of (another person). mind-reader n.
Mine1 poss. Pron. The one(s) of or belonging to me (it is mine; mine are over there). of mine of or belonging to me (a friend of mine). [old english]
Mine2 —n. 1 excavation to extract metal, coal, salt, etc. 2 abundant source (of information etc.). 3 military explosive device placed in the ground or in the water. —v. (-ning) 1 obtain (metal, coal, etc.) From a mine. 2 (also absol., often foll. By for) dig in (the earth etc.) For ore etc. Or to tunnel. 3 lay explosive mines under or in. mining n. [french]
Minefield n. 1 area planted with explosive mines. 2 colloq. Hazardous subject or situation.
Minelayer n. Ship or aircraft for laying explosive mines.
Miner n. Person who works in a mine. [french: related to *mine2]
Mineral n. (often attrib.) 1 inorganic substance. 2 substance obtained by mining. 3 (often in pl.) Artificial mineral water or similar carbonated drink. [french or medieval latin: related to *mine2]
Mineralize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) impregnate (water etc.) With a mineral substance.
Mineralogy n. The study of minerals. mineralogical adj. Mineralogist n.
Mineral water n. 1 natural water often containing dissolved salts. 2 artificial imitation of this, esp. Soda water.
Minestrone n. Soup containing vegetables and pasta, beans, or rice. [italian]
Minesweeper n. Ship for clearing explosive mines from the sea.
Mineworker n. Miner.
Ming n. (often attrib.) Chinese porcelain made during the ming dynasty (1368– 1644).
Mingle v. (-ling) 1 mix, blend. 2 (often foll. By with) mix socially. [old english]
Mingy adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Mean, stingy. mingily adv. [probably from *mean2, *stingy]
Mini n. (pl. -s) 1 colloq. Miniskirt. 2 (mini) propr. Make of small car. [abbreviation]
Mini-comb. Form miniature; small of its kind (minibus).
Mini-comb. Form miniature; small of its kind (minibus).
Miniature —adj. 1 much smaller than normal. 2 represented on a small scale. — n. 1 any miniature object. 2 detailed small-scale portrait. 3 this genre. in miniature on a small scale. miniaturist n. (in senses 2 and 3 of n.). [latin minium red lead]
Miniaturize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) produce in a smaller version; make small. miniaturization n.
Minibus n. Small bus for about twelve passengers.
Minicab n. Car used as a taxi, hireable only by telephone.
Minicomputer n. Computer of medium power.
Minim n. 1 mus. Note equal to two crotchets or half a semibreve. 2 one-sixtieth of a fluid drachm, about a drop. [latin minimus least]
Minima pl. Of *minimum.
Minimal adj. 1 very minute or slight. 2 being a minimum. minimally adv.
Minimalism n. 1 art use of simple or primary forms, often geometric and massive. 2 mus. Repetition of short phrases incorporating changes very gradually. minimalist n. & adj.
Minimize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 reduce to, or estimate at, the smallest possible amount or degree. 2 estimate or represent at less than true value or importance. minimization n.
Minimum (pl. Minima) —n. Least possible or attainable amount (reduced to a minimum). —adj. That is a minimum. [latin: related to *minim]
Minimum wage n. Lowest wage permitted by law or agreement.
Minion n. Derog. Servile subordinate. [french mignon]
Minipill n. Contraceptive pill containing a progestogen only (not oestrogen).
Miniseries n. (pl. Same) short series of related television programmes.
Miniskirt n. Very short skirt.
Minister —n. 1 head of a government department. 2 clergyman, esp. In the presbyterian and nonconformist churches. 3 diplomat, usu. Ranking below an ambassador. —v. (usu. Foll. By to) help, serve, look after (a person, cause, etc.). ministerial adj. [latin, = servant]
Minister of state n. Government minister, esp. Holding a rank below that of head of department.
Minister of the crown n. Parl. Member of the cabinet.
Minister without portfolio n. Government minister not in charge of a specific department of state.
Ministration n. 1 (usu. In pl.) Help or service (kind ministrations). 2 ministering, esp. In religious matters. 3 (usu. Foll. By of) supplying of help, justice, etc. ministrant adj. & n. [latin: related to *minister]
Ministry n. (pl. -ies) 1 a government department headed by a minister. B building for this. 2 a (prec. By the) vocation, office, or profession of a religious minister. B period of tenure of this. 3 (prec. By the) body of ministers of a government or religion. 4 period of government under one prime minister. 5 ministering, ministration. [latin: related to *minister]
Mink n. (pl. Same or -s) 1 small semi-aquatic stoatlike animal bred for its thick brown fur. 2 this fur. 3 coat of this. [swedish]
Minnow n. Small freshwater carp. [old english]
Minoan —adj. Of the bronze age civilization centred on crete (c.3000–1100 bc). —n. Person of this civilization. [minos, legendary king of crete]
Minor —adj. 1 lesser or comparatively small in size or importance (minor poet). 2 mus. A (of a scale) having intervals of a semitone above its second, fifth, and seventh notes. B (of an interval) less by a semitone than a major interval. C (of a key) based on a minor scale. —n. 1 person under full legal age. 2 us student’s subsidiary subject or course. —v. (foll. By in) us study (a subject) as a subsidiary. [latin, = less]
Minority n. (pl. -ies) 1 (often foll. By of) smaller number or part, esp. In politics.
2 state of having less than half the votes or support (in the minority). 3 small group of people differing from others in race, religion, language, etc. 4 (attrib.) Of or done by the minority (minority interests). 5 a being under full legal age.
Minster n. 1 large or important church. 2 church of a monastery. [old english:
related to *monastery]
Minstrel n. 1 medieval singer or musician. 2 (usu. In pl.) Entertainer with a blacked face singing ostensibly black songs in a group. [related to *minister]
Mint1 n. 1 aromatic herb used in cooking. 2 peppermint. 3 peppermint sweet. minty adj. (-ier, -iest). [latin menta from greek]
Mint2 —n. 1 (esp. State) establishment where money is coined. 2 colloq. Vast sum (making a mint). —v. 1 make (a coin) by stamping metal. 2 invent, coin (a word, phrase, etc.). in mint condition as new. [latin moneta]
Minuet —n. 1 slow stately dance for two in triple time. 2 music for this, often as a movement in a suite etc. —v. (-t-) dance a minuet. [french diminutive]
Minus —prep. 1 with the subtraction of (7 minus 4 equals 3). 2 below zero (minus 2°). 3 colloq. Lacking (returned minus their dog). —adj. 1 math. Negative. 2 electronics having a negative charge. —n. 1 = *minus sign. 2 math. Negative quantity. 3 colloq. Disadvantage. [latin, neuter of *minor]
Minuscule adj. Colloq. Extremely small or unimportant. [latin diminutive:
related to *minus]
Minus sign n. The symbol –, indicating subtraction or a negative value.
Minute1 —n. 1 sixtieth part of an hour. 2 distance covered in one minute (ten minutes from the shops). 3 a moment (expecting her any minute). B (prec. By the) colloq. Present time (not here at the minute). C (prec. By the, foll. By a clause) as soon as (the minute you get back). 4 sixtieth part of an angular degree. 5 (in pl.) Summary of the proceedings of a meeting. 6 official memorandum authorizing or recommending a course of action. —v. (-ting) 1 record in minutes. 2 send the minutes of a meeting to. up to the minute completely up to date. [latin minuo lessen]
Minute2 adj. (-est) 1 very small. 2 accurate, detailed. minutely adv. [latin minutus: related to *minute1]
Minute steak n. Thin quickly-cooked slice of steak.
Minutiae n.pl. Very small, precise, or minor details. [latin: related to *minute1]
Minx n. Pert, sly, or playful girl. [origin unknown]
Miocene geol. —adj. Of the fourth epoch of the tertiary period. —n. This epoch. [greek meion less, kainos new]
Miracle n. 1 extraordinary, supposedly supernatural, event. 2 remarkable occurrence or development (economic miracle). 3 (usu. Foll. By of) remarkable
specimen (a miracle of ingenuity). [latin mirus wonderful]
Miracle play n. Medieval play on biblical themes.
Miraculous adj. 1 being a miracle. 2 supernatural. 3 remarkable, surprising. miraculously adv. [french or medieval latin: related to *miracle]
Mirage n. 1 optical illusion caused by atmospheric conditions, esp. The appearance of a pool of water in a desert etc. From the reflection of light. 2 illusory thing. [latin miro look at]
Miras abbr. Mortgage interest relief at source.
Mire —n. 1 area of swampy ground. 2 mud, dirt. —v. (-ring) 1 plunge or sink in a mire. 2 involve in difficulties. 3 bespatter; besmirch. miry adj. [old norse]
Mirror —n. 1 polished surface, usu. Of coated glass, reflecting an image. 2 anything reflecting or illuminating a state of affairs etc. —v. Reflect in or as in a mirror. [latin miro look at]
Mirror image n. Identical image or reflection with left and right reversed.
Mirth n. Merriment, laughter. mirthful adj. [old english: related to *merry]
Mis-1 prefix added to verbs and verbal derivatives: meaning ‘amiss’, ‘badly’, ‘wrongly’, ‘unfavourably’ (mislead; misshapen; mistrust). [old english]
Mis-2 prefix occurring in some verbs, nouns, and adjectives meaning ‘badly’, ‘wrongly’, ‘amiss’, ‘ill-’, or having a negative force (misadventure; mischief). [latin minus]
Misadventure n. 1 law accident without crime or negligence (death by misadventure). 2 bad luck. 3 a misfortune.
Misalliance n. Unsuitable alliance, esp. A marriage.
Misanthrope n. (also misanthropist) 1 person who hates mankind. 2 person who avoids human society. misanthropic adj. Misanthropically adv. [greek misos hatred, anthropos man]
Misanthropy n. Condition or habits of a misanthrope.
Misapply v. (-ies, -ied) apply (esp. Funds) wrongly. misapplication n.
Misapprehend v. Misunderstand (words, a person). misapprehension n.
Misappropriate v. (-ting) take (another’s money etc.) For one’s own use; embezzle. misappropriation n.
Misbegotten adj. 1 illegitimate, bastard. 2 contemptible, disreputable.
Misbegotten adj. 1 illegitimate, bastard. 2 contemptible, disreputable.
Misbehave v. & refl. (-ving) behave badly. misbehaviour n.
Misc. Abbr. Miscellaneous.
Miscalculate v. (-ting) calculate wrongly. miscalculation n.
Miscarriage n. Spontaneous premature expulsion of a foetus from the womb.
Miscarriage of justice n. Failure of the judicial system to attain justice.
Miscarry v. (-ies, -ied) 1 (of a woman) have a miscarriage. 2 (of a plan etc.) Fail.
Miscast v. (past and past part. -cast) allot an unsuitable part to (an actor) or unsuitable actors to (a play etc.).
Miscegenation n. Interbreeding of races, esp. Of whites and non-whites. [related to mix, genus]
Miscellaneous adj. 1 of mixed composition or character. 2 (foll. By a plural noun) of various kinds. miscellaneously adv. [latin misceo mix]
Miscellany n. (pl. -ies) 1 mixture, medley. 2 book containing various literary compositions. [latin: related to *miscellaneous]
Mischance n. 1 bad luck. 2 instance of this. [french: related to *mis-2]
Mischief n. 1 troublesome, but not malicious, conduct, esp. Of children (get into mischief). 2 playfulness; malice (eyes full of mischief). 3 harm, injury (do someone a mischief). make mischief create discord. [french: related to *mis-2, chever happen]
Mischievous adj. 1 (of a person) disposed to mischief. 2 (of conduct) playful; malicious. 3 harmful. mischievously adv. Mischievousness n.
Miscible adj. Capable of being mixed. miscibility n. [medieval latin: related to *mix]
Misconceive v. (-ving) 1 (often foll. By of) have a wrong idea or conception. 2 (as misconceived adj.) Badly planned, organized, etc. misconception n. [from *mis-1]
Misconduct n. Improper or unprofessional behaviour.
Misconstrue v. (-strues, -strued, -struing) interpret wrongly. misconstruction n.
Miscopy v. (-ies, -ied) copy inaccurately.
Miscount —v. (also absol.) Count inaccurately. —n. Inaccurate count.
Miscreant n. Vile wretch, villain. [french: related to *mis-2, creant believer]
Misdeed n. Evil deed, wrongdoing, crime. [old english]
Misdemeanor n. (brit. Misdemeanour) 1 misdeed. 2 hist indictable offence less serious than a felony. [from *mis-1]
Misdemeanour n. (us misdemeanor) 1 misdeed. 2 hist indictable offence less serious than a felony. [from *mis-1]
Misdiagnose v. (-sing) diagnose incorrectly. misdiagnosis n.
Misdial v. (also absol.) (-ll-; us -l-) dial (a telephone number etc.) Incorrectly.
Misdirect v. Direct wrongly. misdirection n.
Misdoing n. Misdeed.
Miser n. 1 person who hoards wealth and lives miserably. 2 avaricious person. miserly adj. [latin, = wretched]
Miserable adj. 1 wretchedly unhappy or uncomfortable. 2 contemptible, mean. 3 causing wretchedness or discomfort (miserable weather). miserableness n. Miserably adv. [latin: related to *miser]
Misericord n. Projection under a choir stall seat serving (when the seat is turned up) to support a person standing. [latin misericordia pity]
Misery n. (pl. -ies) 1 condition or feeling of wretchedness. 2 cause of this. 3 colloq. Constantly depressed or discontented person. [latin: related to *miser]
Misfield —v. (also absol.) (in cricket, baseball, etc.) Field (the ball) badly. —n. Instance of this. [from *mis-1]
Misfire —v. (-ring) 1 (of a gun, motor engine, etc.) Fail to go off or start or function smoothly. 2 (of a plan etc.) Fail to have the intended effect. —n. Such failure.
Misfit n. 1 person unsuited to an environment, occupation, etc. 2 garment etc.
That does not fit.
Misfortune n. 1 bad luck. 2 instance of this.
Misgive v. (-ving; past -gave; past part. -given) (of a person’s mind, heart, etc.) Fill (a person) with suspicion or foreboding.
Misgiving n. (usu. In pl.) Feeling of mistrust or apprehension.
Misgovern v. Govern badly. misgovernment n.
Misguided adj. Mistaken in thought or action. misguidedly adv. Misguidedness n.
Mishandle v. (-ling) 1 deal with incorrectly or inefficiently. 2 handle roughly or rudely.
Mishap n. Unlucky accident.
Mishear v. (past and past part. -heard) hear incorrectly or imperfectly.
Mishit —v. (-tt-; past and past part. -hit) hit (a ball etc.) Badly. —n. Faulty or bad hit.
Mishmash n. Confused mixture. [reduplication of *mash]
Misinform v. Give wrong information to, mislead. misinformation n. [from *mis-1]
Misinterpret v. (-t-) 1 interpret wrongly. 2 draw a wrong inference from.
misinterpretation n.
Misjudge v. (-ging) (also absol.) 1 judge wrongly. 2 have a wrong opinion of.
misjudgement n. (also -judgment).
Miskey v. (-keys, -keyed) key (data) wrongly.
Mislay v. (past and past part. -laid) accidentally put (a thing) where it cannot readily be found.
Mislead v. (past and past part. -led) cause to infer what is not true; deceive. misleading adj. [old english]
Mismanage v. (-ging) manage badly or wrongly. mismanagement n. [from *mis-1]
Mismatch —v. Match unsuitably or incorrectly. —n. Bad match.
Misnomer n. 1 name or term used wrongly. 2 wrong use of a name or term. [anglo-french: related to *mis-2, nommer to name]
Misogyny n. Hatred of women. misogynist n. Misogynistic adj. [greek misos hatred, gune woman]
Misplace v. (-cing) 1 put in the wrong place. 2 bestow (affections, confidence, etc.) On an inappropriate object. misplacement n.
Misprint —n. Printing error. —v. Print wrongly.
Misprision n. Law 1 (in full misprision of a felony or of treason) deliberate concealment of one’s knowledge of a crime, treason, etc. 2 wrong action or omission. [anglo-french: related to *mis-2, prendre take]
Mispronounce v. (-cing) pronounce (a word etc.) Wrongly. mispronunciation n. [from *mis-1]
Misquote v. (-ting) quote inaccurately. misquotation n.
Misread v. (past and past part. -read) read or interpret wrongly.
Misrepresent v. Represent wrongly; give a false account or idea of.
misrepresentation n.
Misrule —n. Bad government; disorder. —v. (-ling) govern badly.
Miss1 —v. 1 (also absol.) Fail to hit, reach, find, catch, etc. (an object or goal). 2 fail to catch (a bus, train, etc.) Or see (an event) or meet (a person). 3 fail to seize
(an opportunity etc.) (missed my chance). 4 fail to hear or understand (missed what you said). 5 a regret the loss or absence of (did you miss me?). B notice the loss or absence of (won’t be missed until evening). 6 avoid (go early to miss the traffic). 7 (of an engine etc.) Fail, misfire. —n. Failure to hit, reach, attain, connect, etc. be missing not have (am missing a page) (see also *missing).
Miss2 n. 1 (miss) a title of an unmarried woman or girl. B title of a beauty queen (miss world). 2 title used to address a female schoolteacher, shop assistant, etc. 3 girl or unmarried woman. [from *mistress]
Missal n. Rc ch. 1 book containing the texts for the mass throughout the year. 2 book of prayers. [latin missa *mass2]
Missel thrush var. Of *mistle thrush.
Misshapen adj. Ill-shaped, deformed, distorted. [from *mis-1, shapen (archaic) = shaped]
Missile n. 1 object or weapon suitable for throwing at a target or for discharge from a machine. 2 weapon directed by remote control or automatically. [latin mitto miss-send]
Missing adj. 1 not in its place; lost. 2 (of a person) not yet traced or confirmed as alive but not known to be dead. 3 not present.
Missing link n. 1 thing lacking to complete a series. 2 hypothetical intermediate type, esp. Between humans and apes.
Mission n. 1 a task or goal assigned to a person or group. B journey undertaken as part of this. C person’s vocation. 2 military or scientific operation or expedition. 3 body of persons sent to conduct negotiations or propagate a religious faith. 4 missionary post. [latin: related to *missile]
Missionary —adj. Of or concerned with religious missions. —n. (pl. -ies) person doing missionary work. [latin: related to *mission]
Missionary position n. Colloq. Position for sexual intercourse with the woman lying on her back and the man lying on top and facing her.
Missis n. (also missus) colloq. Or joc. 1 form of address to a woman. 2 wife. the missis my or your wife. [from *mistress]
Missive n. 1 joc. Letter. 2 official letter. [latin: related to *missile]
Misspell v. (past and past part. -spelt or -spelled) spell wrongly.
Misspend v. (past and past part. -spent) (esp. As misspent adj.) Spend amiss or wastefully.
Misstate v. (-ting) state wrongly or inaccurately. misstatement n.
Missus var. Of *missis.
Mist —n. 1 a water vapour near the ground in minute droplets limiting visibility. B condensed vapour obscuring glass etc. 2 dimness or blurring of the sight caused by tears etc. 3 cloud of particles resembling mist. —v. (usu. Foll. By up, over) cover or become covered with mist or as with mist. [old english]
Mistake —n. 1 incorrect idea or opinion; thing incorrectly done or thought. 2 error of judgement. —v. (-king; past mistook; past part. Mistaken) 1 misunderstand the meaning of. 2 (foll. By for) wrongly take or identify (mistook me for you). 3 choose wrongly (mistake one’s vocation). [old norse: related to *mis-1, *take]
Mistaken adj. 1 wrong in opinion or judgement. 2 based on or resulting from this (mistaken loyalty; mistaken identity). mistakenly adv.
Mister n. Colloq. Or joc. Form of address to a man. [from *master; cf. *mr]
Mistime v. (-ming) say or do at the wrong time. [related to *mis-1]
Mistle thrush n. (also missel thrush) large thrush with a spotted breast, feeding on mistletoe berries. [old english]
Mistletoe n. Parasitic plant with white berries growing on apple and other trees. [old english]
Mistral n. Cold n or nw wind in s. France. [latin: related to *master]
Mistreat v. Treat badly. mistreatment n.
Mistress n. 1 female head of a household. 2 a woman in authority. B female owner of a pet. 3 female teacher. 4 woman having an illicit sexual relationship with a (usu. Married) man. [french maistre master, -ess]
Mistrial n. Trial rendered invalid by error.
Mistrust —v. 1 be suspicious of. 2 feel no confidence in. —n. 1 suspicion. 2 lack of confidence. mistrustful adj. Mistrustfully adv.
Misty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or covered with mist. 2 dim in outline. 3 obscure, vague (misty idea). mistily adv. Mistiness n. [old english: related to *mist]
Misunderstand v. (past and past part. -understood) 1 understand incorrectly. 2 misinterpret the words or actions of (a person).
Misunderstanding n. 1 failure to understand correctly. 2 slight disagreement or quarrel.
Misusage n. 1 wrong or improper usage. 2 ill-treatment.
Misuse —v. (-sing) 1 use wrongly; apply to the wrong purpose. 2 ill-treat. —n.
Wrong or improper use or application.
Mit abbr. Massachusetts institute of technology.
Mite1 n. Small arachnid, esp. Of a kind found in cheese etc. [old english]
Mite2 n. 1 any small monetary unit. 2 small object or person, esp. A child. 3 modest contribution. [probably the same as *mite1]
Miter (brit. Mitre) —n. 1 tall deeply-cleft headdress worn by bishops and abbots, esp. As a symbol of office. 2 joint of two pieces of wood etc. At an angle of 90°, such that the line of junction bisects this angle. —v. (-ring) 1 bestow a mitre on. 2 join with a mitre. [greek mitra turban]
Mitigate v. (-ting) make less intense or severe. mitigation n. [latin mitis mild]
Mitigating circumstances n.pl. Circumstances permitting greater leniency.
Mitosis n. Biol. Type of cell division that results in two nuclei each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. mitotic adj. [greek mitos thread]
Mitre (us miter) —n. 1 tall deeply-cleft headdress worn by bishops and abbots, esp. As a symbol of office. 2 joint of two pieces of wood etc. At an angle of 90°, such that the line of junction bisects this angle. —v. (-ring) 1 bestow a mitre on. 2 join with a mitre. [greek mitra turban]
Mitt n. 1 (also mitten) glove with only two compartments, one for the thumb and the other for all four fingers. 2 glove leaving the fingers and thumb-tip exposed. 3 slang hand or fist. 4 baseball glove. [latin: related to *moiety]
Mix —v. 1 combine or put together (two or more substances or things) so that the constituents of each are diffused among those of the other(s). 2 prepare (a compound, cocktail, etc.) By combining the ingredients. 3 combine (activities etc.) (mix business and pleasure). 4 a join, be mixed, or combine, esp. Readily (oil and water will not mix). B be compatible. C be sociable (must learn to mix). 5 a (foll. By with) (of a person) be harmonious or sociable with; have regular dealings with. B (foll. By in) participate in. 6 drink different kinds of (alcoholic liquor) in close succession. 7 combine (two or more sound signals) into one. —n. 1 a mixing; mixture. B proportion of materials in a mixture. 2 ingredients prepared commercially for making a cake, concrete, etc. be mixed up in (or with) be involved in or with (esp. Something undesirable). Mix it colloq. Start fighting. Mix up 1 mix thoroughly. 2 confuse. [back-formation from *mixed]
Mixed adj. 1 of diverse qualities or elements. 2 containing persons from various backgrounds etc. 3 for persons of both sexes (mixed school). [latin misceo mix]
Mixed bag n. Diverse assortment.
Mixed blessing n. Thing having advantages and disadvantages.
Mixed doubles n.pl. Tennis doubles game with a man and a woman on each side.
Mixed economy n. Economic system combining private and state enterprise.
Mixed farming n. Farming of both crops and livestock.
Mixed feelings n.pl. Mixture of pleasure and dismay about something.
Mixed grill n. Dish of various grilled meats and vegetables etc.
Mixed marriage n. Marriage between persons of different race or religion.
Mixed metaphor n. Combination of inconsistent metaphors (e.g. This tower of strength will forge ahead).
Mixed-up adj. Colloq. Mentally or emotionally confused; socially ill-adjusted.
Mixer n. 1 machine for mixing foods etc. 2 person who manages socially in a specified way (a good mixer). 3 (usu. Soft) drink to be mixed with another. 4 device that receives two or more separate signals from microphones etc. And combines them in a single output.
Mixer tap n. Tap through which both hot and cold water can be drawn together.
Mixture n. 1 process or result of mixing. 2 combination of ingredients, qualities, characteristics, etc. [latin: related to *mixed]
Mix-up n. Confusion, misunderstanding.
Mizen n. (also mizzen) (in full mizen-sail) lowest fore-and-aft sail of a fully rigged ship’s mizen-mast. [italian: related to *mezzanine]
Mizen-mast n. Mast next aft of the mainmast.
Ml abbr. 1 millilitre(s). 2 mile(s).
M.litt. Abbr. Master of letters. [latin magister litterarum]
Mlle abbr. (pl. -s) mademoiselle.
Mm abbr. 1 messieurs. 2 military medal.
Mm abbr. Millimetre(s).
Mme abbr. (pl. -s) madame.
Mnemonic —adj. Of or designed to aid the memory. —n. Mnemonic word, verse, etc. mnemonically adv. [greek mnemon mindful]
Mo abbr. 1 medical officer. 2 money order.
Mo symb. Molybdenum.
Mo n. (pl. -s) colloq. Moment. [abbreviation]
Moa n. (pl. -s) extinct flightless new zealand bird resembling the ostrich. [maori]
Moan —n. 1 long murmur expressing physical or mental suffering or pleasure. 2 low plaintive sound of wind etc. 3 colloq. Complaint; grievance. —v. 1 make a moan or moans. 2 colloq. Complain, grumble. 3 utter with moans. moaner n. [old english]
Moat n. Defensive ditch round a castle etc., usu. Filled with water. [french mote mound]
Mob —n. 1 disorderly crowd; rabble. 2 (prec. By the) usu. Derog. The populace. 3 colloq. Gang; group. —v. (-bb-) crowd round in order to attack or admire. [latin mobile vulgus excitable crowd]
Mob-cap n. Hist. Woman’s large indoor cap covering all the hair. [obsolete mob, originally = slut]
Mobile —adj. 1 movable; able to move easily or get out and about. 2 (of the face etc.) Readily changing its expression. 3 (of a shop etc.) Accommodated in a vehicle so as to serve various places. 4 (of a person) able to change his or her social status. —n. Decoration that may be hung so as to turn freely. mobility n. [latin moveo move]
Mobile home n. Large caravan usu. Permanently parked and used as a residence.
Mobilize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) esp. Mil. Make or become ready for service or action. mobilization n.
Möbius strip n. Math. One-sided surface formed by joining the ends of a narrow rectangle after twisting one end through 180°. [möbius, name of a mathematician]
Mobster n. Slang gangster.
Moccasin n. Soft flat-soled shoe orig. Worn by n. American indians. [american indian]
Mocha n. 1 coffee of fine quality. 2 flavouring made with this. [mocha, port on the red sea]
Mock —v. 1 (often foll. By at) ridicule; scoff (at); act with scorn or contempt for. 2 mimic contemptuously. 3 defy or delude contemptuously. —attrib. Adj. 1 sham, imitation. 2 as a trial run (mock exam). —n. (in pl.) Colloq. Mock examinations. mockingly adv. [french moquer]
Mocker n. Person who mocks. put the mockers on slang 1 bring bad luck to. 2 put a stop to.
Mockery n. (pl. -ies) 1 derision, ridicule. 2 counterfeit or absurdly inadequate representation. 3 ludicrously or insultingly futile action etc.
Mockingbird n. Bird that mimics the notes of other birds.
Mock orange n. White-flowered heavy-scented shrub.
Mock turtle soup n. Soup made from a calf’s head etc. To resemble turtle soup.
Mock-up n. Experimental model or replica of a proposed structure etc.
Mod abbr. Ministry of defence.
Mod colloq. —adj. Modern. —n. Young person (esp. In the 1960s) of a group known for its smart modern dress. [abbreviation]
Modal adj. 1 of mode or form, not of substance. 2 gram. A of the mood of a verb. B (of an auxiliary verb, e.g. Would) used to express the mood of another verb. 3 mus. Denoting a style of music using a particular mode. [latin: related to *mode]
Mod cons n.pl. Modern conveniences.
Mode n. 1 way in which a thing is done. 2 prevailing fashion or custom. 3 mus. Any of several types of scale. [french and latin modus measure]
Model —n. 1 representation in three dimensions of an existing person or thing or of a proposed structure, esp. On a smaller scale (often attrib.: model train). 2 simplified description of a system etc., to assist calculations and predictions. 3 figure in clay, wax, etc., to be reproduced in another material. 4 particular design or style, esp. Of a car. 5 a exemplary person or thing. B (attrib.) Ideal, exemplary. 6 person employed to pose for an artist or photographer or to wear clothes etc. For display. 7 garment etc. By a well-known designer, or a copy of this. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 a fashion or shape (a figure) in clay, wax, etc. B (foll. By after, on, etc.) Form (a thing in imitation of). 2 a act or pose as a model. B (of a person acting as a model) display (a garment). [latin: related to *mode]
Modem n. Combined device for modulation and demodulation, e.g. Between a computer and a telephone line. [portmanteau word]
Moderate —adj. 1 avoiding extremes; temperate in conduct or expression. 2 fairly large or good. 3 (of the wind) of medium strength. 4 (of prices) fairly low. —n. Person who holds moderate views, esp. In politics. —v. (-ting) 1 make or become less violent, intense, rigorous, etc. 2 (also absol.) Act as moderator of or to. moderately adv. Moderateness n. [latin]
Moderation n. 1 moderateness. 2 moderating. in moderation in a moderate manner or degree.
Moderato adj. & adv. Mus. At a moderate pace. [italian]
Moderator n. 1 arbitrator, mediator. 2 presiding officer. 3 presbyterian minister presiding over an ecclesiastical body. 4 physics substance used in a nuclear reactor to retard neutrons.
Modern —adj. 1 of present and recent times. 2 in current fashion; not antiquated. —n. Person living in modern times. modernity n. [latin modo just now]
Modern english n. English from about 1500 onwards.
Modernism n. Modern ideas or methods, esp. In art. modernist n. & adj.
Modernize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make modern; adapt to modern needs or habits. 2 adopt modern ways or views. modernization n.
Modest adj. 1 having or expressing a humble or moderate estimate of one’s own merits. 2 diffident, bashful. 3 decorous. 4 moderate or restrained in amount, extent, severity, etc. 5 unpretentious, not extravagant. modestly adv. Modesty n. [french from latin]
Modicum n. (foll. By of) small quantity. [latin: related to *mode]
Modification n. 1 modifying or being modified. 2 change made. modificatory adj. [latin: related to *modify]
Modify v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make less severe or extreme. 2 make partial changes in. 3 gram. Qualify or expand the sense of (a word etc.). [latin: related to *mode]
Modish adj. Fashionable. modishly adv.
Modiste n. Milliner; dressmaker. [french: related to *mode]
Modulate v. (-ting) 1 a regulate or adjust. B moderate. 2 adjust or vary the tone or pitch of (the speaking voice). 3 alter the amplitude or frequency of (a wave) by using a wave of a lower frequency to convey a signal. 4 mus. (cause to) change from one key to another. modulation n. [latin: related to *module]
Module n. 1 standardized part or independent unit in construction, esp. Of furniture, a building, or an electronic system. 2 independent self-contained unit of a spacecraft. 3 unit or period of training or education. modular adj. [latin: related to *modulus]
Modulus n. (pl. Moduli) math. Constant factor or ratio. [latin, = measure: related to *mode]
Modus operandi n. (pl. Modi operandi) method of working. [latin, = way of operating]
Modus vivendi n. (pl. Modi vivendi) 1 way of living or coping. 2 arrangement between people who agree to differ. [latin, = way of living]
Mog n. (also moggie) slang cat. [originally a dial. Word]
Mogadon n. Propr. Hypnotic drug used to treat insomnia.
Mogul n. 1 colloq. Important or influential person. 2 (mogul) hist. A mongolian. B (often the great mogul) emperor of delhi in the 16th–19th c. [persian and arabic: related to *mongol]
Mohair n. 1 hair of the angora goat. 2 yarn or fabric from this. [ultimately from arabic, = choice]
Mohammedan var. Of *muhammadan.
Mohican —adj. (of a hairstyle) with the head shaved except for a strip of hair from the middle of the forehead to the back of the neck, often worn in long spikes. —n. Such a hairstyle. [mohicans, n. American indian people]
Moiety n. (pl. -ies) law or literary 1 half. 2 each of the two parts of a thing. [latin medietas from medius middle]
Moire n. (in full moire antique) watered fabric, usu. Silk. [french: related to
Moire n. (in full moire antique) watered fabric, usu. Silk. [french: related to *mohair]
Moiré adj. 1 (of silk) watered. 2 (of metal) having a clouded appearance. [french:
related to *moire]
Moiré pattern n. Pattern observed when one pattern of lines etc. Is superimposed on another.
Moist adj. Slightly wet; damp. [french]
Moisten v. Make or become moist.
Moisture n. Water or other liquid diffused in a small quantity as vapour, or within a solid, or condensed on a surface.
Moisturize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make less dry (esp. The skin by use of a cosmetic). moisturizer n.
Molar —adj. (usu. Of a mammal’s back teeth) serving to grind. —n. Molar tooth. [latin mola millstone]
Molasses n.pl. (treated as sing.) 1 uncrystallized syrup extracted from raw sugar. 2 us treacle. [portuguese from latin mel honey]
Mold1 (brit. Mould) —n. 1 hollow container into which a substance is poured or pressed to harden into a required shape. 2 a vessel for shaping puddings etc. B pudding etc. Made in this way. 3 form or shape. 4 frame or template for producing mouldings. 5 character or type (in heroic mould). —v. 1 make (an object) in a required shape or from certain ingredients (moulded out of clay). 2 give shape to. 3 influence the development of. [french modle from latin *modulus]
Mold2 n. (brit. Mould) furry growth of fungi occurring esp. In moist warm conditions. [old norse]
Mold3 n. (brit. Mould) 1 loose earth. 2 upper soil of cultivated land, esp. When rich in organic matter. [old english]
Molder v. (brit. Moulder) 1 decay to dust. 2 (foll. By away) rot or crumble. 3 deteriorate. [from *mould3]
Molding n. (brit. Moulding) 1 ornamentally shaped outline of plaster etc. As an architectural feature, esp. In a cornice. 2 similar feature in woodwork etc.
Moldy adj. (brit. Mouldy) (-ier, -iest) 1 covered with mould. 2 stale; out of date.
3 colloq. Dull, miserable. mouldiness n.
Mole1 n. 1 small burrowing mammal with dark velvety fur and very small eyes. 2 slang spy established in a position of trust in an organization. [low german or dutch]
Mole2 n. Small permanent dark spot on the skin. [old english]
Mole3 n. 1 massive structure serving as a pier, breakwater, or causeway. 2 artificial harbour. [latin moles mass]
Mole4 n. Chem. The si unit of amount of a substance equal to the quantity containing as many elementary units as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. [german mol from molekül *molecule]
Molecular adj. Of, relating to, or consisting of molecules. molecularity n.
Molecular weight n. = *relative molecular mass.
Molecule n. 1 smallest fundamental unit (usu. A group of atoms) of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. 2 (in general use) small particle. [latin diminutive: related to *mole3]
Molehill n. Small mound thrown up by a mole in burrowing. make a mountain out of a molehill overreact to a minor difficulty.
Molest v. 1 annoy or pester (a person). 2 attack or interfere with (a person), esp. Sexually. molestation n. Molester n. [latin molestus troublesome]
Moll n. Slang 1 gangster’s female companion. 2 prostitute. [pet form of mary]
Mollify v. (-ies, -ied) appease. mollification n. [latin mollis soft]
Mollusc n. (us mollusk) invertebrate with a soft body and usu. A hard shell, e.g. Snails and oysters. [latin molluscus soft]
Mollusk n. (brit. Mollusc) invertebrate with a soft body and usu. A hard shell, e.g. Snails and oysters. [latin molluscus soft]
Mollycoddle v. (-ling) coddle, pamper. [related to moll, coddle]
Molotov cocktail n. Crude incendiary device, usu. A bottle filled with inflammable liquid. [molotov, name of a russian statesman]
Molt (brit. Moult) —v. (also absol.) Shed (feathers, hair, a shell etc.) In the process of renewing plumage, a coat, etc. —n. Moulting. [latin muto change]
Molten adj. Melted, esp. Made liquid by heat. [from *melt]
Molto adv. Mus. Very. [latin multus much]
Molybdenum n. Silver-white metallic element added to steel to give strength and resistance to corrosion. [greek molubdos lead]
Mom n. Us colloq. Mother. [abbreviation of *momma]
Moment n. 1 very brief portion of time. 2 an exact point of time (i came the moment you called). 3 importance (of no great moment). 4 product of a force and the distance from its line of action to a point. at the moment now. In a moment very soon. Man (or woman etc.) Of the moment the one of importance at the time in question. [latin: related to *momentum]
Momentary adj. Lasting only a moment; transitory. momentarily adv. [latin:
related to *moment]
Moment of truth n. Time of crisis or test.
Momentous adj. Very important. momentously adv. Momentousness n.
Momentum n. (pl. Momenta) 1 quantity of motion of a moving body, the product of its mass and velocity. 2 impetus gained by movement. 3 strength or continuity derived from an initial effort. [latin moveo move]
Momma n. Us colloq. Mother. [var. Of *mama]
Mommy n. (pl. -ies) esp. Us colloq. = *mummy1.
Mon. Abbr. Monday.
Monad n. 1 the number one; unit. 2 philos. Ultimate unit of being (e.g. A soul, an atom, a person, god). monadic adj. [greek monas -ados unit]
Monarch n. Sovereign with the title of king, queen, emperor, empress, or equivalent. monarchic adj. Monarchical adj. [greek: related to *mono-, arkho rule]
Monarchism n. Advocacy of monarchy. monarchist n. [french: related to *monarch]
Monarchy n. (pl. -ies) 1 form of government with a monarch at the head. 2 state with this. monarchial adj. [greek: related to *monarch]
Monastery n. (pl. -ies) residence of a community of monks. [latin monasterium from greek monazo alone]
Monastic adj. Of or like monasteries or monks, nuns, etc. monastically adv. Monasticism n. [greek: related to *monastery]
Monday —n. Day of the week following sunday. —adv. Colloq. 1 on monday. 2 (mondays) on mondays; each monday. [old english]
Monetarism n. Control of the supply of money as the chief method of stabilizing the economy. monetarist n. & adj.
Monetary adj. 1 of the currency in use. 2 of or consisting of money. [latin:
related to *money]
Money n. 1 coins and banknotes as a medium of exchange. 2 (pl. -eys or -ies) (in pl.) Sums of money. 3 a wealth. B wealth as power (money talks). C rich person or family (married into money). for my money in my opinion; for my preference. In the money colloq. Having or winning a lot of money. Money for jam (or old rope) colloq. Profit for little or no trouble. [latin moneta]
Moneybags n.pl. (treated as sing.) Colloq. Usu. Derog. Wealthy person.
Moneyed adj. Wealthy.
Money-grubber n. Colloq. Person greedily intent on amassing money. money-grubbing n. & adj.
Moneylender n. Person who lends money at interest.
Moneymaker n. 1 person who earns much money. 2 thing, idea, etc., that produces much money. moneymaking n. & adj.
Money market n. Trade in short-term stocks, loans, etc.
Money order n. Order for payment of a specified sum, issued by a bank or post
Money order n. Order for payment of a specified sum, issued by a bank or post office.
Money-spinner n. Thing that brings in a profit.
Money’s worth see *one’s money’s-worth.
Monger n. (usu. In comb.) 1 dealer, trader (fishmonger). 2 usu. Derog. Promoter, spreader (warmonger; scaremonger). [latin mango dealer]
Mongol —adj. 1 of the asian people. 2 resembling this people. 3 (mongol) often offens. Suffering from down’s syndrome. —n. 1 mongolian. 2 (mongol) often offens. Person suffering from down’s syndrome. [native name: perhaps from mong brave]
Mongolian —n. 1 native or inhabitant of mongolia. 2 language of mongolia. — adj. Of or relating to mongolia or its people or language.
Mongolism n. = *down’s syndrome.
Usage the term down’s syndrome is now preferred.
Mongoloid —adj. 1 characteristic of the mongolians, esp. In having a broad flat yellowish face. 2 (mongoloid) often offens. Having the characteristic symptoms of down’s syndrome. —n. Mongoloid or mongoloid person.
Mongoose n. (pl. -s) small flesh-eating civet-like mammal. [marathi]
Mongrel —n. 1 dog of no definable type or breed. 2 other animal or plant resulting from the crossing of different breeds or types. —adj. Of mixed origin, nature, or character. [related to *mingle]
Monies see *money 2.
Monism n. 1 doctrine that only one ultimate principle or being exists. 2 theory denying the duality of matter and mind. monist n. Monistic adj. [greek monos single]
Monitor —n. 1 person or device for checking or warning. 2 school pupil with disciplinary or other special duties. 3 a television receiver used in a studio to select or verify the picture being broadcast. B = *visual display unit. 4 person who listens to and reports on foreign broadcasts etc. 5 detector of radioactive contamination. —v. 1 act as a monitor of. 2 maintain regular surveillance over. 3 regulate the strength of (a recorded or transmitted signal). [latin moneo warn]
Monitory adj. Literary giving or serving as a warning. [latin monitorius: related to *monitor]
Monk n. Member of a religious community of men living under vows. monkish adj. [greek monakhos from monos alone]
Monkey —n. (pl. -eys) 1 any of various primates, including marmosets, baboons etc., esp. A small long-tailed kind. 2 mischievous person, esp. A child. —v. (-eys, -eyed) 1 (often foll. By with) tamper or play mischievous tricks. 2 (foll. By around, about) fool around. [origin unknown]
Monkey business n. Colloq. Mischief.
Monkey-nut n. Peanut.
Monkey-puzzle n. Tree with hanging prickly branches.
Monkey tricks n.pl. Colloq. Mischief.
Monkey wrench n. Wrench with an adjustable jaw.
Monkshood n. Poisonous plant with hood-shaped flowers.
Mono colloq. —adj. Monophonic. —n. Monophonic reproduction. [abbreviation]
Mono-comb. Form (usu. Mon-before a vowel) one, alone, single. [greek monos alone]
Monochromatic adj. 1 (of light or other radiation) of a single colour or wavelength. 2 containing only one colour. monochromatically adv.
Monochrome —n. Photograph or picture done in one colour or different tones of this, or in black and white only. —adj. Having or using only one colour or in black and white only. [from *mono-, greek khroma colour]
Monocle n. Single eyeglass. monocled adj. [latin: related to *mono-, oculus eye]
Monocotyledon n. Flowering plant with one cotyledon. monocotyledonous adj.
Monocular adj. With or for one eye. [related to *monocle]
Monody n. (pl. -ies) 1 ode sung by a single actor in a greek tragedy. 2 poem lamenting a person’s death. monodist n. [greek: related to mono-, ode]
Monogamy n. Practice or state of being married to one person at a time. monogamous adj. [greek gamos marriage]
Monogram n. Two or more letters, esp. A person’s initials, interwoven as a device.
Monograph n. Treatise on a single subject. Monolingual adj. Speaking or using only one language.
Monolith n. 1 single block of stone, esp. Shaped into a pillar etc. 2 person or thing like a monolith in being massive, immovable, or solidly uniform. monolithic adj. [greek lithos stone]
Monologue n. 1 a scene in a drama in which a person speaks alone. B dramatic composition for one performer. 2 long speech by one person in a conversation etc. [french from greek monologos speaking alone]
Monomania n. Obsession by a single idea or interest. monomaniac n. & adj.
Monophonic adj. (of sound-reproduction) using only one channel of transmission. [greek phone sound]
Monoplane n. Aeroplane with one set of wings.
Monopolist n. Person who has or advocates a monopoly. monopolistic adj.
Monopolize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 obtain exclusive possession or control of (a trade or commodity etc.). 2 dominate or prevent others from sharing in (a conversation etc.). monopolization n. Monopolizer n.
Monopoly n. (pl. -ies) 1 a exclusive possession or control of the trade in a commodity or service. B this conferred as a privilege by the state. 2 (foll. By of, us on) exclusive possession, control, or exercise. [greek poleo sell]
Monorail n. Railway with a single-rail track.
Monosodium glutamate n. Sodium salt of glutamic acid used to enhance the flavour of food. [latin gluten glue]
Monosyllable n. Word of one syllable. monosyllabic adj.
Monotheism n. Doctrine that there is only one god. monotheist n. Monotheistic adj.
Monotone —n. 1 sound or utterance continuing or repeated on one note without change of pitch. 2 sameness of style in writing. —adj. Without change of pitch.
Monotonous adj. Lacking in variety; tedious through sameness. monotonously adv. Monotony n.
Monovalent adj. Univalent.
Monoxide n. Oxide containing one oxygen atom.
Monseigneur n. (pl. Messeigneurs) title given to an eminent french person, esp. A prince, cardinal, archbishop, or bishop. [french mon my, *seigneur]
Monsieur n. (pl. Messieurs) title used of or to a french-speaking man, corresponding to mr or sir. [french mon my, sieur lord]
Monsignor n. (pl. -nori) title of various roman catholic priests and officials. [italian: related to *monseigneur]
Monsoon n. 1 wind in s. Asia, esp. In the indian ocean. 2 rainy season accompanying the summer monsoon. [arabic mawsim]
Monster n. 1 imaginary creature, usu. Large and frightening, made up of incongruous elements. 2 inhumanly cruel or wicked person. 3 misshapen animal or plant. 4 large, usu. Ugly, animal or thing. 5 (attrib.) Huge. [latin monstrum from moneo warn]
Monstrance n. Rc ch. Vessel in which the host is exposed for veneration. [latin monstro show]
Monstrosity n. (pl. -ies) 1 huge or outrageous thing. 2 monstrousness. 3 = monster 3. [latin: related to monstrous]
Monstrous adj. 1 like a monster; abnormally formed. 2 huge. 3 a outrageously wrong or absurd. B atrocious. monstrously adv. Monstrousness n. [latin: related to *monster]
Montage n. 1 selection, cutting, and piecing together as a consecutive whole, of separate sections of cinema or television film. 2 a composite whole made from
juxtaposed photographs etc. B production of this. [french: related to *mount1]
Month n. 1 (in full calendar month) a each of twelve periods into which a year is divided. B period of time between the same dates in successive calendar months. 2 period of 28 days. [old english]
Monthly —adj. Done, produced, or occurring once every month. —adv. Every month. —n. (pl. -ies) monthly periodical.
Month of sundays n. Colloq. Very long period.
Monument n. 1 anything enduring that serves to commemorate or celebrate, esp. A structure or building. 2 stone etc. Placed over a grave or in a church etc. In memory of the dead. 3 ancient building or site etc. That has been preserved. 4 lasting reminder. [latin moneo remind]
Monumental adj. 1 a extremely great; stupendous (monumental effort). B (of a work of art etc.) Massive and permanent. 2 of or serving as a monument. monumentally adv.
Monumental mason n. Maker of tombstones etc.
Moo —n. (pl. -s) cry of cattle. —v. (moos, mooed) make this sound. [imitative]
Mooch v. Colloq. 1 (usu. Foll. By about, around) wander aimlessly around. 2
esp. Us cadge; steal. [probably from french muchier skulk]
Mood1 n. 1 state of mind or feeling. 2 fit of bad temper or depression. in the mood (usu. Foll. By for, or to + infin.) Inclined. [old english]
Mood2 n. 1 gram. Form or set of forms of a verb indicating whether it expresses a fact, command, wish, etc. (subjunctive mood). 2 distinction of meaning expressed by different moods. [alteration of *mode]
Moody —adj. (-ier, -iest) given to changes of mood; gloomy, sullen. —n. (pl. – ies) colloq. Bad mood; tantrum. moodily adv. Moodiness n. [related to *mood1]
Moon —n. 1 a natural satellite of the earth, orbiting it monthly, illuminated by the sun and reflecting some light to the earth. B this regarded in terms of its waxing and waning in a particular month (new moon). C the moon when visible (there is no moon tonight). 2 satellite of any planet. 3 (prec. By the) colloq. Something desirable but unattainable (promised me the moon). —v. 1 wander about aimlessly or listlessly. 2 slang expose one’s buttocks. many moons ago a long time ago. Moon over act dreamily thinking about (a loved one). Over the moon colloq. Extremely happy. moonless adj. [old english]
Moonbeam n. Ray of moonlight.
Moon boot n. Thickly-padded boot for low temperatures.
Moon-face n. Round face.
Moonie n. Colloq. Offens. Member of the unification church. [sun myung moon, name of its founder]
Moonlight —n. 1 light of the moon. 2 (attrib.) Lit by the moon. —v. (-lighted) colloq. Have two paid occupations, esp. One by day and one by night. moonlighter n.
Moonlight flit n. Hurried departure by night, esp. To avoid paying a debt.
Moonlit adj. Lit by the moon.
Moonscape n. 1 surface or landscape of the moon. 2 area resembling this; wasteland.
Moonshine n. 1 foolish or unrealistic talk or ideas. 2 slang illicitly distilled or smuggled alcohol.
Moonshot n. Launching of a spacecraft to the moon.
Moonstone n. Feldspar of pearly appearance.
Moonstruck adj. Slightly mad.
Moony adj. (-ier, -iest) listless; stupidly dreamy.
Moony adj. (-ier, -iest) listless; stupidly dreamy.
Moor n. Member of a muslim people of nw africa. moorish adj. [greek mauros]
Moor1 n. 1 open uncultivated upland, esp. When covered with heather. 2 tract of ground preserved for shooting. [old english]
Moor2 v. Attach (a boat etc.) To a fixed object. moorage n. [probably low german]
Moorhen n. Small waterfowl.
Mooring n. 1 (often in pl.) Place where a boat etc. Is moored. 2 (in pl.) Set of permanent anchors and chains.
Moorland n. Extensive area of moor.
Moose n. (pl. Same) n. American deer; elk. [narragansett]
Moot —adj. Debatable, undecided (moot point). —v. Raise (a question) for discussion. —n. Hist. Assembly. [old english]
Mop —n. 1 bundle of yarn or cloth or a sponge on the end of a stick, for
cleaning floors etc. 2 similarly-shaped implement for various purposes. 3 thick mass of hair. 4 mopping or being mopped (gave it a mop). —v. (-pp-) 1 wipe or clean with or as with a mop. 2 a wipe tears or sweat etc. From (one’s face etc.). B wipe away (tears etc.). mop up 1 wipe up with or as with a mop. 2 colloq.
Absorb. 3 dispatch; make an end of. 4 a complete the occupation of (a district etc.) By capturing or killing enemy troops left there. B capture or kill (stragglers). [origin uncertain]
Mope —v. (-ping) 1 be depressed or listless. 2 wander about listlessly. —n. Person who mopes. mopy adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin unknown]
Moped n. Two-wheeled low-powered motor vehicle with pedals. [swedish:
related to motor, pedal]
Moquette n. Thick pile or looped material used for upholstery etc. [french]
Moraine n. Area of debris carried down and deposited by a glacier. [french]
Moral —adj. 1 a concerned with goodness or badness of human character or behaviour, or with the distinction between right and wrong. B concerned with accepted rules and standards of human behaviour. 2 a virtuous in general conduct. B capable of moral action. 3 (of rights or duties etc.) Founded on moral not actual law. 4 associated with the psychological rather than the physical (moral courage; moral support). —n. 1 moral lesson of a fable, story, event, etc. 2 (in pl.) Moral behaviour, e.g. In sexual conduct. morally adv. [latin mos mor-custom]
Morale n. Confidence, determination, etc. Of a person or group. [french moral:
Moralist n. 1 person who practises or teaches morality. 2 person who follows a natural system of ethics. moralistic adj.
Morality n. (pl. -ies) 1 degree of conformity to moral principles. 2 right moral conduct. 3 science of morals. 4 particular system of morals (commercial morality).
Morality play n. Hist. Drama with personified abstract qualities and including a moral lesson.
Moralize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 (often foll. By on) indulge in moral reflection or talk. 2 make moral or more moral. moralization n.
Moral law n. The conditions to be satisfied by any right course of action.
Moral philosophy n. Branch of philosophy concerned with ethics.
Moral victory n. Defeat that has some of the satisfactory elements of victory.
Morass n. 1 entanglement; confusion. 2 literary bog. [french marais related to *marsh]
Moratorium n. (pl. -s or -ria) 1 (often foll. By on) temporary prohibition or suspension (of an activity). 2 a legal authorization to debtors to postpone payment. B period of this postponement. [latin moror delay]
Morbid adj. 1 a (of the mind, ideas, etc.) Unwholesome. B given to morbid feelings. 2 colloq. Melancholy. 3 med. Of the nature of or indicative of disease. morbidity n. Morbidly adv. [latin morbus disease]
Mordant —adj. 1 (of sarcasm etc.) Caustic, biting. 2 pungent, smarting. 3 corrosive or cleansing. 4 serving to fix dye. —n. Mordant substance. [latin mordeo bite]
More —adj. Greater in quantity or degree; additional (more problems than last time; bring some more water). —n. Greater quantity, number, or amount (more than three people; more to it than meets the eye). —adv. 1 to a greater degree or extent. 2 forming the comparative of adjectives and adverbs, esp. Those of more than one syllable (more absurd; more easily). more and more to an increasing degree. More of to a greater extent. More or less approximately; effectively; nearly. What is more as an additional point. [old english]
Moreish adj. (also morish) colloq. (of food) causing a desire for more.
Morello n. (pl. -s) sour kind of dark cherry. [italian, = blackish]
Moreover adv. Besides, in addition to what has been said.
Mores n.pl. Customs or conventions of a community. [latin, pl. Of mos custom]
Morganatic adj. 1 (of a marriage) between a person of high rank and one of lower rank, the spouse and children having no claim to the possessions or title of the person of higher rank. 2 (of a spouse) married in this way. [latin morganaticus from germanic, = ‘morning gift’, from a husband to his wife on the morning after consummation of a marriage]
Morgue n. 1 mortuary. 2 (in a newspaper office) room or file of miscellaneous information. [french, originally the name of a paris mortuary]
Moribund adj. 1 at the point of death. 2 lacking vitality. [latin morior die]
Morish var. Of *moreish.
Mormon n. Member of the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints. mormonism n. [mormon, name of the supposed author of the book on which mormonism is founded]
Morn n. Poet. Morning. [old english]
Mornay n. Cheese-flavoured white sauce. [origin uncertain]
Morning n. 1 early part of the day, ending at noon or lunch-time (this morning; during the morning). 2 attrib. Taken, occurring, or appearing during the morning (morning coffee). in the morning colloq. Tomorrow morning. [from *morn]
Morning after n. Colloq. = *hangover 1.
Morning-after pill n. Contraceptive pill taken some hours after intercourse.
Morning coat n. Coat with tails, and with the front cut away.
Morning dress n. Man’s morning coat and striped trousers.
Morning glory n. Twining plant with trumpet-shaped flowers.
Morning sickness n. Nausea felt in the morning in esp. Early pregnancy.
Morning star n. Planet, usu. Venus, seen in the east before sunrise.
Morocco n. (pl. -s) fine flexible leather of goatskin tanned with sumac. [morocco in nw africa]
Moron n. 1 colloq. Very stupid person. 2 adult with a mental age of 8–12. moronic adj. [greek moros foolish]
Morose adj. Sullen, gloomy. morosely adv. Moroseness n. [latin mos mor-manner]
Morpheme n. Linguistics meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. In, come, -ing, forming incoming). [greek morphe form]
Morphia n. (in general use) = *morphine.
Morphine n. Narcotic drug from opium, used to relieve pain. [latin morpheus god of sleep]
Morphology n. The study of the forms of things, esp. Of animals and plants and of words and their structure. morphological adj. [greek morphe form]
Morris dance n. Traditional english dance in fancy costume, with ribbons and bells. morris dancer n. Morris dancing n. [morys, var. Of moorish: related to *moor]
Morrow n. (usu. Prec. By the) literary the following day. [related to *morn]
Morse —n. (in full morse code) code in which letters are represented by combinations of long and short light or sound signals. —v. (-sing) signal by morse code. [morse, name of an electrician]
Morsel n. Mouthful; small piece (esp. Of food). [latin morsus bite]
Mortal —adj. 1 subject to death. 2 causing death; fatal. 3 (of combat) fought to
the death. 4 associated with death (mortal agony). 5 (of an enemy) implacable. 6 (of pain, fear, an affront, etc.) Intense, very serious. 7 colloq. Long and tedious (for two mortal hours). 8 colloq. Conceivable, imaginable (every mortal thing; of no mortal use). —n. Human being. mortally adv. [latin mors mort-death]
Mortality n. (pl. -ies) 1 being subject to death. 2 loss of life on a large scale. 3 a number of deaths in a given period etc. B (in full mortality rate) death rate.
Mortal sin n. Sin that deprives the soul of divine grace.
Mortar —n. 1 mixture of lime or cement, sand, and water, for bonding bricks or stones. 2 short large-bore cannon for firing shells at high angles. 3 vessel in which ingredients are pounded with a pestle. —v. 1 plaster or join with mortar. 2 bombard with mortar shells. [latin mortarium]
Mortarboard n. 1 academic cap with a stiff flat square top. 2 flat board for holding mortar.
Mortgage —n. 1 a conveyance of property to a creditor as security for a debt (usu. One incurred by the purchase of the property). B deed effecting this. 2 sum of money lent by this. —v. (-ging) convey (a property) by mortgage. mortgageable adj. [french, = dead pledge: related to *gage1]
Mortgagee n. Creditor in a mortgage.
Mortgager n. (also mortgagor) debtor in a mortgage.
Mortgage rate n. Rate of interest charged by a mortgagee.
Mortice var. Of *mortise.
Mortician n. Us undertaker. [latin mors mort-death]
Mortify v. (-ies, -ied) 1 a cause (a person) to feel shamed, humiliated, or sorry. B wound (a person’s feelings). 2 bring (the body, the flesh, the passions, etc.) Into subjection by self-denial or discipline. 3 (of flesh) be affected by gangrene or necrosis. mortification n. Mortifying adj. [latin: related to *mortician]
Mortise (also mortice) —n. Hole in a framework designed to receive the end of another part, esp. A tenon. —v. (-sing) 1 join securely, esp. By mortise and tenon. 2 cut a mortise in. [french from arabic]
Mortise lock n. Lock recessed in the frame of a door etc.
Mortuary —n. (pl. -ies) room or building in which dead bodies are kept until burial or cremation. —attrib. Adj. Of death or burial. [medieval latin mortuus dead]
Mosaic adj. Of moses. [french from moses in the old testament]
Mosaic n. 1 a picture or pattern produced by arranging small variously coloured pieces of glass or stone etc. B this as an art form. 2 diversified thing. 3 (attrib.) Of or like a mosaic. [greek: ultimately related to *muse2]
Mosaic law n. The laws attributed to moses and listed in the pentateuch.
Moselle n. Dry white wine from the moselle valley in germany.
Mosey v. (-eys, -eyed) (often foll. By along) slang go in a leisurely manner. [origin unknown]
Moslem var. Of *muslim.
Mosque n. Muslim place of worship. [arabic masgid]
Mosquito n. (pl. -es) biting insect, esp. One of which the female punctures the skin with a long proboscis to suck blood. [spanish and portuguese, diminutive of mosca fly]
Mosquito-net n. Net to keep off mosquitoes.
Moss n. 1 small flowerless plant growing in dense clusters in bogs, on the ground, trees, stones, etc. 2 scot. & n.engl. Bog, esp. A peatbog. mossy adj. (-ier, -iest). [old english]
Most —adj. 1 greatest in quantity or degree. 2 the majority of (most people think so). —n. 1 greatest quantity or number (this is the most i can do). 2 the majority (most of them are missing). —adv. 1 in the highest degree. 2 forming the superlative of adjectives and adverbs, esp. Those of more than one syllable (most absurd; most easily). 3 us colloq. Almost. at most no more or better than (this is at most a makeshift). At the most 1 as the greatest amount. 2 not more than. For the most part 1 mainly. 2 usually.
-most suffix forming superlative adjectives and adverbs from prepositions and other words indicating relative position (foremost; uttermost). [old english]
Mostly adv. 1 mainly. 2 usually.
Most reverend n. Title of archbishops.
Mot abbr. (in full mot test) compulsory annual test of vehicles of more than a specified age. [ministry of transport]
Mot n. (pl. Mots pronunc. Same) = *bon mot. [french, = word]
Mote n. Speck of dust. [old english]
Motel n. Roadside hotel for motorists. [from motor hotel]
Motet n. Mus. Short religious choral work. [french: related to *mot]
Moth n. 1 nocturnal insect like a butterfly but without clubbed antennae. 2 insect of this type breeding in cloth etc., on which its larva feeds. [old english]
Mothball n. Ball of naphthalene etc. Placed in stored clothes to deter moths. in mothballs stored unused for a considerable time.
Moth-eaten adj. 1 damaged by moths. 2 time-worn.
Mother —n. 1 female parent. 2 woman, quality, or condition etc. That gives rise to something else (necessity is the mother of invention). 3 (in full mother superior) head of a female religious community. —v. 1 treat as a mother does. 2 give birth to; be the mother or origin of. motherhood n. Motherless adj. [old english]
Mother carey’s chicken n. = *storm petrel 1.
Mother country n. Country in relation to its colonies.
Mother earth n. The earth as mother of its inhabitants.
Mothering sunday n. = *mother’s day.
Motherin-law n. (pl. Mothers-in-law) husband’s or wife’s mother.
Motherland n. One’s native country.
Motherly adj. Kind or tender like a mother. motherliness n.
Mother-of-pearl n. Smooth iridescent substance forming the inner layer of the shell of oysters etc.
Mother’s day n. Day when mothers are honoured with presents, (in the uk) the fourth sunday in lent, (in the us) the second sunday in may.
Mother tongue n. Native language.
Mothproof —adj. (of clothes) treated so as to repel moths. —v. Treat (clothes) in this way.
Motif n. 1 theme that is repeated and developed in an artistic work. 2 decorative design or pattern. 3 ornament sewn separately on a garment. [french: related to *motive]
Motion —n. 1 moving; changing position. 2 gesture. 3 formal proposal put to a committee, legislature, etc. 4 application to a court for an order. 5 a an evacuation of the bowels. B (in sing. Or pl.) Faeces. —v. (often foll. By to + infin.) 1 direct (a person) by a gesture. 2 (often foll. By to a person) make a gesture directing (motioned to me to leave). go through the motions do something perfunctorily or superficially. In motion moving; not at rest. Put (or
set) in motion set going or working. motionless adj. [latin: related to *move]
Motion picture n. (esp. Us) cinema film.
Motivate v. (-ting) 1 supply a motive to; be the motive of. 2 cause (a person) to act in a particular way. 3 stimulate the interest of (a person in an activity). motivation n. Motivational adj.
Motive —n. 1 what induces a person to act in a particular way. 2 = *motif. — adj. 1 tending to initiate movement. 2 concerned with movement. [latin motivus: related to *move]
Motive power n. Moving or impelling power, esp. A source of energy used to drive machinery.
Mot juste n. (pl. Mots justes pronunc. Same) most appropriate expression.
Motley —adj. (-lier, -liest) 1 diversified in colour. 2 of varied character (a motley crew). —n. Hist. Jester’s particoloured costume. [origin unknown]
Moto-cross n. Cross-country racing on motor cycles. [from motor, cross]
Motor —n. 1 thing that imparts motion. 2 machine (esp. One using electricity or internal combustion) supplying motive power for a vehicle or other machine. 3 = *car 1. 4 (attrib.) A giving, imparting, or producing motion. B driven by a motor (motor-mower). C of or for motor vehicles. D anat. Relating to muscular movement or the nerves activating it. —v. Go or convey in a motor vehicle.
Motor bike n. Colloq. = *motor cycle.
Motor boat n. Motor-driven boat.
Motorcade n. Procession of motor vehicles. [from *motor, after cavalcade]
Motor car n. = *car 1.
Motor cycle n. Two-wheeled motor vehicle without pedal propulsion. motor cyclist n.
Motorist n. Driver of a car.
Motorize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 equip with motor transport. 2 provide with a motor.
Motorman n. Driver of an underground train, tram, etc.
Motor scooter see *scooter.
Motor vehicle n. Road vehicle powered by an internal-combustion engine.
Motorway n. Road for fast travel, with separate carriageways and limited access.
Motown n. Music with elements of rhythm and blues, associated with detroit. [motor town, = detroit in us]
Mottle v. (-ling) (esp. As mottled adj.) Mark with spots or smears of colour. [back-formation from *motley]
Motto n. (pl. -es) 1 maxim adopted as a rule of conduct. 2 phrase or sentence accompanying a coat of arms. 3 appropriate inscription. 4 joke, maxim, etc. In a paper cracker. [italian: related to *mot]
Mould1 (us mold) —n. 1 hollow container into which a substance is poured or pressed to harden into a required shape. 2 a vessel for shaping puddings etc. B pudding etc. Made in this way. 3 form or shape. 4 frame or template for producing mouldings. 5 character or type (in heroic mould). —v. 1 make (an object) in a required shape or from certain ingredients (moulded out of clay). 2 give shape to. 3 influence the development of. [french modle from latin *modulus]
Mould2 n. (us mold) furry growth of fungi occurring esp. In moist warm conditions. [old norse]
Mould3 n. (us mold) 1 loose earth. 2 upper soil of cultivated land, esp. When rich in organic matter. [old english]
Moulder v. (us molder) 1 decay to dust. 2 (foll. By away) rot or crumble. 3 deteriorate. [from *mould3]
Moulding n. (us molding) 1 ornamentally shaped outline of plaster etc. As an architectural feature, esp. In a cornice. 2 similar feature in woodwork etc.
Mouldy adj. (us moldy) (-ier, -iest) 1 covered with mould. 2 stale; out of date. 3 colloq. Dull, miserable. mouldiness n.
Moult (us molt) —v. (also absol.) Shed (feathers, hair, a shell etc.) In the process of renewing plumage, a coat, etc. —n. Moulting. [latin muto change]
Mound n. 1 raised mass of earth, stones, etc. 2 heap or pile; large quantity. 3 hillock. [origin unknown]
Mount1 —v. 1 ascend; climb on to. 2 a get up on (a horse etc.) To ride it. B set on horseback. C (as mounted adj.) Serving on horseback (mounted police). 3 a (often foll. By up) accumulate. B (of a feeling) increase. 4 (often foll. By on, in) set (an object) on a support or in a backing, frame, etc., esp. For viewing. 5 organize, arrange, set in motion (a play, exhibition, attack, guard, etc.). 6 (of a male animal) get on to (a female) to copulate. —n. 1 backing, etc. On which a picture etc. Is set for display. 2 horse for riding. 3 setting for a gem etc. [latin: related to *mount2]
Mount2 n. Archaic (except before a name): mountain, hill (mount everest). [latin mons mont-]
Mount2 n. Archaic (except before a name): mountain, hill (mount everest). [latin mons mont-]
Mountain n. 1 large abrupt natural elevation of the ground. 2 large heap or pile; huge quantity. 3 large surplus stock (butter mountain). make a mountain out of a molehill see molehill. [latin: related to mount2]
Mountain ash n. Tree with scarlet berries; rowan.
Mountain bike n. Sturdy bike with many gears for riding over rough terrain.
Mountaineer —n. Person who practises mountain-climbing. —v. Climb mountains as a sport. mountaineering n.
Mountain lion n. Puma.
Mountainous adj. 1 having many mountains. 2 huge.
Mountain range n. Continuous line of mountains.
Mountain sickness n. Sickness caused by thin air at great heights.
Mountainside n. Sloping side of a mountain.
Mountainside n. Sloping side of a mountain.
Mountebank n. 1 swindler; charlatan. 2 hist. Itinerant quack. [italian, = mount on bench]
Mountie n. Colloq. Member of the royal canadian mounted police. [abbreviation]
Mounting n. 1 = mount1 n. 1. 2 in senses of mount1 v.
Mourn v. (often foll. By for, over) feel or show deep sorrow or regret for (a dead person, a lost thing, a past event, etc.). [old english]
Mourner n. Person who mourns, esp. At a funeral.
Mournful adj. Doleful, sad, expressing mourning. mournfully adv. Mournfulness n.
Mourning n. 1 expressing of sorrow for a dead person, esp. By wearing black clothes. 2 such clothes.
Mouse —n. (pl. Mice) 1 small rodent, esp. Of a kind infesting houses. 2 timid or feeble person. 3 (pl. -s) computing small hand-held device controlling the cursor on a vdu screen. —v. (-sing) (of a cat, owl, etc.) Hunt mice. mouser n. [old english]
Mousetrap n. 1 trap for catching mice. 2 (often attrib.) Colloq. Poor quality cheese.
Moussaka n. (also mousaka) greek dish of minced meat, aubergine, etc. [greek or turkish]
Mousse n. 1 a dessert of whipped cream, eggs, etc., usu. Flavoured with fruit or chocolate. B meat or fish purée made with whipped cream etc. 2 foamy substance applied to the hair to enable styling. [french, = froth]
Moustache n. (us mustache) hair left to grow on a man’s upper lip. [greek mustax]
Mousy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or like a mouse. 2 (of a person) timid, feeble. 3 nondescript light brown.
Mouth —n. (pl. Mouths) 1 a external opening in the head, through which most animals take in food and emit communicative sounds. B (in humans and some animals) cavity behind it containing the means of biting and chewing and the vocal organs. 2 opening of a container, cave, trumpet, etc. 3 place where a river enters the sea. 4 an individual as needing sustenance (an extra mouth to feed). 5 colloq. A meaningless or ineffectual talk. B impudent talk; cheek. —v. (-thing) 1 say or speak by moving the lips but with no sound. 2 utter or speak insincerely or without understanding (mouthing platitudes). put words into a person’s mouth represent a person as having said something. Take the words out of a person’s mouth say what another was about to say. [old english]
Mouthful n. (pl. -s) 1 quantity of food etc. That fills the mouth. 2 small quantity.
3 colloq. Long or complicated word or phrase.
Mouth-organ n. = *harmonica.
Mouthpiece n. 1 part of a musical instrument, telephone, etc., placed next to the lips. 2 colloq. Person who speaks for another or others.
Mouth-to-mouth adj. (of resuscitation) in which a person breathes into a subject’s lungs through the mouth.
Mouthwash n. Liquid antiseptic etc. For rinsing the mouth or gargling.
Mouth-watering adj. (of food etc.) Having a delicious smell or appearance.
Movable adj. (also moveable) 1 that can be moved. 2 variable in date from year to year (movable feast). [related to *move]
Move —v. (-ving) 1 (cause to) change position or posture. 2 put or keep in motion; rouse, stir. 3 a take a turn in a board-game. B change the position of (a piece) in a board-game. 4 (often foll. By about, away, off, etc.) Go or proceed. 5 take action, esp. Promptly (moved to reduce crime). 6 make progress (project is moving fast). 7 (also absol.) Change (one’s home or place of work). 8 (foll. By in) be socially active in (a specified group etc.) (moves in the best circles). 9 affect (a person) with (usu. Tender) emotion. 10 (foll. By to) provoke (a person to laughter etc.) (was moved to tears). 11 (foll. By to, or to + infin.) Prompt or incline (a person to a feeling or action). 12 (cause to) change one’s attitude (nothing can move me on this issue). 13 a cause (the bowels) to be evacuated. B
(of the bowels) be evacuated. 14 (often foll. By that) propose in a meeting, etc. 15 (foll. By for) make a formal request or application. 16 sell; be sold. —n. 1 act or process of moving. 2 change of house, premises, etc. 3 step taken to secure an object. 4 a changing of the position of a piece in a board-game. B player’s turn to do this. get a move on colloq. Hurry up. Make a move take action. Move along (or on) advance, progress, esp. To avoid crowding etc. Move away go to live in another area. Move heaven and earth (foll. By to + infin.) Make extraordinary efforts. Move in 1 take up residence in a new home. 2 get into a position of readiness or proximity (for an offensive action etc.). Move in with start to share accommodation with (an existing resident). Move out leave one’s home. Move over (or up) adjust one’s position to make room for another. On the move moving. [latin moveo]
Moveable var. Of *movable.
Movement n. 1 a moving or being moved. B instance of this (watched his every movement). 2 moving parts of a mechanism (esp. A clock or watch). 3 a body of persons with a common object (peace movement). B campaign undertaken by them. 4 (in pl.) Person’s activities and whereabouts. 5 mus. Principal division of a longer musical work. 6 motion of the bowels. 7 rise or fall in price(s) on the stock market. 8 progress.
Mover n. 1 person, animal, or thing that moves or dances, esp. In a specified way. 2 person who moves a proposition. 3 (also prime mover) originator.
Movie n. Esp. Us colloq. Cinema film.
Moving adj. Emotionally affecting. movingly adv.
Moving staircase n. Escalator.
Mow v. (past part. Mowed or mown) 1 (also absol.) Cut (grass, hay, etc.) With a scythe or machine. 2 cut down the produce of (a field) or the grass etc. Of (a lawn) by mowing. mow down kill or destroy randomly or in great numbers. mower n. [old english]
Mozzarella n. Italian curd cheese, orig. Of buffalo milk. [italian]
Mp abbr. Member of parliament.
Mp abbr. Mezzo piano.
M.p.g. Abbr. Miles per gallon.
M.p.h. Abbr. Miles per hour.
M.phil. Abbr. Master of philosophy.
Mr n. (pl. Messrs) 1 title of a man without a higher title (mr jones). 2 title prefixed to a designation of office etc. (mr president; mr speaker). [abbreviation of *mister]
Mrs n. (pl. Same) title of a married woman without a higher title (mrs jones).
Mrs n. (pl. Same) title of a married woman without a higher title (mrs jones). [abbreviation of *mistress]
Ms abbr. 1 (pl. Mss) manuscript. 2 multiple sclerosis.
Ms n. Title of a married or unmarried woman without a higher title. [combination of *mrs, *miss2]
M.sc. Abbr. Master of science.
Ms-dos abbr. Propr. Computing microsoft disk operating system.
Mt. Abbr. Mount.
Mu n. 1 twelfth greek letter (m, m). 2 (m, as a symbol) = *micro-2. [greek]
Much —adj. 1 existing or occurring in a great quantity (much trouble; too much noise). 2 (prec. By as, how, that, etc.) With relative sense (i don’t know how much money you want). —n. 1 a great quantity (much of that is true). 2 (prec. By as, how, that, etc.) With relative sense (we do not need that much). 3 (usu. In neg.) Noteworthy or outstanding example (not much to look at). —adv. 1 in a great degree (much to my surprise; is much the same; i much regret it; much annoyed; much better; much the best). 2 for a large part of one’s time; often (he is not here much). as much so (i thought as much). A bit much colloq. Excessive, immoderate. Much as even though (cannot come, much as i would like to). Much of a muchness very nearly the same. Not much of a colloq. A rather poor. [from *mickle]
Mucilage n. 1 viscous substance obtained from plants. 2 adhesive gum. [latin:
related to *mucus]
Muck —n. 1 colloq. Dirt or filth; anything disgusting. 2 farmyard manure. 3 colloq. Mess. —v. 1 (usu. Foll. By up) colloq. A bungle (a job). B make dirty or untidy. 2 (foll. By out) remove manure from. make a muck of colloq. Bungle. Muck about (or around) colloq. 1 potter or fool about. 2 (foll. By with) fool or interfere with. Muck in (often foll. By with) colloq. Share tasks etc. Equally. [scandinavian]
Mucker n. Slang friend, mate. [probably from muck in: related to *muck]
Muckle var. Of *mickle.
Muckrake v. (-king) search out and reveal scandal. muckraker n. Muckraking n.
Muck-spreader n. Machine for spreading dung. muck-spreading n.
Mucky adj. (-ier, -iest) covered with muck, dirty.
Mucous adj. Of or covered with mucus. mucosity n. [latin mucosus: related to *mucus]
Mucous membrane n. Mucus-secreting tissue lining body cavities etc.
Mucus n. Slimy substance secreted by a mucous membrane. [latin]
Mud n. Soft wet earth. fling (or sling or throw) mud speak disparagingly or slanderously. One’s name is mud one is in disgrace. [german]
Muddle —v. (-ling) (often foll. By up) 1 bring into disorder. 2 bewilder, confuse. —n. 1 disorder. 2 confusion. muddle along (or on) progress in a haphazard way. Muddle through succeed despite one’s inefficiency. [perhaps dutch, related to *mud]
Muddle-headed adj. Mentally disorganized, confused.
Muddy —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 like mud. 2 covered in or full of mud. 3 (of liquid, colour, or sound) not clear, impure. 4 vague, confused. —v. (-ies, -ied) make muddy. muddiness n.
Mudflap n. Flap hanging behind the wheel of a vehicle, to prevent splashes.
Mud-flat n. Stretch of muddy land uncovered at low tide.
Mudguard n. Curved strip over a bicycle wheel etc. To protect the rider from splashes.
Mud pack n. Cosmetic paste applied thickly to the face.
Mud pack n. Cosmetic paste applied thickly to the face.
Mud-slinger n. Colloq. Person given to making abusive or disparaging remarks.
mud-slinging n.
Muesli n. Breakfast food of crushed cereals, dried fruits, nuts, etc., eaten with milk. [swiss german]
Muezzin n. Muslim crier who proclaims the hours of prayer. [arabic]
Muff1 n. Covering, esp. Of fur, for keeping the hands or ears warm. [dutch mof]
Muff2 v. Colloq. 1 bungle. 2 miss (a catch, ball, etc.). [origin unknown]
Muffin n. 1 light flat round spongy cake, eaten toasted and buttered. 2 us similar round cake made from batter or dough. [origin unknown]
Muffle v. (-ling) 1 (often foll. By up) wrap or cover for warmth, or to deaden sound. 2 (usu. As muffled adj.) Stifle (an utterance). [perhaps french moufle thick glove, *muff1]
Muffler n. 1 wrap or scarf worn for warmth. 2 thing used to deaden sound. 3 us silencer of a vehicle.
Mufti n. Civilian clothes (in mufti). [arabic]
Mug1 —n. 1 a drinking-vessel, usu. Cylindrical with a handle and no saucer. B its contents. 2 slang gullible person. 3 slang face or mouth. —v. (-gg-) attack and rob, esp. In public. a mug’s game colloq. Foolish or unprofitable activity. mugger n. Mugful n. (pl. -s). Mugging n. [scandinavian]
Mug2 v. (-gg-) (usu. Foll. By up) slang learn (a subject) by concentrated study. [origin unknown]
Muggins n. (pl. Same or mugginses) colloq. Gullible person (often meaning oneself: so muggins had to pay). [perhaps from the surname]
Muggy adj. (-ier, -iest) (of weather etc.) Oppressively humid. mugginess n. [old norse]
Mug shot n. Slang photograph of a face, esp. For police records.
Muhammadan n. & adj. (also mohammedan) = *muslim. [muhammad, name of a prophet]
Usage the term muhammadan is not used by muslims, and is often regarded as offensive.
Mujahidin n.pl. (also mujahedin, -deen) guerrilla fighters in islamic countries, esp. Muslim fundamentalists. [persian and arabic: related to *jihad]
Mulatto n. (pl. -s or -es) person of mixed white and black parentage. [spanish mulato young mule]
Mulberry n. (pl. -ies) 1 tree bearing edible purple or white berries, and leaves used to feed silkworms. 2 its fruit. 3 dark-red or purple. [latin morum mulberry, *berry]
Mulch —n. Layer of wet straw, leaves, or plastic, etc., spread around or over a plant to enrich or insulate the soil. —v. Treat with mulch. [old english, = soft]
Mule1 n. 1 offspring of a male donkey and a female horse, or (in general use) of a female donkey and a male horse (cf. *hinny). 2 stupid or obstinate person. 3 (in full spinning mule) a kind of spinning-machine. [latin mulus]
Mule2 n. Backless slipper. [french]
Muleteer n. Mule-driver. [french muletier: related to *mule1]
Mulish adj. Stubborn.
Mull1 v. (often foll. By over) ponder, consider. [probably dutch]
Mull2 v. Warm (wine or beer) with added sugar, spices, etc. [origin unknown]
Mull3 n. Scot. Promontory. [origin uncertain]
Mullah n. Muslim learned in theology and sacred law. [ultimately arabic mawla]
Mullet n. (pl. Same) any of several kinds of marine fish valued for food. [greek mullos]
Mulligatawny n. Highly seasoned soup orig. From india. [tamil, = pepper-water]
Mullion n. Vertical bar dividing the lights in a window. mullioned adj. [probably french moinel middle: related to *mean3]
Multi-comb. Form many. [latin multus much, many]
Multi-access adj. (of a computer system) allowing access to the central processor from several terminals simultaneously.
Multicoloured adj. Of many colours.
Multicultural adj. Of several cultural groups. multiculturalism n.
Multidirectional adj. Of, involving, or operating in several directions.
Multidirectional adj. Of, involving, or operating in several directions.
Multifarious adj. 1 many and various. 2 of great variety. multifariousness n. [latin multifarius]
Multiform adj. 1 having many forms. 2 of many kinds.
Multilateral adj. 1 (of an agreement etc.) In which three or more parties participate. 2 having many sides. multilaterally adv.
Multilingual adj. In, speaking, or using several languages.
Multimedia —attrib. Adj. Using more than one medium of communication. —n.
= *hypermedia.
Multimillion attrib. Adj. Costing or involving several million (pounds, dollars, etc.) (multimillion dollar fraud).
Multimillionaire n. Person with a fortune of several millions.
Multinational —adj. 1 operating in several countries. 2 of several nationalities.
—n. Multinational company.
Multiple —adj. 1 having several parts, elements, or components. 2 many and
various. —n. Number that contains another without a remainder (56 is a multiple of 7). [latin multiplus: related to *multiplex]
Multiple-choice adj. (of an examination question) accompanied by several possible answers from which the correct one has to be chosen.
Multiple sclerosis see *sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis see *sclerosis.
Multiplex adj. Manifold; of many elements. [latin: related to *multi-, -plex – plicis -fold]
Multiplicand n. Quantity to be multiplied by another.
Multiplication n. Multiplying.
Multiplication sign n. Sign (×) to indicate that one quantity is to be multiplied by another.
Multiplication table n. List of multiples of a particular number, usu. From 1 to 12.
Multiplicity n. (pl. -ies) 1 manifold variety. 2 (foll. By of) great number.
Multiplier n. Quantity by which a given number is multiplied.
Multiply v. (-ies, -ied) 1 (also absol.) Obtain from (a number) another that is a specified number of times its value (multiply 6 by 4 and you get 24). 2 increase in number, esp. By procreation. 3 produce a large number of (instances etc.). 4 a breed (animals). B propagate (plants). [latin multiplico: related to *multiplex]
Multi-purpose attrib. Adj. Having several purposes.
Multiracial adj. Of several races.
Multi-storey attrib. Adj. Having several storeys.
Multitude n. 1 (often foll. By of) great number. 2 large gathering of people; crowd. 3 (the multitude) the common people. [french from latin]
Multitudinous adj. 1 very numerous. 2 consisting of many individuals. [latin:
related to *multitude]
Multi-user attrib. Adj. (of a computer system) having a number of simultaneous users.
Mum1 n. Colloq. = *mummy1.
Mum2 adj. Colloq. Silent (keep mum). mum’s the word say nothing. [imitative]
Mumble —v. (-ling) speak or utter indistinctly. —n. Indistinct utterance or sound. [related to *mum2]
Mumbo-jumbo n. (pl. -s) 1 meaningless or ignorant ritual. 2 meaningless or unnecessarily complicated language; nonsense. [mumbo jumbo, name of a supposed african idol]
Mummer n. Actor in a traditional mime. [french momeur: cf. *mum2]
Mummery n. (pl. -ies) 1 ridiculous (esp. Religious) ceremonial. 2 performance by mummers. [french momerie: related to *mummer]
Mummify v. (-ies, -ied) preserve (a body) as a mummy. mummification n.
Mummy1 n. (pl. -ies) colloq. Mother. [imitative of a child’s pronunciation]
Mummy2 n. (pl. -ies) body of a human being or animal embalmed for burial, esp. In ancient egypt. [persian mum wax]
Mumps n.pl. (treated as sing.) Infectious disease with swelling of the neck and face. [imitative of mouth-shape]
Munch v. Eat steadily with a marked action of the jaws. [imitative]
Mundane adj. 1 dull, routine. 2 of this world. mundanely adv. Mundanity n. [latin mundus world]
Mung n. (in full mung bean) leguminous indian plant used as food. [hindi mung]
Municipal adj. Of a municipality or its self-government. municipalize v. (also – ise) (-zing or -sing). Municipally adv. [latin municipium free city]
Municipality n. (pl. -ies) 1 town or district having local self-government. 2 governing body of this area.
Munificent adj. (of a giver or a gift) splendidly generous. munificence n. [latin munus gift: related to *-fic]
Muniment n. (usu. In pl.) Document kept as evidence of rights or privileges etc. [latin munio fortify]
Munition n. (usu. In pl.) Military weapons, ammunition etc. [latin, = fortification: related to *muniment]
Muon n. Physics unstable elementary particle like an electron, but with a much greater mass. [m (*mu), the symbol for it]
greater mass. [m (*mu), the symbol for it]
Mural —n. Painting executed directly on a wall. —adj. Of, on, or like a wall. [latin murus wall]
Murder —n. 1 intentional unlawful killing of a human being by another. 2 colloq. Unpleasant, troublesome, or dangerous state of affairs. —v. 1 kill (a human being) intentionally and unlawfully. 2 colloq. A utterly defeat. B spoil by a bad performance, mispronunciation, etc. cry blue murder colloq. Make an extravagant outcry. Get away with murder colloq. Do whatever one wishes and escape punishment.
Murderous adj. 1 (of a person, weapon, action, etc.) Capable of, intending, or involving murder or great harm. 2 colloq. Extremely arduous or unpleasant.
Murk n. Darkness, poor visibility. [probably scandinavian]
Murky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 dark, gloomy. 2 (of darkness, liquid, etc.) Thick, dirty.
3 suspiciously obscure (murky past). murkily adv. Murkiness n.
Murmur —n. 1 subdued continuous sound, as made by waves, a brook, etc. 2 softly spoken or nearly inarticulate utterance. 3 subdued expression of discontent. —v. 1 make a murmur. 2 utter (words) in a low voice. 3 (usu. Foll. By at, against) complain in low tones, grumble. [latin]
Murphy’s law n. Joc. Any of various maxims about the perverseness of things. [murphy, irish surname]
Murrain n. Infectious disease of cattle. [anglo-french moryn]
Mus.b. Abbr. (also mus. Bac.) Bachelor of music. [latin musicae baccalaureus]
Muscadet n. 1 a dry white wine from the loire region of france. 2 variety of grape used for this. [muscadet grape]
Muscat n. 1 sweet usu. Fortified white wine made from musk-flavoured grapes. 2 this grape. [provençal: related to *musk]
Muscatel n. 1 = *muscat. 2 raisin from a muscat grape.
Muscle —n. 1 fibrous tissue producing movement in or maintaining the position of an animal body. 2 part of an animal body that is composed of muscles. 3 strength, power. —v. (-ling) (foll. By in, in on) colloq. Force oneself on others; intrude by forceful means. not move a muscle be completely motionless. [latin diminutive of mus mouse]
Muscle-bound adj. With muscles stiff and inelastic through excessive exercise.
Muscle-man n. Man with highly developed muscles.
Muscovite —n. Native or citizen of moscow. —adj. Of moscow. [from muscovy, principality of moscow]
Muscovy duck n. Crested duck with red markings on its head. [muscovy, principality of moscow]
Muscular adj. 1 of or affecting the muscles. 2 having well-developed muscles. 3 robust. muscularity n.
Muscular christianity n. Christian life of cheerful physical activity as described in the writings of charles kingsley.
Muscular dystrophy n. Hereditary progressive wasting of the muscles.
Musculature n. Muscular system of a body or organ.
Mus.d. Abbr. (also mus. Doc.) Doctor of music. [latin musicae doctor]
Muse1 v. (-sing) 1 (usu. Foll. By on, upon) ponder, reflect. 2 say meditatively. [french]
Muse2 n. 1 (in greek and roman mythology) any of the nine goddesses who inspire poetry, music, etc. 2 (usu. Prec. By the) poet’s inspiration. [greek mousa]
Museum n. Building used for storing and exhibiting objects of historical, scientific, or cultural interest. [greek: related to *muse2]
Museum piece n. 1 specimen of art etc. Fit for a museum. 2 derog. Old-fashioned or quaint person or object.
Mush n. 1 soft pulp. 2 feeble sentimentality. 3 us maize porridge. [apparently var. Of *mash]
Mushroom —n. 1 edible fungus with a stem and domed cap. 2 pinkish-brown colour of this. —v. Appear or develop rapidly. [french mousseron from latin]
Mushroom cloud n. Mushroom-shaped cloud from a nuclear explosion.
Mushy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 like mush; soft. 2 feebly sentimental. mushiness n.
Music n. 1 art of combining vocal or instrumental sounds in a harmonious or expressive way. 2 sounds so produced. 3 musical composition. 4 written or printed score of this. 5 pleasant natural sound. music to one’s ears something one is pleased to hear. [greek: related to *muse2]
Musical —adj. 1 of music. 2 (of sounds etc.) Melodious, harmonious. 3 fond of, sensitive to, or skilled in music. 4 set to or accompanied by music. —n. Musical film or play. musicality n. Musically adv.
Musical box n. Box containing a mechanism which plays a tune.
Musical chairs n.pl. 1 party game in which the players compete in successive
rounds for a decreasing number of chairs. 2 series of changes or political manoeuvring etc.
Music centre n. Equipment combining radio, record-player, tape recorder, etc.
Music-hall n. 1 variety entertainment with singing, dancing, etc. 2 theatre for this.
Musician n. Person who plays a musical instrument, esp. Professionally. musicianly adj. Musicianship n. [french: related to *music]
Musicology n. The academic study of music. musicologist n. Musicological adj.
Music stand n. Support for sheet music.
Music stool n. Piano stool.
Musk n. 1 substance secreted by the male musk deer and used in perfumes. 2 plant which orig. Had a smell of musk. musky adj. (-ier, -iest). Muskiness n. [latin muscus from persian]
Musk deer n. Small hornless asian deer.
Musket n. Hist. Infantryman’s (esp. Smooth-bored) light gun. [italian moschetto
Musket n. Hist. Infantryman’s (esp. Smooth-bored) light gun. [italian moschetto crossbow bolt]
Musketeer n. Hist. Soldier armed with a musket.
Musketry n. 1 muskets; soldiers armed with muskets. 2 knowledge of handling small arms.
Musk ox n. Shaggy n. American ruminant with curved horns.
Muskrat n. 1 large n. American aquatic rodent with a musky smell. 2 its fur.
Musk-rose n. Rambling rose smelling of musk.
Muslim (also moslem) —n. Follower of the islamic religion. —adj. Of the muslims or their religion. [arabic: related to *islam]
Muslin n. Fine delicately woven cotton fabric. [italian mussolo mosul in iraq]
Musquash n. = *muskrat. [algonquian]
Mussel n. Bivalve mollusc, esp. Of the kind used for food. [old english: related to *muscle]
Must1 —v.aux. (present must; past had to or in indirect speech must) (foll. By infin., or absol.) 1 a be obliged to (you must go to school). B in ironic questions (must you slam the door?). 2 be certainly (you must be her sister). 3 ought to (must see what can be done). 4 expressing insistence (must ask you to leave). 5 (foll. By not + infin.) A not be permitted to, be forbidden to (must not smoke). B ought not; need not (mustn’t think he’s angry; must not worry). C expressing insistence that something should not be done (they must not be told). —n. Colloq. Thing that should not be missed (this exhibition is a must). i must say often iron. I cannot refrain from saying (i must say he tries hard; a fine way to behave, i must say). Must needs see *needs. [old english]
Usage in sense 1a, the negative (i.e. Lack of obligation) is expressed by not have to or need not; must not denotes positive forbidding, as in you must not smoke.
Must2 n. Grape juice before fermentation is complete. [old english from latin]
Mustache n. (brit. Moustache) hair left to grow on a man’s upper lip. [greek mustax]
Mustang n. Small wild horse of mexico and california. [spanish]
Mustard n. 1 a plant with slender pods and yellow flowers. B seeds of this crushed into a paste and used as a spicy condiment. 2 plant eaten at the seedling stage, often with cress. 3 brownish-yellow colour. [romanic: related to *must2]
Mustard gas n. Colourless oily liquid, whose vapour is a powerful irritant.
Muster —v. 1 collect (orig. Soldiers) for inspection, to check numbers, etc. 2 collect, gather together. 3 summon (courage etc.). —n. Assembly of persons for inspection. pass muster be accepted as adequate. [latin monstro show]
Mustn’t contr. Must not.
Mustn’t contr. Must not.
Musty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 mouldy, stale. 2 dull, antiquated. mustily adv. Mustiness n. [perhaps an alteration of moisty: related to *moist]
Mutable adj. Literary liable to change. mutability n. [latin muto change]
Mutagen n. Agent promoting genetic mutation. mutagenic adj. Mutagenesis n. [from mutation, -gen]
Mutant —adj. Resulting from mutation. —n. Mutant organism or gene.
Mutate v. (-ting) (cause to) undergo mutation.
Mutation n. 1 change, alteration. 2 genetic change which, when transmitted to offspring, gives rise to heritable variations. 3 mutant. [latin muto change]
Mutatis mutandis adv. (in comparing cases) making the necessary alterations.
Mutatis mutandis adv. (in comparing cases) making the necessary alterations. [latin]
Mute —adj. 1 silent, refraining from or temporarily bereft of speech. 2 (of a person or animal) dumb. 3 not expressed in speech (mute protest). 4 (of a letter) not pronounced. —n. 1 dumb person. 2 device for damping the sound of a musical instrument. 3 unsounded consonant. —v. (-ting) 1 deaden or soften the sound of (esp. A musical instrument). 2 a tone down, make less intense. B (as muted adj.) (of colours etc.) Subdued. mutely adv. Muteness n. [latin mutus]
Mute button n. Device on a telephone to temporarily prevent the caller from hearing what is being said at the receiver’s end, or on a television etc. To temporarily turn off the sound.
Mute swan n. Common white swan.
Mutilate v. (-ting) 1 a deprive (a person or animal) of a limb or organ. B destroy the use of (a limb or organ). 2 excise or damage part of (a book etc.). mutilation n. [latin mutilus maimed]
Mutineer n. Person who mutinies. [romanic: related to *move]
Mutinous adj. Rebellious; ready to mutiny. mutinously adv.
Mutiny —n. (pl. -ies) open revolt, esp. By soldiers or sailors against their officers. —v. (-ies, -ied) (often foll. By against) revolt; engage in mutiny.
Mutt n. 1 slang ignorant or stupid person. 2 derog. Dog. [abbreviation of *mutton-head]
Mutter —v. 1 (also absol.) Utter (words) in a barely audible manner. 2 (often foll. By against, at) murmur or grumble. —n. 1 muttered words or sounds. 2 muttering. [related to *mute]
Mutton n. Flesh of sheep as food. [medieval latin multo sheep]
Mutton dressed as lamb n. Colloq. Middle-aged or elderly woman dressed to appear younger.
Mutton-head n. Colloq. Stupid person.
Mutual adj. 1 (of feelings, actions, etc.) Experienced or done by each of two or more parties to or towards the other(s) (mutual affection). 2 colloq. Common to two or more persons (a mutual friend). 3 having the same (specified) relationship to each other (mutual well-wishers). mutuality n. Mutually adv. [latin mutuus borrowed]
Usage the use of mutual in sense 2, although often found, is considered incorrect by some people, for whom common is preferable.
Muzak n. 1 propr. System of piped music used in public places. 2 (muzak) recorded light background music. [fanciful var. Of *music]
Muzzle —n. 1 projecting part of an animal’s face, including the nose and mouth. 2 guard, usu. Of straps or wire, put over an animal’s nose and mouth to stop it biting or feeding. 3 open end of a firearm. —v. (-ling) 1 put a muzzle on. 2 impose silence on. [medieval latin musum]
Muzzy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 mentally hazy. 2 blurred, indistinct. muzzily adv. Muzziness n. [origin unknown]
Mw abbr. 1 megawatt(s). 2 medium wave.
My poss. Pron. (attrib.) 1 of or belonging to me. 2 affectionate, patronizing, etc. Form of address (my dear boy). 3 in expressions of surprise (my god!; oh my!). 4 colloq. Indicating a close relative etc. Of the speaker (my johnny’s ill again). my lady (or lord) form of address to certain titled persons. [from *mine1]
Myalgia n. Muscular pain. myalgic adj. [greek mus muscle]
Mycelium (pl. -lia) microscopic threadlike parts of a fungus. [greek mukes mushroom]
Mycenaean —adj. Of the late bronze age civilization in greece (c.1500–1100 bc), depicted in the homeric poems. —n. Person of this civilization. [latin mycenaeus]
Mycology n. 1 the study of fungi. 2 fungi of a particular region. mycologist n. [greek mukes mushroom]
Myna n. (also mynah, mina) talking bird of the starling family. [hindi]
Myopia n. 1 short-sightedness. 2 lack of imagination or insight. myopic adj. Myopically adv. [greek muo shut, ops eye]
Myriad literary —n. An indefinitely great number. —adj. Innumerable. [greek murioi 10,000]
Myrrh n. Gum resin used in perfume, medicine, incense, etc. [latin myrrha from greek]
Myrtle n. Evergreen shrub with shiny leaves and white scented flowers. [greek murtos]
Myself pron. 1 emphat. Form of *i2 or me1 (i saw it myself). 2 refl. Form of me1 (i was angry with myself). be myself see oneself. I myself i for my part (i myself am doubtful). [old english: related to me1, *self]
Mysterious adj. Full of or wrapped in mystery. mysteriously adv. [french: related to *mystery]
Mystery n. (pl. -ies) 1 secret, hidden, or inexplicable matter. 2 secrecy or obscurity. 3 (attrib.) Secret, undisclosed (mystery guest). 4 practice of making a secret of things (engaged in mystery and intrigue). 5 (in full mystery story) fictional work dealing with a puzzling event, esp. A murder. 6 a religious truth
divinely revealed. 7 (in pl.) A secret religious rites of the ancient greeks, romans, etc. B archaic eucharist. [greek musterion: related to *mystic]
Mystery play n. Miracle play.
Mystery tour n. Pleasure trip to an unspecified destination.
Mystic —n. Person who seeks by contemplation etc. To achieve unity with the deity, or who believes in the spiritual apprehension of truths that are beyond the understanding. —adj. = *mystical. mysticism n. [greek mustes initiated person]
Mystical adj. 1 of mystics or mysticism. 2 mysterious; occult; of hidden meaning. 3 spiritually allegorical or symbolic. mystically adv.
Mystify v. (-ies, -ied) 1 bewilder, confuse. 2 wrap in mystery. mystification n. [french: related to mystic or mystery]
Mystique n. Atmosphere of mystery and veneration attending some activity, person, profession, etc. [french: related to *mystic]
Myth n. 1 traditional story usu. Involving supernatural or imaginary persons and embodying popular ideas on natural or social phenomena etc. 2 such narratives collectively. 3 widely held but false notion. 4 fictitious person, thing, or idea. 5 allegory (platonic myth). mythical adj. Mythically adv. [greek muthos]
Mythology n. (pl. -ies) 1 body of myths. 2 the study of myths. mythological adj. Mythologize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [greek: related to *myth]
Myxomatosis n. Viral disease of rabbits. [greek muxa mucus]
By Amjad Izhar
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