The provided text extensively details the significant contributions and notable events during the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan, the third Rashidun Caliph. It highlights his generosity, such as procuring the Well of Rooma and substantial financial support for military campaigns. The text also emphasizes his crucial role in the standardization of the Quran and the expansion of the Haram Sharif and Masjid-e-Nabvi. Furthermore, it recounts the early Islamic conquests under his rule and the establishment of naval forces. Despite these achievements, the text touches upon the hardships faced by Uthman and his esteemed position in the eyes of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), evidenced by his selection as an ambassador during the Treaty of Hudaybiyya and the Pledge of Ridwan. Finally, the text outlines the process of his selection as Caliph following the death of Umar Ibn Khattab.

Study Guide: The Caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan

Key Themes and Concepts

• Early Life and Conversion: Uthman’s background, his early acceptance of Islam, and his significant status among the Prophet’s companions.
• Titles and Honors: Understanding the meaning and significance of titles such as “Zulnoorin” and his connection to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through marriage.
• Financial Generosity and Support for Islam: Uthman’s notable contributions to the early Muslim community, including the purchase of the Beer Rooma well and his financial support for military expeditions like the Ghazwa of Tabuk.
• Compilation and Standardization of the Quran: Uthman’s pivotal role in establishing a unified text of the Quran (Jamia-ul-Quran) and its lasting importance.
• Expansion of the Islamic State: The territorial growth of the caliphate under Uthman, including the regions conquered and the initiation of naval forces.
• Challenges and Opposition: Understanding the personal hardships Uthman faced before embracing Islam and the later opposition during his caliphate (though not detailed in this excerpt, it’s a broader historical context to keep in mind).
• Uthman’s Role in Key Islamic Events: His participation and significance in events like the migration to Abyssinia and Medina, the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, and the Pledge of Ridwan (Baiyat-e-Rizwan).
• The Election of Uthman as Caliph: The process of his selection following the death of Umar Ibn Khattab, including the formation of the six-member committee and Abdul Rahman bin Auf’s role.
• Importance of Consultation (Shura): The excerpt highlights the consultative process involved in selecting the Caliph.
• Commitment to the Quran and Sunnah: The condition set by Abdul Rahman bin Auf for Uthman’s caliphate emphasizes the foundational importance of Islamic scripture and the Prophet’s traditions.

Quiz: Short-Answer Questions

1. What does the title “Zulnoorin” signify in reference to Uthman Ibn Affan, and why was he bestowed with this honor?
2. Describe one significant act of financial generosity demonstrated by Uthman Ibn Affan in support of the early Muslim community, as mentioned in the text.
3. What was the crucial contribution of Uthman Ibn Affan concerning the Quran, and why was this considered a significant achievement?
4. Name two significant geographical regions that were reached by the Islamic Kingdom during the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan, according to the excerpt.
5. What military initiative was launched during Uthman’s caliphate to protect against the Byzantine Empire?
6. Briefly describe the mistreatment Uthman faced from his uncle before his acceptance of Islam.
7. What was the purpose of the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) intention to visit Mecca, which led to the sending of Uthman as an ambassador?
8. Summarize the events at Hudaibiyya that highlight the Prophet’s (PBUH) trust and high regard for Uthman Ibn Affan.
9. Following the death of Umar Ibn Khattab, how was the next Caliph selected, and what was Uthman’s position in this process?
10. What condition was placed upon Uthman Ibn Affan by Abdul Rahman bin Auf before he was chosen as the third Caliph?

Quiz: Answer Key

1. “Zulnoorin” means “the possessor of two lights.” Uthman was given this title because he was married to two daughters of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH): Syeda Ruqiya and, after her death, Syeda Umm Kulthoom.
2. One significant act was when there was a severe water shortage in Medina; Uthman purchased the well of Beer Rooma from a Jew at a high price (twenty thousand dirhams) and dedicated it for the use of the entire Muslim community.
3. Uthman’s crucial contribution was the compilation and standardization of the Quran into one agreed-upon text (Jamia-ul-Quran). This prevented potential disagreements and preserved the integrity of the holy book for future generations.
4. Two significant geographical regions reached by the Islamic Kingdom during Uthman’s caliphate were Khurasan and Sistan (or Africa and Cyprus, depending on the specific mention).
5. The military initiative launched was the establishment of naval forces to defend against attacks from the Byzantine Empire.
6. Before accepting Islam, Uthman faced mistreatment from his uncle, Bin Abi-ul-As, who reportedly tied him with iron chains, imprisoned him in solitude, and exposed him to the sun to deter him from his faith.
7. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) intended to reach Mecca with the intention of performing Umrah (pilgrimage) and sent Uthman as his ambassador to convey their peaceful intentions to the Meccan leaders.
8. At Hudaibiyya, when rumors of Uthman’s martyrdom spread, the Prophet (PBUH) placed his own hand on the other, saying it was the hand of Uthman, symbolizing his inclusion in the Pledge of Ridwan and demonstrating immense trust in him.
9. Following Umar’s death, a six-member committee of prominent companions was formed to select the next Caliph. Uthman’s name was at the top of this committee, indicating his high standing.
10. The condition placed upon Uthman by Abdul Rahman bin Auf was that he would be committed to following the Book (Quran) and the Sunnah (Prophet’s traditions), in addition to the ways (Aswah) of the preceding two Caliphs (the Sheikhs).

Essay Format Questions

1. Analyze the key contributions of Uthman Ibn Affan during his caliphate, as highlighted in the provided excerpts, and discuss their lasting impact on the early Muslim community and the development of Islam.
2. Discuss the significance of Uthman Ibn Affan’s title “Zulnoorin” and how his close relationship with the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), as evidenced in the text, shaped his role and standing within the early Muslim community.
3. Evaluate the importance of Uthman Ibn Affan’s actions during the events of Hudaibiyya, emphasizing his role as an ambassador and the Prophet’s (PBUH) demonstration of trust in him during a critical moment.
4. Examine the process of Uthman Ibn Affan’s selection as the third Caliph, focusing on the role of the consultative committee and the conditions set for his leadership, as described in the provided text.
5. Based on the excerpts, describe the character and leadership qualities of Uthman Ibn Affan, providing specific examples from the text to support your analysis.

Glossary of Key Terms

• Caliph Rashid: Rightly Guided Caliph; refers to the first four successors of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Mubashara Companions: Ten companions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) who were given the glad tidings of Paradise during their lifetime.
• Zulnoorin: “Possessor of two lights”; an honorific title for Uthman Ibn Affan because he was married to two daughters of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Syeda: A respectful title for a woman, often used for female descendants of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• PBUH (Peace Be Upon Him): An honorific phrase used by Muslims after mentioning the name of a prophet.
• AAP: An honorific abbreviation often used in some regions to respectfully refer to a respected figure, in this context, likely referring to Uthman Ibn Affan.
• Habesha: The historical name for the Kingdom of Aksum, located in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, where some early Muslims migrated to escape persecution.
• Madinah-ul-Rasool: “The City of the Messenger”; the city of Medina, where the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) migrated to from Mecca.
• Ummah: The global community of Muslims.
• Beer Rooma: A well in Medina that was purchased by Uthman Ibn Affan and donated for public use.
• Dirhams: A unit of currency used in early Islamic times.
• Hadi Alam: “The Guide of the Worlds”; a title sometimes used for the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Ghazwa of Tabuk: A military expedition led by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Jamia-ul-Quran: “The Collection of the Quran”; refers to the standardized version of the Quran compiled during Uthman’s caliphate.
• Haram Sharif: The sacred area surrounding the Kaaba in Mecca.
• Masjid-e-Nabvi: The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina.
• Byzantine Empire: The Eastern Roman Empire, a major power in the Mediterranean region during the early Islamic period.
• Tauseef: Praise or description.
• Gabriel Amin: The Angel Gabriel, a key messenger of God in Islam.
• Hadeebiya: A place near Mecca where a significant treaty (Treaty of Hudaybiyya) was made between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca.
• Baiyat-e-Rizwan: The Pledge of Good Pleasure, taken by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions at Hudaibiyya.
• Qasas-e-Usman: Revenge for Uthman (in the context of the rumor of his martyrdom at Hudaibiyya, not his later assassination).
• Surah Al-Fatih: The “Victory” chapter (Surah) of the Quran, revealed after the Treaty of Hudaybiyya.
• Fatih Mubeen: A clear victory, often referring to the Treaty of Hudaybiyya.
• Amir al-Momenin: “Commander of the Believers”; a title used for the Caliphs.
• Abuloloferoz Majousi: The assassin of Umar Ibn Khattab.
• Ameem Companions: Great/Distinguished Companions (likely a slight variation or regional usage).
• Sheikhs: In this context, likely refers to the first two Caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar Ibn Khattab.
• Aswah: The practices or ways of someone, in this context referring to the first two Caliphs.
• Sunnah: The practices and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Jalil-ul-Qadr Companions: Esteemed Companions.
• Shura: Consultation; a principle in Islam for decision-making.

Briefing Document: Key Themes and Ideas from “The Caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan: Key Events and Significance”

This briefing document summarizes the main themes, important ideas, and key facts presented in the provided excerpt about the Caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (RA). The source predominantly portrays Uthman (RA) as a highly significant and virtuous figure in early Islam, highlighting his contributions and the respect he commanded within the Muslim community.

Main Themes:

• Exceptional Merit and Close Relationship with the Prophet (PBUH): The text emphasizes Uthman’s (RA) high standing, referring to him as the “third Caliph Rashid,” one of the “ten Mubashara Companions of the Prophet,” and the Prophet’s (PBUH) “son-in-law” twice over (“Zulnoorin,” meaning possessor of two lights, for marrying the Prophet’s daughters Ruqayya and Umm Kulthoom). This establishes his inherent importance and piety.
• Quote: “When our third Caliph Rashid, the tenth Mubashara Companions of the Prophet, the son-in-law of the Prophet of the End of Times, whose nickname is Zulnoorin, i.e. the two of them, Syeda Ruqiya daughter of Muhammad (PBUH) dies, the Prophet of God gives his second daughter Syeda Umm Kulthoom in the marriage of AAP.”
• Significant Financial Contributions and Generosity: The source repeatedly highlights Uthman’s (RA) immense wealth and his unparalleled generosity in supporting the early Muslim community, particularly during times of need.
• Examples: His donation of the Well of Beer Rooma, his extensive financial support for various wars, especially the Ghazwa of Tabuk where he “alone took the responsibility of all the expenses of ten thousand army.”
• Quote: “When there was severe shortage of water after migrating to Madinah Munawrah, this is the deed of Syedna Usman Ibn Affan. It was said that Jews bought a well of Beer Rooma at a very expensive price (Twenty thousand dirhams) and handed it over to the Ummah of the Prophet.”
• Quote: “Whenever Hadi Alam asked for financial support for a war, Syedna Usman went above and beyond and offered one and a half of his wealth.”
• Unifying the Quran and Its Lasting Impact: A central theme is Uthman’s (RA) pivotal role in standardizing the Quranic text, ensuring its uniformity across the Muslim world and preventing future disagreements. He is lauded as “Jamia-ul-Quran.”
• Quote: “It is such a great feat of yours as Jamia-ul-Quran that you made the whole Ummah agree on one Quranic prescription until the Day of Judgment. Otherwise, a storm of disagreements would have been raised on the Quran.”
• Expansion of Islamic Influence and Infrastructure: The text credits Uthman’s (RA) Caliphate with significant territorial expansion, reaching regions like “Khurasan, Sistan, Africa and Cyprus.” Furthermore, it mentions the expansion of the “Haram Sharif and Masjid-e-Nabvi” during his reign. The establishment of “naval forces” to defend against the Byzantine Empire is also presented as a significant achievement.
• Quote: “It was Syedna Usman’s caliphate in which the Islamic Kingdom reached Khurasan, Sistan, Africa and Cyprus. The launch of the naval forces to defend against the attacks of the Byzantine Empire is also a proud feat of AAP.”
• Forbearance and High Esteem Even Among Opponents: Despite facing early opposition (as exemplified by his uncle’s treatment), Uthman (RA) is depicted as a figure of immense respect, even among non-Muslims. His selection as the Prophet’s (PBUH) ambassador during the lead-up to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah underscores this.
• Quote: “In the eyes of the Prophet, how high was Syedna Usman Zulnoorin, in terms of peace seeking and all-round Azizi, that the choice was on you to send him as your ambassador. Said the believers. No, even the infidels respect you.”
• The Significance of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Bai’at-e-Rizwan: The narrative connects Uthman’s (RA) ambassadorship to the pivotal event of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. The rumor of his martyrdom led to the “Bai’at-e-Rizwan” (Pledge of Allegiance under the Tree), where the Prophet (PBUH) placed his own hand as a representation of Uthman’s (RA), signifying his high status and the divine pleasure bestowed upon those who took the pledge.
• Quote: “What a scene was that when the Prophet of the End of Times (PBUH) puts the other hand on one of his hand and says that this is the hand of Usman Ibn Afan (PBUH), and he is also part of the faith of Rizwan on which. The divine revelation is revealed that their Lord has been pleased with those who swear under this tree.”
• The Process of Uthman’s (RA) Selection as Caliph: The text details the consultation process following the assassination of Caliph Umar (RA). Uthman’s (RA) name was prominent in the six-member committee appointed for the selection. The eventual decision by Abdul Rahman bin Auf (RA) to support Uthman (RA) based on his commitment to the Quran, Sunnah, and the precedents of the previous Sheikhs (Abu Bakr and Umar) is highlighted.
• Quote: “After the painful martyrdom of Syedna Umar Farooq (PBUH), these six selected companions are gathered for a two-day discussion… Syedna Abdul Rahman bin Auf should decide in favor of Syedna Usman Ibn Afan’s caliphate. I am on the condition that I will be committed to following the Aswah of the Sheikhs besides the Book and Sunnah.”

Most Important Ideas and Facts:

• Uthman Ibn Affan (RA) held a unique and elevated position in early Islam due to his close relationship with the Prophet (PBUH) through marriage to two of his daughters.
• His extraordinary financial contributions were instrumental in supporting the nascent Muslim community during times of hardship and military campaigns.
• His most enduring legacy is the unification of the Quranic text, which preserved its integrity and prevented internal division.
• His Caliphate witnessed significant territorial expansion and the establishment of key infrastructure, including the early Islamic navy.
• Despite facing early opposition, Uthman (RA) was widely respected for his character and played a crucial role in diplomatic efforts, as seen during the lead-up to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
• The Bai’at-e-Rizwan, triggered by the rumor of his martyrdom, underscores his high standing in the eyes of the Prophet (PBUH) and the early Muslim community.
• His selection as the third Caliph involved a detailed consultative process, ultimately based on his commitment to Islamic principles and the precedents set by his predecessors.

Overall Significance:

The excerpt strongly emphasizes the profound impact and positive contributions of Uthman Ibn Affan (RA) during his lifetime and Caliphate. It portrays him as a virtuous, generous, and highly influential figure whose actions had a lasting and unifying effect on the early Muslim community. His role in preserving the Quran, expanding Islamic influence, and demonstrating exceptional generosity are presented as key aspects of his significant legacy.

Frequently Asked Questions about the Caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan

1. Who was Uthman Ibn Affan and what was his significance in early Islam?

Uthman Ibn Affan was the third Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate and a highly esteemed companion of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). He was among the first to embrace Islam and was known by the honorific title “Zulnoorain” (Possessor of Two Lights) because he married two of the Prophet’s daughters, Ruqayyah and later Umm Kulthum. He was also among the ten companions promised Paradise (Mubashara). Uthman was renowned for his generosity, contributing significantly to the early Muslim community, particularly during times of need such as the water scarcity in Medina and the funding of military expeditions like the Battle of Tabuk. His caliphate is considered a pivotal period characterized by significant territorial expansion, the standardization of the Quran, and the establishment of a Muslim navy.

2. What were some notable acts of generosity and financial contributions made by Uthman during his lifetime?

Uthman Ibn Affan was exceptionally generous with his wealth for the sake of Islam and the Muslim community. One prominent example is his purchase of the well of Beer Rooma in Medina from a Jew at a substantial cost (twenty thousand dirhams) and dedicating it for public use during a severe water shortage. He also consistently provided significant financial support for various military campaigns. Most notably, during the Ghazwa of Tabuk, when the Prophet called for financial contributions, Uthman surpassed others by contributing a substantial portion of his wealth and taking responsibility for the expenses of a significant part of the army (reportedly ten thousand men with provisions).

3. How did Uthman contribute to the preservation and standardization of the Quran?

One of Uthman’s most significant achievements was the compilation and standardization of the Quranic text. Recognizing the emergence of varying recitations across different regions of the expanding Islamic empire, Uthman initiated a project to create a unified and authoritative version of the Quran. A committee was formed, and based on the original written records and the established recitation of the Prophet, a standard codex was produced and distributed to various Muslim centers. This crucial step, known as Jamia-ul-Quran, is credited with preventing discord and ensuring the uniformity of the holy scripture for all Muslims until the Day of Judgment.

4. In what ways did the Islamic territory expand during the Caliphate of Uthman?

Under the leadership of Uthman Ibn Affan, the Islamic Caliphate witnessed considerable territorial expansion. During his reign, Muslim armies conquered significant regions, including Khurasan and Sistan (parts of modern-day Iran and Afghanistan), parts of North Africa, and the island of Cyprus. These conquests expanded the reach and influence of the Islamic state.

5. What was the significance of the establishment of a Muslim naval force during Uthman’s Caliphate?

Recognizing the threat posed by the Byzantine Empire’s naval power and the need to protect the coastal regions of the expanding Islamic territories, Uthman Ibn Affan initiated the establishment of the first organized Muslim naval force. This was a strategic move to defend against potential sea-borne attacks and to project Muslim power in the Mediterranean Sea. The launch of this navy was a proud achievement of his caliphate.

6. Despite his significant contributions, what challenges and opposition did Uthman face?

Despite his esteemed status and numerous contributions to Islam, Uthman Ibn Affan also faced hardships and opposition. Even before his caliphate, he endured persecution for his faith, including being imprisoned and tortured by his own uncle. Later in his caliphate, internal strife and discontent arose, eventually leading to his assassination. The sources highlight the contrast between his early struggles for his faith and the later challenges he faced as the leader of a large and rapidly expanding empire.

7. What role did Uthman play in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and the Pledge of Ridwan?

Uthman Ibn Affan played a crucial role in the events leading up to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. When the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) intended to perform Umrah in Mecca, despite the opposition from the Meccan leaders, he chose Uthman as his ambassador to convey their peaceful intentions. Uthman’s diplomatic skills and the respect he commanded even among the Meccans were evident in this selection. When rumors of Uthman’s martyrdom in Mecca reached the Prophet and his companions, they pledged allegiance to the Prophet under a tree at Hudaybiyyah, vowing to avenge Uthman. This event is known as the Pledge of Ridwan, and the Quran itself mentions God’s pleasure with those who took this oath. Ultimately, Uthman returned safely, and the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was concluded.

8. How was Uthman selected as the third Caliph after the death of Umar Ibn Al-Khattab?

Following the assassination of the second Caliph, Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, a six-member committee was formed to choose his successor. This committee comprised prominent companions, including Uthman and Ali Ibn Abi Talib. After a period of deliberation, Abdul Rahman Ibn Auf, a member of the committee who had renounced his own candidacy, was entrusted with the responsibility of selecting the next Caliph. He consulted with various Muslims and ultimately proposed to Uthman and Ali, asking if they would rule according to the Quran, the Sunnah (Prophet’s traditions), and the precedent of the previous two Caliphs (Abu Bakr and Umar). Uthman accepted these conditions, and consequently, he was chosen as the third Caliph of the Muslim Ummah.

Syedna Usman Ibn Affan: The Third Caliph

The Third Caliph Rashid is Syedna Usman Ibn Affan. He is also referred to as the tenth of the Mubashara Companions of the Prophet and the son-in-law of the Prophet of the End of Times, with the nickname Zulnoorin, meaning ‘the one with two lights’. This is because the Prophet (PBUH) gave his second daughter, Syeda Umm Kulthoom, in marriage to him after the death of his first daughter, Syeda Ruqiya.

Syedna Usman Ibn Affan is noted for his generosity and wealth. It is mentioned that he solved a severe water shortage in Madinah Munawrah by acquiring the well of Beer Rooma from a Jew at a high price (twenty thousand dirhams) and dedicating it to the Ummah of the Prophet. Furthermore, he significantly contributed financially to wars, offering one and a half of his wealth on one occasion. During the Ghazwa of Tabuk, he took responsibility for all the expenses of ten thousand soldiers out of the thirty thousand in the army.

One of his greatest achievements is that he made the whole Ummah agree on one Quranic prescription, which is considered a crucial feat for preventing disagreements on the Quran until the Day of Judgment. His caliphate also saw the first major expansion of Haram Sharif and Masjid-e-Nabvi. The Islamic Kingdom expanded significantly during his rule, reaching areas like Khurasan, Sistan, Africa, and Cyprus. He also launched naval forces to defend against the attacks of the Byzantine Empire, which is considered a proud achievement.

Despite his greatness, Syedna Usman also faced sorrows. It is mentioned that his uncle, Bin Abi-ul-As, treated him harshly for his faith, tying him with iron chains, putting him in the sun, and imprisoning him. However, Uthman’s determination eventually prevailed. The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) held him in high regard, and even Gabriel Amin praised him. Syedna Usman was also chosen by the Prophet as his ambassador to the heads of Makkah, showcasing his diplomatic skills, which were evident in the Treaty of Hudaybiyya and Baiyat-e-Rizwan.

During the events leading up to the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, when the Prophet intended to perform Umrah, Syedna Usman was sent as an ambassador to Makkah to convey their peaceful intentions. When rumors of his martyrdom spread, the believers pledged allegiance to the Prophet under a tree at Hudaybiyya to avenge Usman’s death. This event is known as Baiyat-e-Rizwan, and the Prophet (PBUH) placed his other hand on one of his own, saying it was the hand of Usman Ibn Afan, signifying his presence and importance. This event was so significant that a divine revelation (Surah Al-Fatih) was revealed, stating that Allah was pleased with those who swore allegiance under the tree.

Following the injury of the second Caliph, Syedna Umar Farooq, a six-member committee was formed to select the next Caliph. Syedna Usman Ghani’s name was at the top of this committee, which also included Syedna Ali, Syedna Saad ibn Abi Waqas, Syedna Abdul Rahman bin Auf, Syyedna Zubair bin Awam, and Syedna Talha bin Ubaidullah. After discussions and renunciations from some members, Syedna Abdul Rahman bin Auf was entrusted with the decision and ultimately chose Syedna Usman Ibn Afan as the Caliph, on the condition that he would follow the Book and Sunnah, as well as the practice of the Sheikhs (Abu Bakr and Umar).

Syedna Usman: Generosity and Wealth in Early Islam

Syedna Usman Ibn Affan was well-known for his generosity and wealth. The sources highlight several instances demonstrating this characteristic.

Firstly, after the migration to Madinah Munawrah, there was a severe shortage of water. Syedna Usman addressed this issue by purchasing the well of Beer Rooma from a Jew at a very expensive price of twenty thousand dirhams and handing it over to the Ummah of the Prophet. This act ensured that all Muslims had access to much-needed water.

Secondly, Syedna Usman demonstrated remarkable financial generosity in supporting the early Muslim community and their military endeavors. It is reported that whenever Hadi Alam (the Prophet) asked for financial support for a war, Syedna Usman went above and beyond and offered one and a half of his wealth.

A particularly significant example of his wealth and generosity is highlighted during the Ghazwa of Tabuk. When the army of the Prophet numbered thirty thousand, Syedna Usman alone took the responsibility for all the expenses of ten thousand soldiers. This substantial contribution underscores the extent of his financial capacity and his willingness to use it for the benefit of the Muslim community.

The sources explicitly state that such generosity was so profound that Muslims would be called generous and rich because of individuals like Syedna Usman. His actions in providing for the community’s needs, both in times of scarcity and during military campaigns, solidify his reputation for exceptional generosity and substantial wealth in early Islam.

Usman Ibn Affan and the Unification of the Quran

The sources indicate that one of the most significant achievements attributed to Syedna Usman Ibn Affan during his caliphate is his work on the Quranic prescription.

It is stated that he performed the “great feat” of making the whole Ummah agree on one Quranic prescription until the Day of Judgment. The source emphasizes the importance of this action, suggesting that without it, a “storm of disagreements would have been raised on the Quran”.

This suggests that during his time as Caliph, there might have been variations or different recitations of the Quran among the growing Muslim community. Syedna Usman took the initiative to standardize the Quranic text, ensuring its uniformity and preventing future disputes over its content. This unified version of the Quran is referred to as the Jamia-ul-Quran, highlighting the act of bringing the Quran together in a unified form.

The source considers this achievement so crucial that it prevented potential discord and preserved the integrity of the holy text for all future generations of Muslims.

Territorial Expansion Under Caliph Usman Ibn Affan

During the caliphate of Syedna Usman Ibn Affan, the Islamic Kingdom experienced significant territorial expansion. According to the sources, the Islamic territories reached several new regions. These included:

• Khurasan
• Sistan
• Africa
• Cyprus

This expansion signifies a notable increase in the geographical reach and influence of the early Islamic state under his leadership.

The Appointment of the Third Caliph Usman Ibn Affan

The appointment process of Syedna Usman Ibn Affan as the third Caliph Rashid is detailed in one of the sources. Following the injury of the second Caliph, Syedna Umar Farooq, a specific procedure was put in place to determine his successor.

Here’s a breakdown of the appointment process:

• When Syedna Umar Farooq was wounded and it became clear that he might not recover, he formed a six-member committee to select the next Amir al-Momenin (Leader of the Believers) and Khalifa al-Muslimin (Caliph of the Muslims) after him.
• The names of the six blessed companions included in this committee were Syedna Usman Ghani, Syedna Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Syedna Saad ibn Abi Waqas, Syedna Abdul Rahman bin Auf, Syyedna Zubair bin Awam, and Syedna Talha bin Ubaidullah. Syedna Usman’s name was at the top of this list, while Syedna Ali’s name was at the top of the list of Companions in general.
• An interesting point is raised regarding Abdullah ibn Umar, the son of Syedna Omar. It was decided that he could be included in the consultation process but not in the caliphate itself. The consensus was that the caliphate should be chosen from the six distinguished companions.
• After the martyrdom of Syedna Umar Farooq, these six selected companions gathered for two days of discussion to reach a decision.
• When no decision was reached after the initial consultation, on the third day, Syedna Abdul Rahman Ibn Auf proposed that three of the six members should relinquish their claim in favor of the other three.
• In response to this proposal, Syedna Talha Ibn Ubaidullah and Syedna Zubair Ibn Awam stepped down in favor of Syedna Usman Ibn Affan and Syedna Ali Ibn Abi Talib, respectively. Syedna Saad Ibn Abi Waqas sided with Syedna Abdul Rahman bin Auf.
• Subsequently, Syedna Abdul Rahman bin Auf renounced his own right to the caliphate. He then requested both Syedna Usman Ghani and Syedna Ali Ibn Abi Talib to entrust the decision to him, to which they both agreed.
• Following this, Syedna Abdul Rahman bin Auf decided in favor of Syedna Usman Ibn Affan’s caliphate. This decision was made on the condition that Syedna Usman would be committed to following the Book (Quran), the Sunnah (Prophet’s traditions), as well as the Aswah (practice) of the two Sheikhs (referring to the first two Caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar).

Therefore, the appointment of Syedna Usman as the third Caliph was the result of a structured process initiated by the second Caliph, involving a selection committee, internal discussions, renunciations, and a final decision made by one of the respected companions based on specific conditions.

The Original Text

जब हमारे तीसरे सही मार्गदर्शित खलीफा, पैगंबर (उन पर शांति हो) के दस साथियों में से, अंतिम समय के पैगंबर (उन पर शांति हो) के दामाद, जिनकी उपाधि ज़ुल-नूरीन (दो रोशनी वाली) थी, मुहम्मद (उन पर शांति हो) की बेटी सैय्यदा रुकय्या का निधन हो गया, तो ईश्वर के पैगंबर ने अपनी दूसरी बेटी, सैय्यदा उम्म कुलथुम (अल्लाह उनसे प्रसन्न हो) का विवाह उनके साथ कर दिया। इसी तरह आप (अल्लाह आप पर प्रसन्न हो) भी वे लोग हैं जिन्होंने दो बार हिजरत की, पहले हबश की और फिर पैगम्बर (सल्लल्लाहू अलैहि वसल्लम) के वतन की ओर। ऐसी उदारता कि आपको क़यामत तक उदार और धनवान कहा जाएगा। हिजरत के बाद जब मदीना में मुसलमानों को पानी की बहुत कमी महसूस हुई तो यह सय्यिदुना उस्मान इब्न अफ्फान (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) का कमाल था कि उन्होंने यहूदियों से बीर रूमा का कुआं ऊंची कीमत (बीस हजार दिरहम) पर खरीद लिया और उसे पैगम्बर (सल्लल्लाहू अलैहि वसल्लम) की क़ौम को सौंप दिया। जब भी पवित्र पैगंबर (PBUH) ने युद्ध के लिए वित्तीय सहायता मांगी, तो सय्यिदुना उथमान (RA) सबसे पहले अपनी संपत्ति का डेढ़ हिस्सा देने की पेशकश करते थे। जब पैगम्बर मुहम्मद के तीस हजार दूतों को तबूक की लड़ाई के लिए भेजा गया तो सय्यिदुना उस्मान (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) ने अकेले ही दस हजार की सेना के सभी खर्चों की जिम्मेदारी ली।
कुरान के संग्रह के रूप में आपने कितनी बड़ी उपलब्धि हासिल की है कि आपने पूरी उम्माह को क़यामत के दिन तक के लिए एक कुरानिक पाठ पर सहमत कर दिया है। अन्यथा, कुरान को लेकर ही मतभेदों का तूफान उठ खड़ा होता। हरम शरीफ और पैगम्बर की मस्जिद का पहला बड़ा विस्तार आपके ही धन्य हाथों से किया गया था। सैय्यदुना उथमान (आरए) की खिलाफत के दौरान इस्लामी साम्राज्य खुरासान, सिस्तान, अफ्रीका और साइप्रस तक पहुंच गया था। बाइजेंटाइन साम्राज्य के हमलों से सुरक्षा के लिए नौसैनिक बलों की स्थापना भी आपकी एक गौरवपूर्ण उपलब्धि है।
इन सभी महानताओं के बावजूद, इस्लाम के शुरुआती दिनों में आप (अल्लाह आप पर प्रसन्न हो) जैसे दृढ़ निश्चयी व्यक्तित्व को भी कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़ा। आपके चाचा हकम बिन अबी अल-अस आपको लोहे की जंजीरों से बांधकर धूप में छोड़ देते थे, और आपको एकांत कारावास में रखते थे। लेकिन आखिरकार, इस चाचा को उस्मान (अल्लाह आप पर प्रसन्न हो) के दृढ़ संकल्प के आगे झुकना पड़ा। इतनी शर्म और शालीनता कि पैगम्बरे इस्लाम (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) ने उनके वर्णन को उदाहरण के रूप में इस्तेमाल किया और यहां तक ​​कि फ़रिश्ते जिब्रील ने भी उनकी प्रशंसा की। और फिर, वह कितने सौम्य और शांत थे, आपको उनकी कोई मिसाल नहीं मिलेगी। सैय्यिदुना उस्मान बिन अफ्फान (र.अ.) वह व्यक्ति हैं जिन्हें पैगम्बरे इस्लाम (स.अ.व.) ने मक्का के नेताओं के पास अपना राजदूत बनाकर भेजा था, और अंततः यह महानता हुदैबिया की संधि और रिदवान के प्रति निष्ठा की प्रतिज्ञा की ओर ले जाती है।

इसका स्पष्टीकरण इस प्रकार है: मक्का के सरदारों के साथ कई लड़ाइयों के बाद, अल्लाह के काबा को छोड़े हुए कई वर्ष बीत चुके थे। इस्लाम के पैगम्बर (PBUH) का इरादा उमराह करने के इरादे से पवित्र काबा तक पहुंचने का था। मदीना से यात्रा करते हुए जब वे मक्का के निकट पहुंचे तो उन्हें खबर मिली कि मक्का के बहुदेववादी लोग पैगंबर के शांतिपूर्ण कारवां पर हमला करने की तैयारी कर रहे हैं। अंतिम समय के पैगंबर की नज़र में, सय्यिदुना उस्मान ज़ुल-नूरीन (अल्लाह उनसे प्रसन्न हो) शांति और सार्वभौमिक प्रेम के मामले में इतना उच्च स्थान रखते थे कि उन्हें अपना राजदूत चुनने के लिए चुना गया था। उन्होंने कहा, “न केवल आस्तिक बल्कि काफिर भी आपका सम्मान करते हैं। आप मक्का पहुंचे और मेरा संदेश दिया कि हम लड़ने नहीं बल्कि काबा की यात्रा और परिक्रमा करने आ रहे हैं।” इस कूटनीति के कुछ समय बाद ही अफवाहें फैलने लगीं कि मक्का के काफिरों ने पैगंबर (सल्लल्लाहु अलैहि व सल्लम) के दूत को शहीद कर दिया है, ईश्वर न करे। यह एक भावनात्मक दृश्य था जिसमें पैगम्बर की मोमबत्ती के चौदह सौ पवित्र और मुकद्दस पतंगे, उथमान के प्रतिशोध के लिए हुदैबिया नामक स्थान पर एक पेड़ के नीचे एक के बाद एक, निष्ठा की शपथ ले रहे थे। कैसा नज़ारा था जब आख़िरत के नबी ने अपना एक हाथ दूसरे पर रखते हुए कहा कि यह दूसरा हाथ उस्मान इब्न अफ़्फ़ान का है और वह भी रिदवान की बैअत का हिस्सा है जिस पर वह्यी हुई कि उनका रब उन लोगों से राज़ी होता है जो इस पेड़ के नीचे बैअत करते हैं। यह वह स्थिति थी जिसकी सूचना मिलते ही मक्का के सरदार सुलह के लिए तैयार हो गए और सय्यिदुना उस्मान के साथ हुदैबिया पहुँच गए। दूसरी ओर, गेब्रियल अमीन सूरह अल-फ़तह के साथ आते हैं। ब्रह्मांड का भगवान शांति की खुशखबरी भेज रहा है, जिससे पैगंबर की मोमबत्ती की चौदह सौ तितलियाँ दुखी थीं, “स्पष्ट विजय” के रूप में।
फिर वह दृश्य कितना दयनीय है जब दूसरे खलीफा अमीरुल मोमिनीन सय्यिदुना उमर फारूक (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) अबू लुलु फिरोज मगियन के द्वारा दिए गए घावों से पीड़ित हैं। जब उन्हें भोजन कराया जाता है तो उनकी अंतड़ियाँ दूध से भर जाती हैं। ऐसी स्थिति में सय्यिदुना उमर इब्न अल-खत्ताब (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) बड़े सहाबा (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) की सलाह से एक छह सदस्यीय समिति का गठन करते हैं और घोषणा करते हैं कि यह समिति उनमें से जिसे चुनेगी वही मेरे बाद अमीरुल मोमिनीन और मुसलमानों का खलीफा होगा। इस समिति में शीर्ष नाम सय्यिदुना उस्मान गनी (आरए) का है। सहाबा (आरए) के अन्य मुबारक नाम सय्यिदुना अली (आरए) इब्न अबी तालिब, सय्यिदुना साद इब्न अबी वक्कास (आरए), सय्यिदुना अब्दुर रहमान इब्न औफ़ (आरए), सय्यिदुना ज़ुबैर इब्न अवाम (आरए) और सय्यिदुना तल्हा इब्न उबैदुल्लाह (आरए) हैं। ऐसी स्थिति में कोई व्यक्ति हज़रत उमर (र.अ.) के बेटे अब्दुल्लाह इब्न उमर का नाम सुझाता है और अमीरुल मोमिनीन (र.अ.) कहते हैं कि हज़रत अब्दुल्लाह (र.अ.) को मशविरे में शामिल किया जा सकता है, लेकिन खिलाफत में नहीं। खलीफा का चयन इन छह महान साथियों (र.अ.) में से किया जाना चाहिए। हज़रत उमर फ़ारूक़ (र.अ.) की दर्दनाक शहादत, दफ़न और दफ़न के बाद ये छह चुने हुए साथी इकट्ठा होते हैं। दो दिनों की चर्चा और मशविरे के बाद कोई निर्णय नहीं निकल पाता। तीसरे दिन हज़रत अब्दुर रहमान इब्न औफ़ (र.अ.) सुझाव देते हैं कि क्यों न हम छह में से तीन अन्य तीन के पक्ष में हार मान लें? यह सुनकर, सय्यिदुना तल्हा इब्न उबैदुल्लाह (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) ने सय्यिदुना उस्मान इब्न अफ्फान (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) के पक्ष में पक्ष लिया, जबकि सय्यिदुना जुबैर इब्न अल-अव्वाम (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) ने सय्यिदुना अली इब्न अबी तालिब (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) के पक्ष में पक्ष लिया, और सय्यिदुना साद इब्न अबी वक्कास (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) ने सय्यिदुना अब्दुर रहमान इब्न औफ (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) का नाम प्रस्तावित किया। हालाँकि, सय्यिदुना अब्दुर रहमान इब्न औफ (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) ने खिलाफत के अपने अधिकार को त्याग दिया और सय्यिदुना उस्मान गनी (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) और सय्यिदुना अली इब्न अबी तालिब (अल्लाह उन पर प्रसन्न हो) से अनुरोध किया कि वे उनका मामला मुझे सौंप दें। दोनों महान हस्तियों की सहमति प्राप्त करने के बाद, सय्यिदुना अब्दुर रहमान बिन औफ (अल्लाह उनसे प्रसन्न हो) ने सय्यिदुना उस्मान बिन अफ्फान (अल्लाह उनसे प्रसन्न हो) को खलीफा के रूप में इस शर्त पर फैसला किया कि वह किताब और सुन्नत के अलावा दोनों शेखों के उदाहरण का पालन करने के लिए बाध्य होंगे।

By Amjad Izhar
Contact: amjad.izhar@gmail.com
https://amjadizhar.blog

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