Oxford English Dictionary – From A to I

This source is an excerpt from the Oxford English Dictionary. It provides definitions, usage notes, and etymologies for a wide range of English words, starting from “Aborigine” and progressing alphabetically. Entries include parts of speech, inflections, and examples of usage. The dictionary also often notes the origin of each term, tracing its roots back to Latin, Greek, French, or Old English. Overall, the text serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the nuances of the English language.

A

A-prefix (also an-before a vowel sound) not, without (amoral). [greek]

Aa abbr. 1 automobile association. 2 alcoholics anonymous. 3 anti-aircraft.

Aardvark n. Mammal with a tubular snout and a long tongue, feeding on termites. [afrikaans]

Ab-prefix off, away, from (abduct). [latin]

Aback adv. take aback surprise, disconcert. [old english: related to *a2]

Abacus n. (pl. -cuses) 1 frame with wires along which beads are slid for calculating. 2 archit. Flat slab on top of a capital. [latin from greek from hebrew]

Abaft naut. —adv. In the stern half of a ship. —prep. Nearer the stern than. [from *a2, -baft: see *aft]

Abandon —v. 1 give up. 2 forsake, desert. 3 (often foll. By to; often refl.) Yield to a passion, another’s control, etc. —n. Freedom from inhibitions. abandonment n. [french: related to ad-, ban]

Abandoned adj. 1 deserted, forsaken. 2 unrestrained, profligate.

Abase v. (-sing) (also refl.) Humiliate, degrade. abasement n. [french: related to ad-, base2]

Abashed predic. Adj. Embarrassed, disconcerted. [french es- *ex-1, baïr astound]

Abate v. (-ting) make or become less strong etc.; diminish. abatement n. [french abatre from latin batt(u)o beat]

Abattoir n. Slaughterhouse. [french abatre fell, as *abate]

Abbacy n. (pl. -ies) office or jurisdiction of an abbot or abbess. [latin: related to *abbot]

Abbé n. (in france) abbot or priest. [french from latin: related to *abbot]

Abbess n. Head of a community of nuns.

Abbey n. (pl. -s) 1 building(s) occupied by a community of monks or nuns. 2 the community itself. 3 building that was once an abbey.

Abbot n. Head of a community of monks. [old english from latin abbas]

Abbreviate v. (-ting) shorten, esp. Represent (a word etc.) By a part of it. abbreviation n. [latin: related to *brief]

Abc n. 1 the alphabet. 2 rudiments of a subject. 3 alphabetical guide.

Abdicate v. (-ting) 1 (usu. Absol.) Give up or renounce (the throne). 2 renounce (a duty, right, etc.). abdication n. [latin dico declare]

Abdomen n. 1 the belly, including the stomach, bowels, etc. 2 the hinder part of an insect etc. abdominal adj. [latin]

Abduct v. Carry off or kidnap illegally. abduction n. Abductor n. [latin duco lead]

Abeam adv. At right angles to a ship’s or an aircraft’s length.

Aberdeen angus n. Animal of a scottish breed of hornless black cattle. [aberdeen in scotland]

Aberdonian —adj. Of aberdeen. —n. Native or citizen of aberdeen. [medieval latin]

Aberrant adj. Deviating from what is normal or accepted. [latin: related to *err]

Aberration n. 1 aberrant behaviour; moral or mental lapse. 2 biol. Deviation from a normal type. 3 distortion of an image because of a defect in a lens or mirror. 4 astron. Apparent displacement of a celestial body.

Abet v. (-tt-) (usu. In aid and abet) encourage or assist (an offender or offence). [french: related to ad-, bait]

Abeyance n. (usu. Prec. By in, into) temporary disuse. [french: related to *ad-, beer gape]

Abhor v. (-rr-) detest; regard with disgust. [latin: related to *horror

Abhorrence n. Disgust; detestation.

Abhorrent adj. (often foll. By to) disgusting or hateful.

Abide v. (-ding; past abided or rarely abode) 1 (usu. In neg.) Tolerate, endure (can’t abide him). 2 (foll. By by) a act in accordance with (abide by the rules). B keep (a promise). 3 archaic remain, continue. [old english a-intensive prefix, *bide]

Abiding adj. Enduring, permanent.

Ability n. (pl. -ies) 1 (often foll. By to + infin.) Capacity or power. 2 cleverness, talent. [french: related to *able]

-ability suffix forming nouns of quality from, or corresponding to, adjectives in -able.

Ab initio adv. From the beginning. [latin]

Abject adj. Miserable, wretched; degraded; despicable. abjection n. [latin jacio -ject-throw]

Abjure v. (-ring) renounce on oath (an opinion, cause, etc.). abjuration n. [latin juro swear]

Ablative gram. —n. Case (in latin) of nouns and pronouns indicating an agent, instrument, or location. —adj. Of or in the ablative. [latin ablatus taken away]

Ablaze predic. Adj. & adv. 1 on fire. 2 glittering, glowing. 3 greatly excited.

Able adj. (abler, ablest) 1 (often foll. By to + infin.; used esp. In is able, will be able, etc., replacing tenses of can) having the capacity or power (not able to come). 2 talented, clever. ably adv. [latin habilis]

-able suffix forming adjectives meaning: 1 that may or must be (eatable;

-able suffix forming adjectives meaning: 1 that may or must be (eatable; payable). 2 that can be made the subject of (dutiable; objectionable). 3 relevant to or in accordance with (fashionable; seasonable). [latin -abilis]

Able-bodied adj. Fit, healthy.

Able-bodied seaman n. Ordinary trained seaman.

Ablution n. (usu. In pl.) 1 ceremonial washing of the hands, sacred vessels, etc. 2 colloq. A ordinary bodily washing. B place for this. [latin ablutio from luo lut-wash]

-ably suffix forming adverbs corresponding to adjectives in -able.

Abm abbr. Anti-ballistic missile.

Abnegate v. (-ting) give up or renounce (a pleasure or right etc.). [latin nego deny]

Abnegation n. Denial; renunciation of a doctrine.

Abnormal adj. Deviating from the norm; exceptional. abnormality n. (pl. -ies). Abnormally adv. [french: related to *anomalous]

Abo (also abo) austral. Slang usu. Offens. —n. (pl. -s) aboriginal. —adj. Aboriginal. [abbreviation]

Aboard adv. & prep. On or into (a ship, aircraft, etc.). [from *a2]

Abode1 n. Dwelling-place. [related to *abide]

Abode2 see *abide.

Abolish v. Put an end to (esp. A custom or institution). [latin aboleo destroy]

Abolition n. Abolishing or being abolished. abolitionist n.

A-bomb n. = *atomic bomb. [a for *atomic]

Abominable adj. 1 detestable, loathsome. 2 colloq. Very unpleasant (abominable weather). abominably adv. [latin abominor deprecate]

Abominable snowman n. Supposed manlike or bearlike himalayan animal; yeti.

Abominate v. (-ting) detest, loathe. abomination n. [latin: related to *abominable]

Aboriginal —adj. 1 indigenous, inhabiting a land from the earliest times, esp. Before the arrival of colonists. 2 (usu. Aboriginal) of australian aborigines. —n. 1 aboriginal inhabitant. 2 (usu. Aboriginal) aboriginal inhabitant of australia. [latin: related to *origin]

Aborigine n. (usu. In pl.) 1 aboriginal inhabitant. 2 (usu. Aborigine) aboriginal inhabitant of australia.

Usage when referring to the people, aboriginal is preferred for the singular form and aborigines for the plural, although aboriginals is also acceptable.

Abort v. 1 miscarry. 2 a effect abortion of (a foetus). B effect abortion in (a mother). 3 end or cause (a project etc.) To end before completion. [latin orior be born]

Abortion n. 1 natural or (esp.) Induced expulsion of a foetus from the womb before it is able to survive independently. 2 stunted or deformed creature or thing. 3 failed project or action. abortionist n.

Aborigine n. (usu. In pl.) 1 aboriginal inhabitant. 2 (usu. Aborigine) aboriginal inhabitant of australia.

Usage when referring to the people, aboriginal is preferred for the singular form and aborigines for the plural, although aboriginals is also acceptable.

Abort v. 1 miscarry. 2 a effect abortion of (a foetus). B effect abortion in (a mother). 3 end or cause (a project etc.) To end before completion. [latin orior be born]

Abortive adj. Fruitless, unsuccessful.

Abound v. 1 be plentiful. 2 (foll. By in, with) be rich; teem. [latin unda wave]

About —prep. 1 a on the subject of (a book about birds). B relating to (glad about it). C in relation to (symmetry about a plane). 2 at a time near to (about six). 3 a in, round (walked about the town; a scarf about her neck). B all round from a centre (look about you). 4 at points in (strewn about the house). 5 carried with (no money about me). 6 occupied with (about her business). —adv. 1 a approximately (about ten miles). B colloq. In an understatement (just about had enough). 2 nearby (a lot of flu about). 3 in every direction (look about). 4 on the move; in action (out and about). 5 in rotation or succession (turn and turn about). be about (or all about) colloq. Have as its essential nature (life is all about having fun). Be about to be on the point of (was about to laugh). [old english]

About-face n. & int. = *about-turn, about turn.

About-turn —n. 1 turn made so as to face the opposite direction. 2 change of opinion or policy etc. —int. (about turn) mil. Command to make an about-turn.

Above —prep. 1 over; on the top of; higher than; over the surface of (head above water; above the din). 2 more than (above twenty people). 3 higher in rank, importance, etc., than. 4 a too great or good for (not above cheating). B beyond the reach of (above my understanding; above suspicion). —adv. 1 at or to a higher point; overhead (the floor above; the sky above). 2 earlier on a page or in a book (as noted above). —adj. Preceding (the above argument). —n. (prec. By the) preceding text (the above shows). above all most of all, more than anything else. Above oneself conceited, arrogant. [old english: related to *a2]

Above-board adj. & adv. Without concealment; open or openly.

Abracadabra —int. Supposedly magic word used in conjuring. —n. Spell or charm. [latin from greek]

Abrade v. (-ding) scrape or wear away (skin, rock, etc.) By rubbing. [latin rado scrape]

Abrasion n. 1 scraping or wearing away (of skin, rock, etc.). 2 resulting damaged area.

Abrasive —adj. 1 a tending to rub or graze. B capable of polishing by rubbing or grinding. 2 harsh or hurtful in manner. —n. Abrasive substance.

Abreast adv. 1 side by side and facing the same way. 2 (foll. By of) up to date.

Abridge v. (-ging) shorten (a book, film, etc.). abridgement n. [latin: related to *abbreviate]

Abroad adv. 1 in or to a foreign country or countries. 2 widely (scatter abroad). 3 in circulation (rumour abroad).

Abrogate v. (-ting) repeal, abolish (a law etc.). abrogation n. [latin rogo propose a law]

Abrupt adj. 1 sudden, hasty (abrupt end). 2 (of manner etc.) Curt. 3 steep, precipitous. abruptly adv. Abruptness n. [latin: related to *rupture]

Abscess n. (pl. Abscesses) swelling containing pus. [latin: related to ab-, cede]

Abseil —v. Descend by using a doubled rope coiled round the body and fixed at a higher point. —n. Descent made by abseiling. [german ab down, seil rope]

Absence n. 1 being away. 2 time of this. 3 (foll. By of) lack of. absence of mind inattentiveness. [latin absentia]

Absent —adj. 1 not present. 2 not existing; lacking. 3 inattentive. —v.refl. Go, or stay, away. absently adv. (in sense 3 of adj.).

Absentee n. Person not present.

Absenteeism n. Absenting oneself from work or school etc., esp. Frequently or illicitly.

Absentee landlord n. One who lets a property while living elsewhere.

Absent-minded adj. Forgetful or inattentive. absent-mindedly adv. Absent-mindedness n.

Absinth n. 1 wormwood. 2 (usu. Absinthe) aniseed-flavoured liqueur based on this. [french from latin]

Absolute —adj. 1 complete, utter (absolute bliss). 2 unconditional (absolute authority). 3 despotic (absolute monarch). 4 not relative or comparative (absolute standard). 5 gram. A (of a construction) syntactically independent of the rest of the sentence, as in dinner being over, we left the table. B (of an adjective or transitive verb) without an expressed noun or object (e.g. The deaf, guns kill). 6 (of a legal decree etc.) Final. —n. Philos. (prec. By the) that which can exist independently of anything else. [latin: related to *absolve]

Absolutely adv. 1 completely, utterly. 2 in an absolute sense (god exists absolutely). 3 colloq. (used in reply) quite so; yes.

Absolute majority n. Majority over all rivals combined.

Absolute pitch n. Ability to recognize or sound any given note.

Absolute temperature n. One measured from absolute zero.

Absolute zero n. Theoretical lowest possible temperature calculated as –273.15° c (or 0° k).

Absolution n. Formal forgiveness of sins.

Absolutism n. Principle or practice of absolute government. absolutist n.

Absolve v. (-ving) (often foll. By from, of) set or pronounce free from blame or obligation etc. [latin: related to *solve]

Absorb v. 1 incorporate as part of itself or oneself. 2 take in, suck up (liquid, heat, knowledge, etc.). 3 reduce the effect or intensity of; deal easily with (an impact, sound, difficulty, etc.). 4 consume (resources etc.). 5 (often as absorbing adj.) Engross the attention of. [latin sorbeo suck in]

Absorbent —adj. Tending to absorb. —n. Absorbent substance or organ.

Absorption n. 1 absorbing or being absorbed. 2 mental engrossment. absorptive adj.

Abstain v. 1 (usu. Foll. By from) refrain from indulging (abstained from smoking). 2 decline to vote. [latin teneo tent-hold]

Abstemious adj. Moderate or ascetic, esp. In eating and drinking. abstemiously adv. [latin: related to *ab-, temetum strong drink]

Abstention n. Abstaining, esp. From voting. [latin: related to *abstain]

Abstinence n. Abstaining, esp. From food or alcohol. abstinent adj. [french: related to *abstain]

Abstract —adj. 1 a of or existing in thought or theory rather than matter or practice; not concrete. B (of a word, esp. A noun) denoting a quality, condition, etc., not a concrete object. 2 (of art) achieving its effect by form and colour rather than by realism. —v. 1 (often foll. By from) extract, remove. 2 summarize. —n. 1 summary. 2 abstract work of art. 3 abstraction or abstract term. [latin: related to *tract1]

Abstracted adj. Inattentive, distracted. abstractedly adv.

Abstraction n. 1 abstracting or taking away. 2 abstract or visionary idea. 3 abstract qualities (esp. In art). 4 absent-mindedness.

Abstruse adj. Hard to understand, profound. [latin abstrudo -trus-conceal]

Absurd adj. Wildly illogical or inappropriate; ridiculous. absurdity n. (pl. -ies). Absurdly adv. [latin: related to *surd]

Abta abbr. Association of british travel agents.

Abundance n. 1 plenty; more than enough; a lot. 2 wealth. [latin: related to *abound]

Abundant adj. 1 plentiful. 2 (foll. By in) rich (abundant in fruit). abundantly adv.

Abuse —v. (-sing) 1 use improperly, misuse. 2 insult verbally. 3 maltreat. —n. 1 misuse. 2 insulting language. 3 unjust or corrupt practice. 4 maltreatment (child abuse). abuser n. [latin: related to *use]

Abusive adj. Insulting, offensive. abusively adv.

Abut v. (-tt-) 1 (foll. By on) (of land) border on. 2 (foll. By on, against) (of a building) touch or lean upon (another). [anglo-latin butta strip of land: related to *butt1]

Abutment n. Lateral supporting structure of a bridge, arch, etc.

Abuzz adv. & adj. In a state of excitement or activity.

Abysmal adj. 1 colloq. Extremely bad (abysmal food). 2 profound, utter (abysmal ignorance). abysmally adv. [latin: related to *abyss]

Abyss n. 1 deep chasm. 2 immeasurable depth (abyss of despair). [latin from greek, = bottomless]

Ac abbr. 1 (also ac) alternating current. 2 aircraftman.

Ac symb. Actinium.

A/c abbr. Account. [account current]

-ac suffix forming adjectives often (or only) used as nouns (cardiac; maniac). [latin -acus, greek -akos]

Acacia n. Tree with yellow or white flowers, esp. One yielding gum arabic. [latin from greek]

Academia n. The academic world; scholastic life.

Academic —adj. 1 scholarly, of learning. 2 of no practical relevance; theoretical. —n. Teacher or scholar in a university etc. academically adv.

Academician n. Member of an academy. [french académicien]

Academy n. (pl. -ies) 1 place of specialized training (military academy). 2 (usu. Academy) society or institution of distinguished scholars, artists, scientists, etc. (royal academy). 3 scot. Secondary school. [greek akademeia the place in athens where plato taught]

Acanthus n. (pl. -thuses) 1 herbaceous plant with spiny leaves. 2 archit. Representation of its leaf. [latin from greek]

A cappella adj. & adv. (of choral music) unaccompanied. [italian, = in church style]

Acas abbr. Advisory, conciliation, and arbitration service.

Accede v. (-ding) (foll. By to) 1 take office, esp. As monarch. 2 assent or agree. [latin: related to *cede]

Accelerate v. (-ting) move or cause to move or happen more quickly. acceleration n. [latin: related to *celerity]

Accelerator n. 1 device for increasing speed, esp. The pedal controlling the speed of a vehicle’s engine. 2 physics apparatus for imparting high speeds to

speed of a vehicle’s engine. 2 physics apparatus for imparting high speeds to charged particles.

Accent —n. 1 particular (esp. Local or national) mode of pronunciation. 2 distinctive feature or emphasis (accent on speed). 3 prominence given to a syllable by stress or pitch. 4 mark on a letter or word to indicate pitch, stress, or vowel quality. —v. 1 emphasize (a word or syllable etc.). 2 write or print accents on (words etc.). 3 accentuate. [latin cantus song]

Accentuate v. (-ting) emphasize, make prominent. accentuation n. [medieval latin: related to *accent]

Accept v. 1 (also absol.) Willingly receive (a thing offered). 2 (also absol.) Answer affirmatively (an offer etc.). 3 regard favourably; treat as welcome (felt accepted). 4 believe, receive (an opinion, explanation, etc.) As adequate or valid. 5 take as suitable (does accept cheques). 6 undertake (an office or duty). [latin capio take]

Acceptable adj. 1 worth accepting, welcome. 2 tolerable. acceptability n. Acceptably adv. [french: related to *accept]

Acceptance n. 1 willingness to accept. 2 affirmative answer to an invitation etc. 3 approval, belief (found wide acceptance).

Access —n. 1 way of approach or entry (shop with rear access). 2 a right or opportunity to reach or use or visit; admittance (access to secret files, to the prisoner). B accessibility. 3 archaic outburst (an access of anger). —v. 1 computing gain access to (data etc.). 2 accession. [french: related to *accede]

Accessible adj. (often foll. By to) 1 reachable or obtainable; readily available. 2

Accessible adj. (often foll. By to) 1 reachable or obtainable; readily available. 2 easy to understand. accessibility n.

Accession —n. 1 taking office, esp. As monarch. 2 thing added. —v. Record the addition of (a new item) to a library etc.

Accessory n. (pl. -ies) 1 additional or extra thing. 2 (usu. In pl.) Small attachment, fitting, or subsidiary item of dress (e.g. Shoes, gloves). 3 (often foll. By to) person who abets or is privy to an (esp. Illegal) act. [medieval latin: related to *accede]

Access road n. Road giving access only to the properties along it.

Access time n. Computing time taken to retrieve data from storage.

Accident n. 1 unfortunate esp. Harmful event, caused unintentionally. 2 event that is unexpected or without apparent cause. by accident unintentionally. [latin cado fall]

Accidental —adj. Happening by chance or accident. —n. Mus. Sign indicating a note’s momentary departure from the key signature. accidentally adv.

Accident-prone adj. Clumsy.

Acclaim —v. 1 welcome or applaud enthusiastically. 2 hail as (acclaimed him king). —n. Applause, welcome, public praise. [latin acclamo: related to *claim]

king). —n. Applause, welcome, public praise. [latin acclamo: related to *claim]

Acclamation n. 1 loud and eager assent. 2 (usu. In pl.) Shouting in a person’s honour.

Acclimatize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) adapt to a new climate or conditions. acclimatization n. [french acclimater: related to *climate]

Accolade n. 1 praise given. 2 touch made with a sword at the conferring of a knighthood. [latin collum neck]

Accommodate v. (-ting) 1 provide lodging or room for (flat accommodates two). 2 adapt, harmonize, reconcile (must accommodate himself to new ideas). 3 a do favour to, oblige (a person). B (foll. By with) supply (a person) with. [latin: related to *commode]

Accommodating adj. Obliging, compliant.

Accommodation n. 1 lodgings. 2 adjustment, adaptation. 3 convenient arrangement; settlement, compromise.

Accommodation address n. Postal address used by a person unable or unwilling to give a permanent address.

Accompaniment n. 1 instrumental or orchestral support for a solo instrument, voice, or group. 2 accompanying thing. accompanist n. (in sense 1).

voice, or group. 2 accompanying thing. accompanist n. (in sense 1).

Accompany v. (-ies, -ied) 1 go with; escort. 2 (usu. In passive; foll. By with, by) be done or found with; supplement. 3 mus. Partner with accompaniment. [french: related to *companion]

Accomplice n. Partner in a crime etc. [latin: related to *complex]

Accomplish v. Succeed in doing; achieve, complete. [latin: related to *complete]

Accomplished adj. Clever, skilled.

Accomplishment n. 1 completion (of a task etc.). 2 acquired, esp. Social, skill. 3 thing achieved.

Accord —v. 1 (often foll. By with) be consistent or in harmony. 2 grant (permission, a request, etc.); give (a welcome etc.). —n. 1 agreement, consent. 2 mus. & art etc. Harmony. of one’s own accord on one’s own initiative; voluntarily. With one accord unanimously. [latin cor cord-heart]

Accordance n. in accordance with in conformity to. accordant adj.

According adv. 1 (foll. By to) a as stated by (according to mary). B in proportion to (lives according to his means). 2 (foll. By as + clause) in a manner or to a degree that varies as (pays according as he is able).

Accordingly adv. 1 as circumstances suggest or require (please act accordingly). 2 consequently (accordingly, he left the room).

Accordion n. Musical reed instrument with concertina-like bellows, keys, and buttons. accordionist n. [italian accordare to tune]

Accost v. 1 approach and address (a person), esp. Boldly. 2 (of a prostitute) solicit. [latin costa rib]

Accession —n. 1 taking office, esp. As monarch. 2 thing added. —v. Record the addition of (a new item) to a library etc.

Access road n. Road giving access only to the properties along it.

Access time n. Computing time taken to retrieve data from storage.

Accident n. 1 unfortunate esp. Harmful event, caused unintentionally. 2 event that is unexpected or without apparent cause. by accident unintentionally. [latin cado fall]

Accidental —adj. Happening by chance or accident. —n. Mus. Sign indicating a

Accidental —adj. Happening by chance or accident. —n. Mus. Sign indicating a note’s momentary departure from the key signature. accidentally adv.

Accident-prone adj. Clumsy.

Acclaim —v. 1 welcome or applaud enthusiastically. 2 hail as (acclaimed him king). —n. Applause, welcome, public praise. [latin acclamo: related to *claim]

Acclamation n. 1 loud and eager assent. 2 (usu. In pl.) Shouting in a person’s honour.

Acclimatize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) adapt to a new climate or conditions. acclimatization n. [french acclimater: related to *climate]

Accolade n. 1 praise given. 2 touch made with a sword at the conferring of a knighthood. [latin collum neck]

Accommodating adj. Obliging, compliant.

Accommodation n. 1 lodgings. 2 adjustment, adaptation. 3 convenient arrangement; settlement, compromise.

arrangement; settlement, compromise.

Accommodation address n. Postal address used by a person unable or unwilling to give a permanent address.

Accompaniment n. 1 instrumental or orchestral support for a solo instrument, voice, or group. 2 accompanying thing. accompanist n. (in sense 1).

Accompany v. (-ies, -ied) 1 go with; escort. 2 (usu. In passive; foll. By with, by) be done or found with; supplement. 3 mus. Partner with accompaniment. [french: related to *companion]

Accomplice n. Partner in a crime etc. [latin: related to *complex]

Accomplish v. Succeed in doing; achieve, complete. [latin: related to *complete]

Accomplished adj. Clever, skilled.

Accomplishment n. 1 completion (of a task etc.). 2 acquired, esp. Social, skill. 3 thing achieved.

Accordance n. in accordance with in conformity to. accordant adj.

Accordingly adv. 1 as circumstances suggest or require (please act accordingly). 2 consequently (accordingly, he left the room).

Accordion n. Musical reed instrument with concertina-like bellows, keys, and buttons. accordionist n. [italian accordare to tune]

Accost v. 1 approach and address (a person), esp. Boldly. 2 (of a prostitute) solicit. [latin costa rib]

Account —n. 1 narration, description (an account of his trip). 2 arrangement at a bank etc. For depositing and withdrawing money, credit, etc. (open an account). 3 record or statement of financial transactions with the balance (kept detailed accounts). —v. Consider as (account him wise, a fool).

Accountable adj. 1 responsible; required to account for one’s conduct. 2 explicable, understandable. accountability n.

Accountant n. Professional keeper or verifier of accounts. accountancy n. Accounting n.

Accouterments n.pl. (brit. Accoutrements) 1 equipment, trappings. 2 soldier’s equipment excluding weapons and clothes. [french]

Accoutrements n.pl. (us accouterments) 1 equipment, trappings. 2 soldier’s equipment excluding weapons and clothes. [french]

Accredit v. (-t-) 1 (foll. By to) attribute (a saying etc.) To (a person). 2 (foll. By with) credit (a person) with (a saying etc.). 3 (usu. Foll. By to or at) send (an ambassador etc.) With credentials. 4 gain influence for or make credible (an adviser, a statement, etc.). [french: related to *credit]

Accredited adj. 1 officially recognized. 2 generally accepted.

Accretion n. 1 growth or increase by accumulation, addition, or organic enlargement. 2 the resulting whole. 3 a matter so added. B adhesion of this to the core matter. [latin cresco cret-grow]

Accrue v. (-ues, -ued, -uing) (often foll. By to) come as a natural increase or advantage, esp. Financial. [latin: related to *accretion]

Accumulate v. (-ting) 1 acquire an increasing number or quantity of; amass, collect. 2 grow numerous; increase. [latin: related to *cumulus]

Accumulation n. 1 accumulating or being accumulated. 2 accumulated mass. 3 growth of capital by continued interest. accumulative adj.

Accumulator n. 1 rechargeable electric cell. 2 bet placed on a sequence of events, with the winnings and stake from each placed on the next.

Accuracy n. Exactness or careful precision. [latin cura care]

Accurate adj. Careful, precise; conforming exactly with the truth or a standard. accurately adv.

Accursed adj. 1 under a curse. 2 colloq. Detestable, annoying. [old english a-intensive prefix, *curse]

Accusation n. Accusing or being accused. [french: related to *accuse]

Accusative gram. —n. Case expressing the object of an action. —adj. Of or in this case.

Accusatory adj. Of or implying accusation.

Accuse v. (-sing) (often foll. By of) charge with a fault or crime; blame. [latin accusare: related to *cause]

Accustom v. (foll. By to) make used to (accustomed him to hardship). [french: related to *custom]

Accustomed adj. 1 (usu. Foll. By to) used to a thing. 2 customary, usual.

Ace —n. 1 playing-card etc. With a single spot and generally signifying ‘one’. 2 a person who excels in some activity. B pilot who has shot down many enemy aircraft. 3 (in tennis) unreturnable stroke (esp. A service). —adj. Slang excellent. within an ace of on the verge of. [latin as unity]

Acellular adj. Having no cells; not consisting of cells.

Aceous suffix forming adjectives in the sense ‘of the nature of’, esp. In the natural sciences (herbaceous). [latin -aceus]

Acerbic adj. Harsh and sharp, esp. In speech or manner. acerbity n. (pl. -ies). [latin acerbus sour]

Acetaldehyde n. Colourless volatile liquid aldehyde. [from acetic, aldehyde]

Acetate n. 1 salt or ester of acetic acid, esp. The cellulose ester. 2 fabric made from this.

Acetic adj. Of or like vinegar. [latin acetum vinegar]

Acetic acid n. Clear liquid acid giving vinegar its characteristic taste.

Acetone n. Colourless volatile liquid that dissolves organic compounds, esp.

Paints, varnishes, etc.

Acetylene n. Hydrocarbon gas burning with a bright flame, used esp. In welding.

Ache —n. 1 continuous dull pain. 2 mental distress. —v. (-ching) suffer from or be the source of an ache. [old english]

Achieve v. (-ving) 1 reach or attain, esp. By effort (achieved victory; achieved notoriety). 2 accomplish (a feat or task). [french achever: related to *chief]

Achievement n. 1 something achieved. 2 act of achieving.

Achilles heel n. Person’s weak or vulnerable point. [achilles, greek hero in the iliad]

Achilles tendon n. Tendon connecting the heel with the calf muscles.

Achromatic adj. Optics 1 transmitting light without separation into constituent colours (achromatic lens). 2 without colour. achromatically adv. [french: related to a-, chrome]

Achy adj. (-ier, -iest) full of or suffering from aches.

Acid —n. 1 a any of a class of substances that liberate hydrogen ions in water,

Acid —n. 1 a any of a class of substances that liberate hydrogen ions in water, are usu. Sour and corrosive, turn litmus red, and have a ph of less than 7. B any compound or atom donating protons. 2 any sour substance. 3 slang the drug lsd. —adj. 1 sour. 2 biting, sharp (an acid wit). 3 chem. Having the essential properties of an acid. acidic adj. Acidify v. (-ies, -ied). Acidity n. Acidly adv. [latin aceo be sour]

Acid house n. A type of synthesized music with a simple repetitive beat, often associated with hallucinogenic drugs.

Acid rain n. Acid, esp. From industrial waste gases, falling with rain.

Acid test n. Severe or conclusive test.

Acidulous adj. Somewhat acid.

Ack-ack colloq. —adj. Anti-aircraft. —n. Anti-aircraft gun etc. [formerly signallers’ term for aa]

Acknowledge v. (-ging) 1 recognize; accept the truth of (acknowledged its failure). 2 confirm the receipt of (a letter etc.). 3 a show that one has noticed (acknowledged my arrival with a grunt). B express appreciation of (a service etc.). 4 recognize the validity of, own (the acknowledged king). [from ad-, knowledge]

Acknowledgement n. 1 act of acknowledging. 2 a thing given or done in gratitude. B letter confirming receipt of something. 3 (usu. In pl.) Author’s statement of gratitude, prefacing a book.

statement of gratitude, prefacing a book.

Acme n. Highest point (of achievement etc.). [greek]

Acne n. Skin condition with red pimples. [latin]

Acolyte n. 1 person assisting a priest. 2 assistant; beginner. [greek akolouthos follower]

Aconite n. 1 any of various poisonous plants, esp. Monkshood. 2 drug from these. [greek akoniton]

Acorn n. Fruit of the oak, with a smooth nut in a cuplike base. [old english]

Acoustic adj. 1 of sound or the sense of hearing. 2 (of a musical instrument etc.) Without electrical amplification (acoustic guitar). acoustically adv. [greek akouo hear]

Acoustics n.pl. 1 properties or qualities (of a room etc.) In transmitting sound. 2 (usu. As sing.) Science of sound.

Acquaint v. (usu. Foll. By with) make aware of or familiar with (acquaint me with the facts). be acquainted with have personal knowledge of; know slightly. [latin: related to ad-, cognizance]

Acquaintance n. 1 being acquainted. 2 person one knows slightly. acquaintanceship n.

Acquiesce v. (-cing) 1 agree, esp. By default. 2 (foll. By in) accept (an arrangement etc.). acquiescence n. Acquiescent adj. [latin: related to ad-, quiet]

Acquire v. (-ring) gain for oneself; come into possession of. [latin: related to *ad-, quaero quisit-seek]

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome see *aids.

Acquired taste n. 1 liking developed by experience. 2 object of this.

Acquirement n. Thing acquired, esp. A mental attainment.

Acquisition n. 1 thing acquired, esp. When useful. 2 acquiring or being acquired. [latin: related to *acquire]

Acquisitive adj. Keen to acquire things.

Acquit v. (-tt-) 1 (often foll. By of) declare not guilty. 2 refl. A behave or perform in a specified way (acquitted herself well). B (foll. By of) discharge (a duty or responsibility). acquittal n. [latin: related to ad-, quit]

Acre n. Measure of land, 4,840 sq. Yds., 0.405 ha. [old english]

Acreage n. A number of acres; extent of land.

Acrid adj. (-er, -est) bitterly pungent. acridity n. [latin acer keen, pungent]

Acrimonious adj. Bitter in manner or temper. acrimony n.

Acrobat n. Entertainer performing gymnastic feats. acrobatic adj. Acrobatically adv. [greek akrobates from akron summit, baino walk]

Acrobatics n.pl. 1 acrobatic feats. 2 (as sing.) Art of performing these.

Acronym n. Word formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. Laser, nato). [greek akron end, onoma name]

Acropolis n. Citadel of an ancient greek city. [greek akron summit, polis city]

Across —prep. 1 to or on the other side of (across the river). 2 from one side to another side of (spread across the floor). 3 at or forming an angle with (a stripe across the flag). —adv. 1 to or on the other side (ran across). 2 from one side to another (stretched across). across the board applying to all. [french à, en, croix: related to *cross]

Acrostic n. Poem etc. In which certain letters (usu. The first and last in each line) form a word or words. [greek akron end, stikhos row]

Acrylic —adj. Of synthetic material made from acrylic acid. —n. Acrylic fibre or fabric. [latin acer pungent, oleo to smell]

Acrylic acid n. A pungent liquid organic acid.

Act —n. 1 something done; a deed. 2 process of doing (caught in the act). 3 item of entertainment. 4 pretence (all an act). 5 main division of a play etc. 6 a decree of a legislative body. B document attesting a legal transaction. —v. 1 behave (acted wisely). 2 perform an action or function; take action (act as referee; brakes failed to act; he acted quickly). 3 (also foll. By on) have an effect (alcohol acts on the brain). 4 a perform a part in a play, film, etc. B pretend. 5 a play the part of (acted othello; acts the fool). B perform (a play etc.). C portray (an incident) by actions. act for be the (esp. Legal) representative of. Act of god natural event, e.g. An earthquake. Act up colloq. Misbehave; give trouble (car is acting up). Get one’s act together slang become properly organized; prepare. Put on an act colloq. Make a pretence. [latin ago act-do]

Acting —n. Art or occupation of an actor. —attrib. Adj. Serving temporarily or as a substitute (acting manager).

Actinism n. Property of short-wave radiation that produces chemical changes, as in photography. [greek aktis ray]

Actinium n. Chem. Radioactive metallic element found in pitchblende. [as *actinism]

Action n. 1 process of doing or acting (demanded action). 2 forcefulness or energy. 3 exertion of energy or influence (action of acid on metal). 4 deed, act (not aware of his actions). 5 (the action) a series of events in a story, play, etc. B slang exciting activity (missed the action). 6 battle, fighting (killed in action). 7 a mechanism of an instrument. B style of movement of an animal or human. 8 lawsuit. out of action not working. [latin: related to *act]

Actionable adj. Giving cause for legal action.

Action-packed adj. Full of action or excitement.

Action point n. Proposal for action.

Action replay n. Playback of part of a television broadcast, esp. A sporting event, often in slow motion.

Action stations n.pl. Positions taken up by troops etc. Ready for battle.

Activate v. (-ting) 1 make active. 2 chem. Cause reaction in. 3 make radioactive.

Active —adj. 1 marked by action; energetic; diligent (an active life). 2 working, operative (active volcano). 3 not merely passive or inert; positive (active support; active ingredients). 4 radioactive. 5 gram. Designating the form of a verb whose subject performs the action (e.g. Saw in he saw a film). —n. Gram. Active form or voice of a verb. actively adv. [latin: related to *act]

Active service n. Military service in wartime.

Activism n. Policy of vigorous action, esp. For a political cause. activist n.

Activity n. (pl. -ies) 1 being active; busy or energetic action. 2 (often in pl.) Occupation or pursuit (outdoor activities). 3 = *radioactivity.

Actor n. Person who acts in a play, film, etc. [latin: related to *act]

Actress n. Female actor.

Actual adj. (usu. Attrib.) 1 existing in fact; real. 2 current. [latin: related to *act]

Actuality n. (pl. -ies) 1 reality. 2 (in pl.) Existing conditions.

Actually adv. 1 as a fact, really (not actually very rich). 2 strange as it may seem (he actually refused!).

Actuary n. (pl. -ies) statistician, esp. One calculating insurance risks and premiums. actuarial adj. [latin actuarius bookkeeper]

Actuate v. (-ting) 1 cause (a machine etc.) To move or function. 2 cause (a person) to act. [latin]

Acuity n. Sharpness, acuteness. [medieval latin: related to *acute]

Acumen n. Keen insight or discernment. [latin, = *acute thing]

Acupuncture n. Medical treatment using needles in parts of the body. acupuncturist n. [latin acu with needle]

Acute —adj. (acuter, acutest) 1 serious, severe (acute hardship). 2 (of senses etc.) Keen, penetrating. 3 shrewd. 4 (of a disease) coming quickly to a crisis. 5 (of an angle) less than 90°. 6 (of a sound) high, shrill. —n. = *acute accent. acutely adv. [latin acutus pointed]

Acute accent n. Diacritical mark (´) placed over certain letters in french etc., esp. To show pronunciation.

-acy suffix forming nouns of state or quality (accuracy; piracy), or an instance of it (conspiracy; fallacy). [french -acie, latin -acia, -atia, greek -ateia]

Ad abbr. Of the christian era. [*anno domini]

Ad n. Colloq. Advertisement. [abbreviation]

Ad-prefix (altered or assimilated before some letters) implying motion or direction to, reduction or change into, addition, adherence, increase, or

direction to, reduction or change into, addition, adherence, increase, or intensification. [latin]

Adage n. Traditional maxim, proverb. [french from latin]

Adagio mus. —adv. & adj. In slow time. —n. (pl. -s) such a movement or passage. [italian]

Adam n. The first man. not know a person from adam be unable to recognize a person. [hebrew, = man]

Adamant adj. Stubbornly resolute; unyielding. adamantly adv. [greek adamas adamant-untameable]

Adam’s apple n. Projection of cartilage at the front of the neck.

Adapt v. 1 a (foll. By to) fit, adjust (one thing to another). B (foll. By to, for) make suitable for a purpose. C modify (esp. A text for broadcasting etc.). 2 (also refl., usu. Foll. By to) adjust to new conditions. adaptable adj. Adaptation n. [latin: related to ad-, apt]

Adaptor n. 1 device for making equipment compatible. 2 device for connecting several electrical plugs to one socket.

Add v. 1 join (one thing to another) as an increase or supplement. 2 put together (numbers) to find their total. 3 say further. add in include. Add up 1 find the total of. 2 (foll. By to) amount to. 3 colloq. Make sense. [latin addo]

Addendum n. (pl. -da) 1 thing to be added. 2 material added at the end of a book.

Adder n. Small venomous snake, esp. The common viper. [old english, originally nadder]

Addict n. 1 person addicted, esp. To a drug. 2 colloq. Devotee (film addict). [latin: related to *ad-, dico say]

Addicted adj. 1 (usu. Foll. By to) dependent on a drug etc. As a habit. 2 devoted to an interest. addiction n.

Addictive adj. Causing addiction.

Addition n. 1 adding. 2 person or thing added. in addition (often foll. By to) also, as well (as). [latin: related to *add]

Additional adj. Added, extra, supplementary. additionally adv.

Additive n. Substance added to improve another, esp. To colour, flavour, or preserve food. [latin: related to *add]

Addle v. (-ling) 1 muddle, confuse. 2 (usu. As addled adj.) (of an egg) become rotten. [old english, = filth]

Address —n. 1 a place where a person lives or an organization is situated. B particulars of this, esp. For postal purposes. C computing location of an item of stored information. 2 discourse to an audience. —v. 1 write postal directions on (an envelope etc.). 2 direct (remarks etc.). 3 speak or write to, esp. Formally. 4 direct one’s attention to. 5 golf take aim at (the ball). address oneself to 1 speak or write to. 2 attend to. [french: related to ad-, direct]

Addressee n. Person to whom a letter etc. Is addressed.

Adduce v. (-cing) cite as an instance or as proof or evidence. adducible adj. [latin: related to *ad-, duco lead]

Adenoids n.pl. Area of enlarged lymphatic tissue between the nose and the throat, often hindering breathing in the young. adenoidal adj. [greek aden gland]

Adept —adj. (foll. By at, in) skilful. —n. Adept person. [latin adipiscor adept-attain]

Adequate adj. Sufficient, satisfactory. adequacy n. Adequately adv. [latin: related to ad-, equate]

À deux adv. & adj. For or between two. [french]

Adhere v. (-ring) 1 (usu. Foll. By to) stick fast to a substance etc. 2 (foll. By to) behave according to (a rule, undertaking, etc.). 3 (foll. By to) give allegiance.

[latin haereo stick]

Adherent —n. Supporter. —adj. Sticking, adhering. adherence n.

Adhesion n. 1 adhering. 2 unnatural union of body tissues due to inflammation.

Adhesive —adj. Sticky, causing adhesion. —n. Adhesive substance. adhesiveness n.

Ad hoc adv. & adj. For one particular occasion or use. [latin]

Adieu int. Goodbye. [french, = to god]

Ad infinitum adv. Without limit; for ever. [latin]

Adipose adj. Of fat; fatty (adipose tissue). adiposity n. [latin adeps fat]

Adjacent adj. (often foll. By to) lying near; adjoining. adjacency n. [latin jaceo lie]

Adjective n. Word used to describe or modify a noun or pronoun. adjectival adj. [latin jaceo lie]

Adjoin v. Be next to and joined with. [latin jungo join]

Adjourn v. 1 put off, postpone; break off (a meeting etc.) Temporarily. 2 (of a meeting) break and disperse or (foll. By to) transfer to another place (adjourned to the pub). adjournment n. [latin: related to *ad-, diurnum day]

Adjudge v. (-ging) 1 pronounce judgement on (a matter). 2 pronounce or award judicially. adjudgement n. (also adjudgment). [latin judex judge]

Adjudicate v. (-ting) 1 act as judge in a competition, court, etc. 2 adjudge. adjudication n. Adjudicative adj. Adjudicator n.

Adjunct n. 1 (foll. By to, of) subordinate or incidental thing. 2 gram. Word or phrase used to explain or amplify the predicate, subject, etc. [latin: related to *adjoin]

Adjure v. (-ring) (usu. Foll. By to + infin.) Beg or command. adjuration n. [latin adjuro put to oath: related to *jury]

Adjust v. 1 order or position; regulate; arrange. 2 (usu. Foll. By to) become or make suited; adapt. 3 harmonize (discrepancies). 4 assess (loss or damages). adjustable adj. Adjustment n. [latin juxta near]

Adjutant n. 1 a army officer assisting a superior in administrative duties. B assistant. 2 (in full adjutant bird) giant indian stork. [latin: related to *ad-, juvo jut-help]

Ad lib —v. (-bb-) improvise. —adj. Improvised. —adv. As one pleases, to any desired extent. [abbreviation of latin ad libitum according to pleasure]

Admin n. Colloq. Administration. [abbreviation]

Administer v. 1 manage (business affairs etc.). 2 a deliver or dispense, esp. Formally (a punishment, sacrament, etc.). B (usu. Foll. By to) direct the taking of (an oath). [latin: related to ad-, minister]

Administrate v. (-ting) administer (esp. Business affairs); act as an administrator.

Administration n. 1 administering, esp. Public affairs. 2 government in power.

Administrative adj. Of the management of affairs.

Administrator n. Manager of a business, public affairs, or a person’s estate.

Admirable adj. Deserving admiration; excellent. admirably adv. [latin: related to *admire]

Admiral n. 1 a commander-in-chief of a navy. B high-ranking naval officer, commander. 2 any of various butterflies. [arabic: related to *amir]

Admiralty n. (pl. -ies) (in full admiralty board) hist. Committee superintending the royal navy.

Admiration n. 1 respect; warm approval or pleasure. 2 object of this.

Admire v. (-ring) 1 regard with approval, respect, or satisfaction. 2 express admiration of. admirer n. Admiring adj. Admirlingly adv. [latin: related to *ad-, miror wonder at]

Admissible adj. 1 (of an idea etc.) Worth accepting or considering. 2 law allowable as evidence. [latin: related to *admit]

Admission n. 1 acknowledgement (admission of error). 2 a process or right of entering. B charge for this (admission is £5).

Admit v. (-tt-) 1 (often foll. By to be, or that + clause) acknowledge; recognize as true. 2 (foll. By to) confess to (a deed, fault, etc.). 3 allow (a person) entrance, access, etc. 4 take (a patient) into hospital. 5 (of an enclosed space) accommodate. 6 (foll. By of) allow as possible. [latin mitto miss-send]

Admittance n. Admitting or being admitted, usu. To a place.

Admittedly adv. As must be admitted.

Admixture n. 1 thing added, esp. A minor ingredient. 2 adding of this.

Admonish v. 1 reprove. 2 urge, advise. 3 (foll. By of) warn. admonishment n. Admonition n. Admonitory adj. [latin moneo warn]

Ad nauseam adv. Excessively; disgustingly. [latin, = to sickness]

Ado n. Fuss, busy activity; trouble. [from at, do1: originally in much ado = much to do]

Adobe n. 1 sun-dried brick. 2 clay for making these. [spanish]

Adolescent —adj. Between childhood and adulthood. —n. Adolescent person. adolescence n. [latin adolesco grow up]

Adonis n. Handsome young man. [latin, name of a youth loved by venus]

Adopt v. 1 legally take (a person) into a relationship, esp. Another’s child as one’s own. 2 choose (a course of action etc.). 3 take over (another’s idea etc.). 4 choose as a candidate for office. 5 accept responsibility for the maintenance of (a road etc.). 6 accept or approve (a report, accounts, etc.). adoption n. [latin: related to ad-, opt]

Adoptive adj. Because of adoption (adoptive son). [latin: related to *adopt]

Adorable adj. 1 deserving adoration. 2 colloq. Delightful, charming.

Adore v. (-ring) 1 love intensely. 2 worship as divine. 3 colloq. Like very much. adoration n. Adorer n. [latin adoro worship]

Adorn v. Add beauty to; decorate. adornment n. [latin: related to *ad-, orno decorate]

Adrenal —adj. 1 at or near the kidneys. 2 of the adrenal glands. —n. (in full adrenal gland) either of two ductless glands above the kidneys, secreting adrenalin. [from ad-, renal]

Adrenalin n. (also adrenaline) 1 stimulative hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. 2 this extracted or synthesized for medicinal use.

Adrift adv. & predic.adj. 1 drifting. 2 powerless; aimless. 3 colloq. A unfastened. B out of order, wrong (plans went adrift).

Adroit adj. Dexterous, skilful. [french à droit according to right]

Adsorb v. (usu. Of a solid) hold (molecules of a gas or liquid etc.) To its surface, forming a thin film. adsorbent adj. & n. Adsorption n. [from ad-, absorb]

Adulation n. Obsequious flattery. [latin adulor fawn on]

Adult —adj. 1 mature, grown-up. 2 (attrib.) Of or for adults (adult education). — n. Adult person. adulthood n. [latin adolesco adultus grow up]

Adulterate v. (-ting) debase (esp. Foods) by adding other substances. adulterant adj. & n. Adulteration n. [latin adultero corrupt]

Adulterer n. (fem. Adulteress) person who commits adultery.

Adultery n. Voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person other than his or her spouse. adulterous adj.

Adumbrate v. (-ting) 1 indicate faintly or in outline. 2 foreshadow. 3 overshadow. adumbration n. [latin: related to *ad-, umbra shade]

Advance —v. (-cing) 1 move or put forward; progress. 2 pay or lend (money) beforehand. 3 promote (a person, cause, etc.). 4 present (a suggestion etc.). 5 (as advanced adj.) A well ahead. B socially progressive. —n. 1 going forward; progress. 2 prepayment; loan. 3 (in pl.) Amorous approaches. 4 rise in price. — attrib. Adj. Done or supplied beforehand (advance warning). advance on approach threateningly. In advance ahead in place or time. [latin: related to *ab-, ante before]

Advanced level n. High level of gce examination.

Advancement n. Promotion of a person, cause, or plan.

Advantage —n. 1 beneficial feature. 2 benefit, profit. 3 (often foll. By over) superiority. 4 (in tennis) the next point after deuce. —v. (-ging) benefit, favour. take advantage of 1 make good use of. 2 exploit, esp. Unfairly. 3 euphem. Seduce. advantageous adj. [french: related to *advance]

Advent n. 1 season before christmas. 2 coming of christ. 3 (advent) important arrival. [latin adventus from venio come]

Adventist n. Member of a christian sect believing in the imminent second coming of christ.

Adventitious adj. 1 accidental, casual. 2 added from outside. 3 biol. Formed accidentally or under unusual conditions. [latin: related to *advent]

Adventure —n. 1 unusual and exciting experience. 2 enterprise (spirit of adventure). —v. (-ring) dare, venture; engage in adventure. [latin: related to *advent]

Adventure playground n. Playground with climbing-frames, building blocks, etc.

Adventurer n. (fem. Adventuress) 1 person who seeks adventure, esp. For personal gain or enjoyment. 2 financial speculator.

Adventurous adj. Venturesome, enterprising.

Adverb n. Word indicating manner, degree, circumstance, etc., used to modify

Adverb n. Word indicating manner, degree, circumstance, etc., used to modify an adjective, verb, or other adverb (e.g. Gently, quite, then). adverbial adj. [latin: related to *ad-, verbum word, *verb]

Adversary n. (pl. -ies) enemy, opponent.

Adverse adj. Unfavourable; harmful. adversely adv. [latin: related to *ad-, verto vers-turn]

Adversity n. Misfortune, distress.

Advert n. Colloq. Advertisement. [abbreviation]

Advertise v. (-sing) 1 promote (goods or services) publicly to increase sales. 2 make generally known. 3 (often foll. By for) seek by a notice in a newspaper etc. To buy, employ, sell, etc. [french avertir: related to *adverse]

Advertisement n. 1 public announcement, esp. Of goods etc. For sale or wanted, vacancies, etc. 2 advertising. [french avertissement: related to *adverse]

Advice n. 1 recommendation on how to act. 2 information given; news. 3 formal notice of a transaction.

Advisable adj. To be recommended, expedient. advisability n.

Advise v. (-sing) 1 (also absol.) Give advice to. 2 recommend (advised me to rest). 3 (usu. Foll. By of, or that + clause) inform. [latin: related to *ad-, video vis-see]

Advisedly adv. After due consideration; deliberately.

Adviser n. (also advisor) person who advises, esp. Officially.

Usage the variant advisor is fairly common, but is considered incorrect by many people.

Advisory adj. Giving advice (advisory body).

Advocaat n. Liqueur of eggs, sugar, and brandy. [dutch, = *advocate]

Advocacy n. Support or argument for a cause, policy, etc.

Advocate —n. 1 (foll. By of) person who supports or speaks in favour. 2 person who pleads for another, esp. In a lawcourt. —v. (-ting) recommend by argument. [latin: related to *ad-, voco call]

Adz n. (brit adze) tool like an axe, with an arched blade at right angles to the handle. [old english]

Adze n. (us adz) tool like an axe, with an arched blade at right angles to the handle. [old english]

Aegis n. Protection; support. [greek aigis shield of zeus or athene]

Aeolian harp n. Stringed instrument or toy sounding when the wind passes through it. [latin aeolus wind-god, from greek]

Aeon n. (also eon) 1 long or indefinite period. 2 an age. [latin from greek]

Aerate v. (-ting) 1 charge (a liquid) with carbon dioxide. 2 expose to air. aeration n. [latin aer *air]

Aerial —n. Device for transmitting or receiving radio waves. —adj. 1 by or from the air; involving aircraft (aerial attack). 2 existing in the air. 3 of or like air. [greek: related to *air]

Aero-comb. Form air; aircraft. [greek aero-from aer air]

Aerobatics n.pl. 1 spectacular flying of aircraft, esp. To entertain. 2 (as sing.) Performance of these. [from *aero-, after *acrobatics]

Aerobics n.pl. Vigorous exercises designed to increase oxygen intake. aerobic adj. [from *aero-, greek bios life]

adj. [from *aero-, greek bios life]

Aerodrome n. Small airport or airfield. [from *aero-, greek dromos course]

Aerodynamics n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) Dynamics of solid bodies moving through air. aerodynamic adj.

Aerofoil n. Structure with curved surfaces (e.g. A wing, fin, or tailplane) designed to give lift in flight.

Aeronautics n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) Science or practice of motion in the air. aeronautic adj. Aeronautical adj. [from *aero-, *nautical]

Aeroplane n. Powered heavier-than-air flying vehicle with fixed wings. [french: related to *aero-, *plane1]

Aerosol n. 1 pressurized container releasing a substance as a fine spray. 2 system of minute particles suspended in gas (e.g. Fog or smoke). [from *aero-, *solution]

Aerospace n. 1 earth’s atmosphere and outer space. 2 aviation in this.

Aesthete n. Person who has or professes a special appreciation of beauty. [greek aisthanomai perceive]

Aesthete n. Person who has or professes a special appreciation of beauty. [greek

Aesthete n. Person who has or professes a special appreciation of beauty. [greek aisthanomai perceive]

Aesthetic —adj. 1 of or sensitive to beauty. 2 artistic, tasteful. —n. (in pl.) Philosophy of beauty, esp. In art. aesthetically adv. Aestheticism n.

Aetiology n. (us etiology) study of causation or of the causes of disease. aetiological adj. [greek aitia cause]

Af abbr. Audio frequency.

Afar adv. At or to a distance.

Affable adj. 1 friendly. 2 courteous. affability n. Affably adv. [latin affabilis]

Affair n. 1 matter, concern, or thing to be attended to (that is my affair). 2 a celebrated or notorious happening. B colloq. Thing or event (puzzling affair). 3 = *love affair. 4 (in pl.) Public or private business. [french à faire to do]

Affect v. 1 a produce an effect on. B (of disease etc.) Attack. 2 move emotionally. 3 pretend (affected ignorance). 4 pose as or use for effect (affects the aesthete; affects fancy hats). affecting adj. Affectingly adv. [latin afficio affect-influence]

Usage affect should not be confused with effect, meaning ‘to bring about’. Note also that effect is used as a noun as well as a verb.

also that effect is used as a noun as well as a verb.

Affectation n. 1 artificial manner. 2 (foll. By of) studied display. 3 pretence.

Affected adj. 1 pretended, artificial. 2 full of affectation.

Affection n. 1 goodwill, fond feeling. 2 disease; diseased condition.

Affectionate adj. Loving, fond. affectionately adv.

Affidavit n. Written statement confirmed by oath. [latin, = has stated on oath]

Affiliate —v. (-ting) (foll. By to, with) attach, adopt, or connect as a member or branch. —n. Affiliated person etc. [latin: related to *filial]

Affiliation n. Affiliating or being affiliated.

Affiliation order n. Legal order against the supposed father of an illegitimate child for support.

Affinity n. (pl. -ies) 1 liking or attraction; feeling of kinship. 2 relationship, esp. By marriage. 3 similarity of structure or character suggesting a relationship. 4 chem. The tendency of certain substances to combine with others. [latin finis border]

Affirm v. 1 assert, state as a fact. 2 law make a solemn declaration in place of an oath. affirmation n. [latin: related to *firm1]

Affirmative —adj. Affirming; expressing approval. —n. Affirmative statement or word etc.

Affix —v. 1 attach, fasten. 2 add in writing. —n. 1 addition. 2 gram. Prefix or suffix. [latin: related to *fix]

Afflict v. Distress physically or mentally. [latin fligo flict-strike down]

Affliction n. 1 distress, suffering. 2 cause of this.

Affluent adj. Wealthy, rich. affluence n. [latin: related to *fluent]

Afford v. 1 (prec. By can or be able to) a have enough money, time, etc., for; be able to spare. B be in a position (can’t afford to be critical). 2 provide (affords a view of the sea). [old english ge-prefix implying completeness, *forth]

Afforest v. 1 convert into forest. 2 plant with trees. afforestation n. [latin: related to *forest]

Affray n. Breach of the peace by fighting or rioting in public. [anglo-french = ‘remove from peace’]

‘remove from peace’]

Affront —n. Open insult. —v. Insult openly; offend, embarrass. [latin: related to *front]

Afghan —n. 1 a native or national of afghanistan. B person of afghan descent. 2 official language of afghanistan. —adj. Of afghanistan. [pashto]

Afghan hound n. Tall hunting dog with long silky hair.

Aficionado n. (pl. -s) devotee of a sport or pastime. [spanish]

Afield adv. To or at a distance (esp. Far afield). [old english: related to *a2]

Aflame adv. & predic.adj. 1 in flames. 2 very excited.

Afloat adv. & predic.adj. 1 floating. 2 at sea. 3 out of debt or difficulty. 4 current. [old english: related to *a2]

Afoot adv. & predic.adj. In operation; progressing.

Afore prep. & adv. Archaic before; previously; in front (of). [old english: related to *a2]

Afore-comb. Form before, previously (aforementioned; aforesaid).

Afore prep. & adv. Archaic before; previously; in front (of). [old english: related to *a2]

Afore-comb. Form before, previously (aforementioned; aforesaid).

Aforethought adj. Premeditated (following a noun: malice aforethought).

Afraid predic. Adj. Alarmed, frightened. be afraid colloq. Politely regret (i’m afraid we’re late). [originally past part. Of *affray]

Afresh adv. Anew; with a fresh beginning. [earlier of fresh]

African —n. 1 native (esp. Dark-skinned) of africa. 2 person of african descent. —adj. Of africa. [latin]

African elephant n. The elephant of africa, larger than that of india.

African violet n. House-plant with velvety leaves and blue, purple, or pink flowers.

Afrikaans n. Language derived from dutch, used in s. Africa. [dutch, = ‘african’]

Afrikaner n. Afrikaans-speaking white person in s. Africa, esp. Of dutch descent.

Afro —adj. (of hair) tightly-curled and bushy. —n. (pl. -s) afro hairstyle.

Afro-comb. Form african.

Afro-american —adj. Of american blacks or their culture. —n. American black.

Afro-caribbean —n. Caribbean person of african descent. —adj. Of afro-caribbeans.

Aft adv. Naut. & aeron. At or towards the stern or tail. [earlier baft]

After —prep. 1 following in time; later than (after a week). 2 in view of, in spite of (after what you did what do you expect?; after all my efforts i still lost). 3 behind (shut the door after you). 4 in pursuit or quest of (run after them). 5 about, concerning (asked after her). 6 in allusion to (named after the prince). 7 in imitation of (a painting after rubens). 8 next in importance to (best one after mine). —conj. Later than (left after they arrived). —adv. 1 later (soon after). 2 behind (followed on after). —adj. 1 later, following (in after years). 2 naut. Nearer the stern (after cabins). after all in spite of everything (after all, what does it matter?). After one’s own heart to one’s taste. [old english]

Afterbirth n. Placenta etc. Discharged from the womb after childbirth.

After-care n. Attention after leaving hospital etc.

After-effect n. Delayed effect following an accident, trauma, etc.

Afterglow n. Glow remaining after its source has disappeared.

Afterlife n. Life after death.

Aftermath n. 1 consequences, esp. Unpleasant (aftermath of war). 2 new grass growing after mowing. [from *after, math mowing]

Afternoon n. Time from noon or lunch-time to evening.

Afterpains n.pl. Pains caused by contraction of the womb after childbirth.

Afters n.pl. Colloq. = *dessert 1.

Aftershave n. Lotion used after shaving.

Aftertaste n. Taste after eating or drinking.

Afterthought n. Thing thought of or added later.

Afterward adv. (brit. Afterwards) later, subsequently. [old english: related to after, -ward]

Afterwards adv. (us afterward) later, subsequently. [old english: related to after, -ward]

Ag symb. Silver. [latin argentum]

Again adv. 1 another time; once more. 2 as previously (home again; well again). 3 in addition (as much again). 4 further, besides (again, what about you?). 5 on the other hand (i might, and again i might not). again and again repeatedly. [old english]

Against prep. 1 in opposition to (fight against crime). 2 into collision or in contact with (lean against the wall). 3 to the disadvantage of (my age is against me). 4 in contrast to (against a dark background). 5 in anticipation of (against his coming; against the cold). 6 as a compensating factor to (income against expenditure). 7 in return for (issued against payment of the fee). against the grain see grain. Against time see time. [from *again, with inflectional -s]

Agape predic. Adj. Gaping, open-mouthed. [from *a2]

Agaric n. Fungus with a cap and stalk, e.g. The common mushroom. [greek

agarikon]

Agate n. Hard usu. Streaked chalcedony. [greek akhates]

Agave n. Plant with rosettes of narrow spiny leaves and flowers on tall stem. [agave, name of a woman in greek mythology]

Age —n. 1 length of time that a person or thing has existed. 2 a colloq. (often in pl.) A long time (waited for ages). B distinct historical period (bronze age). 3 old age. —v. (ageing) 1 show or cause to show signs of advancing age. 2 grow old. 3 mature. come of age reach adult status (esp. Law at 18, formerly 21). [latin aetas]

-age suffix forming nouns denoting: 1 action (breakage). 2 condition (bondage). 3 aggregate or number (coverage; acreage). 4 cost (postage). 5 result (wreckage). 6 place or abode (anchorage; orphanage). [latin -aticus]

Aged adj. 1 (predic.) Of the age of (aged 3). 2 old.

Ageism n. Prejudice or discrimination on grounds of age. ageist adj. & n.

Ageless adj. 1 never growing or appearing old. 2 eternal.

Agelong adj. Existing for a very long time.

Agency n. (pl. -ies) 1 business or premises of an agent. 2 action; intervention (free agency; by the agency of god). [latin: related to *act]

Agenda n. (pl. -s) 1 list of items to be considered at a meeting. 2 things to be done.

Agent n. 1 a person who acts for another in business etc. B spy. 2 person or thing that exerts power or produces an effect.

Agent provocateur n. (pl. Agents provocateurs pronunc. Same) person used to tempt suspected offenders to self-incriminating action. [french, = provocative agent]

Age of consent n. Age at which consent to sexual intercourse is valid in law.

Age-old adj. Very long-standing.

Agglomerate —v. (-ting) collect into a mass. —n. Mass, esp. Of fused volcanic fragments. —adj. Collected into a mass. agglomeration n. [latin glomus -meris ball]

Agglutinate v. (-ting) stick as with glue. agglutination n. Agglutinative adj. [latin: related to *gluten]

Aggrandize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 increase the power, rank or wealth of. 2 make seem greater. aggrandizement n. [french: related to *grand]

Aggravate v. (-ting) 1 make worse or more serious. 2 annoy. aggravation n. [latin gravis heavy]

Usage the use of aggravate in sense 2 is regarded by some people as incorrect, but it is common in informal use.

Aggregate —n. 1 sum total, amount assembled. 2 crushed stone etc. Used in making concrete. 3 rock formed of a mass of different particles or minerals. — adj. Combined, collective, total. —v. (-ting) 1 collect, combine into one mass. 2 colloq. Amount to. 3 unite. in the aggregate as a whole. aggregation n. Aggregative adj. [latin grex greg-flock]

Aggression n. 1 unprovoked attacking or attack. 2 hostile or destructive behaviour. [latin gradior gress-walk]

Aggressive adj. 1 given to aggression; hostile. 2 forceful, self-assertive. aggressively adv.

Aggressor n. Person or party that attacks without provocation.

Aggrieved adj. Having a grievance. [french: related to *grief]

Aggro n. Slang 1 aggressive hostility. 2 trouble, difficulty. [abbreviation of aggravation or aggression]

Aghast predic. Adj. Filled with dismay or consternation. [past part. Of obsolete (a)gast frighten]

Agile adj. Quick-moving, nimble, active. agility n. [latin agilis: related to *act]

Agitate v. (-ting) 1 disturb or excite (a person or feelings). 2 (often foll. By for, against) campaign, esp. Politically (agitated for tax reform). 3 shake briskly. agitation n. Agitator n. [latin agito: related to *act]

Aglow predic. Adj. Glowing.

Agm abbr. Annual general meeting.

Agnail n. Piece of torn skin at the root of a fingernail; resulting soreness. [old english, = tight (metal) nail, hard excrescence in flesh]

Agnostic —n. Person who believes that the existence of god is not provable. — adj. Of agnosticism. agnosticism n. [from a-, gnostic]

Ago adv. (prec. By duration) earlier, in the past. [originally agone = gone by]

Agog predic. Adj. Eager, expectant. [french gogue fun]

Agonize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 undergo (esp. Mental) anguish; suffer or cause to suffer agony. 2 (as agonized adj.) Expressing agony (an agonized look).

Agony n. (pl. -ies) 1 extreme mental or physical suffering. 2 severe struggle. [greek agon struggle]

Agony aunt n. Colloq. Person (esp. A woman) who answers letters in an agony column.

Agony column n. Colloq. 1 column in a magazine etc. Offering personal advice to correspondents. 2 = *personal column.

Agoraphobia n. Abnormal fear of open spaces or public places. agoraphobic adj. & n. [greek agora market-place]

Agrarian —adj. 1 of the land or its cultivation. 2 of landed property. —n. Advocate of the redistribution of land. [latin ager field]

Agree v. (-ees, -eed, -eeing) 1 hold the same opinion (i agree with you). 2 consent (agreed to go). 3 (often foll. By with) a become or be in harmony. B suit (fish didn’t agree with him). C gram. Have the same number, gender, case, or person as. 4 reach agreement about (agreed a price). 5 (foll. By on) decide mutually on (agreed on a compromise). be agreed be of one opinion. [latin: related to *ad-, gratus pleasing]

Agreeable adj. 1 pleasing, pleasant. 2 willing to agree. agreeably adv.

Agreement n. 1 act or state of agreeing. 2 arrangement or contract.

Agriculture n. Cultivation of the soil and rearing of animals. agricultural adj. Agriculturalist n. [latin ager field]

Agrimony n. (pl. -ies) perennial plant with small yellow flowers. [greek argemone poppy]

Agronomy n. Science of soil management and crop production. agronomist n. [greek agros land]

Aground predic. Adj. & adv. On or on to the bottom of shallow water (run aground).

Ague n. 1 hist. Malarial fever. 2 shivering fit. [latin: related to *acute]

Ah abbr. In the year of the hegira (ad 622); of the muslim era. [latin anno hegirae]

Ah int. Expressing surprise, pleasure, realization, etc. [french a]

Aha int. Expressing surprise, triumph, mockery, etc. [from ah, ha1]

Ahead adv. 1 further forward in space or time. 2 in the lead (ahead on points).

Ahem int. Used to attract attention, gain time, etc. [from *hem2]

Ahoy int. Naut. Call used in hailing. [from ah, hoy]

Ai abbr. 1 artificial insemination. 2 artificial intelligence.

Aid abbr. Artificial insemination by donor.

Aid —n. 1 help. 2 person or thing that helps. —v. 1 help. 2 promote (sleep will aid recovery). in aid of 1 in support of. 2 colloq. For the purpose of (what’s it all in aid of?). [latin: related to *ad-, juvo help]

Aide n. 1 aide-de-camp. 2 esp. Us assistant. [french]

Aide-de-camp n. (pl. Aides-de-camp pronunc. Same) officer assisting a senior officer. [french]

Aids n. (also aids) acquired immune deficiency syndrome, an often fatal viral

Aids n. (also aids) acquired immune deficiency syndrome, an often fatal viral syndrome marked by severe loss of resistance to infection. [abbreviation]

Ail v. 1 archaic (only in 3rd person interrog. Or indefinite constructions) trouble or afflict (what ails him?). 2 (usu. Be ailing) be ill. [old english]

Aileron n. Hinged flap on an aeroplane wing. [french aile wing]

Ailing adj. 1 ill. 2 in poor condition.

Ailment n. Minor illness or disorder.

Aim —v. 1 intend or try; attempt (aim at winning; aim to win). 2 (usu. Foll. By at) direct or point (a weapon, remark, etc.). 3 take aim. —n. 1 purpose or object. 2 the directing of a weapon etc. At an object. take aim direct a weapon etc. At a target. [latin aestimare reckon]

Aimless adj. Without aim or purpose. aimlessly adv.

Ain’t contr. Colloq. 1 am, is, or are not. 2 have or has not.

Usage the use of ain’t is usually regarded as unacceptable in spoken and written english.

Aimless adj. Without aim or purpose. aimlessly adv.

Ain’t contr. Colloq. 1 am, is, or are not. 2 have or has not.

Usage the use of ain’t is usually regarded as unacceptable in spoken and written english.

Air —n. 1 mixture mainly of oxygen and nitrogen surrounding the earth. 2 earth’s atmosphere; open space in it; this as a place for flying aircraft. 3 a distinctive impression or manner (air of mystery). B (esp. In pl.) Pretentiousness (gave himself airs). 4 tune. 5 light wind. —v. 1 expose (clothes, a room, etc.) To fresh air or warmth to remove damp. 2 express and discuss publicly (an opinion, question, grievance, etc.). by air by or in an aircraft. In the air 1 (of opinions etc.) Prevalent. 2 (of plans etc.) Uncertain. On (or off) the air being (or not being) broadcast. [greek aer]

Airbase n. Base for military aircraft.

Air-bed n. Inflatable mattress.

Airborne adj. 1 transported by air. 2 (of aircraft) in the air after taking off.

Air-brick n. Perforated brick used for ventilation.

Airbus n. Propr. Short-haul passenger aircraft.

Air chief marshal n. Raf officer of high rank, above air marshal.

Air commodore n. Raf officer next above group captain.

Air-conditioning n. 1 system for regulating the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building. 2 apparatus for this. air-conditioned adj.

Aircraft n. (pl. Same) machine capable of flight, esp. An aeroplane or helicopter.

Aircraft-carrier n. Warship carrying and used as a base for aircraft.

Aircraftman n. Lowest rank in the raf.

Aircraftwoman n. Lowest rank in the wraf.

Aircrew n. Crew of an aircraft.

Air-cushion n. 1 inflatable cushion. 2 layer of air supporting a hovercraft etc.

Airedale n. Large terrier of a rough-coated breed. [airedale in yorkshire]

Airer n. Stand for airing or drying clothes etc.

Airfield n. Area with runway(s) for aircraft.

Air force n. Branch of the armed forces fighting in the air.

Airgun n. Gun using compressed air to fire pellets.

Airhead n. Slang stupid or foolish person.

Air hostess n. Stewardess in a passenger aircraft.

Airless adj. Stuffy; still, calm.

Air letter n. Sheet of light paper forming a letter for sending by airmail.

Airlift —n. Emergency transport of supplies etc. By air. —v. Transport thus.

Airline n. Public air transport system or company.

Airliner n. Large passenger aircraft.

Airlock n. 1 stoppage of the flow by an air bubble in a pump or pipe. 2 compartment permitting movement between areas at different pressures.

Airmail n. 1 system of transporting mail by air. 2 mail carried by air.

Airman n. Pilot or member of an aircraft crew, esp. In an air force.

Air marshal n. Raf officer of high rank, above air vice-marshal.

Airplane n. Us = *aeroplane.

Air pocket n. Apparent vacuum causing an aircraft to drop suddenly.

Airport n. Airfield with facilities for passengers and goods.

Air raid n. Attack by aircraft on ground targets.

Air rifle n. Rifle using compressed air to fire pellets.

Airs and graces n.pl. Affected manner.

Airscrew n. Aircraft propeller.

Airship n. Power-driven aircraft lighter than air.

Airsick adj. Nauseous from air travel.

Airspace n. Air above a country and subject to its jurisdiction.

Air speed n. Aircraft’s speed relative to the air.

Airstrip n. Strip of ground for the take-off and landing of aircraft.

Air terminal n. Building with transport to and from an airport.

Airtight adj. Impermeable to air.

Air traffic controller n. Official who controls air traffic by radio.

Air vice-marshal n. Raf officer of high rank, just below air marshal.

Airwaves n.pl. Colloq. Radio waves used in broadcasting.

Airway n. Recognized route of aircraft.

Airwoman n. Woman pilot or member of an aircraft crew, esp. In an air force.

Airworthy adj. (of an aircraft) fit to fly.

Airy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 well-ventilated, breezy. 2 flippant, superficial. 3 light as air. 4 ethereal. airily adv.

Airy-fairy adj. Colloq. Unrealistic, impractical.

Aisle n. 1 the part of a church on either side of the nave, divided from it by pillars. 2 passage between rows of pews, seats, etc. [latin ala wing]

Aitch n. The letter h. [french ache]

Aitchbone n. 1 rump bone of an animal. 2 cut of beef over this. [originally nache-bone from latin natis buttock]

Ajar adv. & predic.adj. (of a door) slightly open. [from *a2, obsolete char from old english cerr a turn]

Akela n. Adult leader of cub scouts. [name of the leader of the wolf-pack in kipling’s jungle book]

Akimbo adv. (of the arms) with hands on the hips and elbows turned outwards. [originally in kenebowe, probably from old norse]

Akin predic. Adj. 1 related by blood. 2 similar.

Al symb. Aluminium.

-al suffix 1 (also -ial) forming adjectives meaning ‘relating to, of the kind of’ (central; tidal; dictatorial). 2 forming nouns, esp. Of verbal action (removal). [latin -alis]

À la prep. In the manner of (à la russe). [french from *à la mode]

Alabaster —n. Translucent usu. White form of gypsum, used for carving etc. — adj. 1 of alabaster. 2 white or smooth. [greek alabastros]

À la carte adv. & adj. With individually priced dishes. [french]

Alacrity n. Briskness; cheerful readiness. [latin alacer brisk]

À la mode adv. & adj. In fashion; fashionable. [french]

Alarm —n. 1 warning of danger etc. 2 a warning sound or device. B = *alarm clock. 3 apprehension (filled with alarm). —v. 1 frighten or disturb. 2 warn. alarming adj. Alarmingly adv. [italian all’arme! To arms]

Alarm clock n. Clock that rings at a set time.

Alarmist n. Person stirring up alarm.

Alas int. Expressing grief, pity, or concern. [french: related to *ah, latin lassus weary]

Alb n. Long white vestment worn by christian priests. [latin albus white]

Albatross n. 1 a long-winged, stout-bodied bird related to the petrel. B encumbrance. 2 golf score of three strokes under par at any hole. [alteration of alcatras, from spanish and portuguese alcatraz from arabic, = the jug]

Albeit conj. Literary though. [all be it]

Albino n. (pl. -s) 1 person or animal lacking pigment in the skin and hair (which are white), and the eyes (usu. Pink). 2 plant lacking normal colouring. albinism n. [spanish and portuguese: related to *alb]

Album n. 1 book for photographs, stamps, etc. 2 a long-playing gramophone record. B set of these. [latin, = blank tablet, from albus white]

Albumen n. 1 egg-white. 2 substance found between the skin and germ of many seeds, usu. The edible part. [latin: related to *album]

Albumin n. Water-soluble protein found in egg-white, milk, blood, etc. albuminous adj.

Alchemy n. Medieval chemistry, esp. Seeking to turn base metals into gold. alchemist n. [arabic]

Alcohol n. 1 (in full ethyl alcohol) colourless volatile inflammable liquid, esp. As the intoxicant in wine, beer, spirits, etc., and as a solvent, fuel, etc. 2 liquor containing this. 3 chem. Any of many organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms. [arabic: related to *kohl]

Alcoholic —adj. Of, like, containing, or caused by alcohol. —n. Person suffering from alcoholism.

Alcoholism n. Condition resulting from addiction to alcohol.

Alcove n. Recess, esp. In the wall of a room. [arabic, = the vault]

Aldehyde n. Chem. Any of a class of compounds formed by the oxidation of alcohols. [from *alcohol, de-, hydrogen]

Al dente adj. (of pasta etc.) Cooked so as to be still firm when bitten. [italian, = ‘to the tooth’]

Alder n. Tree related to the birch. [old english]

Alderman n. Esp. Hist. Coopted member of an english county or borough council, next in dignity to the mayor. [old english aldor chief, *man]

Ale n. Beer. [old english]

Aleatory adj. Depending on chance. [latin alea *die2]

Alehouse n. Hist. Tavern.

Alembic n. 1 hist. Apparatus formerly used in distilling. 2 means of refining or extracting. [greek ambix, -ikos cap of a still]

Alert —adj. 1 watchful, vigilant. 2 nimble, attentive. —n. 1 warning call or alarm. 2 state or period of special vigilance. —v. (often foll. By to) warn. [french alerte from italian all’erta to the watch-tower]

alerte from italian all’erta to the watch-tower]

A level n. = *advanced level.

Alexander technique n. Technique for controlling posture as an aid to well-being. [alexander, name of a physiotherapist]

Alexandrine —adj. (of a line of verse) having six iambic feet. —n. Alexandrine line. [french alexandre, title of a romance using this metre]

Alfalfa n. Clover-like plant used for fodder. [arabic, = a green fodder]

Alfresco adv. & adj. In the open air. [italian]

Alga n. (pl. Algae) (usu. In pl.) Non-flowering stemless water-plant, esp. Seaweed and plankton. [latin]

Algebra n. Branch of mathematics that uses letters etc. To represent numbers and quantities. algebraic adj. [ultimately from arabic al-jabr, = reunion of broken parts]

Algol n. High-level computer programming language. [from algorithm, language]

Algorithm n. Process or set of rules used for calculation etc., esp. With a computer. algorithmic adj. [persian, name of a 9th-c. Mathematician al-kuwarizmi]

Alias —adv. Also named or known as. —n. Assumed name. [latin, = at another time]

Alibi n. (pl. -s) 1 claim or proof that one was elsewhere when a crime etc. Was committed. 2 informal excuse. [latin, = elsewhere]

Usage the use of alibi in sense 2 is considered incorrect by some people.

Alien —adj. 1 (often foll. By to) unfamiliar; unacceptable or repugnant. 2 foreign. 3 of beings from other worlds. —n. 1 foreign-born resident who is not naturalized. 2 being from another world. [latin alius other]

Alienable adj. Law able to be transferred to new ownership.

Alienate v. (-ting) 1 estrange, make hostile. 2 transfer ownership of. alienation n.

Alight1 predic. Adj. 1 on fire. 2 lit up; excited. [on a light (= lighted) fire]

Alight2 v. 1 (often foll. By from) descend from a vehicle. 2 come to earth, settle. [old english]

Align v. 1 put or bring into line. 2 (usu. Foll. By with) ally (oneself etc.) With (a cause, party, etc.). alignment n. [french à ligne into line]

Alike —adj. (usu. Predic.) Similar, like. —adv. In a similar way.

Alimentary adj. Of or providing food or nourishment. [latin alo nourish]

Alimentary canal n. Passage along which food passes during digestion.

Alimony n. Money payable to a spouse or former spouse after separation or divorce.

Usage in uk usage this term has been replaced by maintenance.

Aliphatic adj. Chem. Of organic compounds in which carbon atoms form open chains, not aromatic rings. [greek aleiphar -phat-fat]

Aliquot —adj. (of a part or portion) contained by the whole an integral number of times (4 is an aliquot part of 12). —n. 1 aliquot part. 2 (in general use) any known fraction of a whole; sample. [latin, = several]

Alive adj. (usu. Predic.) 1 living. 2 lively, active. 3 (foll. By to) aware of; alert. 4 (foll. By with) swarming or teeming with. [old english: related to a2, life]

Alkali n. (pl. -s) 1 a any of a class of substances that liberate hydroxide ions in water, usu. Form caustic or corrosive solutions, turn litmus blue, and have a ph of more than 7, e.g. Caustic soda.

Alkalinity n. [arabic, = the calcined ashes]

Alkaloid n. Nitrogenous organic compound of plant origin, e.g. Morphine, quinine.

Alkane n. Chem. Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having the general formula cnh2n+2, including methane and ethane.

Alkene n. Chem. Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing a double bond and having the general formula cnh2n, including ethylene.

Alkyne n. Chem. Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing a triple bond and having the general formula cnh2n-2, including acetylene.

All —adj. 1 whole amount, quantity, or extent of (all day; all his life; take it all). 2 any whatever (beyond all doubt). 3 greatest possible (with all speed). —n. 1 all concerned; everything (all were present; all is lost). 2 (foll. By of) a the whole of (take all of it). B every one of (all of us). C colloq. As much as (all of six feet). D colloq. In a state of (all of a dither). 3 one’s whole strength or resources (prec. By my, your, etc.). 4 (in games) each (two goals all). —adv. 1 a entirely, quite (dressed all in black). B as an intensifier (stop all this grumbling). 2 colloq. Very (went all shy). 3 (foll. By the + compar.) To that, or the utmost, extent (if they go, all the better; that makes it all the worse). all along from the beginning. All and sundry everyone. All but very nearly. All for colloq. Strongly in favour of. All found with board and lodging provided free. All in colloq. Exhausted. All in

All found with board and lodging provided free. All in colloq. Exhausted. All in all everything considered. All manner of every kind of. All of a sudden suddenly. All one (or the same) (usu. Foll. By to) a matter of indifference. All out using all one’s strength (also (with hyphen) attrib.: all-out effort). All over 1 completely finished. 2 in or on all parts of (mud all over the carpet). 3 colloq. Typically (you all over). 4 slang effusively attentive to (a person). All right (predic.) 1 satisfactory; safe and sound; in good condition. 2 satisfactorily (it worked out all right). 3 a expressing consent. B as an intensifier (that’s the one all right). All round 1 in all respects. 2 for each person. All the same nevertheless. All there colloq. Mentally alert or normal. All the time throughout (despite some contrary expectation etc.). All together all at once; all in one place or in a group (came all together) (cf. *altogether). All up with hopeless for (a person). At all (with neg. Or interrog.) In any way; to any extent (did not swim at all; did you like it at all?). In all in total; altogether. [old english]

Usage note the differences in meaning between all together and altogether: see note at altogether.

Allah n. The muslim and arab name of god. [arabic]

Allay v. 1 diminish (fear, suspicion, etc.). 2 alleviate (pain etc.). [old english a-intensive prefix, *lay1]

All-clear n. Signal that danger etc. Is over.

All comers n.pl. Anyone who applies, takes up a challenge, etc.

Allegation n. 1 assertion, esp. Unproved. 2 alleging. [latin allego adduce]

Allege v. (-ging) 1 declare, esp. Without proof. 2 advance as an argument or excuse. [latin lis lit-lawsuit]

Allegedly adv. As is alleged.

Allegiance n. 1 loyalty (to a person or cause etc.). 2 the duty of a subject. [french: related to *liege]

Allegory n. (pl. -ies) story whose moral is represented symbolically. allegorical adj. Allegorize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [greek allegoria other speaking]

Allegretto mus. —adv. & adj. In a fairly brisk tempo. —n. (pl. -s) such a passage or movement. [italian, diminutive of *allegro]

Allegro mus. —adv. & adj. In a brisk tempo. —n. (pl. -s) such a passage or movement. [italian, = lively]

Alleluia (also hallelujah) —int. God be praised. —n. Song or shout of praise to god. [hebrew]

Allen key n. Propr. Spanner designed to turn an allen screw. [allen, name of the us manufacturer]

Allen screw n. Propr. Screw with a hexagonal socket in the head.

Allergic adj. 1 (foll. By to) a having an allergy to. B colloq. Having a strong dislike for. 2 caused by an allergy.

Allergy n. (pl. -ies) 1 adverse reaction to certain substances, esp. Particular foods, pollen, fur, or dust. 2 colloq. Antipathy. [greek allos other]

Alleviate v. (-ting) make (pain etc.) Less severe. alleviation n. [latin levo raise]

Alley n. (pl. -s) 1 narrow street or passageway. 2 enclosure for skittles, bowling, etc. 3 walk or lane in a park etc. [french aller go]

Alliance n. 1 union or agreement to cooperate, esp. Of states by treaty or families by marriage. 2 (alliance) political coalition party. 3 relationship; friendship. [french: related to *ally]

Allied adj. 1 (also allied) associated in an alliance. 2 connected or related.

Alligator n. Large reptile of the crocodile family with a head broader and shorter than a crocodile’s. [spanish el lagarto the lizard]

All-in attrib. Adj. Inclusive of all.

All-in wrestling n. Wrestling with few or no restrictions.

Alliteration n. Repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words (e.g. Cool, calm, and collected). alliterate v. (-ting). Alliterative adj. [latin: related to *letter]

Allocate v. (-ting) (usu. Foll. By to) assign or devote to (a purpose, person, or place). allocation n. [latin: related to *local]

Allot v. (-tt-) apportion or distribute to (a person), esp. As a share or task (they were allotted equal sums). [french a to, *lot]

Allotment n. 1 small piece of land rented by a local authority for cultivation. 2 share. 3 allotting.

Allotropy n. Existence of two or more different physical forms of a chemical element. allotropic adj. [greek allos different, tropos manner]

Allow v. 1 (often foll. By to + infin.) Permit. 2 assign a limited amount etc. (was allowed £500). 3 (usu. Foll. By for) provide or set aside for a purpose; add or deduct in consideration (allow £50 for expenses; allow for wastage). [originally = commend, from french: related to *ad-, latin laudo praise, loco place]

Allowance n. 1 amount or sum allowed, esp. Regularly for a stated purpose. 2 amount allowed in reckoning. 3 deduction or discount. make allowances (often foll. By for) 1 consider (mitigating circumstances). 2 make excuses for (a person, bad behaviour, etc.).

Alloy —n. 1 mixture of two or more metals. 2 inferior metal mixed esp. With gold or silver. —v. 1 mix (metals). 2 debase by admixture. 3 moderate (pleasure alloyed with pain). [french: related to *ally]

All-purpose attrib. Adj. Having many uses.

All-right attrib. Adj. Colloq. Acceptable (an all-right guy).

All-round attrib. Adj. (of a person) versatile.

All-rounder n. Versatile person.

All saints’ day n. 1 nov., christian festival in honour of saints.

All souls’ day n. 2 nov., roman catholic festival with prayers for the souls of the dead.

Allspice n. 1 aromatic spice obtained from the berry of the pimento plant. 2 the berry.

All-time attrib. Adj. (of a record etc.) Unsurpassed.

Allude v. (-ding) (foll. By to) refer to, esp. Indirectly or briefly. [latin: related to *ad-, ludo play]

Allure —v. (-ring) attract, charm, or entice. —n. Attractiveness, personal charm, fascination. allurement n. [french: related to ad-, lure]

Allusion n. (often foll. By to) passing or indirect reference. allusive adj. [latin: related to *allude]

Alluvial —adj. Of alluvium. —n. Alluvium, esp. Containing a precious metal.